Chandragupta II - Knowledge

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viceroy there. As a result, Ujjain might have become a second capital of the Gupta empire, and subsequently, legends about him (as Vikramaditya) might have developed. Guttas of Guttavalal, a minor dynasty based in present-day Karnataka, claimed descent from the imperial Guptas. The Caudadanapura inscription of the Guttas alludes to the legendary Vikramaditya ruling from Ujjayni, and several Gutta royals were named "Vikramaditya". According to Vasundhara Filliozat, their reference to the legendary Vikramaditya is simply because they confused him with Chandragupta II. However, D. C. Sircar sees this as further proof that the legendary Vikramaditya was based on Chandragupta II.

2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2249: 1249: 2200: 2337: 2228: 2075: 1330:, and states that he came to Udayagiri in Central India with the king who sought to "conquer the whole world". This indicates that Chandragupta had reached Udayagiri in central India during a military campaign. The theory that Chandragupta led an army to Central India is also corroborated by the c. 412–413 CE (Gupta year 93) Sanchi inscription of Amrakardava, who is said to have "acquired victory and fame in many battles and whose livelihood was secured by serving Chandragupta." A c. 401–402 CE (Gupta year 82) inscription of Chandragupta's feudatory 481: 1422: 1115:(1942) restored the missing letters as "cāme" ("fifth") and concluded that the inscription was dated to the Chandragupta's fifth regnal year. The missing letters have alternatively been read as "prathame" ("first"). According to these interpretations, the inscription is thus dated in year 61 of the Gupta era, and either the first or the fifth regnal year of Chandragupta. Assuming that the Gupta era starts around 319–320 CE, the beginning of Chandragupta's reign can be dated to either 376–377 CE or 380–381 CE. 736: 4250: 2034:, the people did not consume meat, intoxicating drinks, onions or garlic. The Chandalas lived apart from other people and struck a piece of wood to announce their presence when they entered a city or a marketplace: this would enable other people to avoid contact with them. Only the Chandalas engaged in the fisheries and hunting and sold meat. In the general markets, there were no butchers' shops or alcohol dealers, and the people did not keep pigs or fowl. According to historian 79: 553: 1923: 1599:, and by some coins bearing the name "Chandragupta". However, there is no evidence that Chandragupta annexed Punjab to the Gupta Empire, which suggests that Chandragupta's victory in this region was not a decisive one. There is little evidence of Gupta influence in Punjab after his reign: numismatic evidence suggests that Punjab was ruled by petty chieftains after his death. These chieftains bore Indian names, but issued coins that imitate the 569: 516: 563: 534: 526: 503: 581: 575: 543: 1402: 4222: 4279: 4236: 4264: 1211:

also denotes a year of the Gupta era: this is obviously incorrect, since Kumaragupta I ruled after Chandragupta II. Scholars K.K. Thaplyal and R.C. Sharma, who studied the Buddhist image pedestal inscription, speculated that the scribe had mistakenly interchanged the years 121 and 15, but Falk calls this assumption unnecessary.

2020:, as a populous region with good climate and happy people. He mentions that the citizens were not required to "register their households or attend to any magistrates and their rules". Faxian mentions that wicked repeated rebels had their right hand cut off by the king's administration, but otherwise, there was no 3750:

with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc...", p.cli. Most people now realize that Rapson was mistaken in identifying the central bird as a peacock; rather, it is the mythic eagle Garuda, the dynastic symbol of the Guptas. For example, A.S.

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According to most legends, Vikramaditya had his capital at Ujjain, although some legends mention him as the king of Pataliputra. The Guptas had their capital at Pataliputra. According to D. C. Sircar, Chandragupta II may have defeated the Shaka invaders of Ujjain, and placed his son Govindagupta as a

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It is possible that a large part of the Bengal region was annexed to the Gupta empire by Chandragupta, and that this control continued into the 6th century. The Delhi iron pillar inscription suggests that an alliance of semi-independent chiefs of Bengal unsuccessfully resisted Chandragupta's attempts

1480:("conquest of all quarters") campaign. He is known to have been a powerful sovereign emperor, and this fits in well with the iron pillar inscription's description of king Chandra as someone who "attained sole supreme sovereignty in the world acquired by his own arm and (enjoyed) for a very long time". 2004:

visited India during the reign of Chandragupta and spent around six years in the Gupta kingdom. He was mostly interested in Buddhist religious affairs and did not bother to record the name of the reigning king. His account presents an idealised picture of the Gupta administration, and not everything

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region to the south of the Gupta empire. After her husband's death in c. 390, Prabhavati-gupta acted as a regent for her minor sons. In the two copper-plate inscriptions issued during her regency, the names of her Gupta ancestors with their imperial titles appear before the name of the Vakataka king

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inscription of Chandragupta's foreign minister Virasena suggests that the king had a distinguished military career. It states that he "bought the earth", paying for it with his prowess, and reduced the other kings to the status of slaves. His empire seems to have extended from the mouth of the Indus

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Falk agrees that the missing letters denote a numerical year, but dismisses Sircar's reading as "mere imagination", pointing out that the missing letters are "abraded beyond recovery". In support of his Kushana era theory, Falk presents four Gupta inscriptions (in chronological order) that mention

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Sanakanika has also been discovered in Central India. The only important power to have ruled in this region during Chandragupta's period were the Western Kshatrapas, whose rule is attested by their distinct coinage. The coins issued by the Western Kshatrapa rulers abruptly come to end in the last

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year cannot be regnal year, because Chandragupta I is not known to have ruled for as long as 61 years. If we assume "61" of the Mathura pillar inscription denotes a year of the Gupta era (as assumed by Bhandarkar, Sircar and other scholars), we must assume that "15" of the Buddhist image pedestal

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era used during the reign of Chandragupta II must have started in 327 CE. Thus, the Mathura inscription can be dated to 327+61 = c. 388 CE. While Falk's theory does not change the Gupta chronology significantly, it implies that the date of the Mathura inscription cannot be used to determine the

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enemy when besieged, but Chandragupta goes to the enemy camp disguised as the queen and kills the enemy. Sometime later, Chandragupta dethrones Ramagupta, and becomes the new king. The historicity of this narrative is debated among modern historians, with some believing it to be based on true

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The iron pillar is said to have been set up by king Chandra in honour of Vishnu, on a hill named Vishnu-pada, but the king seems to have died shortly before the inscription was engraved, as the inscription states that "the king has quit the earth and gone to the other world". A similar

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during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type ... for the

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The Sanchi inscription, dated to 412–413 CE (year 93 of the Gupta era), is the last known dated inscription of Chandragupta. His son Kumaragupta was on the throne by the 415–416 CE (year 96 of the Gupta era), so Chandragupta's reign must have ended sometime during 412–415 CE.

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is a legendary emperor of ancient India, who is characterised as the ideal king, known for his generosity, courage, and patronage to scholars. A number of historians believe that at least some of the Vikramaditya legends are based on Chandragupta II. These historians include

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chiefs had established centres for dispensing charity and medical help to the destitute. These centres attracted the poor, the orphans, the widowers, the childless, the handicapped, and the sick, who were examined by doctors and given food and medicine until they got better.

