Chandragupta II - Knowledge

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viceroy there. As a result, Ujjain might have become a second capital of the Gupta empire, and subsequently, legends about him (as Vikramaditya) might have developed. Guttas of Guttavalal, a minor dynasty based in present-day Karnataka, claimed descent from the imperial Guptas. The Caudadanapura inscription of the Guttas alludes to the legendary Vikramaditya ruling from Ujjayni, and several Gutta royals were named "Vikramaditya". According to Vasundhara Filliozat, their reference to the legendary Vikramaditya is simply because they confused him with Chandragupta II. However, D. C. Sircar sees this as further proof that the legendary Vikramaditya was based on Chandragupta II.

2274: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2238: 1238: 2189: 2326: 2217: 2064: 1319:, and states that he came to Udayagiri in Central India with the king who sought to "conquer the whole world". This indicates that Chandragupta had reached Udayagiri in central India during a military campaign. The theory that Chandragupta led an army to Central India is also corroborated by the c. 412–413 CE (Gupta year 93) Sanchi inscription of Amrakardava, who is said to have "acquired victory and fame in many battles and whose livelihood was secured by serving Chandragupta." A c. 401–402 CE (Gupta year 82) inscription of Chandragupta's feudatory 470: 1411: 1104:(1942) restored the missing letters as "cāme" ("fifth") and concluded that the inscription was dated to the Chandragupta's fifth regnal year. The missing letters have alternatively been read as "prathame" ("first"). According to these interpretations, the inscription is thus dated in year 61 of the Gupta era, and either the first or the fifth regnal year of Chandragupta. Assuming that the Gupta era starts around 319–320 CE, the beginning of Chandragupta's reign can be dated to either 376–377 CE or 380–381 CE. 725: 4239: 2023:, the people did not consume meat, intoxicating drinks, onions or garlic. The Chandalas lived apart from other people and struck a piece of wood to announce their presence when they entered a city or a marketplace: this would enable other people to avoid contact with them. Only the Chandalas engaged in the fisheries and hunting and sold meat. In the general markets, there were no butchers' shops or alcohol dealers, and the people did not keep pigs or fowl. According to historian 68: 542: 1912: 1588:, and by some coins bearing the name "Chandragupta". However, there is no evidence that Chandragupta annexed Punjab to the Gupta Empire, which suggests that Chandragupta's victory in this region was not a decisive one. There is little evidence of Gupta influence in Punjab after his reign: numismatic evidence suggests that Punjab was ruled by petty chieftains after his death. These chieftains bore Indian names, but issued coins that imitate the 558: 505: 552: 523: 515: 492: 570: 564: 532: 1391: 4211: 4268: 4225: 4253: 1200:

also denotes a year of the Gupta era: this is obviously incorrect, since Kumaragupta I ruled after Chandragupta II. Scholars K.K. Thaplyal and R.C. Sharma, who studied the Buddhist image pedestal inscription, speculated that the scribe had mistakenly interchanged the years 121 and 15, but Falk calls this assumption unnecessary.

2009:, as a populous region with good climate and happy people. He mentions that the citizens were not required to "register their households or attend to any magistrates and their rules". Faxian mentions that wicked repeated rebels had their right hand cut off by the king's administration, but otherwise, there was no 3739:

with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc...", p.cli. Most people now realize that Rapson was mistaken in identifying the central bird as a peacock; rather, it is the mythic eagle Garuda, the dynastic symbol of the Guptas. For example, A.S.

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According to most legends, Vikramaditya had his capital at Ujjain, although some legends mention him as the king of Pataliputra. The Guptas had their capital at Pataliputra. According to D. C. Sircar, Chandragupta II may have defeated the Shaka invaders of Ujjain, and placed his son Govindagupta as a

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It is possible that a large part of the Bengal region was annexed to the Gupta empire by Chandragupta, and that this control continued into the 6th century. The Delhi iron pillar inscription suggests that an alliance of semi-independent chiefs of Bengal unsuccessfully resisted Chandragupta's attempts

1469:("conquest of all quarters") campaign. He is known to have been a powerful sovereign emperor, and this fits in well with the iron pillar inscription's description of king Chandra as someone who "attained sole supreme sovereignty in the world acquired by his own arm and (enjoyed) for a very long time". 1993:

visited India during the reign of Chandragupta and spent around six years in the Gupta kingdom. He was mostly interested in Buddhist religious affairs and did not bother to record the name of the reigning king. His account presents an idealised picture of the Gupta administration, and not everything

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region to the south of the Gupta empire. After her husband's death in c. 390, Prabhavati-gupta acted as a regent for her minor sons. In the two copper-plate inscriptions issued during her regency, the names of her Gupta ancestors with their imperial titles appear before the name of the Vakataka king

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inscription of Chandragupta's foreign minister Virasena suggests that the king had a distinguished military career. It states that he "bought the earth", paying for it with his prowess, and reduced the other kings to the status of slaves. His empire seems to have extended from the mouth of the Indus

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Falk agrees that the missing letters denote a numerical year, but dismisses Sircar's reading as "mere imagination", pointing out that the missing letters are "abraded beyond recovery". In support of his Kushana era theory, Falk presents four Gupta inscriptions (in chronological order) that mention

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Sanakanika has also been discovered in Central India. The only important power to have ruled in this region during Chandragupta's period were the Western Kshatrapas, whose rule is attested by their distinct coinage. The coins issued by the Western Kshatrapa rulers abruptly come to end in the last

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year cannot be regnal year, because Chandragupta I is not known to have ruled for as long as 61 years. If we assume "61" of the Mathura pillar inscription denotes a year of the Gupta era (as assumed by Bhandarkar, Sircar and other scholars), we must assume that "15" of the Buddhist image pedestal

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era used during the reign of Chandragupta II must have started in 327 CE. Thus, the Mathura inscription can be dated to 327+61 = c. 388 CE. While Falk's theory does not change the Gupta chronology significantly, it implies that the date of the Mathura inscription cannot be used to determine the

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enemy when besieged, but Chandragupta goes to the enemy camp disguised as the queen and kills the enemy. Sometime later, Chandragupta dethrones Ramagupta, and becomes the new king. The historicity of this narrative is debated among modern historians, with some believing it to be based on true

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The iron pillar is said to have been set up by king Chandra in honour of Vishnu, on a hill named Vishnu-pada, but the king seems to have died shortly before the inscription was engraved, as the inscription states that "the king has quit the earth and gone to the other world". A similar

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during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type ... for the

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The Sanchi inscription, dated to 412–413 CE (year 93 of the Gupta era), is the last known dated inscription of Chandragupta. His son Kumaragupta was on the throne by the 415–416 CE (year 96 of the Gupta era), so Chandragupta's reign must have ended sometime during 412–415 CE.

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is a legendary emperor of ancient India, who is characterised as the ideal king, known for his generosity, courage, and patronage to scholars. A number of historians believe that at least some of the Vikramaditya legends are based on Chandragupta II. These historians include

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chiefs had established centres for dispensing charity and medical help to the destitute. These centres attracted the poor, the orphans, the widowers, the childless, the handicapped, and the sick, who were examined by doctors and given food and medicine until they got better.

