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559:"unknowable" Orient, rather than characterizing it with exoticism, ancient wisdom and mystery. Postcolonial theorists like Maryam Wasif Khan have termed this novel a Modern Orientalist text, meaning that it portrays the Orient in an optimistic, positive light while simultaneously challenging and critiquing European culture and society. However, Benita Parry suggests that it also mystifies India by creating an "obfuscated realm where the secular is scanted, and in which India's long traditions of mathematics, science and technology, history, linguistics and jurisprudence have no place."
272:
596:
Hinduism is chaotic and orderless, and subsequently uses Hindu characters as the background to the main narrative. Said also identifies the failed attempt at friendship between Aziz and
Fielding as a reinforcement of the perceived cultural distance between the Orient and the West. The inability of the two men to begin a meaningful friendship is indicative of what Said suggests is the irreconcilable otherness of the Orient, something that has originated from the West and also limits Western readers in how they understand the Orient.
537:
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591:. . . found a way to use the mechanism of the novel to elaborate on the already existing structure of attitude and reference without changing it. This structure permitted one to feel affection for and even intimacy with some Indians and India generally, but made one see Indian politics as the charge of the British, and culturally refused a privilege to India nationalism.
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is also a commentary on gender, and a
British woman's place within the empire. Khan argued that the female characters coming to "the Orient" to break free of their social roles in Britain represent the discord between Englishwomen and their social roles at home, and tells the narrative of "pioneering
495:
is largely based upon the era of writing and the nature of the critical work. While many earlier critiques found that
Forster's book showed an inappropriate friendship between colonizers and the colonized, new critiques on the work draw attention to the depictions of sexism, racism and imperialism in
314:
Because the newcomers had expressed a desire to meet
Indians, Mr. Turton, the city tax collector, invites several to his house, but the party turns out awkwardly, due to the Indians' timidity and the Britons' bigotry. Also there is Cyril Fielding, principal of Chandrapore's government-run college for
334:
While awaiting the trial, Mrs Moore becomes concerned at her failing health; taking a ship to
England, she dies on the way. Then during the trial, Adela admits that she had been similarly disoriented by the cave's echo. She was no longer sure who or what had attacked her and, despite great demand to
326:
Asked by Adela whether he has more than one wife, Aziz is disconcerted by her bluntness and ducks into a cave to compose himself. When he comes out, he is told by the guide that Adela has gone into a cave by herself. After quarreling with the guide, Aziz discovers Adela's field glasses broken on the
595:
Stereotyping and
Orientalist thought is also explored in postcolonial critiques. Said suggests that Forster deals with the question of British-Indian relationships by separating Muslims and Hindus in the narrative. He says Forster connects Islam to Western values and attitudes while suggesting that
330:
Aziz is arrested on arrival and charged with sexually assaulting Adela. The run-up to his trial increases racial tensions. Adela alleges that Aziz followed her into the cave and that she fended him off by swinging her field glasses at him. The only evidence is the field glasses in the possession of
586:
in early 20th-century novels, Said suggests that though the work subverted typical views on colonialism and colonial rule in India, it also fell short of outright condemning either nationalist movements in India or colonialism itself. Of
Forster's attitude toward colonizer-colonized relationships,
310:
Meanwhile, Dr. Aziz, a young Indian Muslim physician, is called from dining with friends by Major
Callendar, Aziz's superior at the hospital, but is delayed. Disconsolate at finding him gone, Aziz walks back and enters his favourite mosque on impulse. Seeing Mrs Moore there, he yells at her not to
322:
Aziz mistakenly believes that the women are offended that he has not followed through on his promise and arranges an outing to the caves at great expense to himself. Fielding and
Godbole are supposed to accompany the expedition, but they miss the train. In the first cave they visit, Mrs. Moore is
338:
Although he is vindicated, Aziz is angry that
Fielding befriended Adela after she nearly ruined his life. Believing it to be the gentlemanly thing to do, Fielding convinces Aziz not to seek monetary redress, but the men's friendship suffers and Fielding departs for England. Believing that he is
262:
of Bihar), Adela thinks she finds herself alone with Dr. Aziz in one of the caves (when in fact he is in an entirely different cave; whether the attacker is real or a reaction to the cave is ambiguous), and subsequently panics and flees; it is assumed that Dr. Aziz has attempted to assault her.