1541:, mention the name Chandra. A few of these inscriptions also mention the name Harishena, and one particular inscription mentions Chandra with the epithet "Vikramaditya". Based on the identification of "Chandra" with Chandragupta, and Harishena with the Gupta courtier 1726:

suggests that the daughters of the Kadamba king Kakusthavarman, married into other royal families, including that of the Guptas. While Kakusthavarman was a contemporary of Chandragupta's son Kumaragupta I, it is noteworthy that some medieval chiefs of present-day

1007: 1743:. While the Kuntala king referred to in this legend has been identified by some scholars with a Vakataka king, it is more likely that he was a Kadamba king, because the Vakataka king did not rule over Kuntala, and was never called the lord of Kuntala. 1683:, which held considerable power in central India before Samudragupta subjugated them. This matrimonial alliance may have helped Chandragupta consolidate the Gupta empire, and the Nagas may have helped him in his war against the Western Kshatrapas. 2138:, such as the Sceptre type (rare for Chandragupta II), the Archer type, and the Tiger-Slayer type. However, Chandragupta II also introduced several new types, such as the Horseman type and the Lion-slayer type, both of which were used by his son 642:– were ruled by the Devarakshitas around the same time as the Guptas. Since it seems unlikely that an obscure dynasty named Devarakshita was powerful enough to control substantial territory during the Gupta period, some scholars, such as 1898:

is considered a literary forgery of a date later than Kalidasa by multiple scholars. There is no mention of such "Navaratnas" in earlier literature, and D. C. Sircar calls this tradition "absolutely worthless for historical purposes".

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pillar inscription of Chandragupta II (as well as some other Gupta inscriptions) mention two dates: several historians have assumed that one of these dates denotes the king's regnal year, while the other date denotes the year of the

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after Chandragupta II defeated them and were modelled on the Kshatrapa coinage. The main difference was to replace the dynastic symbol of the Kshatrapas (the three-arched hill) by the dynastic symbol of the Guptas (the mythic eagle

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kingdom of the Bengal region was a Gupta tributary. The Guptas are known to have been ruling Bengal in the early 6th century, although there are no surviving records of the Gupta presence in this region for the intervening period.

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These coins depict Chandragupta seated on a couch and holding a flower in his right hand. The legend "rupa-kriti" occurs below the couch. These coins are similar to Samudragupta's coins which depict the king playing a musical

1292:, and the misreading of its inscription as "Chandramgu" (taken to be "Chandragupta"), led to speculation that Chandragupta also performed the Ashvamedha sacrifice. However, there is no actual evidence to support this theory. 617:), it appears that "Dhava" was another name for the king. Another possibility is that "dhava" is a mistake for a common noun "bhava", although this is unlikely, as the rest of the inscription does not contain any errors. 1545:, these inscriptions can be considered as further evidence of a Gupta military campaign in the area. However, this identification is not certain, and Chandra of the Hunza inscriptions could have well been a local ruler. 3751:

Altekar says: "... the three-arched hill in the centre is replaced by Garuda, which was the imperial insignia of the Guptas. The view of earlier writers ... that the bird is a peacock is clearly untenable." in Altekar:

1676:. It is unlikely that Chandragupta had two different queens with similar names: it appears that Dhruvasvamini was most probably another name for Dhruvadevi, and that Govindagupta was a real brother of Kumaragupta. 1346:

310 or 319 (the coin legend is partially lost), that is 388 or 397. Chandragupta's coins, dated to 409, are similar to the Kshtrapa coins, with the Shakas' Buddhist vihara symbol replaced by the Gupta symbol of

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believe that the Vakataka kingdom was "practically a part of the Gupta empire" during her 20-year long regency. The Vakatakas may have supported Chandragupta during his conflict with the Western Kshatrapas.

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names the "Shaka-Murundas" among the kings who tried to appease him. It may be possible that Samudragupta reduced the Shakas to a state of subordinate alliance, and Chandragupta completely subjugated them.

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era used during Kumaragupta's time must have started in 432–5 = 427 CE. The years mentioned in the Buddhist image pedestal inscription also suggests that the epoch of this era was c. 426–427 CE. Since the

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region as the most prosperous part of the Middle kingdom, describing its people as benevolent and righteous. He describes an annual Buddhist celebration, which involved a procession of 20 grand carts of

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decade of the 4th century. The coins of this type reappear in the second decade of the 5th century, and are dated in the Gupta era, which suggests that Chandragupta subjugated the Western Kshatrapas.

650:: Devarakṣita) was another name for Chandragupta II. Others, such as D. K. Ganguly, oppose this theory, arguing that this identification is quite arbitrary, and cannot be explained satisfactorily. 2211: 3723:"The conquest is indicated by the issue of the new Gupta silver coinage modelled on the previous Saka coinage showing on observe the King's head, Greek script, and dates as on Saka coins" in 2426:

beginning in 57 BCE, is associated with the legendary Vikramaditya. However, this association did not exist before 9th century. The earlier sources call this era by various names, including

597:. He was also simply known as "Chandra", as attested by his coins. The Sanchi inscription of his officer Amrakardava states that he was also known as Deva-raja. The records of his daughter 1483:

The iron pillar inscription states that the southern ocean is "perfumed by the breezes" of Chandra's prowess. This may be a reference to Chandragupta's extension of the Gupta rule to the

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he states can be taken at face value. However, his description of the kingdom as a peaceful and prosperous one seems to be generally true, attested by the fact that he did not face any

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Chandragupta was also tolerant of other faiths. The Udayagiri inscription of Chandragupta's foreign minister Virasena records the construction of a temple dedicated to the god Shambhu (

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after his conquest of the Western Kshatrapa territory. Arabian Sea was located to the south of the Gupta empire, and thus, the term "southern ocean" is applicable to it in this context.

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for crimes: the criminals were only fined, lightly or heavily, according to the severity of the crime. According to Faxian, the king's bodyguards and attendants all received salaries.

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Gold coin of Chandragupta II, with a figure of an archer (obverse), and with a figure of the Indian goddess of good fortune, Shri, seated on a lotus (reverse), Cleveland Museum of Art

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Mathura pillar inscription, dated to the year 61 of the Gupta era. The date has been interpreted as c. 380–381 by earlier scholars, but Harry Falk (2004) dates it to 388 (see

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The exact date of Chandragupta's victory is not known, but it can be tentatively dated to sometime between 397 and 409. The last of the 4th century Kshatrapa coins – that of

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contains an inscription of a king called "Chandra". Modern scholars generally identify this king with Chandragupta II, although this cannot be said with complete certainty.

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era denotes a system that restarts counting after a hundred years. The Yaksha figure inscription is dated to year 112 of the Gupta era (c. 432 CE), which corresponds to the

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Nevertheless, multiple scholars believe that one of these Navaratnas – Kalidasa – may have indeed flourished during the reign of Chandragupta II. These scholars include

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It is quite possible that Chandragupta passed through the Punjab region during this campaign: his political influence in this region is attested to by the use of the

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The iron pillar inscription states that "his name was Chandra and he was holding the glory of a full moon on his face". This is reminiscent of his descendant

2808: 2126: 689:, as attested by his own inscriptions. According to the official Gupta genealogy, Chandragupta succeeded his father on the Gupta throne. The Sanskrit play 1436:

While alternative identifications have been proposed, there is strong evidence for identifying Chandra of the iron pillar inscription as Chandragupta II:

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of Indus. Historians R. C. Majumdar and K. P. Jayaswal, on the other hand, believe that the term refers to the tributaries of Indus: the five rivers of

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to a Shaka chief when besieged, but Chandragupta went to the enemy camp disguised as the queen, and killed the Shaka chief. Chandragupta bore the title

1052:. However, Indologist Harry Falk in 2004 has theorised that the date understood to be the regnal year by the earlier scholars is actually a date of the 2227: 1787: 3746:... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the 1992:

near Udayagiri records donations to the local Buddhist monastery by his military officer Amrakardava, in year 93 of the Gupta era (c. 412–413).

