Chandelier - Knowledge

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the sphere to allow for maximum reflection. The arms of early brass chandeliers may also have drooped lower through use over time as the brass used in the earlier period was softer due to lower zinc content. Many Dutch chandeliers were topped by a double-headed eagle by the 16th century. The features of Dutch brass chandeliers were widely copied in other countries, and this form is arguably the most successful and long-lasting of all types of chandeliers. Dutch brass chandeliers were popular across Europe, particularly in England, as well as in the United States. Variations of the Dutch brass chandelier were produced, for example there may be multiple tiers of the arms, the sphere may become elongated, or the arms may emerge from the globe itself. By the early 18th century, ornate cast

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space on the inside is left almost empty, since decorations are spread all around the central support, distanced from it by the length of the arms. Huge Murano chandeliers were often used for interior lighting in theaters and rooms in important palaces. Despite periods of decline and revival, designs of Murano glass chandeliers have stayed relatively constant through time, and modern productions of these chandelier may still be stylistically nearly identical to those made in the 18th or 19th centuries. Glass arms that were hollow were produced instead of solid glass to accommodate gas lines or electrical wiring were produced by the late 19th century.

911: 601: 1743: 1062: 1655: 1836: 1785: 955: 1112: 1023: 1773: 1800: 115:, as they usually consist of multiple lamps and hang in branched frames, whereas pendant lights hang from a single cord and only contain one or two lamps with few decorative elements. Due to their size, they are often installed in large hallways and staircases, living rooms, lounges, and dining rooms, often as focus of the room. Small chandeliers can be installed in smaller spaces such as bedrooms or small living spaces, while large chandeliers are typically installed in the grand rooms of buildings such as halls and lobbies, or in religious buildings such as 1895: 1643: 1864: 1541: 473: 616:(quartz) of Italian origin in the 16th century, a highly expensive material. The rock crystal pieces were hung from a metal frame as pendants or drops. The metal frame of French chandeliers may have a central stem onto which arms are attached, later some may form a cage or "birdcage" without a central stem. Few, however, could afford these rock crystal chandeliers as they were costly to produce. In the 17th century multi-faceted crystals that could reflect light from the candles were used to decorate chandelier and they were called 778: 1697: 863: 659:

Glass, although not crystalline in structure, continued to be called crystal, after much clearer cut glass that resembled crystal was produced from the late 17th-century. Quartz is nevertheless still more reflective than the best glass, and lead glass that is perfectly clear was not produced until 1816. Although France is believed to have produced lead glass in the late-17th century, France used imported glass for its chandeliers until the late 18th century when high quality glass was produced in the country.

640: 136: 754:, and the silver-plating inside the glass stem can create the illusion that the chandelier is made entirely of glass. A glass bowl at the bottom disguises the metal disc onto which the glass arms are attached. The early glass chandeliers were molded and uncut, often with solid rope-twist arms. Later cuts to the arms were introduced to provide sparkle, and additional ornaments added. Cut glass pendant drops were hung from the frame, initially only a small number, but in increasingly large number by 576: 879: 358: 797:. This type of chandeliers do not have a central baluster, and their distinctive feature is the curved flat metal arms placed between sections of molded glass joined together with glass rosettes. Some Bohemian chandeliers used wood instead of metal as the central stem due to the abundance of wood and wood carvers in the area. The Bohemian style was largely successful across Europe and its biggest draw was the chance to obtain spectacular light refraction due to the facets and 1142: 805: 310: 1728: 1848: 1096:. This chandelier has a height of 5.8 m (19 ft), width of 12 m (41 ft), length of 38 m (126 ft), and weight of 39,683 pounds (18 tonnes). It has 165,000 LED lights and 2,300 optical crystals and it is considered the biggest interactive LED chandelier in the world. In 2022, a chandelier 47.7 m (156 ft) in height, 29.2 m (96 ft) in length and 28.3 m (93 ft) in width and weighing 16 tonnes was unveiled at the 1758: 1442: 411: 563:) until the mid-15th century. The metal chandeliers may have a central support with curved or S-shaped arms attached, and at the end of each arm is a drip-pan and nozzle for holding a candle; by the 15th century, candle nozzles were used instead of prickets to hold the candles since candle production techniques allowed for the production of identically sized candles. Many such brass chandeliers can be seen depicted in Dutch and 981: 972:, was coined for these, but nowadays they are most commonly still called chandeliers even though no candles are used. Glass chandeliers requires electrical wiring, large areas of metals and light bulbs, but the results were often not aesthetically pleasing. A large number of light bulbs close together can also produce too much glare. Shades for the bulbs of these electroliers were therefore often added. 871:

significant producers of chandeliers. New styles and more complex and elaborate chandeliers also appeared, and production of chandeliers reached a peak in the 19th century. France, which only started producing significant amount of high-quality glass in the late 18th century, became renown as a producer of the finest quality chandeliers. One of the best-known French manufacturers,

239:, can also be used in English to mean a chandelier hung with crystals, or the glass pendant used to decorate such chandelier. The use of words for indoor lighting devises can be confusing, and a number of terms like lustres, branches, chandeliers and candelabras were used interchangeably at various times, which can make the early appearance of these words misleading. 1913: 1007:, few could be described properly as chandeliers. The popularity of chandeliers declined in the 20th century. A vast array of lighting choices became available, and chandeliers often did not fit the aesthetics of modern architecture and interior design. Light fittings of avant-garde form and material however started to be made 965:

began to be introduced widely in the late 19th century. For a time, some chandeliers used both gas and electricity, with gas nozzles pointing upward while the light bulbs hung downward. As distribution of electricity widened, and supplies became dependable, electric-only chandeliers became standard.

942:(a portmanteau of gas and chandelier) were produced. Many candle chandeliers were converted. Gasoliers may have only slight variations in the decorations from chandeliers, but the arms were hollow to carry the gas to the burners. Examples of gasoliers were the extravagant chandeliers installed in the 870:

The 19th century was a period of great changes and development; the industrial revolution and the growth of wealth from the industries greatly increased the market for chandeliers, new methods of lighting and better techniques of production emerged, and countries such as the United States also became

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flowers. The most sumptuous consisted of a metal frame covered with small elements in blown glass, transparent or colored, with decorations of flowers, fruits and leaves, while simpler models had arms made with unique pieces of glass. Their shape was inspired by an original architectural concept: the

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from the 15th to 17th centuries. These Dutch and Flemish chandeliers may be decorated with stylized floral embellishments as well as Gothic symbols and emblems and religious figures. Large numbers of brass chandeliers existed, but most of the early brass chandeliers did not survive destruction during

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By the late Gothic period, more complex forms of chandeliers appeared. Chandeliers with many branches radiating out from a central stem, sometimes in tiers, were made by the 15th century, and these may be adorned with statuettes and foliated decorations. Chandelier became popular decorative features

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A wide variety of materials ranging from wood and earthenware to silver and gold can be used to make chandeliers. Brass is one of the most popular with Dutch or Flemish brass chandeliers being the best-known, but glass is the material most commonly associated with chandeliers. True glass chandeliers

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in the 18th century led to a new style of chandelier being created. Chandelier makers, in order to avoid paying the tax, reused broken glass pieces cut into crystal icicles and strung together, and hung from circular frames in the form of tent or canopy above a hoop, with a bag below and/or tiered

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contains potash that gives it a clear colorless appearance, which became renown in Europe in the 18th century. Production of crystal chandeliers appeared in Bohemia and Germany in the early 18th century, with designs that followed what were popular in England and France, and many early chandeliers

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in the late 17th century. and examples of chandeliers made with rock crystal as well as Bohemian glass can be found in the Palace of Versailles. Crystal chandeliers in the early period were literally made of crystals, but what are called crystal chandeliers now are almost always made of cut glass.