1530:, mention the name Chandra. A few of these inscriptions also mention the name Harishena, and one particular inscription mentions Chandra with the epithet "Vikramaditya". Based on the identification of "Chandra" with Chandragupta, and Harishena with the Gupta courtier 1715:

suggests that the daughters of the Kadamba king Kakusthavarman, married into other royal families, including that of the Guptas. While Kakusthavarman was a contemporary of Chandragupta's son Kumaragupta I, it is noteworthy that some medieval chiefs of present-day

996: 1732:. While the Kuntala king referred to in this legend has been identified by some scholars with a Vakataka king, it is more likely that he was a Kadamba king, because the Vakataka king did not rule over Kuntala, and was never called the lord of Kuntala. 1672:, which held considerable power in central India before Samudragupta subjugated them. This matrimonial alliance may have helped Chandragupta consolidate the Gupta empire, and the Nagas may have helped him in his war against the Western Kshatrapas. 2127:, such as the Sceptre type (rare for Chandragupta II), the Archer type, and the Tiger-Slayer type. However, Chandragupta II also introduced several new types, such as the Horseman type and the Lion-slayer type, both of which were used by his son 631:– were ruled by the Devarakshitas around the same time as the Guptas. Since it seems unlikely that an obscure dynasty named Devarakshita was powerful enough to control substantial territory during the Gupta period, some scholars, such as 1887:

is considered a literary forgery of a date later than Kalidasa by multiple scholars. There is no mention of such "Navaratnas" in earlier literature, and D. C. Sircar calls this tradition "absolutely worthless for historical purposes".

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pillar inscription of Chandragupta II (as well as some other Gupta inscriptions) mention two dates: several historians have assumed that one of these dates denotes the king's regnal year, while the other date denotes the year of the

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after Chandragupta II defeated them and were modelled on the Kshatrapa coinage. The main difference was to replace the dynastic symbol of the Kshatrapas (the three-arched hill) by the dynastic symbol of the Guptas (the mythic eagle

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kingdom of the Bengal region was a Gupta tributary. The Guptas are known to have been ruling Bengal in the early 6th century, although there are no surviving records of the Gupta presence in this region for the intervening period.

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These coins depict Chandragupta seated on a couch and holding a flower in his right hand. The legend "rupa-kriti" occurs below the couch. These coins are similar to Samudragupta's coins which depict the king playing a musical

1281:, and the misreading of its inscription as "Chandramgu" (taken to be "Chandragupta"), led to speculation that Chandragupta also performed the Ashvamedha sacrifice. However, there is no actual evidence to support this theory. 606:), it appears that "Dhava" was another name for the king. Another possibility is that "dhava" is a mistake for a common noun "bhava", although this is unlikely, as the rest of the inscription does not contain any errors. 1534:, these inscriptions can be considered as further evidence of a Gupta military campaign in the area. However, this identification is not certain, and Chandra of the Hunza inscriptions could have well been a local ruler. 3740:

Altekar says: "... the three-arched hill in the centre is replaced by Garuda, which was the imperial insignia of the Guptas. The view of earlier writers ... that the bird is a peacock is clearly untenable." in Altekar:

1665:. It is unlikely that Chandragupta had two different queens with similar names: it appears that Dhruvasvamini was most probably another name for Dhruvadevi, and that Govindagupta was a real brother of Kumaragupta. 1335:

310 or 319 (the coin legend is partially lost), that is 388 or 397. Chandragupta's coins, dated to 409, are similar to the Kshtrapa coins, with the Shakas' Buddhist vihara symbol replaced by the Gupta symbol of

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believe that the Vakataka kingdom was "practically a part of the Gupta empire" during her 20-year long regency. The Vakatakas may have supported Chandragupta during his conflict with the Western Kshatrapas.

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names the "Shaka-Murundas" among the kings who tried to appease him. It may be possible that Samudragupta reduced the Shakas to a state of subordinate alliance, and Chandragupta completely subjugated them.

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era used during Kumaragupta's time must have started in 432–5 = 427 CE. The years mentioned in the Buddhist image pedestal inscription also suggests that the epoch of this era was c. 426–427 CE. Since the

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region as the most prosperous part of the Middle kingdom, describing its people as benevolent and righteous. He describes an annual Buddhist celebration, which involved a procession of 20 grand carts of

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decade of the 4th century. The coins of this type reappear in the second decade of the 5th century, and are dated in the Gupta era, which suggests that Chandragupta subjugated the Western Kshatrapas.

639:: Devarakṣita) was another name for Chandragupta II. Others, such as D. K. Ganguly, oppose this theory, arguing that this identification is quite arbitrary, and cannot be explained satisfactorily. 2200: 3712:"The conquest is indicated by the issue of the new Gupta silver coinage modelled on the previous Saka coinage showing on observe the King's head, Greek script, and dates as on Saka coins" in 2415:

beginning in 57 BCE, is associated with the legendary Vikramaditya. However, this association did not exist before 9th century. The earlier sources call this era by various names, including

586:. He was also simply known as "Chandra", as attested by his coins. The Sanchi inscription of his officer Amrakardava states that he was also known as Deva-raja. The records of his daughter 1472:

The iron pillar inscription states that the southern ocean is "perfumed by the breezes" of Chandra's prowess. This may be a reference to Chandragupta's extension of the Gupta rule to the

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he states can be taken at face value. However, his description of the kingdom as a peaceful and prosperous one seems to be generally true, attested by the fact that he did not face any

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Chandragupta was also tolerant of other faiths. The Udayagiri inscription of Chandragupta's foreign minister Virasena records the construction of a temple dedicated to the god Shambhu (

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after his conquest of the Western Kshatrapa territory. Arabian Sea was located to the south of the Gupta empire, and thus, the term "southern ocean" is applicable to it in this context.

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for crimes: the criminals were only fined, lightly or heavily, according to the severity of the crime. According to Faxian, the king's bodyguards and attendants all received salaries.

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Gold coin of Chandragupta II, with a figure of an archer (obverse), and with a figure of the Indian goddess of good fortune, Shri, seated on a lotus (reverse), Cleveland Museum of Art

2027:, Faxian's observations about the people's food habits seem to have been based on his contact with the Buddhist religious community and may not be applicable to the general public. 2188: 2078:

Mathura pillar inscription, dated to the year 61 of the Gupta era. The date has been interpreted as c. 380–381 by earlier scholars, but Harry Falk (2004) dates it to 388 (see

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The exact date of Chandragupta's victory is not known, but it can be tentatively dated to sometime between 397 and 409. The last of the 4th century Kshatrapa coins – that of

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contains an inscription of a king called "Chandra". Modern scholars generally identify this king with Chandragupta II, although this cannot be said with complete certainty.