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In addition, Chandragupta II was the first Gupta king to issue silver coins. These coins were intended to replace the silver coinage of the

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is found) may have presented him with an opportunity to hunt lions, resulting in the substitution of tiger with lion on the imperial coins.

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who defeated the Shakas. Several modern scholars have theorised that these legends may be based on Chandragupta's victory over the Shakas.

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through military conquests and marital alliances. Historical evidence attests to his remarkable victories, which include the defeat of the

1430: 1068:, whose coronation Falk dates to 127 CE. The Kushana era restarts counting after a hundred years (e.g. the year after 100 is 1, not 101). 398:. Under the reign of Chandragupta II, the Gupta Empire reached its zenith, directly controlling a vast territory which stretched from the 2407:. His victory over these foreign tribes was probably transposed on upon a fictional character, resulting in the Vikramaditya legends. 1611:

The identification of Chandra with Chandragupta II also suggests Chandragupta achieved victories in the Vanga area in the present-day

17: 1894:. However, there is no historical evidence to show that these nine scholars were contemporary figures or proteges of the same king. 1494:'s Mandasaur inscription, which describes Chandragupta as "a moon in the galaxy of Gupta kings with the famous name Chandragupta". 1396: 994: 3742:

during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the

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pillar inscription, it is believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title "Vikramaditya". The Cambay and Sangli plates of the

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horse sacrifice to proclaim their military prowess. In the 20th century, the discovery of a stone image of a horse found near

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use the epithet "Sahasanka" for Chandragupta II. The name "Sahasanka" has also been applied to the legendary Vikramaditya.

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believe that the name of the era changed to "Vikram Samvat" after the reign of Chandragupta II, who had adopted the title

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Amrakardava, a military officer, known from the Sanchi inscription recording his donations to the local Buddhist monastery

1706:. This suggests that the Gupta court may have had influence in the Vakataka administration during her regency. Historians 1942:

Many gold and silver coins of Chandragupta, as well the inscriptions issued by him and his successors, describe him as a

1044: 1012: 2301:). The obverse of these coins depicts a bust of the king, with corrupted Greek legend "OOIHU". The reverse features the 3997: 613:

inscription states that king Chandra was also known as "Dhava": if this king Chandra is identified with Chandragupta (

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Chandragupta II was the second ruler of the dynasty to bear the name "Chandragupta", the first being his grandfather

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An 8 gram gold coin featuring Chandragupta II astride a caparisoned horse, with a bow in his left hand. The name

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candragupta-sya vijarajya-saṃvatsa ... kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare ekaṣaṣṭhe 60 ... thame śukla-divase paṃcāmyaṃ

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with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc.", p.cli

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Chandragupta also married Kuvera-naga (alias Kuberanaga), whose name indicates that she was a princess of the

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Becker, Catherine (2010). "Not Your Average Board: The Colossal Varāha at Erāṇ, an Iconographic Innovation".

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As a result of his victory over the Western Kshatrapas, Chandragupta must have extended his empire up to the

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Rhi, Ju-Hyung (1994). "From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art".

2061:'s invitation to the Buddhas to enter the city, and music performances. He mentions that in the cities, the 1751: 1723: 1603:

coinage: they may have been Hinduized foreigners or Indians continuing the usage of foreign-style coinage.

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Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty

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Literary evidence also corroborates Chandragupta's victory over the Western Kshatrapas. The Sanskrit play

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Historical and literary evidence suggests that Chandragupta II achieved military successes against the

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legends, emperor Vikramaditya (a character believed to be based on Chandragupta) sent his court poet

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Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]

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Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]

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Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]

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Falk notes that the "dynastic year" in the table above appears to be a year of the Gupta era. The

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The following ministers and officers of Chandragupta are known from various historical records:

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invaders, and was therefore, known as Śakari ("enemy of the Śakas). Chandragupta II conquered

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If Chandra is identified with Chandragupta, it appears that Chandragupta marched through the

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and northern Pakistan in the west to the Bengal region in the east, and from the Himalayan

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According to Falk, the discrepancy can be explained satisfactorily, if we assume that the

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J. N. Banerjea (1982). "Vaishnavism, Saivism and Minor Sects". In R. C. Mujumdar (ed.).

2561: 1826:, was also probably a Gupta feudatory if we assume that his inscription is dated in the 1552:, the term "seven faces", mentioned in the iron pillar inscription, refers to the seven 699:, who preceded him on the throne. In the play, Ramagupta decides to surrender his queen 3340: 3213: 2396: 2293: 1711: 1680: 1307: 1103:

In the ... year of ... Chandragupta, ... on the fifth of the bright half of the first (

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region of Karnataka through a marriage alliance with Kadambas, and during his daughter

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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

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Chandragupta continued issuing most of the gold coin types introduced by his father

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Chandragupta's various gold coins depict his martial spirit or peacetime pursuits.

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in the south. Chandragupta II expanded his influence and indirectly ruled over the

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inscription of Virasena describes Chandragupta as a "king of kings" as well as an

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Faxian describes Madhya-desha ("Middle kingdom"), the region to the south-east of

4255: 4169: 4102: 4067: 4029: 3987: 3816: 3743: 2645: 2566:. Robarts - University of Toronto. Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta. pp. 282–288. 2517: 2318: 2234: 2160:. Historian R. C. Majumdar theorises that Chandragupta's conquest of present-day 1966: 1931: 1740: 1719: 1686: 1653: 1261: 1253: 946: 598: 450: 419: 415: 383: 299: 229: 66: 54: 3433: 1672:

clay seal mentions Dhruva-svamini as a queen of Chandragupta, and the mother of

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among others. It is possible that Kalidasa was a court poet of Chandragupta.

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The Guptas also appear to have entered into a matrimonial alliance with the

1360:, whose historicity is disputed, narrates that Chandragupta's elder brother 4227: 4204: 2442: 2423: 2366: 2353: 2348: 2165: 2135: 1883: 1732: 1694: 1673: 1620: 1577: 1569: 1561: 1538: 1410: 1373: 1319: 1277: 1112: 1028: 811: 801: 750: 719: 695:, combined with other evidence suggests that he had an elder brother named 682: 631: 557: 494: 438: 395: 379: 360: 259: 249: 234: 189: 159: 125: 48: 4249: 3866: 2305:

script legend "Chandragupta Vikramaditya, King of Kings, and a devotee of

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The iron pillar inscription credits Chandra with the following victories:

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as "year following the Gupta era". He translated the entire sentence as:

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is probably based on Chandragupta II (among other kings), and the noted

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Several feudatories of Chandragupta are known from historical records:

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A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta

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in present-day Afghanistan. Some short Sanskrit inscriptions at the

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historical events, while others dismissing it as a work of fiction.