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The Dutch brass chandeliers have distinctive features – a large brass sphere at the end of a central ball stem, and six curved low-swooping arms. The globe helps to keep the chandelier upright and reflect the light from candles, and the arms are curved downward to bring the candles to the level of

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in 563: "And beneath each chain he has caused to be fitted silver discs, hanging circle-wise in the air, round the space in the center of the church. Thus these discs, pendant from their lofty courses, form a coronet above the heads of men. They have been pierced too by the weapon of the skillful

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are also used. Many antique chandeliers not designed for electrical wiring have also been adapted for electricity. Modern chandeliers produced in older styles and antique chandeliers wired for electricity usually use imitation candles, where incandescent or LED light bulbs are shaped like candle

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Wooden cross-beam chandeliers were the early form of chandelier used in a domestic setting and they were found in the households of the wealthy in the medieval period. The wooden cross beams were attached to a vertical wooden pillar, and on each of the four arms a candle may be placed. Some that

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in 1821. While popular, gas lighting was considered too bright and harsh on the eyes, and lacking the pleasing quality of candlelight. Shades that surround the gas light were then added to reduce the glare. Gas lighting was eventually replaced by electric light bulbs in the early 20th century.

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is hard and brittle, it is not suitable for cutting/faceting; however, it is lighter, softer and more malleable when heated, and Venetian glassmakers relied upon the properties of their glass to create elaborate forms of chandelier. Typical features of a Murano chandelier are the intricate

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in palaces and homes of nobility, clergy and merchants, and their high cost made chandeliers symbols of luxury and status. A diverse range of materials were also employed in the making of chandeliers. In Germany, a form of chandeliers made of deer antlers and wooden sculpted figures called

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The design of the first English true glass chandelier was influenced by Dutch and Flemish brass chandeliers. These English chandeliers were made largely of glass, with the metal parts limited to the central stem and receiver plates and bowls. The metallic part may be silvered or

774:. Neoclassical motifs in cast metal or carved and gilded wood were common elements in these chandeliers. Chandeliers made in this style also drew heavily on the aesthetic of ancient Greece and Rome, incorporating clean lines, classical proportions and mythological creatures. 875:, started making chandeliers in 1824. In England, Perry & Co. produced a large quantity of chandeliers, while F. & C. Osler was known for producing spectacular chandeliers, the great proportion of which went to India, the richest market for chandeliers at that time. 338:

or iron frame holding a varying number of globular or conical glass beakers provided with a wick and filled with oil. They may be hung between columns, over the altar or tombs of saints. Polycandela were also commonly used to furnish households up until the 8th century.

899:. After the Glass Excise Act was repealed, chandeliers with glass arms became popular again, but they became larger, bolder and heavily decorated. The largest English-made chandelier in the world (by Hancock Rixon & Dunt and probably F. & C. Osler) is in the 247:

as well as chandelier, although girandole now usually means an ornate branched candleholder that may be mounted on a wall, often with a mirror. Chandeliers may sometimes be called suspended lights, although not all suspended lights are necessarily chandeliers.

1088:, with a diameter of 10 m, height of 15.5 m, weight of nearly 12 tonnes and lit with 15,500 LED lights, became the world's largest chandelier when it was installed in 2007. In 2010, a chandelier of modern design was built in the foyer of an office building in 1303:

A small piece of glass usually cut into one of many shapes and drilled at one end so that it can be hung from the chandelier as a pendant with a brass pin. A chain drop is drilled at both ends so that a series can be hung together to form a necklace or

1521: 551:, or more prestigiously silver and even gold. Brass, however, has the warm appearance of gold while being considerably cheaper, and also easy to work with, it therefore became a popular choice for making chandeliers. Brass or brass-like 465:. These large structures may be considered the first true chandeliers. These chandeliers have prickets (vertical spikes for holding candles) and cups for oil and wicks. A hammered iron corona with floral decorated was recorded in the 698:

properties of lead glass made it a popular addition to the form, and conventionally, lead glass may be the only glass that can be described as crystal. The first mention of a glass chandelier in an advertisement appeared in 1727 (as

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1940. A wide variety of chandeliers of modern design appeared, ranging from the minimalist to the highly extravagant. Towards the end of the 20th century, the popularity of chandeliers revived. A number of glass artists such as

76:) is an ornamental lighting device, typically with spreading branched supports for multiple lights, designed to be hung from the ceiling. Chandeliers are often ornate, and they were originally designed to hold candles, but now 1929: 666:

France, where a simple iron rod was encased in multi-coloured glass with glass arms attached. By the turn of the 18th century, glass chandeliers were produced in France, England, Bohemia, and Venice. In Britain,

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of leaves, flowers and fruits that would be enriched by colored glass, made possible by the specific type of glass used in Murano. Great skill and time was required to twist and shape a chandelier precisely.

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period, flat circular metallic structures suspended with chains that can hold oil lamps known as polycandela (singular polycandelon) were commonly used throughout the eastern Mediterranean. First developed in

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sheets that resembled waterfalls. A large number of crystals are used to make such chandeliers, and many may contain over 1,000 pieces of crystal. The central stem is hidden by the crystals. These forms of

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of England in the 16th century. In the medieval period, chandeliers may also be lighting devices that could be moved to different rooms. In later periods, wood used in chandeliers may be carved and gilded.

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Hanging lighting devices, some described as chandeliers, were known since ancient times, and circular ceramic lamps with multiple points for wicks or candles were used in the Roman period. The Roman terms

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An arrangement where the central stem supporting arms and decorations is replaced by a metal structure leaving the center clear for candles and further embellishments. Also called a "bird cage".

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At the turn of the 20th century, the chandelier still enjoyed the status it had the previous century. Of the many lighting fixtures made that conformed to the popular contemporary styles of

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of crystal prisms. Glass chandeliers became the dominant form of chandelier from about 1750 until at least 1900, and the Czech Republic remains a great producer of glass chandeliers today.

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chandeliers. Soda glass remains "plastic" for longer when heated, and can therefore be shaped into elegant curving leaves and flowers. Refracts light poorly and is normally fire polished.

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were found in churches. In Spain which had significant Moorish influence, hanging farol lanterns made of pierced brass and bronze as well as glass were produced. A type of Spanish silver

3588: 770:, which were the first datable neo-Classical style chandeliers as well as the first chandelier that was signed by the maker. Other designers of neo-Classical chandeliers were Robert and 1019:

Older styles of chandeliers continued to be produced in the 20th and 21st centuries, and older styles of chandeliers may also be revived, such as the Art Deco-style of chandeliers.