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era denotes a system that restarts counting after a hundred years. The Yaksha figure inscription is dated to year 112 of the Gupta era (c. 432 CE), which corresponds to the

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Nevertheless, multiple scholars believe that one of these Navaratnas – Kalidasa – may have indeed flourished during the reign of Chandragupta II. These scholars include

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It is quite possible that Chandragupta passed through the Punjab region during this campaign: his political influence in this region is attested to by the use of the

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The iron pillar inscription states that "his name was Chandra and he was holding the glory of a full moon on his face". This is reminiscent of his descendant

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While alternative identifications have been proposed, there is strong evidence for identifying Chandra of the iron pillar inscription as Chandragupta II:

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of Indus. Historians R. C. Majumdar and K. P. Jayaswal, on the other hand, believe that the term refers to the tributaries of Indus: the five rivers of

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to a Shaka chief when besieged, but Chandragupta went to the enemy camp disguised as the queen, and killed the Shaka chief. Chandragupta bore the title

1041:. However, Indologist Harry Falk in 2004 has theorised that the date understood to be the regnal year by the earlier scholars is actually a date of the 2216: 1776: 3735:... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the 1981:

near Udayagiri records donations to the local Buddhist monastery by his military officer Amrakardava, in year 93 of the Gupta era (c. 412–413).

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In addition, Chandragupta II was the first Gupta king to issue silver coins. These coins were intended to replace the silver coinage of the

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is found) may have presented him with an opportunity to hunt lions, resulting in the substitution of tiger with lion on the imperial coins.

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who defeated the Shakas. Several modern scholars have theorised that these legends may be based on Chandragupta's victory over the Shakas.

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through military conquests and marital alliances. Historical evidence attests to his remarkable victories, which include the defeat of the

1419: 1057:, whose coronation Falk dates to 127 CE. The Kushana era restarts counting after a hundred years (e.g. the year after 100 is 1, not 101). 387:. Under the reign of Chandragupta II, the Gupta Empire reached its zenith, directly controlling a vast territory which stretched from the 2396:. His victory over these foreign tribes was probably transposed on upon a fictional character, resulting in the Vikramaditya legends. 1600:

The identification of Chandra with Chandragupta II also suggests Chandragupta achieved victories in the Vanga area in the present-day

1883:. However, there is no historical evidence to show that these nine scholars were contemporary figures or proteges of the same king. 1483:'s Mandasaur inscription, which describes Chandragupta as "a moon in the galaxy of Gupta kings with the famous name Chandragupta". 1385: 983: 3731:

during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the

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pillar inscription, it is believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title "Vikramaditya". The Cambay and Sangli plates of the

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horse sacrifice to proclaim their military prowess. In the 20th century, the discovery of a stone image of a horse found near

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use the epithet "Sahasanka" for Chandragupta II. The name "Sahasanka" has also been applied to the legendary Vikramaditya.

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believe that the name of the era changed to "Vikram Samvat" after the reign of Chandragupta II, who had adopted the title

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Amrakardava, a military officer, known from the Sanchi inscription recording his donations to the local Buddhist monastery

1695:. This suggests that the Gupta court may have had influence in the Vakataka administration during her regency. Historians 1931:

Many gold and silver coins of Chandragupta, as well the inscriptions issued by him and his successors, describe him as a

1033: 1001: 2290:). The obverse of these coins depicts a bust of the king, with corrupted Greek legend "OOIHU". The reverse features the 3986: 602:

inscription states that king Chandra was also known as "Dhava": if this king Chandra is identified with Chandragupta (

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Chandragupta II was the second ruler of the dynasty to bear the name "Chandragupta", the first being his grandfather

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An 8 gram gold coin featuring Chandragupta II astride a caparisoned horse, with a bow in his left hand. The name

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candragupta-sya vijarajya-saṃvatsa ... kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare ekaṣaṣṭhe 60 ... thame śukla-divase paṃcāmyaṃ

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with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc.", p.cli

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Chandragupta also married Kuvera-naga (alias Kuberanaga), whose name indicates that she was a princess of the

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Becker, Catherine (2010). "Not Your Average Board: The Colossal Varāha at Erāṇ, an Iconographic Innovation".

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As a result of his victory over the Western Kshatrapas, Chandragupta must have extended his empire up to the

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Rhi, Ju-Hyung (1994). "From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art".

2050:'s invitation to the Buddhas to enter the city, and music performances. He mentions that in the cities, the 1740: 1712: 1592:

coinage: they may have been Hinduized foreigners or Indians continuing the usage of foreign-style coinage.

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Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty

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Literary evidence also corroborates Chandragupta's victory over the Western Kshatrapas. The Sanskrit play

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Historical and literary evidence suggests that Chandragupta II achieved military successes against the

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legends, emperor Vikramaditya (a character believed to be based on Chandragupta) sent his court poet

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Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]

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Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]

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Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]

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Falk notes that the "dynastic year" in the table above appears to be a year of the Gupta era. The

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The following ministers and officers of Chandragupta are known from various historical records:

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invaders, and was therefore, known as Śakari ("enemy of the Śakas). Chandragupta II conquered

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If Chandra is identified with Chandragupta, it appears that Chandragupta marched through the

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and northern Pakistan in the west to the Bengal region in the east, and from the Himalayan

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According to Falk, the discrepancy can be explained satisfactorily, if we assume that the

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J. N. Banerjea (1982). "Vaishnavism, Saivism and Minor Sects". In R. C. Mujumdar (ed.).

2550: 1815:, was also probably a Gupta feudatory if we assume that his inscription is dated in the 1541:, the term "seven faces", mentioned in the iron pillar inscription, refers to the seven 688:, who preceded him on the throne. In the play, Ramagupta decides to surrender his queen 3329: 3202: 2385: 2282: 1700: 1669: 1296: 1092:

In the ... year of ... Chandragupta, ... on the fifth of the bright half of the first (

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region of Karnataka through a marriage alliance with Kadambas, and during his daughter

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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

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Chandragupta continued issuing most of the gold coin types introduced by his father

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Chandragupta's various gold coins depict his martial spirit or peacetime pursuits.

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in the south. Chandragupta II expanded his influence and indirectly ruled over the

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inscription of Virasena describes Chandragupta as a "king of kings" as well as an

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Faxian describes Madhya-desha ("Middle kingdom"), the region to the south-east of

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clay seal mentions Dhruva-svamini as a queen of Chandragupta, and the mother of

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among others. It is possible that Kalidasa was a court poet of Chandragupta.

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The Guptas also appear to have entered into a matrimonial alliance with the

1349:, whose historicity is disputed, narrates that Chandragupta's elder brother 4216: 4193: 2431: 2412: 2355: 2342: 2337: 2154: 2124: 1872: 1721: 1683: 1662: 1609: 1566: 1558: 1550: 1527: 1399: 1362: 1308: 1266: 1101: 1017: 800: 790: 739: 708: 684:, combined with other evidence suggests that he had an elder brother named 671: 620: 546: 483: 427: 384: 368: 349: 248: 238: 223: 178: 148: 114: 37: 4238: 3855: 2294:

script legend "Chandragupta Vikramaditya, King of Kings, and a devotee of

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The iron pillar inscription credits Chandra with the following victories:

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as "year following the Gupta era". He translated the entire sentence as:

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is probably based on Chandragupta II (among other kings), and the noted

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Several feudatories of Chandragupta are known from historical records:

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A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta

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in present-day Afghanistan. Some short Sanskrit inscriptions at the

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historical events, while others dismissing it as a work of fiction.