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stone pillar inscription, issued during the reign of his descendant

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These coins depict Chandragupta slaying a lion and bear the legend

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According to the iron pillar inscription, Chandra was a devotee of

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The name "Chandra" on a coin of Chandragupta II (left), and on the

446: 442: 279: 58: 3929: 3845: 3224: 2741: 367:. Modern scholars generally identify him with King Chandra of the 3797: 3747: 3684: 2719: 2433: 2404: 2331: 2161: 2099:

Udayagiri cave inscription, dated to the year 82 of the Gupta era

2085:

The following inscriptions of Chandragupta have been discovered:

2062: 2058: 2017: 1814: 1596: 1401: 1384: 1104: 1016: 542: 244: 3648: 3298: 3296: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2388: 2328:, and declares that his activities were "beyond comprehension". 2205:

Obverse of "Chhatra" type (left) and "Archer" type (right) coins

1326:

Virasena's Udayagiri inscription describes him as a resident of

4278: 4044: 3941: 3726:

Early history of Jammu region: pre historic to 6th century A.D.

3660: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3457: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3131: 3129: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3047: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2987: 2969: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2729: 2686: 2684: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2601: 2373: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2218: 2001: 1989: 1951: 1947: 1935: 1830:; according to another theory, his inscription is dated in the 1813:

Shri Vishvamitra Svami, a feudatory known from a seal found at

1698: 1669: 1649: 1645: 1612: 1474:

According to his Udayagiri inscription, Chandragupta went on a

1444: 1348: 1311: 1174: 1020: 666: 627: 605:

queen, call him Chandragupta as well as Deva-gupta. Deva-shri (

434: 403: 325: 312: 3476:

Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969).

3035: 3636: 3601: 3293: 3236: 2930: 2903: 2858: 2846: 2789: 2696: 2392: 2322: 1985: 1530: 1447:. Chandragupta was also a Vaishnavite, and is described as a 1266: 364: 197: 193: 167: 163: 62: 3613: 3523: 3351: 3272: 3260: 3248: 3160: 3141: 3126: 3107: 3059: 3010: 2993: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2920: 2918: 2882: 2824: 2822: 2777: 2753: 2681: 2658: 1958:, literally, " powerful discus", and shows him receiving a 1689:, the daughter of Chandragupta and Kuvera-naga, married the 4080:

Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D

3917: 3878: 3785: 2765: 1529:, and advanced up to the country of the Vahlikas, that is, 1467:(a grandson of Chandragupta) after the death of his father 1072: 647: 639: 606: 69: 1635: 626:

suggests that major parts of the eastern coast of India –

4192:

Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions

2942: 2915: 2870: 2834: 2819: 1664:

as Chandragupta's queen, and the mother of his successor

2387:

The legendary Vikramaditya is said to have defeated the

520:

formed of the vertical combination of the three letters

433:

but tolerated other faiths as well. The Chinese pilgrim

1855:'s theory, he was the author of the political treatise 1926:

Chandragupta II is associated with the development of

1071:

The date portion of the Mathura inscription reads (in

422:

20 years long regency, he effectively integrated the

4217: 4040:. Institute of Silk Road Studies, Kamakura: 167–176. 3896: 1644:

Probable image of Chandragupta II, paying homage to

4006: 3389: 2747: 2539:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 240 & 264. 1851:Shikhara-svami, a minister; according to historian 4076: 3872: 3803: 3779: 3416: 1882:, Dhanvantari, Ghatakarapara, Kshapanaka, Shanku, 1463:in honour of Vishnu) was set up the Gupta emperor 1027:in the reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya, son of 609:: Devaśri) is another variation of this name. The 449:may have been his court poet. The cave shrines at 406:region in the east, and from the foothills of the 3825:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 254–275. 3755:Varanasi: Banaras Hindu University, 1957, p. 151. 2809:"Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds" 4296: 3581:Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (28 November 2016). 3551:Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (28 November 2016). 1874:, states that nine famous scholars known as the 1722:, the southern neighbours of the Vakatakas. The 3964: 3935: 3815: 3769:. Vol. 2. Hawkins Publications. 4821–4823. 3654: 3230: 3041: 2795: 1508:Crossed the "seven faces" of the river Sindhu ( 1440:Chandragupta's coins refer to him as "Chandra". 1023:by Udita Acharya in the "year 61 following the 4188: 4167: 4097: 4065: 3666: 3607: 3538: 3372: 3302: 3287: 3266: 3242: 3183: 3171: 3154: 3135: 3120: 3074: 3053: 3029: 3004: 2975: 2963: 2897: 2783: 2735: 2723: 2690: 2481: 2332:Identification with the legendary Vikramaditya 1632:to extend the Gupta influence in this region. 1231:system restarts counting every 100 years, the 1087:are abraded in the inscription, but historian 556:The full name "Chandragupta" in Gupta script ( 4143: 4119: 3846:Maurice Winternitz; Moriz Winternitz (1963). 3630: 3502: 3254: 2759: 2675: 2647:Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties 988: 614: 3989:Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition 3985: 3947: 3923: 3884: 3791: 3463: 2771: 2559: 3822:Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics 3576: 3574: 3429: 3427: 3425: 2988:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 2602:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 2185:These coins depict the king riding a fully- 1390: 308:Chandragupta II's Huna Expedition (356-399) 27:Ruler of Gupta Empire from c. 375 to c. 415 4045:Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). 4027: 3642: 3385: 3383: 3381: 2951: 2936: 2924: 2909: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2519:Studies in Indian History and Civilization 2399:(a branch of Śakas); he also expelled the 1969:inscription records the construction of a 1372:, and several Indian legends talk of king 995: 981: 77: 3900:The Temple of Muktēśvara at Cauḍadānapura 3764: 3696: 3580: 3550: 2117:Mehrauli iron pillar inscription, undated 1451:(devotee of Vishnu) in the Gupta records. 1107:) of the year 61 following the Gupta era. 333:Chandragupta II's Campaign of Balkh (367) 3571: 3422: 3396:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–111. 3393:History of Classical Sanskrit Literature 2335: 2125: 2073: 1973:cave temple by Chandragupta's feudatory 1938:saving the world from chaos). Circa 400. 1921: 1750: 1639: 1420: 1400: 1314:), who ruled in west-central India. The 1247: 1006: 551: 351:(r.c. 375-415), also known by his title 3809: 3732: 3496: 3378: 2815:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 2617:Coin Splendour: A Journey Into the Past 2613: 2532: 2515: 2114:, dated to the year 93 of the Gupta era 2108:, dated to the year 88 of the Gupta era 1950:. One of his gold coins, discovered at 1930:in India, and the establishment of the 1636:Personal life and matrimonial alliances 1502:Defeated an alliance of enemies in the 665:("having no equal or antagonist"). The 14: 4297: 3308: 3195: 3090:India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 1537:(in present-day Pakistan), written in 3717: 3437:; Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969). 3086: 2643: 2243:Various gold coins of Chandragupta II 2079:Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II 2041:Faxian mentions that the people used 1318:inscription of Chandragupta's father 1295: 296:Gupta conquests of Bengal (c 320-380) 3968:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas 3697:Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016). 3482:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 1–35. 2639: 2637: 2620:. Abhinav Publications. p. 11. 2579:Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903 2536:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas 2090: 2027:Faxian mentions that other than the 1799:Trikamala, a feudatory known from a 1256:mention the rule of Chandragupta II. 1064:calendar era established by emperor 4010:The Imperial Guptas and Their Times 3852:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 42. 3672: 3314: 2560:Raychaudhuri, Hem Channdra (1923). 2102:Udayagiri cave inscription, undated 2096:Mathura pillar inscription, undated 1397:Chandragupta II's Campaign of Balkh 1236:beginning of Chandragupta's reign. 1013:Lakulisa Mathura Pillar Inscription 456: 24: 4030:"The Kaniṣka era in Gupta Records" 3087:Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). 2485:The Hindus: An Alternative History 1870:(22.10), a treatise attributed to 1252:Cave 6 and Cave 8 inscriptions at 1243: 1091:(1931–1932) reconstructed them as 1019:recording the installation of two 711: 25: 4361: 4213: 2634: 2009:unlike the later Chinese pilgrim 1995: 1934:with Vaishnava iconography (here 1746: 1097:gupta-kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare 673:, also calls him "Vikramaditya". 646:, theorize that "Deva-rakshita" ( 453:were also built during his rule. 4277: 4262: 4248: 4234: 4220: 4104:A Comprehensive History of India 4069:A Comprehensive History of India 3753:The Coinage of the Gupta Empire, 3509:. Penguin UK. pp. 268–274. 2414: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2226: 2210: 2198: 1946:, that is, a devotee of the god 1739:as an ambassador to the lord of 1606: 1520: 1512:) during a war and defeated the 1284:are known to have performed the 1060:system is a continuation of the 741: 734: 653:Chandragupta assumed the titles 579: 573: 567: 561: 541: 532: 524: 514: 501: 479: 470: 3957: 3890: 3839: 3767:Oriental coins and their values 3758: 3690: 3544: 3479:Kālidāsa; Date, Life, and Works 3469: 3189: 3080: 2801: 2343:, a modern artist's imagination 2069: 1425:The inscription of king Chandra 1056:system. According to Falk, the 1031:" (380 CE). Rangeshwar Temple. 3557:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 270–273. 3440:Kalidasa: Date, Life And Works 2614:Bandela, Prasanna Rao (2003). 2607: 2570: 2553: 2526: 2509: 2475: 2463: 2341:Vikramaditya goes forth to war 2312: 2045:for buying and selling goods. 1977:Sanakanika, in year 82 of the 1364:agreed to surrender his queen 1011:The pillar inscribed with the 374:Chandragupta II continued the 13: 1: 4034:Silk Road Art and Archaeology 3897:Vasundhara Filliozat (1995). 3738:"Evidence of the conquest of 3678:"Evidence of the conquest of 2456: 2237:style (15mm, 2.1 grams.) 2217:Coin with the king's name in 1862: 1771:, inscribed "year 64" of the 1083:The letters before the words 952: 935: 918: 817: 790: 773: 756: 676: 429:Chandragupta II was a devout 394:and the vassalization of the 359:, was the third ruler of the 178: 107: 4350:5th-century maharajadhirajas 4345:4th-century maharajadhirajas 4129:. Harvard University Press. 4007:Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1987). 3849:History of Indian Literature 3390:M. Srinivasachariar (1974). 2372:Based on some coins and the 1724:Talagunda pillar inscription 7: 4320:5th-century Indian monarchs 4315:4th-century Indian monarchs 4153:. Pearson Education India. 4077:Kailash Chand Jain (1972). 3765:Mitchiner, Michael (1978). 1988:). An inscription found at 1917: 1595:in an inscription found at 1269:region in the north to the 1121:kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare 1085:kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare 10: 4366: 3443:. Popular. pp. 8–29. 3093:. Penguin UK. p. 37. 2346: 2121: 1803:inscription engraved on a 1755:One of the earliest dated 1619:inscription of his father 1394: 1299: 1095:, and translated the term 681:Chandragupta was a son of 87:appears in the upper left 29: 3703:. ABC-CLIO. p. 271. 