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could hold two candles in each arm were called "double candlesticks". While simple in design compared to later chandeliers, such wooden chandeliers were still found in the court of

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in Kuwait. In Egypt, the largest and heaviest chandelier in the world, weighing 24,300 kg (53,572 lb) with a diameter of 22 m (72.2 ft) in four levels made by

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style, A notable early producer of glass chandeliers was William Parker; Parker replaced the Dutch-influenced ball stem with a vase-shaped stem, as seen in the chandeliers in

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glass shades covering each lamp. Chandeliers produced nowadays can assume a wide variety of styles that span modernized and traditional designs or a combination of both.

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1770. By the 1800s, the decorative ornaments became so abundant that the underlying structure of the chandelier became obscured. The early chandeliers may follow a

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were also recorded in Germany, France, and the Netherlands in the 11th and 12th century. Four Romanesque wheel chandeliers survive in Germany, including to be the

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An arrangement of glass drops or beads draped and hung across or down a glass chandelier, or sometimes a piece of solid glass shaped into a swag. Also known as a

2277: 2881: 1711: 1556: 832:. This glass was typically used to make mirrors, but around 1700, Italian glass factories in Murano started creating new kinds of artistic chandeliers. Since 1886: 922:

In the 19th century, a variety of new methods for producing light that are brighter, cleaner or more convenient than candles began to be used. These included

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A tent-shaped structure on the upper part of a glass chandelier where necklaces of drops attach at the top to a canopy and at the bottom to a larger ring.

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light. Contemporary chandeliers may assume a more minimalist design, and they may illuminate a room with direct light from the lamps or are equipped with

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were copies of designs from London. Bohemia soon developed its own styles of chandeliers, the best-known of which is the Maria-Theresa, named after the

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were first developed in Italy, England, France, and Bohemia in the 18th century. Classic glass and crystal chandeliers have arrays of hanging "crystal"

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A bag of crystal drops formed by strings hanging from a circular frame and looped back into the center underneath, associated especially with early

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who produced chandeliers emerged. Chandeliers were often used as decorative focal points for rooms, although some do not necessarily illuminate.

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A tall spike of glass, round in section or flat sided, to which arms and decorative elements may be attached, made from wood, metal or glass.

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The final flourish at the very bottom of the stem. Some Venetian glass chandeliers have little finials hanging from glass rings on the arms.

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A larger chandelier with a multitude of drops. Above a hoop, rises strings of beads that diminish in size and attach at the top to form a

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workman, in order that they may receive shafts of fire-wrought glass and hold light on high for men at night." In the late 8th century,

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with a chemical content that gives it special qualities of clarity, resonance and softness, making it especially suitable for use in

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became the most common source of lighting for modern chandeliers in the 20th century, and a variety of electrical lights such as

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A circular chandelier reminiscent of a crown, usually of gilded metal or brass, and often with upstanding decorative elements.

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The origin of the glass chandelier is unclear, but some scholars believed that the first glass chandelier was made in 1673 in

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A circular metal support for arms, usually on a regency-styles or other chandelier with glass pieces. Also known as a ring.

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A turned wood or molded stem forming the axis of a chandelier, with alternating narrow and bulbous parts of varying widths.

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in London in the 13th century. The iron chandeliers may have polychrome paint as well as jewel and enamelwork decorations.

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The biggest chandeliers in the world are now found in the Islamic countries. The chandelier in the prayer hall in the

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All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World

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The early form of hanging lighting devices in religious buildings may be of considerable size. Huge hanging lamps in

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without shattering. Lead glass also rings when struck, unlike soda glass which has no resonance. The clearness and

580: 2969: 4660: 4557: 4532: 4295: 4162: 2185: 2080: 1205: 3272: 2405: 1757: 4387: 4172: 2463: 732: 286:, however, can refer to candlestick, floor lamps, candelabra, or chandelier. By the 4th century, terms such as 4382: 4182: 4089: 3293: 1847: 4552: 3713: 3332:"Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque: How a special task force preserved Abu Dhabi landmark's chandeliers in 45 days" 2367: 555:

has been used to make chandeliers since the medieval period, and many were made with brass-type alloy from

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in Spain) were used in many European countries in religious buildings since the 9th century. The larger

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A cross made from two wooden beams with one or more cups and prickets at each end for securing candles.

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forms with long, curved arms and many candles were in the homes of many in the growing merchant class.

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A dish fitted just below the candle nozzle, designed to catch drips of wax. Also known as a drip pan.

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chandeliers were popular all over Europe. In France, chandeliers of similar designs are described as

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flames. These light bulbs may be dimmable to adjust the brightness. Some may use bulbs containing a

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Shedding Light on an Era: The Collection of Lighting Appliances in 19th Century Ottoman Palaces

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with an elongated central reservoir for oil may have developed into chandeliers with a central

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The dish fitted just below the candle nozzle, designed to catch drips of wax. Also known as a

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in the 15th century and a double candlestick was listed in the inventory of the estate of

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rings of pointed glass, forms a waterfall beneath. The stem is usually completely hidden.

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in the 18th century. French rock crystal chandeliers found their finest expression under

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Many different metallic materials have been used to make chandeliers, including iron,

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The art of enlightenment : a history of glass chandelier manufacture and design

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cleaning a chandelier with a 'prism trap', early 20th century home museum Stockholm

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presented a golden corona decorated with jewels to the Basilica of St. Andrew.

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Another name for the light-bearing part of a chandelier, also known as an arm.

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in France. The chandeliers produced in France in the 17th century were in the

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period, circular crown-shaped hanging devices made of iron called the corona (

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The Diamond Mines of South Africa: Some Account of Their Rise and Development

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A glass chandelier featuring many delicate arms, spires and strings of ovals

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introduced to Europe were also used to make chandeliers in the 18th century.

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Venice has been a center of glass production, particularly on the island of

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mentioned that it was customary to have two hanging lighting devices called

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of beads are often suspended, lending a flourish to the top of the fitting.

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Hanging lamps were commonly found in mosques in Islamic countries, while

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The light-bearing part of a chandelier also sometimes known as a branch.

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still means a candleholder, and what is called chandelier in English is

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The metal or wooden block placed on the stem, into which the arms slot.

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in present-day Czech Republic has been producing glass for centuries.

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Başkanlığı, Turkey Büyük Millet Meclisi Milli Saraylar Daire (2009).

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Concentric rings of icicle drops suspended beneath the hoop or plate.

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with a chandelier that could hold 1,370 candles, while his successor

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A Dutch brass chandelier with curved arms and a large sphere in the

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Branched ornamental light fixture designed to be mounted on ceilings

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were used, and they were often mentioned as presents of the popes.