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stone pillar inscription, issued during the reign of his descendant

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These coins depict Chandragupta slaying a lion and bear the legend

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According to the iron pillar inscription, Chandra was a devotee of

1278: 1054: 591: 478:

The name "Chandra" on a coin of Chandragupta II (left), and on the

435: 431: 268: 47: 3918: 3834: 3213: 2730: 356:. Modern scholars generally identify him with King Chandra of the 3786: 3736: 3673: 2708: 2422: 2393: 2320: 2150: 2088:

Udayagiri cave inscription, dated to the year 82 of the Gupta era

2074:

The following inscriptions of Chandragupta have been discovered:

2051: 2047: 2006: 1803: 1585: 1390: 1373: 1093: 1005: 531: 233: 3637: 3287: 3285: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2377: 2317:, and declares that his activities were "beyond comprehension". 2194:

Obverse of "Chhatra" type (left) and "Archer" type (right) coins

1315:

Virasena's Udayagiri inscription describes him as a resident of

4267: 4033: 3930: 3715:

Early history of Jammu region: pre historic to 6th century A.D.

3649: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3446: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3120: 3118: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3036: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2976: 2958: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2718: 2675: 2673: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2590: 2362: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2207: 1990: 1978: 1940: 1936: 1924: 1819:; according to another theory, his inscription is dated in the 1802:

Shri Vishvamitra Svami, a feudatory known from a seal found at

1687: 1658: 1638: 1634: 1601: 1463:

According to his Udayagiri inscription, Chandragupta went on a

1433: 1337: 1300: 1163: 1009: 655: 616: 594:

queen, call him Chandragupta as well as Deva-gupta. Deva-shri (

423: 392: 314: 301: 3465:

Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969).

3024: 3625: 3590: 3282: 3225: 2919: 2892: 2847: 2835: 2778: 2685: 2381: 2311: 1974: 1519: 1436:. Chandragupta was also a Vaishnavite, and is described as a 1255: 353: 186: 182: 156: 152: 51: 3602: 3512: 3340: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3149: 3130: 3115: 3096: 3048: 2999: 2982: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2909: 2907: 2871: 2813: 2811: 2766: 2742: 2670: 2647: 1947:, literally, " powerful discus", and shows him receiving a 1678:, the daughter of Chandragupta and Kuvera-naga, married the 4069:

Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D

3906: 3867: 3774: 2754: 1518:, and advanced up to the country of the Vahlikas, that is, 1456:(a grandson of Chandragupta) after the death of his father 1061: 636: 628: 595: 58: 1624: 615:

suggests that major parts of the eastern coast of India –

4181:

Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions

2931: 2904: 2859: 2823: 2808: 1653:

as Chandragupta's queen, and the mother of his successor

2376:

The legendary Vikramaditya is said to have defeated the

509:

formed of the vertical combination of the three letters

422:

but tolerated other faiths as well. The Chinese pilgrim

1844:'s theory, he was the author of the political treatise 1915:

Chandragupta II is associated with the development of

1060:

The date portion of the Mathura inscription reads (in

411:

20 years long regency, he effectively integrated the

4206: 4029:. Institute of Silk Road Studies, Kamakura: 167–176. 3885: 1633:

Probable image of Chandragupta II, paying homage to

3995: 3378: 2736: 2528:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 240 & 264. 1840:Shikhara-svami, a minister; according to historian 4065: 3861: 3792: 3768: 3405: 1871:, Dhanvantari, Ghatakarapara, Kshapanaka, Shanku, 1452:in honour of Vishnu) was set up the Gupta emperor 1016:in the reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya, son of 598:: Devaśri) is another variation of this name. The 438:may have been his court poet. The cave shrines at 395:region in the east, and from the foothills of the 3814:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 254–275. 3744:Varanasi: Banaras Hindu University, 1957, p. 151. 2798:"Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds" 4285: 3570:Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (28 November 2016). 3540:Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (28 November 2016). 1863:, states that nine famous scholars known as the 1711:, the southern neighbours of the Vakatakas. The 3953: 3924: 3804: 3758:. Vol. 2. Hawkins Publications. 4821–4823. 3643: 3219: 3030: 2784: 1497:Crossed the "seven faces" of the river Sindhu ( 1429:Chandragupta's coins refer to him as "Chandra". 1012:by Udita Acharya in the "year 61 following the 4177: 4156: 4086: 4054: 3655: 3596: 3527: 3361: 3291: 3276: 3255: 3231: 3172: 3160: 3143: 3124: 3109: 3063: 3042: 3018: 2993: 2964: 2952: 2886: 2772: 2724: 2712: 2679: 2470: 2321:Identification with the legendary Vikramaditya 1621:to extend the Gupta influence in this region. 1220:system restarts counting every 100 years, the 1076:are abraded in the inscription, but historian 545:The full name "Chandragupta" in Gupta script ( 4132: 4108: 3835:Maurice Winternitz; Moriz Winternitz (1963). 3619: 3491: 3243: 2748: 2664: 2636:Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties 977: 603: 3978:Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition 3974: 3936: 3912: 3873: 3780: 3452: 2760: 2548: 3811:Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics 3565: 3563: 3418: 3416: 3414: 2977:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 2591:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 2174:These coins depict the king riding a fully- 1379: 297:Chandragupta II's Huna Expedition (356-399) 16:Ruler of Gupta Empire from c. 375 to c. 415 4034:Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). 4016: 3631: 3374: 3372: 3370: 2940: 2925: 2913: 2898: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2508:Studies in Indian History and Civilization 2388:(a branch of Śakas); he also expelled the 1958:inscription records the construction of a 1361:, and several Indian legends talk of king 984: 970: 66: 3889:The Temple of Muktēśvara at Cauḍadānapura 3753: 3685: 3569: 3539: 2106:Mehrauli iron pillar inscription, undated 1440:(devotee of Vishnu) in the Gupta records. 1096:) of the year 61 following the Gupta era. 322:Chandragupta II's Campaign of Balkh (367) 3560: 3411: 3385:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–111. 3382:History of Classical Sanskrit Literature 2324: 2114: 2062: 1962:cave temple by Chandragupta's feudatory 1927:saving the world from chaos). Circa 400. 1910: 1739: 1628: 1409: 1389: 1303:), who ruled in west-central India. The 1236: 995: 540: 340:(r.c. 375-415), also known by his title 3798: 3721: 3485: 3367: 2804:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 2606:Coin Splendour: A Journey Into the Past 2602: 2521: 2504: 2103:, dated to the year 93 of the Gupta era 2097:, dated to the year 88 of the Gupta era 1939:. One of his gold coins, discovered at 1919:in India, and the establishment of the 1625:Personal life and matrimonial alliances 1491:Defeated an alliance of enemies in the 654:("having no equal or antagonist"). The 4286: 3297: 3184: 3079:India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 1526:(in present-day Pakistan), written in 3706: 3426:; Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969). 3075: 2632: 2232:Various gold coins of Chandragupta II 2068:Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II 2030:Faxian mentions that the people used 1307:inscription of Chandragupta's father 1284: 285:Gupta conquests of Bengal (c 320-380) 3957:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas 3686:Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016). 3471:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 1–35. 2628: 2626: 2609:. Abhinav Publications. p. 11. 2568:Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903 2525:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas 2079: 2016:Faxian mentions that other than the 1788:Trikamala, a feudatory known from a 1245:mention the rule of Chandragupta II. 1053:calendar era established by emperor 3999:The Imperial Guptas and Their Times 3841:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 42. 3661: 3303: 2549:Raychaudhuri, Hem Channdra (1923). 2091:Udayagiri cave inscription, undated 2085:Mathura pillar inscription, undated 1386:Chandragupta II's Campaign of Balkh 1225:beginning of Chandragupta's reign. 1002:Lakulisa Mathura Pillar Inscription 445: 13: 4019:"The Kaniṣka era in Gupta Records" 3076:Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). 2474:The Hindus: An Alternative History 1859:(22.10), a treatise attributed to 1241:Cave 6 and Cave 8 inscriptions at 1232: 1080:(1931–1932) reconstructed them as 1008:recording the installation of two 700: 14: 4350: 4202: 2623: 1998:unlike the later Chinese pilgrim 1984: 1923:with Vaishnava iconography (here 1735: 1086:gupta-kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare 662:, also calls him "Vikramaditya". 635:, theorize that "Deva-rakshita" ( 442:were also built during his rule. 4266: 4251: 4237: 4223: 4209: 4093:A Comprehensive History of India 4058:A Comprehensive History of India 3742:The Coinage of the Gupta Empire, 3498:. Penguin UK. pp. 268–274. 2403: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2215: 2199: 2187: 1935:, that is, a devotee of the god 1728:as an ambassador to the lord of 1595: 1509: 1501:) during a war and defeated the 1273:are known to have performed the 1049:system is a continuation of the 730: 723: 642:Chandragupta assumed the titles 568: 562: 556: 550: 530: 521: 513: 503: 490: 468: 459: 3946: 3879: 3828: 3756:Oriental coins and their values 3747: 3679: 3533: 3468:Kālidāsa; Date, Life, and Works 3458: 3178: 3069: 2790: 2332:, a modern artist's imagination 2058: 1414:The inscription of king Chandra 1045:system. According to Falk, the 1020:" (380 CE). Rangeshwar Temple. 3546:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 270–273. 3429:Kalidasa: Date, Life And Works 2603:Bandela, Prasanna Rao (2003). 2596: 2559: 2542: 2515: 2498: 2464: 2452: 2330:Vikramaditya goes forth to war 2301: 2034:for buying and selling goods. 1966:Sanakanika, in year 82 of the 1353:agreed to surrender his queen 1000:The pillar inscribed with the 363:Chandragupta II continued the 1: 4023:Silk Road Art and Archaeology 3886:Vasundhara Filliozat (1995). 3727:"Evidence of the conquest of 3667:"Evidence of the conquest of 2445: 2226:style (15mm, 2.1 grams.) 2206:Coin with the king's name in 1851: 1760:, inscribed "year 64" of the 1072:The letters before the words 941: 924: 907: 806: 779: 762: 745: 665: 418:Chandragupta II was a devout 383:and the vassalization of the 348:, was the third ruler of the 167: 96: 4339:5th-century maharajadhirajas 4334:4th-century maharajadhirajas 4118:. Harvard University Press. 3996:Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1987). 3838:History of Indian Literature 3379:M. Srinivasachariar (1974). 2361:Based on some coins and the 1713:Talagunda pillar inscription 7: 4309:5th-century Indian monarchs 4304:4th-century Indian monarchs 4142:. Pearson Education India. 4066:Kailash Chand Jain (1972). 3754:Mitchiner, Michael (1978). 1977:). An inscription found at 1906: 1584:in an inscription found at 1258:region in the north to the 1110:kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare 1074:kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare 10: 4355: 3432:. Popular. pp. 8–29. 3082:. Penguin UK. p. 37. 