3587:. ABC-CLIO. p. 271. 2533:Agrawal, Ashvini (1989). 1615:region. According to the 357:Chandragupta Vikramaditya 342: 290: 285: 275: 265: 255: 243: 215: 204: 174: 149: 145: 135: 121: 103: 96: 76: 46: 41: 18:Chandragupta Vikramaditya 4290:Coins of Chandragupta II 3992:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 3965:Ashvini Agrawal (1989). 3875:, pp. 158–159, 164. 2748:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987 2516:Prakash, Buddha (1962). 2194:Coins of Chandragupta II 2112:Sanchi stone inscription 2106:Gadhwa stone inscription 1391:Other military victories 4189:Tej Ram Sharma (1978). 4168:Tej Ram Sharma (1989). 4083:. Motilal Banarsidass. 3971:. Motilal Banarsidass. 3873:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 3804:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 3780:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 3417:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 2482:Doniger, Wendy (2009). 1191:Buddhist image pedestal 777: late 3rd century 760: late 3rd century 661:, and bore the epithet 426:into the Gupta Empire. 3503:Chandra Rajan (2005). 3435:Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi 2344: 2131: 2082: 1939: 1912:Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi 1832:Kalachuri calendar era 1780: 1702:with the lesser title 1660:Gupta records mention 1657: 1426: 1418: 1342:– can be dated to the 1276:Chandragupta's father 1257: 1040: 590: 464:"Chandra" inscriptions 330:Submission of Varahran 3986:D. C. Sircar (1969). 2522:. Shiva Lal Agarwala. 2339: 2173:Couch-and-flower type 2129: 2077: 1925: 1754: 1643: 1580:), plus possibly the 1424: 1404: 1383:coast in present-day 1251: 1010: 555: 4286:at Wikimedia Commons 4051:. Psychology Press. 3936:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 3782:, pp. 157, 161. 3655:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 3231:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 3042:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 2796:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 2644:Allen, John (1914). 2395:after defeating the 2048:Faxian mentions the 1535:Sacred Rock of Hunza 1431:iron pillar of Delhi 1417:in the 13th century. 1407:iron pillar of Delhi 806:(early 4th century?) 491:Iron Pillar of Delhi 410:in the north to the 336:Battle of Oxus (399) 30:For other uses, see 4195:. Concept. p. 4028:Harry Falk (2004). 3938:, pp. 174–175. 3667:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3645:, pp. 169–173. 3608:J. N. Banerjea 1982 3539:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3466:, pp. 120–123. 3419:, pp. 162–163. 3373:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3303:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 3288:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3267:Tej Ram Sharma 1978 3243:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 3233:, pp. 191–200. 3184:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3172:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3155:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3136:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3121:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3075:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3054:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 3030:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3005:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2976:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2964:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2939:, pp. 172–173. 2912:, pp. 169–171. 2898:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2867:, pp. 169–170. 2855:, pp. 168–171. 2784:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2736:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2724:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 2691:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2441:. Scholars such as 2158:vyaghra-parakramaha 2022:corporal punishment 1697:, who ruled in the 835:(late 4th century?) 402:in the west to the 376:expansionist policy 305:Conquests in Punjab 4340:5th-century Hindus 4335:4th-century Hindus 4126:The Past Before Us 4048:A History of India 3950:, p. 165–166. 3728:by Raj Kumar p.511 3631:Upinder Singh 2008 3255:Romila Thapar 2013 2760:Upinder Singh 2008 2676:Upinder Singh 2008 2397:Western Kshatrapas 2345: 2294:Western Kshatrapas 2132: 2083: 1940: 1828:Gupta calendar era 1781: 1712:Dietmar Rothermund 1658: 1427: 1419: 1308:Western Kshatrapas 1296:Western Kshatrapas 1258: 1222:year 5. Thus, the 1050:Gupta calendar era 1041: 591: 508:conjunct consonant 506:, followed by the 392:Western Kshatrapas 63:Lord of the Guptas 4282:Media related to 4181:978-81-7022-251-4 4160:978-81-317-1677-9 4136:978-0-674-72651-2 4090:978-81-208-0824-9 4058:978-0-415-32920-0 4020:978-81-7017-222-2 3978:978-81-208-0592-7 3948:D. C. Sircar 1969 3924:D. C. Sircar 1969 3910:978-81-7017-327-4 3885:D. C. Sircar 1969 3859:978-81-208-0056-4 3792:D. C. Sircar 1969 3710:978-1-61069-566-4 3669:, pp. 61–62. 3657:, pp. 24–27. 3594:978-1-61069-566-4 3564:978-1-61069-566-4 3464:D. C. Sircar 1969 3450:978-81-7154-468-4 3186:, pp. 57–58. 3100:978-0-14-196655-7 2978:, pp. 52–53. 2772:D. C. Sircar 1969 2738:, pp. 63–64. 2546:978-81-208-0592-7 1896:Jyotirvidabharana 1868:Jyotirvidabharana 1763:derived from the 1357:Devichandraguptam 1204: 1203: 1025:era of the Guptas 1005: 1004: 972: 971: 692:Devichandraguptam 644:Dasharatha Sharma 620:A passage in the 611:Delhi iron pillar 420:Prabhavatigupta’s 369:Delhi iron pillar 346: 345: 111: 375 or 380 16:(Redirected from 4357: 4330:History of Malwa 4281: 4272: 4270:Biography portal 4267: 4266: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4252: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4208: 4185: 4164: 4140: 4116: 4094: 4073: 4062: 4041: 4024: 4003: 3982: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3736: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3694: 3688: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3521: 3520: 3506:The Loom of Time 3500: 3494: 3493: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3431: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3387: 3376: 3370: 3349: 3348: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3291: 3285: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3158: 3152: 3139: 3133: 3124: 3118: 3105: 3104: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3057: 3056:, p. 77–78. 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3008: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2694: 2688: 2679: 2673: 2656: 2655: 2641: 2632: 2631: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2584: 2583: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2447:D. R. Bhandarkar 2359:D. R. Bhandarkar 2287: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2230: 2214: 2202: 2149:Lion-slayer type 2000:Chinese pilgrim 1857:Kamandakiya Niti 1687:Prabhavati-gupta 1617:Allahabad Pillar 1316:Allahabad Pillar 1233:kālānuvarttamāna 1229:kālānuvarttamāna 1224:kālānuvarttamāna 1220:kālānuvarttamāna 1216:kālānuvarttamāna 1208:kālānuvarttamāna 1139:kālānuvarttamāna 1132:Reigning monarch 1126: 1125: 1089:D. R. Bhandarkar 1058:kālānuvarttamāna 1054:kālānuvarttamāna 997: 990: 983: 957: 954: 940: 937: 923: 920: 822: 819: 795: 792: 778: 775: 761: 758: 745: 738: 731: 730: 725: 716: 715: 583: 577: 571: 565: 545: 536: 528: 518: 505: 483: 474: 457:Names and titles 424:Vakataka kingdom 183: 180: 116: 112: 109: 81: 39: 38: 21: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4305:Chandragupta II 4295: 4294: 4284:Chandragupta II 4268: 4263: 4261: 4256:Monarchy portal 4254: 4247: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4211: 4182: 4161: 4137: 4091: 4059: 4021: 4000: 3979: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3817:Alf Hiltebeitel 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3763: 3759: 3744:Western Satraps 3737: 3733: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3695: 3691: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3643:Harry Falk 2004 3641: 3637: 3629: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3579: 3572: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3524: 3517: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3432: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3388: 3379: 3371: 3352: 3329:10.2307/3250056 3313: 3309: 3301: 3294: 3286: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3161: 3153: 3142: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3108: 3101: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3011: 3003: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2952:Harry Falk 2004 2950: 2943: 2937:Harry Falk 2004 2935: 2931: 2925:Harry Falk 2004 2923: 2916: 2910:Harry Falk 2004 2908: 2904: 2896: 2883: 2877:Harry Falk 2004 2875: 2871: 2865:Harry Falk 2004 2863: 2859: 2853:Harry Falk 2004 2851: 2847: 2841:Harry Falk 2004 2839: 2835: 2829:Harry Falk 2004 2827: 2820: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2750:, pp. 5–6. 