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Also known as Flemish, a style of brass chandelier with a bulbous

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in French, a term first used in the late-17th century. The French

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An inverted shallow dish at the top of a chandelier from which

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defects of other glass. It is also relatively soft compared to

625: 589: 556: 552: 548: 544: 335: 169: 124: 2624:"Object lesson: Lights from the Dark Ages: The Lüsterweibchen" 154:

in the sense as used today in 1736, borrowed from the word in

68: 4635: 3999: 3925: 3386:"New capital's lavish mosque angers Egyptians facing poverty" 1093: 798: 503: 187: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 3633: 3414: 3204: 3144: 3079: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 1919:

An advertisement for the Central Chandelier Company out of

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Tent (upper) and waterfall (lower) arrangement of crystals

1229:

The small cup into which the end of the candle is slotted.

398:

in a major English church, one in the nave and one in the

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Transaction Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society

3216: 3168: 3129: 3021: 3006: 2994: 2895: 2778: 2679: 2529: 2505: 1137:, light, airy and elegant chandelier – usually English. 559:(now in Belgium, brass ware from the town was known as 3192: 3180: 3156: 3033: 2924: 2802: 2790: 2766: 2742: 2703: 2691: 2541: 1935:

One of the largest chandeliers ever produced, for the

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A chandelier with a rounded bottom, like an inverted

882:

A Regency-style chandelier with a tent and bag design

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were known to have been made since the 14th century.

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Davidson, Benjamin; Biddle, Pippa (1 January 2024).

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Ivory chandelier, late 18th-century, possibly Indian

196:

meaning "candle". In the earlier periods, the term "