2335: 2110: 1792:inscription engraved on a 1744:One of the earliest dated 1608:inscription of his father 1383: 1288: 1084:, and translated the term 670:Chandragupta was a son of 76:appears in the upper left 18: 3692:. ABC-CLIO. p. 271. 3576:. ABC-CLIO. p. 271. 2522:Agrawal, Ashvini (1989). 1604:region. According to the 346:Chandragupta Vikramaditya 331: 279: 274: 264: 254: 244: 232: 204: 193: 163: 138: 134: 124: 110: 92: 85: 65: 35: 30: 4279:Coins of Chandragupta II 3981:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 3954:Ashvini Agrawal (1989). 3864:, pp. 158–159, 164. 2737:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987 2505:Prakash, Buddha (1962). 2183:Coins of Chandragupta II 2101:Sanchi stone inscription 2095:Gadhwa stone inscription 1380:Other military victories 4178:Tej Ram Sharma (1978). 4157:Tej Ram Sharma (1989). 4072:. Motilal Banarsidass. 3960:. Motilal Banarsidass. 3862:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 3793:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 3769:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 3406:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 2471:Doniger, Wendy (2009). 1180:Buddhist image pedestal 766: late 3rd century 749: late 3rd century 650:, and bore the epithet 415:into the Gupta Empire. 3492:Chandra Rajan (2005). 3424:Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi 2333: 2120: 2071: 1928: 1901:Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi 1821:Kalachuri calendar era 1769: 1691:with the lesser title 1649:Gupta records mention 1646: 1415: 1407: 1331:– can be dated to the 1265:Chandragupta's father 1246: 1029: 579: 453:"Chandra" inscriptions 319:Submission of Varahran 3975:D. C. Sircar (1969). 2511:. Shiva Lal Agarwala. 2328: 2162:Couch-and-flower type 2118: 2066: 1914: 1743: 1632: 1569:), plus possibly the 1413: 1393: 1372:coast in present-day 1240: 999: 544: 4275:at Wikimedia Commons 4040:. Psychology Press. 3925:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 3771:, pp. 157, 161. 3644:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 3220:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 3031:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 2785:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 2633:Allen, John (1914). 2384:after defeating the 2037:Faxian mentions the 1524:Sacred Rock of Hunza 1420:iron pillar of Delhi 1406:in the 13th century. 1396:iron pillar of Delhi 795:(early 4th century?) 480:Iron Pillar of Delhi 399:in the north to the 325:Battle of Oxus (399) 19:For other uses, see 4184:. Concept. p. 4017:Harry Falk (2004). 3927:, pp. 174–175. 3656:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3634:, pp. 169–173. 3597:J. N. Banerjea 1982 3528:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3455:, pp. 120–123. 3408:, pp. 162–163. 3362:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3292:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 3277:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3256:Tej Ram Sharma 1978 3232:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 3222:, pp. 191–200. 3173:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3161:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3144:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3125:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3110:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3064:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3043:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 3019:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2994:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2965:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2953:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2928:, pp. 172–173. 2901:, pp. 169–171. 2887:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2856:, pp. 169–170. 2844:, pp. 168–171. 2773:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2725:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2713:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 2680:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2430:. Scholars such as 2147:vyaghra-parakramaha 2011:corporal punishment 1686:, who ruled in the 824:(late 4th century?) 391:in the west to the 365:expansionist policy 294:Conquests in Punjab 4329:5th-century Hindus 4324:4th-century Hindus 4115:The Past Before Us 4037:A History of India 3939:, p. 165–166. 3717:by Raj Kumar p.511 3620:Upinder Singh 2008 3244:Romila Thapar 2013 2749:Upinder Singh 2008 2665:Upinder Singh 2008 2386:Western Kshatrapas 2334: 2283:Western Kshatrapas 2121: 2072: 1929: 1817:Gupta calendar era 1770: 1701:Dietmar Rothermund 1647: 1416: 1408: 1297:Western Kshatrapas 1285:Western Kshatrapas 1247: 1211:year 5. Thus, the 1039:Gupta calendar era 1030: 580: 497:conjunct consonant 495:, followed by the 381:Western Kshatrapas 52:Lord of the Guptas 4271:Media related to 4170:978-81-7022-251-4 4149:978-81-317-1677-9 4125:978-0-674-72651-2 4079:978-81-208-0824-9 4047:978-0-415-32920-0 4009:978-81-7017-222-2 3967:978-81-208-0592-7 3937:D. C. Sircar 1969 3913:D. C. Sircar 1969 3899:978-81-7017-327-4 3874:D. C. Sircar 1969 3848:978-81-208-0056-4 3781:D. C. Sircar 1969 3699:978-1-61069-566-4 3658:, pp. 61–62. 3646:, pp. 24–27. 3583:978-1-61069-566-4 3553:978-1-61069-566-4 3453:D. C. Sircar 1969 3439:978-81-7154-468-4 3175:, pp. 57–58. 3089:978-0-14-196655-7 2967:, pp. 52–53. 2761:D. C. Sircar 1969 2727:, pp. 63–64. 2535:978-81-208-0592-7 1885:Jyotirvidabharana 1857:Jyotirvidabharana 1752:derived from the 1346:Devichandraguptam 1193: 1192: 1014:era of the Guptas 994: 993: 961: 960: 681:Devichandraguptam 633:Dasharatha Sharma 609:A passage in the 600:Delhi iron pillar 409:Prabhavatigupta’s 358:Delhi iron pillar 335: 334: 100: 375 or 380 4346: 4319:History of Malwa 4270: 4261: 4259:Biography portal 4256: 4255: 4254: 4247: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4197: 4174: 4153: 4129: 4105: 4083: 4062: 4051: 4030: 4013: 3992: 3971: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3745: 3725: 3719: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3683: 3677: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3510: 3509: 3495:The Loom of Time 3489: 3483: 3482: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3420: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3376: 3365: 3359: 3338: 3337: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3280: 3274: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3147: 3141: 3128: 3122: 3113: 3107: 3094: 3093: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3046: 3045:, p. 77–78. 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 2997: 2991: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2683: 2677: 2668: 2662: 2645: 2644: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2573: 2572: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2436:D. R. Bhandarkar 2348:D. R. Bhandarkar 2276: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2219: 2203: 2191: 2138:Lion-slayer type 1989:Chinese pilgrim 1846:Kamandakiya Niti 1676:Prabhavati-gupta 1606:Allahabad Pillar 1305:Allahabad Pillar 1222:kālānuvarttamāna 1218:kālānuvarttamāna 1213:kālānuvarttamāna 1209:kālānuvarttamāna 1205:kālānuvarttamāna 1197:kālānuvarttamāna 1128:kālānuvarttamāna 1121:Reigning monarch 1115: 1114: 1078:D. R. Bhandarkar 1047:kālānuvarttamāna 1043:kālānuvarttamāna 986: 979: 972: 946: 943: 929: 926: 912: 909: 811: 808: 784: 781: 767: 764: 750: 747: 734: 727: 720: 719: 714: 705: 704: 572: 566: 560: 554: 534: 525: 517: 507: 494: 472: 463: 446:Names and titles 413:Vakataka kingdom 172: 169: 105: 101: 98: 70: 28: 27: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4294:Chandragupta II 4284: 4283: 4273:Chandragupta II 4257: 4252: 4250: 4245:Monarchy portal 4243: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4200: 4171: 4150: 4126: 4080: 4048: 4010: 3989: 3968: 3949: 3944: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3806:Alf Hiltebeitel 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3752: 3748: 3733:Western Satraps 3726: 3722: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3684: 3680: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3632:Harry Falk 2004 3630: 3626: 3618: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3513: 3506: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3421: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3377: 3368: 3360: 3341: 3318:10.2307/3250056 3302: 3298: 3290: 3283: 3275: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3150: 3142: 3131: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3097: 3090: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3000: 2992: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2941:Harry Falk 2004 2939: 2932: 2926:Harry Falk 2004 2924: 2920: 2914:Harry Falk 2004 2912: 2905: 2899:Harry Falk 2004 2897: 2893: 2885: 2872: 2866:Harry Falk 2004 2864: 2860: 2854:Harry Falk 2004 2852: 2848: 2842:Harry Falk 2004 2840: 2836: 2830:Harry Falk 2004 2828: 2824: 2818:Harry Falk 2004 2816: 2809: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2739:, pp. 5–6. 