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2697: 2689: 2682: 2674: 2659: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2587: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2531: 2527: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2488:. p. 379. 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2432:the era of the 2417: 2351: 2334: 2326:rajadhirajarshi 2315: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2238: 2235:Western Satraps 2233:Silver coin in 2231: 2222: 2215: 2206: 2203: 2124: 2093:section above). 2091:Period of reign 2072: 1998: 1956:chakra-vikramah 1944:parama-bhagvata 1932:Udayagiri Caves 1920: 1865: 1824:ruler of Valkha 1822:Svamidasa, the 1749: 1720:Kadamba dynasty 1654:Udayagiri Caves 1638: 1609: 1523: 1399: 1393: 1310:(also known as 1304: 1302:Gupta–Saka Wars 1298: 1254:Udayagiri Caves 1246: 1244:Military career 1149:Chandragupta II 1001: 955: 947:Kumaragupta III 938: 921: 845:(380 – 413/415) 841:Chandragupta II 820: 793: 776: 759: 723: 722: 714: 712:Period of reign 679: 659:Maharajadhiraja 599:Prabhavatigupta 587:Cha-ndra-gu-pta 584: 572: 550: 549: 548: 547: 519: 486: 485: 484: 476: 475: 466: 465: 459: 349:Chandragupta II 300:Gupta-Saka Wars 286:Military career 239: 230:Prabhavatigupta 184: 181: 154: 114: 110: 92: 65: 61: 57: 53: 51: 42:Chandragupta II 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4363: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4310:Gupta emperors 4307: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4274: 4273: 4259: 4245: 4242:History portal 4231: 4215: 4214:External links 4212: 4210: 4209: 4186: 4180: 4165: 4159: 4141: 4135: 4117: 4099:R. C. Majumdar 4095: 4089: 4074: 4063: 4057: 4042: 4025: 4019: 4004: 3999:978-8121503488 3998: 3983: 3977: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3926:, p. 136. 3916: 3909: 3889: 3887:, p. 131. 3877: 3865: 3858: 3838: 3831: 3808: 3806:, p. 162. 3796: 3794:, p. 130. 3784: 3772: 3757: 3731: 3716: 3709: 3689: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3633:, p. 505. 3612: 3610:, p. 781. 3600: 3593: 3570: 3563: 3543: 3522: 3515: 3495: 3488: 3468: 3456: 3449: 3421: 3409: 3402: 3377: 3350: 3307: 3305:, p. 174. 3292: 3271: 3259: 3257:, p. 359. 3247: 3245:, p. 111. 3235: 3223: 3188: 3176: 3159: 3140: 3125: 3106: 3099: 3079: 3058: 3046: 3044:, p. 125. 3034: 3009: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2954:, p. 173. 2941: 2929: 2927:, p. 172. 2914: 2902: 2881: 2879:, p. 170. 2869: 2857: 2845: 2843:, p. 171. 2833: 2831:, p. 169. 2818: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2774:, p. 139. 2764: 2762:, p. 479. 2752: 2740: 2728: 2726:, p. 148. 2695: 2680: 2678:, p. 480. 2657: 2633: 2626: 2606: 2585: 2569: 2552: 2545: 2525: 2508: 2494: 2474: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2420:Vikrama Samvat 2416: 2413: 2369:among others. 2347:Main article: 2333: 2330: 2314: 2311: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2273: 2271: 2264: 2262: 2255: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2232: 2225: 2223: 2216: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2150: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2071: 2068: 2036:R. C. Majumdar 1997: 1996:Faxian's visit 1994: 1981:(c. 401–402). 1919: 1916: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1853:K. P. Jayaswal 1849: 1846: 1836: 1835: 1817: 1808: 1794: 1748: 1747:Administration 1745: 1637: 1634: 1608: 1605: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1506: 1496: 1495: 1488: 1481: 1472: 1452: 1441: 1395:Main article: 1392: 1389: 1340:Rudrasimha III 1300:Main article: 1297: 1294: 1273:in the south. 1245: 1242: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1146:Mathura pillar 1143: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1109: 1108: 1081: 1080: 1037:Mathura Museum 1033:Mathura Museum 1003: 1002: 1000: 999: 992: 985: 977: 974: 973: 970: 969: 966: 960: 959: 949: 943: 942: 932: 926: 925: 915: 907: 906: 905:(495 – ?) 903: 901:Narasimhagupta 897: 896: 893: 887: 886: 883: 881:Kumaragupta II 877: 876: 873: 867: 866: 863: 857: 856: 853: 847: 846: 843: 837: 836: 833: 825: 824: 821: 335/350 814: 808: 807: 804: 798: 797: 787: 785:Chandragupta I 781: 780: 770: 764: 763: 753: 747: 746: 739: 727: 726: 713: 710: 678: 675: 601:, issued as a 595:Chandragupta I 578: 566: 513: 488: 487: 478: 477: 469: 468: 467: 463: 462: 461: 460: 458: 455: 378:of his father 344: 343: 340: 339: 338: 337: 334: 331: 328: 322: 315: 309: 306: 303: 297: 292: 288: 287: 283: 282: 277: 273: 272: 267: 263: 262: 257: 253: 252: 247: 241: 240: 238: 237: 232: 227: 221: 219: 213: 212: 206: 202: 201: 176: 172: 171: 151: 147: 146: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 123: 119: 118: 105: 101: 100: 94: 93: 82: 74: 73: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4362: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4246: 4243: 4232: 4229: 4218: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4145:Upinder Singh 4142: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4121:Romila Thapar 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3842: 3834: 3832:9780226340555 3828: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3727: 3720: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3693: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3609: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3575: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3541:, p. 61. 3540: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3516:9789351180104 3512: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3491: 3489:9788171544684 3485: 3481: 3480: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3418: 3413: 3405: 3403:9788120802841 3399: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3375:, p. 62. 3374: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317:Artibus Asiae 3311: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3290:, p. 60. 3289: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3269:, p. 30. 3268: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3198:Artibus Asiae 3192: 3185: 3180: 3174:, p. 57. 3173: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3157:, p. 58. 3156: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3138:, p. 56. 3137: 3132: 3130: 3123:, p. 55. 3122: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3083: 3077:, p. 54. 3076: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3032:, p. 53. 3031: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3007:, p. 59. 3006: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2990:, p. 92. 2989: 2984: 2977: 2972: 2966:, p. 64. 2965: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2906: 2900:, p. 52. 2899: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2798:, p. 98. 2797: 2792: 2786:, p. 51. 2785: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2749: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2693:, p. 63. 2692: 2687: 2685: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2640: 2638: 2629: 2627:9788170174271 2623: 2619: 2618: 2610: 2604:, p. 91. 2603: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2565: 2564: 2556: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2529: 2521: 2520: 2512: 2497: 2495:9781594202056 2491: 2487: 2486: 2478: 2472: 2471:1910,0403.26 2466: 2462: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2437:, or simply, 2436: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2415:Vikram Samvat 2412: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2363:V. V. Mirashi 2360: 2355: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2154:simha-vikrama 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2140:Kumaragupta I 2137: 2128: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2076: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1962:from Vishnu. 