65: 56: 2834: 2640: 1396:Gothic candelabrum chandelier hung from centers of 62: 3440:Metal Candlesticks: History, Styles and Techniques 2517: 1977:, the first company to make an electric chandelier 678:1675, which allowed for the production of cheaper 3564: 3310: 2730: 2335:"Une scénographie de la Chrétienté et de l'Islam" 2298: 510:, were depicted in a 17th century description by 4675: 604:French chandelier with glass and rock crystals, 595: 2566: 1829:Chandelier fitted with flame-shaped light bulbs 1056: 845:The ornate type of murano chandelier is called 208:, a hanging branched light, or a wall light or 3519:"The Christmas Lights at Manchester Cathedral" 2621: 828:that is clear like crystal, which they called 612:Chandeliers began to be decorated with carved 3649: 3457: 2984: 2206: 2164: 2095: 1318:and arms curving down around a low hung ball. 1257:Essentially a traditional marketing term for 3565:Papadopoulos, Costas; Moyes, Holley (2021). 2872: 2870: 2560: 2328: 2326: 938:caught on, branched ceiling fixtures called 907:, and it has 750 lamps and weighs 4.5 tons. 3568:The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology 2822:"Chandelier – A Brief History Through Time" 2332: 1366:piece is shaped by being blown into a mold. 1104:, was installed in the Grand Mosque of the 3656: 3642: 3097: 2171:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 225–226. 958:A late-19th century electrolier in Glasgow 3597: 3543: 3027: 3015: 3000: 2963: 2906: 2867: 2861: 2784: 2685: 2535: 2511: 2445: 2411: 2323: 2260:"Lamp: 1st century B.C.–4th century A.D." 2105: 781:Bohemian chandelier in the Czech Republic 506:chandeliers in the palace of the king of 3478: 3464:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 69–72. 3420: 3237: 3225: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3085: 3044: 2933: 2918: 2808: 2796: 2772: 2760: 2748: 2724: 2712: 2697: 2554: 2378: 2278:"Repaired Roman chandelier shines again" 2275: 2160: 2158: 2156: 1515:, with a Dutch brass chandelier depicted 1440: 1369: 1290: 1277:), which cut glass essentially imitates. 1245:Another term for crown-style chandelier. 1204: 1140: 1110: 1060: 1021: 979: 953: 909: 877: 861: 803: 776: 682:that resembles rock crystal without the 638: 599: 574: 530:15th-century chandelier depicted in the 525: 471: 409: 356: 330:, polycandela were used in churches and 308: 260: 134: 25: 3329: 1187:A glass drop with a hole drilled in it. 632:, as exemplified by chandeliers at the 4676: 3516: 3458:Davison, Sandra; Newton, R.G. (2008). 2605: 2495: 914:Chandeliers in the Banqueting Room of 107:Although chandeliers have been called 3637: 3586: 3529: 3461:Conservation and Restoration of Glass 3294:"The Biggest Chandelier in the World" 3058:"Albrici - Antique Store in Florence" 2736: 2313: 2153: 2123:from the original on 21 February 2015 975: 654:Rock crystal began to be replaced by 204:in France, may be used to refer to a 3547:The Chandelier Through the Centuries 3436: 3311:Saleh Al-Shaibany (1 October 2022). 3238:Clarkson, Meghan (2 February 2024). 2523: 2276:Devereux, Charlie (28 August 2021). 1633:Chandelier made of porcelain in the 1122: 405: 3378: 521: 243:was also once used to refer to all 13: 3330:Gillett, Katy (19 February 2021). 2567:Ruth A Johnston (15 August 2011). 2384: 2333:Quertinmont, Arnaud (2012-12-01). 1733:Chandelier made of human bones in 1496:11th century depiction of a corona 1433:A type of glass used typically in 886:In England, the imposition of the 820:. The Venetians created a form of 265:A Roman hanging lamp or chandelier 14: 4710: 2587:from the original on 27 July 2020 2393:from the original on 7 March 2021 139:A silver chandelier c. 1690 from 3485:. Bulfinch Press, Little Brown. 2368:"Polycandelon for six oil lamps" 2059:"Chandeliers for Lower Ceilings" 1928: 1912: 1893: 1878: 1862: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1783: 1771: 1756: 1741: 1726: 1710: 1695: 1680: 1665: 1660:Baccarat Eternal Lights in Tokyo 1653: 1641: 1626: 1610: 1591: 1571: 1555: 1539: 1520: 1501: 1489: 1295:Drops and pendants in chandelier 866:A 19th century French chandelier 731: 715: 162:. It may have been derived from 40: 4173:Parabolic aluminized reflector 3396: 3360: 3342: 3323: 3304: 3286: 3275:from the original on 2019-08-15 3257: 3231: 3118:from the original on 2020-07-27 3091: 3068:from the original on 2017-06-01 3050: 2939: 2884:from the original on 2015-06-17 2828: 2814: 2668:from the original on 2022-02-07 2634: 2615: 2471: 2451: 2421: 2360: 2349:from the original on 2021-04-26 2269: 2252: 2234: 2168:Encyclopedia of Interior Design 2069:from the original on 2020-11-02 2021:from the original on 3 May 2014 1356:, the early French balloonists. 1265:. Some chandeliers, as at the 857: 709:Early English glass chandeliers 382:was said to have presented the 4118:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide 3604:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2464:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2216: 2135: 2051: 2033: 2003: 1374:Neo-classical style chandelier 80:are commonly used, as well as 1: 3536:Ecclesiastical Art in Germany 2878:"A History of the Chandelier" 2299:Papadopoulos & Moyes 2021 1996: 1841:A modern chandelier in Zurich 1379:Neoclassical style chandelier 1008: 755: 675: 605: 596:Glass and crystal chandeliers 256: 3663: 3479:Hilliard, Elizebeth (2001). 2841:. Bonechi. pp. 27, 39. 2835:Georges D'Hoste, J. (2006). 1408:A straight, many-sided drop. 1057:Chandeliers around the world 476:A medieval chandelier, from 130: 30:A chandelier in Genoa, Italy 7: 4363:Automotive light bulb types 4213:Intelligent street lighting 3571:. Oxford University Press. 3505:Rockport Publishers: 2001. 2459:"Polycandelon with Crosses" 2429:"1975.41.145: Polycandelon" 2165:Joanna Banham, ed. (1997). 1948: 1900:A chandelier in one of the 1778:Chandelier of modern design 1465:A glass from the island of 690:, allowing it to be cut or 478:King René's Tournament Book 21:Chandelier (disambiguation) 10: 4715: 4126:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide 3499:Katz, Cheryl and Jeffrey. 3430: 2652:Cambridge University Press 1817:Chandelier with lampshades 1687:Art Nouveau chandelier by 1482: 1074:Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque 1067:Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque 1053:that mimics candle flame. 966:Another portmanteau word, 334:, and took the shape of a 251: 96:to illuminate a room with 18: 4618: 4573: 4565:Stage lighting instrument 4514: 4437: 4353: 4278: 4148: 4088: 4036: 4008: 3886: 3788: 3760: 3751: 3671: 3544:McCaffety, Kerri (2006). 2985:Davison & Newton 2008 2573:. ABC-CLIO. p. 450. 2207:Davison & Newton 2008 2113:"Chandelier - definition" 2096:Davison & Newton 2008 1943:, shortly before delivery 1805:A chandelier in Edinburgh 1472:Waterfall or wedding cake 1269:are actually made of cut 1082:Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque 296: 288: 280: 272: 233: 221: 4626:Battlefield illumination 4383:high-intensity discharge 3815:Electrochemiluminescence 3598:Weitzmann, Kurt (1979). 2385:Dawson, Timothy George. 2343:Musée royal de Mariemont 1051:shimmering gas discharge 1034:Incandescent light bulbs 1028:Metropolitan Opera House 78:incandescent light bulbs 4486:Electroluminescent wire 3587:Smith, John P. (1994). 3443:. Schiffer Publishing. 3437:Baur, Veronika (1996). 2263:Getty Museum Collection 1702:Chandeliers in a large 1635:Salottino di porcellana 1546:Gothic chandelier from 1362:The process by which a 1345:Montgolfière chandelier 1106:Islamic Cultural Center 726:chapel, Cambridge, 1732 150:was first known in the 4168:Multifaceted reflector 3517:Hudson, Hy A. (1912). 