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2686: 2678: 2671: 2663: 2648: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2576: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2520: 2516: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2477:. p. 379. 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2421:the era of the 2406: 2340: 2323: 2315:rajadhirajarshi 2304: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2227: 2224:Western Satraps 2222:Silver coin in 2220: 2211: 2204: 2195: 2192: 2113: 2082:section above). 2080:Period of reign 2061: 1987: 1945:chakra-vikramah 1933:parama-bhagvata 1921:Udayagiri Caves 1909: 1854: 1813:ruler of Valkha 1811:Svamidasa, the 1738: 1709:Kadamba dynasty 1643:Udayagiri Caves 1627: 1598: 1512: 1388: 1382: 1299:(also known as 1293: 1291:Gupta–Saka Wars 1287: 1243:Udayagiri Caves 1235: 1233:Military career 1138:Chandragupta II 990: 944: 936:Kumaragupta III 927: 910: 834:(380 – 413/415) 830:Chandragupta II 809: 782: 765: 748: 712: 711: 703: 701:Period of reign 668: 648:Maharajadhiraja 588:Prabhavatigupta 576:Cha-ndra-gu-pta 573: 561: 539: 538: 537: 536: 508: 475: 474: 473: 465: 464: 455: 454: 448: 338:Chandragupta II 289:Gupta-Saka Wars 275:Military career 228: 219:Prabhavatigupta 173: 170: 143: 103: 99: 81: 54: 50: 46: 42: 40: 31:Chandragupta II 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4352: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4299:Gupta emperors 4296: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4263: 4262: 4248: 4234: 4231:History portal 4220: 4204: 4203:External links 4201: 4199: 4198: 4175: 4169: 4154: 4148: 4130: 4124: 4106: 4088:R. C. Majumdar 4084: 4078: 4063: 4052: 4046: 4031: 4014: 4008: 3993: 3988:978-8121503488 3987: 3972: 3966: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3915:, p. 136. 3905: 3898: 3878: 3876:, p. 131. 3866: 3854: 3847: 3827: 3820: 3797: 3795:, p. 162. 3785: 3783:, p. 130. 3773: 3761: 3746: 3720: 3705: 3698: 3678: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3622:, p. 505. 3601: 3599:, p. 781. 3589: 3582: 3559: 3552: 3532: 3511: 3504: 3484: 3477: 3457: 3445: 3438: 3410: 3398: 3391: 3366: 3339: 3296: 3294:, p. 174. 3281: 3260: 3248: 3246:, p. 359. 3236: 3234:, p. 111. 3224: 3212: 3177: 3165: 3148: 3129: 3114: 3095: 3088: 3068: 3047: 3035: 3033:, p. 125. 3023: 2998: 2981: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2943:, p. 173. 2930: 2918: 2916:, p. 172. 2903: 2891: 2870: 2868:, p. 170. 2858: 2846: 2834: 2832:, p. 171. 2822: 2820:, p. 169. 2807: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2763:, p. 139. 2753: 2751:, p. 479. 2741: 2729: 2717: 2715:, p. 148. 2684: 2669: 2667:, p. 480. 2646: 2622: 2615: 2595: 2574: 2558: 2541: 2534: 2514: 2497: 2483: 2463: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2409:Vikrama Samvat 2405: 2402: 2358:among others. 2336:Main article: 2322: 2319: 2303: 2300: 2279: 2278: 2271: 2269: 2262: 2260: 2253: 2251: 2244: 2242: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2214: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2139: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2060: 2057: 2025:R. C. Majumdar 1986: 1985:Faxian's visit 1983: 1970:(c. 401–402). 1908: 1905: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1842:K. P. Jayaswal 1838: 1835: 1825: 1824: 1806: 1797: 1783: 1737: 1736:Administration 1734: 1626: 1623: 1597: 1594: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1495: 1485: 1484: 1477: 1470: 1461: 1441: 1430: 1384:Main article: 1381: 1378: 1329:Rudrasimha III 1289:Main article: 1286: 1283: 1262:in the south. 1234: 1231: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1135:Mathura pillar 1132: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1098: 1097: 1070: 1069: 1026:Mathura Museum 1022:Mathura Museum 992: 991: 989: 988: 981: 974: 966: 963: 962: 959: 958: 955: 949: 948: 938: 932: 931: 921: 915: 914: 904: 896: 895: 894:(495 – ?) 892: 890:Narasimhagupta 886: 885: 882: 876: 875: 872: 870:Kumaragupta II 866: 865: 862: 856: 855: 852: 846: 845: 842: 836: 835: 832: 826: 825: 822: 814: 813: 810: 335/350 803: 797: 796: 793: 787: 786: 776: 774:Chandragupta I 770: 769: 759: 753: 752: 742: 736: 735: 728: 716: 715: 702: 699: 667: 664: 590:, issued as a 584:Chandragupta I 567: 555: 502: 477: 476: 467: 466: 458: 457: 456: 452: 451: 450: 449: 447: 444: 367:of his father 333: 332: 329: 328: 327: 326: 323: 320: 317: 311: 304: 298: 295: 292: 286: 281: 277: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 251: 246: 242: 241: 236: 230: 229: 227: 226: 221: 216: 210: 208: 202: 201: 195: 191: 190: 165: 161: 160: 140: 136: 135: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 112: 108: 107: 94: 90: 89: 83: 82: 71: 63: 62: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4351: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4235: 4232: 4221: 4218: 4207: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4134:Upinder Singh 4131: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4110:Romila Thapar 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3850: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3823: 3821:9780226340555 3817: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3801: 3794: 3789: 3782: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3593: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3566: 3564: 3555: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3536: 3530:, p. 61. 3529: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3507: 3505:9789351180104 3501: 3497: 3496: 3488: 3480: 3478:9788171544684 3474: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3407: 3402: 3394: 3392:9788120802841 3388: 3384: 3383: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3364:, p. 62. 3363: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3306:Artibus Asiae 3300: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3279:, p. 60. 3278: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3258:, p. 30. 3257: 3252: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187:Artibus Asiae 3181: 3174: 3169: 3163:, p. 57. 3162: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3146:, p. 58. 3145: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3127:, p. 56. 3126: 3121: 3119: 3112:, p. 55. 3111: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3072: 3066:, p. 54. 3065: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3021:, p. 53. 3020: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2996:, p. 59. 2995: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2979:, p. 92. 2978: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2955:, p. 64. 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2900: 2895: 2889:, p. 52. 2888: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2787:, p. 98. 2786: 2781: 2775:, p. 51. 2774: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2682:, p. 63. 2681: 2676: 2674: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2627: 2618: 2616:9788170174271 2612: 2608: 2607: 2599: 2593:, p. 91. 2592: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2562: 2554: 2553: 2545: 2537: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2518: 2510: 2509: 2501: 2486: 2484:9781594202056 2480: 2476: 2475: 2467: 2461: 2460:1910,0403.26 2455: 2451: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2426:, or simply, 2425: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2404:Vikram Samvat 2401: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2352:V. V. Mirashi 2349: 2344: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2143:simha-vikrama 2140: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2129:Kumaragupta I 2126: 2117: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1951:from Vishnu. 