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904:William Jones 1900: 1897: 1893: 1892:Vetala Bhatta 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757:Gupta statues 1753: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1708:Hermann Kulke 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666:Kumaragupta I 1663: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1607:Bengal region 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1548:According to 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527:Punjab region 1521:Punjab region 1515: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1504:Vanga country 1501: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1469:Kumaragupta I 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1423: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282:Kumaragupta I 1279: 1274: 1272: 1271:Narmada River 1268: 1263: 1255: 1250: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1209: 1199: 1196: 1194:Kumaragupta I 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1180:Kumaragupta I 1179: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1163:Not mentioned 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1135:Dynastic year 1134: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1116: 1114: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 998: 993: 991: 986: 984: 979: 978: 976: 975: 967: 965: 962: 961: 950: 948: 945: 944: 933: 931: 928: 927: 916: 913: 909: 908: 904: 902: 899: 898: 894: 892: 889: 888: 884: 882: 879: 878: 874: 872: 869: 868: 864: 862: 859: 858: 854: 852: 851:Kumaragupta I 849: 848: 844: 842: 839: 838: 834: 831: 827: 826: 815: 813: 810: 809: 805: 803: 800: 799: 788: 786: 783: 782: 771: 769: 766: 765: 754: 752: 749: 748: 744: 740: 737: 733: 732: 729: 728: 724:320 CE–550 CE 721: 718: 717: 709: 706: 702: 698: 694: 693: 688: 684: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 624: 623:Vishnu Purana 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 589:, on coinage. 588: 582: 576: 570: 564: 559: 554: 544: 540: 535: 531: 527: 523: 517: 512: 509: 504: 500: 496: 492: 482: 473: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412:Narmada River 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 371:inscription. 370: 366: 362: 358: 355:, as well as 354: 350: 341: 335: 332: 329: 327: 323: 320: 316: 314: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 294: 293: 289: 284: 281: 278: 274: 271: 268: 264: 261: 258: 254: 251: 248: 246: 242: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 225:Kumaragupta I 223: 222: 220: 218: 214: 210: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192:(Present day 191: 187: 182: 415 CE 177: 173: 169: 165: 162:(Present day 161: 157: 152: 148: 144: 141: 140:Kumaragupta I 138: 134: 131: 127: 124: 120: 115: 415 CE 106: 102: 99: 98:Gupta emperor 95: 90: 86: 80: 75: 72: 71: 68: 64: 60: 56: 55:King of kings 52:The Holy one 50: 49:Sun of Valour 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4228:India portal 4191: 4170: 4149: 4125: 4103: 4079: 4068: 4047: 4037: 4033: 4009: 3988: 3967: 3958:Bibliography 3943: 3931: 3919: 3899: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3848: 3841: 3821: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3766: 3760: 3752: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3699: 3692: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3603: 3583: 3553: 3546: 3505: 3498: 3478: 3471: 3459: 3439: 3412: 3392: 3323:(3/4): 223. 3320: 3316: 3310: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3179: 3089: 3082: 3049: 3037: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2932: 2905: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2812: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2646: 2616: 2609: 2578: 2572: 2562: 2555: 2535: 2528: 2518: 2511: 2501:24 September 2499:. Retrieved 2484: 2477: 2465: 2451:Vikramaditya 2450: 2443:D. C. Sircar 2438: 2434:Malava tribe 2431: 2427: 2424:calendar era 2422:, an Indian 2418: 2409: 2386: 2371: 2367:D. C. Sircar 2354:Vikramaditya 2352: 2349:Vikramaditya 2340: 2325: 2316: 2291: 2166:Asiatic lion 2157: 2153: 2144: 2136:Samudragupta 2133: 2084: 2070:Inscriptions 2047: 2040: 2026: 2015: 1999: 1983: 1974: 1964: 1955: 1954:, calls him 1943: 1941: 1901: 1895: 1884:Varahamihira 1867: 1866: 1856: 1837: 1819: 1810: 1796: 1788: 1782: 1733:Vikramaditya 1717: 1703: 1695:Rudrasena II 1685: 1681:Naga dynasty 1678: 1674:Govindagupta 1659: 1656:, circa 400. 1648:, avatar of 1630: 1621:Samudragupta 1610: 1590: 1547: 1539:Gupta script 1524: 1497: 1475: 1456: 1448: 1435: 1428: 1411:Qutb complex 1378: 1374:Vikramaditya 1370:Vikramaditya 1369: 1355: 1353: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1320:Samudragupta 1305: 1280:and his son 1278:Samudragupta 1275: 1259: 1238: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1138: 1120: 1117: 1113:D. C. Sircar 1110: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1082: 1070: 1057: 1053: 1042: 1029:Samudragupta 1021:Shiva Lingas 840: 812:Samudragupta 720:Gupta Empire 690: 683:Samudragupta 680: 662: 658: 654: 652: 621: 619: 592: 586: 558:Gupta script 538: 529: 521: 510: 498: 495:Gupta script 439:Vikramaditya 428: 380:Samudragupta 373: 361:Gupta Empire 356: 353:Vikramaditya 352: 348: 347: 317:Battle near 291:Battles/wars 260:Samudragupta 235:Govindagupta 211:, Kuberanaga 190:Gupta Empire 160:Gupta Empire 126:Samudragupta 117:(35-40 year) 84: 47: 36: 32:Chandragupta 4325:410s deaths 4174:. Concept. 4013:. Abhinav. 2378:Rashtrakuta 2313:Personality 2187:caparisoned 2177:instrument. 2164:(where the 2050:Pataliputra 2029:untouchable 1928:Vaishnavism 1908:A. B. 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The 1650:Vishnu 1646:Varaha 1623:, the 1613:Bengal 1578:Chenab 1576:, and 1570:Sutlej 1562:Jhelum 1558:Punjab 1554:mouths 1457:dhvaja 1445:Vishnu 1349:Garuda 1312:Shakas 1177:figure 1175:Yaksha 1160:Lintel 823:– 375) 779:- 319) 667:Supiya 638:, and 628:Kosala 511:"ndra" 435:Faxian 404:Bengal 386:, the 326:Sistan 321:valley 319:Kapisa 313:Bagram 266:Mother 256:Father 205:Spouse 3341:JSTOR 3214:JSTOR 2403:from 2393:Malwa 2380:king 2374:Supia 1986:Shiva 1807:image 1693:king 1652:, in 1586:Kunar 1582:Kabul 1531:Balkh 1510:Indus 1267:terai 1141:year 1093:gupta 802:Kacha 751:Gupta 705:Shaka 703:to a 499:"Cha" 445:poet 396:Hunas 365:India 250:Gupta 217:Issue 198:India 194:Bihar 168:India 164:Bihar 104:Reign 4201:OCLC 4176:ISBN 4155:ISBN 4131:ISBN 4109:OCLC 4085:ISBN 4053:ISBN 4015:ISBN 3994:ISBN 3973:ISBN 3905:ISBN 3854:ISBN 3827:ISBN 3705:ISBN 3589:ISBN 3559:ISBN 3511:ISBN 3484:ISBN 3445:ISBN 3398:ISBN 3333:ISSN 3206:ISSN 3095:ISBN 2622:ISBN 2541:ISBN 2503:2022 2490:ISBN 2445:and 2428:Kṛṭa 2389:Śaka 2365:and 2317:The 1801:Gaya 1759:, a 1710:and 1574:Beas 1566:Ravi 1429:The 1405:The 1260:The 1073:IAST 1043:The 657:and 648:IAST 640:Puri 632:Odra 607:IAST 537:and 175:Died 150:Born 70:Lord 3325:doi 1965:An 1200:15 1197:121 1183:112 1169:70 1155:61 1075:): 363:in 4301:: 4199:. 4197:49 4038:10 4036:. 4032:. 3615:^ 3573:^ 3525:^ 3424:^ 3380:^ 3353:^ 3339:. 3331:. 3321:54 3319:. 3295:^ 3274:^ 3212:. 3202:70 3200:. 3162:^ 3143:^ 3128:^ 3109:^ 3061:^ 3012:^ 2995:^ 2944:^ 2917:^ 2884:^ 2821:^ 2811:. 2698:^ 2683:^ 2660:^ 2652:24 2636:^ 2588:^ 2453:. 2430:, 2361:, 2142:. 2013:. 1906:, 1886:, 1572:, 1568:, 1564:, 1387:. 1351:. 1186:5 1123:: 1035:. 1015:, 953:c. 936:c. 919:c. 818:c. 791:c. 774:c. 757:c. 634:, 630:, 585:) 560:: 196:, 188:, 179:c. 166:, 158:, 108:c. 4207:. 4184:. 4163:. 4139:. 4115:. 4093:. 4061:. 4023:. 4002:. 3981:. 3913:. 3862:. 3835:. 3713:. 3597:. 3567:. 3519:. 3492:. 3453:. 3406:. 3347:. 3327:: 3220:. 3103:. 2654:. 2630:. 2582:. 2549:. 2505:. 2469:* 2081:. 1834:. 1779:. 1560:( 1516:. 1471:. 1459:( 1039:. 996:e 989:t 982:v 958:) 951:( 941:) 934:( 924:) 917:( 914:) 910:( 832:) 828:( 816:( 789:( 772:( 762:) 755:( 546:. 539:r 530:d 522:n 200:) 170:) 91:. 34:. 20:)

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