2483:University of Michigan 2372:University of Michigan 1792:Royal Palace of Madrid 1446: 1375: 1296: 1210: 1146: 1119: 1069: 1030: 992: 959: 919: 883: 867: 813: 782: 742:, William Parker, 1771 651: 618:chandeliers de crystal 609: 584: 540: 481: 418: 366: 318: 266: 190:, and ultimately from 143: 31: 4558:ellipsoidal reflector 4163:Ellipsoidal reflector 3847:Fluorescent induction 3825:field-induced polymer 2628:The Magazine Antiques 1907:in West Bengal, India 1444: 1373: 1294: 1208: 1144: 1114: 1064: 1025: 983: 957: 913: 881: 865: 807: 780: 642: 603: 578: 529: 475: 459:Barbarossa Chandelier 413: 360: 354:and branching arms. 312: 264: 138: 29: 4395:Rear position lights 4368:Daytime running lamp 4296:Mechanically powered 4183:Aviation obstruction 2045:Cambridge Dictionary 1765:Grand Kremlin Palace 1721:, early 18th century 1717:Amber chandelier in 1354:Montgolfier brothers 1267:Palace of Versailles 1173:crystal chandeliers. 1145:Arms of a chandelier 634:Palace of Versailles 581:Portuguese Synagogue 487:Charles VI of France 455:Hildesheim Cathedral 384:St. Peter's Basilica 141:Hampton Court Palace 19:For other uses, see 3803:Electron-stimulated 3618:Parissien, Steven. 3601:Age of Spirituality 3298:Classic Chandeliers 3269:www.decofeelings.nl 3244:Best Seller Gallery 3213:, pp. 127–130. 3153:, pp. 63, 110. 3088:, pp. 109–110. 2642:Gardner F. Williams 1975:J. & L. Lobmeyr 1617:Chandeliers in the 1598:A mid-18th century 1578:Chandelier made of 1509:The Art of Painting 1026:Chandeliers at the 768:Bath Assembly Rooms 740:Bath Assembly Rooms 643:Chandeliers in the 467:St Paul's Cathedral 427:couronne de lumière 375:Paul the Silentiary 4646:Luminous gemstones 3820:Electroluminescent 3798:Cathodoluminescent 3423:, p. 199–201. 3374:. 1 December 2022. 2433:Harvard Art Museum 2288:on 28 August 2021. 2246:Collins Dictionary 2147:Collins Dictionary 2065:. 6 January 2020. 1869:Chandelier in the 1790:Chandelier in the 1763:Chandelier in the 1748:Chandelier in the 1672:A chandelier with 1619:Hôtel de la Marine 1564:Uspenski Cathedral 1562:Chandelier in the 1447: 1400:cathedrals' domes. 1376: 1352:, named after the 1297: 1211: 1147: 1135:Neoclassical style 1120: 1117:Süleymaniye Mosque 1115:The chandelier in 1070: 1065:The chandelier in 1031: 993: 986:rotunda chandelier 976:Modern chandeliers 960: 920: 884: 868: 814: 795:Empress of Austria 783: 738:Chandelier in the 722:Chandelier in the 673:George Ravenscroft 652: 610: 585: 541: 533:Arnolfini Portrait 482: 451:Hezilo chandeliers 419: 392:The Venerable Bede 373:were described by 367: 319: 267: 144: 32: 4671: 4670: 4188:Balanced-arm lamp 4144: 4143: 4028:Yablochkov candle 3896:Acetylene/Carbide 3866:Radioluminescence 3738:Luminous efficacy 3684:Color temperature 3557:978-0-9709336-5-2 3511:978-1-56496-805-0 2921:, pp. 92–96. 2864:, pp. 56–58. 2763:, pp. 46–50. 2580:978-0-313-36463-1 2448:, pp. 32–37. 1887:Gérard Jean Galle 1871:Dolmabahçe Palace 1123:Glossary of terms 1038:fluorescent light 963:Electric lighting 901:Dolmabahçe Palace 826:manganese dioxide 762:style, and later 671:was developed by 565:Flemish paintings 443:wheel chandeliers 416:Hezilo chandelier 414:The 11th century 406:Early chandeliers 82:fluorescent lamps 4706: 4471:Christmas lights 4405:Safety reflector 4400:Reversing lights 4335:Navigation light 4286:Bicycle lighting 4176: 4129: 4121: 4095: 3854:Photoluminescent 3837:Fluorescent lamp 3810:Chemiluminescent 3758: 3757: 3726:Bi-pin lamp base 3721:Lightbulb socket 3658: 3651: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3615: 3594: 3582: 3561: 3540: 3526: 3496: 3475: 3454: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2982: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2874: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2824:. 21 April 2020. 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2619: 2613: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2425: 2419: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2330: 2321: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2284:. Archived from 2273: 2267: 2266: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2220: 2214: 2204: 2183: 2182: 2162: 2151: 2150: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2109: 2103: 2093: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2007: 1991:Wheel chandelier 1932: 1916: 1897: 1882: 1866: 1850: 1838: 1826: 1814: 1802: 1787: 1775: 1760: 1750:Festetics Palace 1745: 1730: 1719:Rosenborg Castle 1714: 1699: 1684: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1630: 1614: 1595: 1584:Las Piñas Church 1575: 1559: 1543: 1524: 1513:Johannes Vermeer 1505: 1493: 1010: 888:Glass Excise Act 757: 735: 724:Emmanuel College 719: 696:light scattering 677: 607: 522:Brass chandelier 463:Aachen Cathedral 441:-style circular 300: 292: 284: 276: 237: 225: 152:English language 75: 74: 71: 70: 67: 64: 61: 58: 55: 52: 49: 46: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4631:Bioluminescence 4614: 4583: 4569: 4526: 4510: 4449: 4433: 4349: 4274: 4198:Emergency light 4174: 4140: 4127: 4119: 4093: 4091: 4084: 4032: 4004: 3975:Magnesium torch 3882: 3784: 3753: 3747: 3704:Light pollution 3679:Accent lighting 3667: 3662: 3622:Phaidon: 1992. 3612: 3579: 3558: 3550:. Savoy House. 3493: 3472: 3451: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3392:. 4 April 2023. 3384: 3383: 3379: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3328: 3324: 3309: 3305: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3278: 3276: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3130: 3121: 3119: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3071: 3069: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2983: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2885: 2880:. 16 May 2015. 2876: 2875: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2669: 2662: 2639: 2635: 2620: 2616: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2581: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2494: 2490: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2410: 2406: 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344:sanctuary lamps 259: 254: 231:, from Italian 133: 43: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4712: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4684:Light fixtures 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4619:Related topics 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4410:retroreflector 4402: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4265:Track lighting 4262: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4245: 4240: 4238:Recessed light 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4208:Gooseneck lamp 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4170: 4165: 4154: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4123: 4115: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4090:High-intensity 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4014: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3859:Laser headlamp 3851: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3794: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3689:Electric light 3686: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3620:Regency Style. 3616: 3611:978-0870991790 3610: 3595: 3584: 3577: 3562: 3556: 3541: 3531:Lubke, Wilhelm 3527: 3514: 3497: 3492:978-0821227688 3491: 3476: 3470: 3455: 3449: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3413: 3395: 3377: 3359: 3341: 3322: 3303: 3285: 3256: 3230: 3228:, p. 153. 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3177:, p. 132. 3167: 3155: 3143: 3141:, p. 108. 3128: 3110: 3090: 3078: 3049: 3032: 3028:McCaffety 2006 3020: 3016:McCaffety 2006 3005: 3001:McCaffety 2006 2993: 2968: 2964:McCaffety 2006 2956: 2951:National Trust 2938: 2923: 2911: 2907:McCaffety 2006 2894: 2866: 2862:McCaffety 2006 2854: 2848:978-8847622944 2847: 2838:All Versailles 2827: 2813: 2801: 2799:, pp. 49. 