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:William Jones 1889: 1886: 1882: 1881:Vetala Bhatta 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:Gupta statues 1742: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1697:Hermann Kulke 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655:Kumaragupta I 1652: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1596:Bengal region 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1537:According to 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:Punjab region 1510:Punjab region 1504: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1493:Vanga country 1490: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1459: 1458:Kumaragupta I 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1412: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271:Kumaragupta I 1268: 1263: 1261: 1260:Narmada River 1257: 1252: 1244: 1239: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1188: 1185: 1183:Kumaragupta I 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1169:Kumaragupta I 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1152:Not mentioned 1151: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1124:Dynastic year 1123: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1105: 1103: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 987: 982: 980: 975: 973: 968: 967: 965: 964: 956: 954: 951: 950: 939: 937: 934: 933: 922: 920: 917: 916: 905: 902: 898: 897: 893: 891: 888: 887: 883: 881: 878: 877: 873: 871: 868: 867: 863: 861: 858: 857: 853: 851: 848: 847: 843: 841: 840:Kumaragupta I 838: 837: 833: 831: 828: 827: 823: 820: 816: 815: 804: 802: 799: 798: 794: 792: 789: 788: 777: 775: 772: 771: 760: 758: 755: 754: 743: 741: 738: 737: 733: 729: 726: 722: 721: 718: 717: 713:320 CE–550 CE 710: 707: 706: 698: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682: 677: 673: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613: 612:Vishnu Purana 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 578:, on coinage. 577: 571: 565: 559: 553: 548: 543: 533: 529: 524: 520: 516: 512: 506: 501: 498: 493: 489: 485: 481: 471: 462: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 401:Narmada River 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 360:inscription. 359: 355: 351: 347: 344:, as well as 343: 339: 330: 324: 321: 318: 316: 312: 309: 305: 303: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 283: 282: 278: 273: 270: 267: 263: 260: 257: 253: 250: 247: 243: 240: 237: 235: 231: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 214:Kumaragupta I 212: 211: 209: 207: 203: 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181:(Present day 180: 176: 171: 415 CE 166: 162: 158: 154: 151:(Present day 150: 146: 141: 137: 133: 130: 129:Kumaragupta I 127: 123: 120: 116: 113: 109: 104: 415 CE 95: 91: 88: 87:Gupta emperor 84: 79: 75: 69: 64: 61: 60: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44:King of kings 41:The Holy one 39: 38:Sun of Valour 34: 29: 26: 22: 4217:India portal 4180: 4159: 4138: 4114: 4092: 4068: 4057: 4036: 4026: 4022: 3998: 3977: 3956: 3947:Bibliography 3932: 3920: 3908: 3888: 3881: 3869: 3857: 3837: 3830: 3810: 3800: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3723: 3714: 3708: 3688: 3681: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3592: 3572: 3542: 3535: 3494: 3487: 3467: 3460: 3448: 3428: 3401: 3381: 3312:(3/4): 223. 3309: 3305: 3299: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3168: 3078: 3071: 3038: 3026: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2921: 2894: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2801: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2635: 2605: 2598: 2567: 2561: 2551: 2544: 2524: 2517: 2507: 2500: 2490:24 September 2488:. Retrieved 2473: 2466: 2454: 2440:Vikramaditya 2439: 2432:D. C. Sircar 2427: 2423:Malava tribe 2420: 2416: 2413:calendar era 2411:, an Indian 2407: 2398: 2375: 2360: 2356:D. C. Sircar 2343:Vikramaditya 2341: 2338:Vikramaditya 2329: 2314: 2305: 2280: 2155:Asiatic lion 2146: 2142: 2133: 2125:Samudragupta 2122: 2073: 2059:Inscriptions 2036: 2029: 2015: 2004: 1988: 1972: 1963: 1953: 1944: 1943:, calls him 1932: 1930: 1890: 1884: 1873:Varahamihira 1856: 1855: 1845: 1826: 1808: 1799: 1785: 1777: 1771: 1722:Vikramaditya 1706: 1692: 1684:Rudrasena II 1674: 1670:Naga dynasty 1667: 1663:Govindagupta 1648: 1645:, circa 400. 1637:, avatar of 1619: 1610:Samudragupta 1599: 1579: 1536: 1528:Gupta script 1513: 1486: 1464: 1445: 1437: 1424: 1417: 1400:Qutb complex 1367: 1363:Vikramaditya 1359:Vikramaditya 1358: 1344: 1342: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1309:Samudragupta 1294: 1269:and his son 1267:Samudragupta 1264: 1248: 1227: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1196: 1194: 1127: 1109: 1106: 1102:D. C. Sircar 1099: 1085: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1059: 1046: 1042: 1031: 1018:Samudragupta 1010:Shiva Lingas 829: 801:Samudragupta 709:Gupta Empire 679: 672:Samudragupta 669: 651: 647: 643: 641: 610: 608: 581: 575: 547:Gupta script 527: 518: 510: 499: 487: 484:Gupta script 428:Vikramaditya 417: 369:Samudragupta 362: 350:Gupta Empire 345: 342:Vikramaditya 341: 337: 336: 306:Battle near 280:Battles/wars 249:Samudragupta 224:Govindagupta 200:, Kuberanaga 179:Gupta Empire 149:Gupta Empire 115:Samudragupta 106:(35-40 year) 73: 36: 25: 21:Chandragupta 4314:410s deaths 4163:. Concept. 4002:. Abhinav. 2367:Rashtrakuta 2302:Personality 2176:caparisoned 2166:instrument. 2153:(where the 2039:Pataliputra 2018:untouchable 1917:Vaishnavism 1897:A. B. 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The 1639:Vishnu 1635:Varaha 1612:, the 1602:Bengal 1567:Chenab 1565:, and 1559:Sutlej 1551:Jhelum 1547:Punjab 1543:mouths 1446:dhvaja 1434:Vishnu 1338:Garuda 1301:Shakas 1166:figure 1164:Yaksha 1149:Lintel 812:– 375) 768:- 319) 656:Supiya 627:, and 617:Kosala 500:"ndra" 424:Faxian 393:Bengal 375:, the 315:Sistan 310:valley 308:Kapisa 302:Bagram 255:Mother 245:Father 194:Spouse 3330:JSTOR 3203:JSTOR 2392:from 2382:Malwa 2369:king 2363:Supia 1975:Shiva 1796:image 1682:king 1641:, in 1575:Kunar 1571:Kabul 1520:Balkh 1499:Indus 1256:terai 1130:year 1082:gupta 791:Kacha 740:Gupta 694:Shaka 692:to a 488:"Cha" 434:poet 385:Hunas 354:India 239:Gupta 206:Issue 187:India 183:Bihar 157:India 153:Bihar 93:Reign 4190:OCLC 4165:ISBN 4144:ISBN 4120:ISBN 4098:OCLC 4074:ISBN 4042:ISBN 4004:ISBN 3983:ISBN 3962:ISBN 3894:ISBN 3843:ISBN 3816:ISBN 3694:ISBN 3578:ISBN 3548:ISBN 3500:ISBN 3473:ISBN 3434:ISBN 3387:ISBN 3322:ISSN 3195:ISSN 3084:ISBN 2611:ISBN 2530:ISBN 2492:2022 2479:ISBN 2434:and 2417:Kṛṭa 2378:Śaka 2354:and 2306:The 1790:Gaya 1748:, a 1699:and 1563:Beas 1555:Ravi 1418:The 1394:The 1249:The 1062:IAST 1032:The 646:and 637:IAST 629:Puri 621:Odra 596:IAST 526:and 164:Died 139:Born 59:Lord 3314:doi 1954:An 1189:15 1186:121 1172:112 1158:70 1144:61 1064:): 352:in 4290:: 4188:. 4186:49 4027:10 4025:. 4021:. 3604:^ 3562:^ 3514:^ 3413:^ 3369:^ 3342:^ 3328:. 3320:. 3310:54 3308:. 3284:^ 3263:^ 3201:. 3191:70 3189:. 3151:^ 3132:^ 3117:^ 3098:^ 3050:^ 3001:^ 2984:^ 2933:^ 2906:^ 2873:^ 2810:^ 2800:. 2687:^ 2672:^ 2649:^ 2641:24 2625:^ 2577:^ 2442:. 2419:, 2350:, 2131:. 2002:. 1895:, 1875:, 1561:, 1557:, 1553:, 1376:. 1340:. 1175:5 1112:: 1024:. 1004:, 942:c. 925:c. 908:c. 807:c. 780:c. 763:c. 746:c. 623:, 619:, 574:) 549:: 185:, 177:, 168:c. 155:, 147:, 97:c. 4196:. 4173:. 4152:. 4128:. 4104:. 4082:. 4050:. 4012:. 3991:. 3970:. 3902:. 3851:. 3824:. 3702:. 3586:. 3556:. 3508:. 3481:. 3442:. 3395:. 3336:. 3316:: 3209:. 3092:. 2643:. 2619:. 2571:. 2538:. 2494:. 2458:* 2070:. 1823:. 1768:. 1549:( 1505:. 1460:. 1448:( 1028:. 985:e 978:t 971:v 947:) 940:( 930:) 923:( 913:) 906:( 903:) 899:( 821:) 817:( 805:( 778:( 761:( 751:) 744:( 535:. 528:r 519:d 511:n 189:) 159:) 80:. 23:.

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