2789: 2785:McCaffety 2006 2777: 2765: 2753: 2751:, pp. 48. 2741: 2729: 2717: 2702: 2690: 2686:McCaffety 2006 2678: 2660: 2654:. p. 56. 2633: 2614: 2598: 2579: 2559: 2540: 2536:McCaffety 2006 2528: 2526:, pp. 20. 2516: 2512:McCaffety 2006 2504: 2488: 2470: 2450: 2446:McCaffety 2006 2438: 2420: 2412:Weitzmann 1979 2404: 2377: 2359: 2322: 2303: 2301:, p. 460. 2291: 2268: 2251: 2233: 2215: 2184: 2177: 2152: 2134: 2104: 2079: 2050: 2032: 2015:Dictionary.com 2001: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1934: 1927: 1925: 1918: 1911: 1909: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1885:Chandelier by 1884: 1877: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1859: 1853:Chandelier in 1852: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1797: 1795: 1789: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1762: 1755: 1753: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1735:Sedlec Ossuary 1732: 1725: 1723: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1701: 1694: 1692: 1689:Hector Guimard 1686: 1679: 1677: 1674:Bohemian glass 1671: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1640: 1638: 1632: 1625: 1623: 1616: 1609: 1607: 1602:chandelier by 1597: 1590: 1588: 1577: 1570: 1568: 1561: 1554: 1552: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1526: 1519: 1517: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1439: 1438: 1435:Venetian glass 1431: 1426: 1421:. A bag, with 1415: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1398:Greek Orthodox 1394: 1391: 1380: 1368: 1367: 1360: 1357: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1324: 1319: 1312: 1309: 1301: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1278: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1124: 1121: 1102:Asfour Crystal 1058: 1055: 990:V&A Museum 977: 974: 944:Royal Pavilion 916:Royal Pavilion 859: 856: 790:Bohemian glass 737: 730: 729: 721: 714: 713: 712: 708: 707: 706: 705: 703:) in London. 622:French Baroque 597: 594: 523: 520: 500:lusterweibchen 429:in France and 407: 404: 328:late antiquity 313:A 6th century 258: 255: 253: 250: 132: 129: 113:pendant lights 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4711: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4600:Infrared lamp 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4330:Laser pointer 4328: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4233:Pendant light 4231: 4229: 4228:Neon lighting 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4103:Mercury-vapor 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4046:Deuterium arc 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4038:Gas discharge 4035: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3743:Task lighting 3741: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3699:Light fixture 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3629: 3628:0-7148-3454-8 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3580: 3578:9780198788218 3574: 3570: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3471:9781136415517 3467: 3463: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3450:9780764301568 3446: 3442: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3422: 3421:Hilliard 2001 3417: 3409: 3405: 3404:"Masjid Misr" 3399: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3318: 3317:Times of Oman 3314: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3226:Hilliard 2001 3222: 3220: 3212: 3211:Hilliard 2001 3207: 3201:, p. 64. 3200: 3199:Hilliard 2001 3195: 3189:, p. 65. 3188: 3187:Hilliard 2001 3183: 3176: 3175:Hilliard 2001 3171: 3165:, p. 63. 3164: 3163:Hilliard 2001 3159: 3152: 3151:Hilliard 2001 3147: 3140: 3139:Hilliard 2001 3135: 3133: 3117: 3113: 3111:9789756226537 3107: 3103: 3102: 3094: 3087: 3086:Hilliard 2001 3082: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3047:, p. 75. 3046: 3045:Hilliard 2001 3041: 3039: 3037: 3030:, p. 75. 3029: 3024: 3018:, p. 74. 3017: 3012: 3010: 3003:, p. 85. 3002: 2997: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2965: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2936:, p. 76. 2935: 2934:Hilliard 2001 2930: 2928: 2920: 2919:Hilliard 2001 2915: 2909:, p. 68. 2908: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2863: 2858: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2811:, p. 51. 2810: 2809:Hilliard 2001 2805: 2798: 2797:Hilliard 2001 2793: 2787:, p. 51. 2786: 2781: 2775:, p. 50. 2774: 2773:Hilliard 2001 2769: 2762: 2761:Hilliard 2001 2757: 2750: 2749:Hilliard 2001 2745: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2725:Hilliard 2001 2721: 2715:, p. 27. 2714: 2713:Hilliard 2001 2709: 2707: 2700:, p. 45. 2699: 2698:Hilliard 2001 2694: 2688:, p. 79. 2687: 2682: 2667: 2663: 2661:9781108026598 2657: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2557:, p. 24. 2556: 2555:Hilliard 2001 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2538:, p. 11. 2537: 2532: 2525: 2520: 2514:, p. 40. 2513: 2508: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2300: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2180: 2178:9781136787584 2174: 2170: 2169: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1981:Light fixture 1979: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1942: 1941:Muscat (Oman) 1938: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1855:Seyyed Mosque 1849: 1844: 1837: 1832: 1825: 1820: 1813: 1808: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1786: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1759: 1754: 1751: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1704:billiard hall 1698: 1693: 1690: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1668: 1663: 1656: 1651: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1586:, Philippines 1585: 1581: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1499: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412:Regency style 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1365: 1364:pressed glass 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1226:Candle nozzle 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1171:Regency style 1168: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1068: 1063: 1054: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1006: 1002: 998: 991: 987: 982: 973: 971: 970: 964: 956: 952: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 917: 912: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 880: 876: 874: 864: 855: 852: 848: 843: 840: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 811: 806: 802: 800: 796: 791: 787: 779: 775: 773: 769: 765: 764:neo-classical 761: 753: 752:silver-plated 741: 734: 725: 718: 704: 702: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 674: 670: 665: 660: 657: 650: 646: 641: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 602: 593: 591: 582: 577: 573: 571: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 539: 535: 534: 528: 519: 517: 513: 512:Olfert Dapper 509: 505: 501: 495: 492: 488: 479: 474: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 431:corona de luz 428: 424: 417: 412: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 380:Pope Adrian I 376: 372: 364: 359: 355: 353: 349: 345: 340: 337: 333: 329: 324: 316: 311: 307: 305: 304:pharicanthari 301: 299: 293: 291: 285: 283: 277: 275: 263: 249: 246: 242: 238: 236: 230: 226: 224: 218: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 179: 175: 171: 167: 166: 161: 158:that means a 157: 153: 149: 142: 137: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 105: 103: 99: 95: 89: 87: 83: 79: 73: 37: 28: 22: 4506:Strobe light 4501:Plasma globe 4476:Crackle tube 4466:Bubble light 4427:trafficators 4422:Turn signals 4248:Street light 4203:Gas lighting 4192: 4136:Sodium vapor 4108:Metal-halide 4010:Electric arc 3762:Incandescent 3731:Edison screw 3619: 3600: 3589: 3583:</ref> 3567: 3546: 3535: 3522: 3500: 3481: 3460: 3439: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3372:Kuwait Local 3371: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3336:The National 3335: 3325: 3316: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3277:. Retrieved 3271:(in Dutch). 3268: 3259: 3247:. Retrieved 3243: 3233: 3206: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3120:. Retrieved 3100: 3093: 3081: 3070:. Retrieved 3061: 3052: 3023: 2996: 2959: 2950: 2947:"Chandelier" 2941: 2914: 2886:. Retrieved 2857: 2837: 2830: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2727:, p. 8. 2720: 2693: 2681: 2670:. Retrieved 2646: 2636: 2627: 2617: 2601: 2589:. Retrieved 2569: 2562: 2531: 2519: 2507: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2462: 2453: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2407: 2395:. Retrieved 2380: 2371: 2362: 2351:. Retrieved 2294: 2286:the original 2281: 2271: 2262: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2167: 2146: 2143:"Chandelier" 2137: 2125:. Retrieved 2107: 2071:. Retrieved 2062: 2053: 2044: 2041:"Chandelier" 2035: 2023:. Retrieved 2014: 2011:"Chandelier" 2005: 1960:Ceiling rose 1921:Toledo, Ohio 1600:Murano glass 1580:Capiz shells 1478: 1271:rock crystal 1169:crystal and 1071: 1032: 1018: 1014:Dale Chihuly 994: 967: 961: 939: 936:gas lighting 921: 897:Empire style 885: 869: 858:19th century 846: 844: 834:Murano glass 815: 810:Murano glass 784: 748: 700: 680:lead crystal 661: 653: 617: 614:rock crystal 611: 586: 583:in Amsterdam 560: 542: 538:Jan van Eyck 531: 496: 483: 430: 426: 420: 395: 388:Pope Leo III 371:Hagia Sophia 368: 363:Hagia Sophia 347: 341: 320: 317:polycandelon 303: 295: 287: 279: 271: 268: 232: 228: 220: 216: 214: 201: 191: 181: 173: 172:candle", or 163: 160:candleholder 147: 145: 106: 90: 35: 33: 4699:Chandeliers 4651:Signal lamp 4605:Stroboscope 4481:DJ lighting 4417:Stop lights 4388:sealed beam 4340:Searchlight 4080:Xenon flash 4023:Klieg light 3871:Solid-state 3832:Fluorescent 3790:Luminescent 3502:Chandeliers 3482:Chandeliers 2606:Hudson 1912 2496:Hudson 1912 2242:"Girandole" 2127:21 February 1873:in Istanbul 1566:in Helsinki 1098:Assima Mall 997:Art Nouveau 969:electrolier 928:Argand lamp 893:Regency-era 701:schandelier 624:style, and 570:Reformation 215:In France, 198:candlestick 183:candēlābrum 174:chandelabre 109:candelabras 102:translucent 4678:Categories 4595:Grow light 4590:Germicidal 4580:Scientific 4577:Industrial 4533:Floodlight 4519:Theatrical 4461:Blacklight 4456:Aroma lamp 4445:Decorative 4355:Automotive 4345:Solar lamp 4308:Glow stick 4291:Flashlight 4223:Nightlight 4218:Light tube 4193:Chandelier 4150:Stationary 4092:discharge 4018:Carbon arc 3888:Combustion 3754:generation 3752:Methods of 3593:. Mallett. 3279:2017-05-20 3122:2017-05-20 3072:2017-05-20 2987:, p. 2888:2015-06-17 2737:Smith 1994 2672:2021-11-28 2608:, p. 2498:, p. 2414:, p. 2353:2021-04-26 2339:Morlanwelz 2316:, p. 2314:Lubke 1873 2209:, p. 2098:, p. 2073:2020-10-29 1997:References 1955:Candelabra 1902:Durga Puja 1429:Soda glass 1423:concentric 1414:chandelier 1393:Panikadilo 1259:lead glass 1220:Candlebeam 1129:Adam style 1108:in Cairo. 851:polychrome 839:arabesques 824:by adding 812:chandelier 772:James Adam 688:soda glass 684:crisseling 669:Lead glass 649:Versailles 561:dinanderie 491:Henry VIII 457:, and the 435:Romanesque 348:lampadario 332:synagogues 274:lychnuchus 257:Precursors 245:candelabra 217:chandelier 206:candelabra 202:chandelier 178:Old French 148:chandelier 121:synagogues 36:chandelier 4689:Glass art 4661:Reflected 4641:Light art 4553:Spotlight 4538:Footlight 4523:Cinematic 4491:Lava lamp 4253:in the US 4158:Reflector 4075:Xenon arc 4056:Neon lamp 3985:Rushlight 3965:Limelight 3714:Hong Kong 3354:Lightopia 2610:7–9 2524:Baur 1996 2500:6–7 2282:The Times 2063:KRM Light 1970:Ljuskrona 1965:Girandole 1550:, Germany 1529:housemaid 1479:Source: 1384:rhomboids 1263:cut glass 1156:Arm plate 1086:Abu Dhabi 1005:Modernism 940:gasoliers 924:colza oil 830:cristallo 656:cut glass 630:Louis XIV 516:Porcelain 323:Byzantine 315:Byzantine 241:Girandole 168:meaning " 165:chandelle 146:The word 131:Etymology 98:refracted 4694:Ceilings 4373:Headlamp 4313:Headlamp 4301:Tactical 4279:Portable 4260:Torchère 3941:Petromax 3936:Kerosene 3906:Campfire 3876:LED lamp 3672:Concepts 3665:Lighting 3533:(1873). 3273:Archived 3265:"Lampen" 3249:18 April 3116:Archived 3066:Archived 2882:Archived 2666:Archived 2644:(2011). 2591:23 March 2585:Archived 2397:26 April 2391:Archived 2347:Archived 2224:"Luster" 2121:Archived 2067:Archived 2019:Archived 1949:See also 1621:in Paris 1548:Dortmund 1462:Venetian 1388:octagons 1316:baluster 1280:Drip pan 1237:festoons 1177:Baluster 1167:American 1046:LED lamp 1001:Art Deco 948:Brighton 932:kerosene 905:Istanbul 873:Baccarat 423:medieval 352:baluster 117:churches 4656:Sources 4610:Tanning 4496:Marquee 4441:Display 4325:Lantern 4318:outdoor 4270:Troffer 4113:ceramic 3970:Luchina 3948:Lantern 3841:compact 3839: ( 3775:Halogen 3770:Regular 3431:Sources 3408:Behance 3062:Albrici 1923:in 1895 1905:pandals 1483:Gallery 1328:garland 1322:Festoon 1306:festoon 1285:bobèche 1273:(clear 1254:Crystal 1191:Bobèche 1042:halogen 988:at the 786:Bohemia 692:faceted 664:Orléans 461:in the 421:In the 321:In the 290:coronae 282:lychnus 252:History 193:candēla 125:mosques 4378:hidden 4243:Sconce 4068:Sulfur 4063:Plasma 3995:Tilley 3990:Safety 3953:Fanous 3916:Carcel 3911:Candle 3901:Argand 3780:Nernst 3709:Hawaii 3626: 3608: 3575: 3554: 3509: 3489: 3468: 3447: 3108: 2845: 2658: 2577: 2175: 1986:Sconce 1857:, Iran 1533:Sweden 1467:Murano 1419:canopy 1359:Molded 1333:Finial 1275:quartz 1242:Corona 1232:Canopy 1198:Branch 1078:Muscat 847:ciocca 818:Murano 799:bevels 760:rococo 626:rococo 590:ormolu 557:Dinant 553:latten 549:bronze 545:pewter 508:Mutapa 480:, 1460 447:Azelin 439:Gothic 336:bronze 235:lustro 229:lustre 223:lustre 210:sconce 170:tallow 156:French 94:prisms 4636:Laser 4548:Scoop 4175:(PAR) 4128:(HQI) 4120:(HMI) 4094:(HID) 4000:Torch 3958:Paper 3926:Flare 3694:Glare 2025:2 May 1450:Spire 1404:Prism 1311:Dutch 1248:Crown 1094:Qatar 504:Ivory 400:choir 396:phari 298:phari 188:Latin 180:and 4543:Gobo 4051:Neon 3921:Diya 3624:ISBN 3606:ISBN 3573:ISBN 3552:ISBN 3507:ISBN 3487:ISBN 3466:ISBN 3445:ISBN 3251:2024 3106:ISBN 2843:ISBN 2656:ISBN 2593:2016 2575:ISBN 2399:2021 2173:ISBN 2129:2015 2027:2014 1456:Tent 1339:Hoop 1300:Drop 1214:Cage 1184:Bead 1090:Doha 1003:and 984:The 608:1700 568:the 449:and 86:LEDs 84:and 3980:Oil 3931:Gas 3390:BBC 2416:623 2318:171 1939:in 1582:in 1511:by 1386:or 1162:Bag 1150:Arm 1084:in 1076:in 946:in 930:), 903:in 647:at 636:. 536:by 453:in 437:or 294:, 278:or 200:", 186:in 176:in 123:or 69:ɪər 4680:: 3521:. 3406:. 3388:. 3370:. 3352:. 3334:. 3315:. 3296:. 3267:. 3242:. 3218:^ 3131:^ 3114:. 3064:. 3060:. 3035:^ 3008:^ 2989:70 2971:^ 2949:. 2926:^ 2897:^ 2869:^ 2705:^ 2664:. 2650:. 2626:. 2583:. 2543:^ 2481:. 2461:. 2431:. 2389:. 2370:. 2345:. 2341:: 2325:^ 2306:^ 2280:. 2244:. 2226:. 2211:71 2187:^ 2155:^ 2145:. 2119:. 2115:. 2100:69 2082:^ 2061:. 2043:. 2017:. 2013:. 1527:A 1133:A 1092:, 1044:. 1040:, 1009:c. 999:, 808:A 756:c. 676:c. 606:c. 572:. 547:, 514:. 302:, 127:. 119:, 88:. 34:A 3843:) 3657:e 3650:t 3643:v 3630:. 3614:. 3581:. 3560:. 3539:. 3525:. 3513:. 3495:. 3474:. 3453:. 3410:. 3356:. 3338:. 3319:. 3300:. 3282:. 3253:. 3125:. 3075:. 2991:. 2966:. 2953:. 2891:. 2851:. 2739:. 2675:. 2630:. 2612:. 2595:. 2502:. 2485:. 2467:. 2435:. 2418:. 2401:. 2374:. 2356:. 2320:. 2265:. 2248:. 2230:. 2213:. 2181:. 2149:. 2131:. 2102:. 2076:. 2047:. 2029:. 1390:. 1330:. 1308:. 1287:. 926:( 72:/ 66:l 63:ˈ 60:ə 57:d 54:n 51:æ 48:ʃ 45:ˌ 42:/ 38:( 23:.

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