342:
Two years later, Aziz has moved to the Hindu-ruled state of Mau and is now the Raja's chief physician by the time Fielding returns, married to Stella, Mrs. Moore's daughter from a second marriage. Though the two meet and Aziz still feels drawn to Fielding, he realises that they cannot be truly
558:
emerged at a time where portrayals of India as a savage, disorganized land in need of domination were more popular in mainstream European literature than romanticized depictions. Forster's novel departed from typical narratives about colonizer-colonized relationships and emphasized a more
327:
ground and puts them in his pocket. He then looks down the hill and sees Adela speaking to Miss Derek, who has arrived with Fielding in a car. Aziz runs down and greets Fielding, but Miss Derek and Adela drive off, leaving Fielding, Mrs. Moore and Aziz to return to Chandrapore by train.
503:
when it was first published challenged specific details and attitudes included in the book that Forster drew from his own time in India. Early critics also expressed concern at the interracial camaraderie between Aziz and Fielding in the book. Others saw the book as a vilification of
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318:
At the party, Fielding and Aziz become friends and Aziz promises to take Mrs. Moore and Adela to see the distant Marabar Caves. Ronny arrives and, finding Adela "unaccompanied" with Dr. Aziz and Professor Godbole, rudely breaks up the party.
508:
perspectives on the importance of interpersonal relationships, and effects of colonialism on Indian society. More recent critiques by postcolonial theorists and literary critics have reinvestigated the text as a work of
306:
British schoolmistress Adela Quested and her elderly friend Mrs. Moore visit the fictional Indian city of Chandrapore. Adela is to decide if she wants to marry Mrs. Moore's son, Ronny Heaslop, the city magistrate.
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persist in her accusation, withdraws the charge. When the case is dismissed, Heaslop breaks off his engagement to Adela and she stays at Fielding's house until a return to England is arranged.
513:
fiction contributing to a discourse on colonial relationships by a European. Today it is one of the seminal texts in the postcolonial Orientalist discourse, among other books like
315:
Indians, who invites Adela and Mrs. Moore to a tea party with him and a Hindu-Brahmin professor named Narayan Godbole. At Adela's request, he extends his invitation to Dr. Aziz.
614:
has also critiqued the book's orientalist depiction of India and its use of racialized bodies, especially in the case of Aziz, as sexual objects rather than individuals.
311:
profane this sacred place, but the two then chat and part as friends. When Mrs. Moore relates her experience later, Ronny becomes indignant at the native's presumption.
323:
overcome with claustrophobia and disturbed by the echo. When she declines to continue, Adela and Aziz climb the hill to the upper caves, accompanied by a guide.
254:
The story revolves around four characters: Dr. Aziz, his British friend Mr. Cyril Fielding, Mrs. Moore, and Miss Adela Quested. During a trip to the fictitious
263:
Aziz's trial, and its run-up and aftermath, bring to a boil the common racial tensions and prejudices between Indians and the British during the colonial era.
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based on the novel that ran on the West End in 1960, and on Broadway in 1962. A 1965 BBC television version of the play was broadcast in their
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leaving to marry Adela for her money, and bitter at his friend's perceived betrayal, Aziz vows never again to befriend a white person.
1962:
1313:
Khan, Maryam Wasif (22 June 2016). "Enlightenment Orientalism to Modernist Orientalism: The Archive of Forster's A Passage to India".
1201:
Khan, Maryam Wasif (22 June 2016). "Enlightenment Orientalism to Modernist Orientalism: The Archive of Forster's A Passage to India".
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included the novel in its "All Time 100 Novels" list. The novel is based on Forster's experiences in India, deriving the title from
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Aziz. When Fielding proclaims his belief in Aziz's innocence, he is ostracised and condemned as a blood-traitor.
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A young British schoolmistress who is visiting India with the vague intention of marrying Ronny Heaslop.
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in the 1920s. It was selected as one of the 100 great works of 20th-century English literature by the
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is a reflection of Forster's visit to India in 1912–13 and his duration as private secretary to
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The 45-year-old, unmarried British headmaster of the small government-run college for Indians.
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intended to direct a theatrical adaptation of the novel, but the project was never realised.
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Delusions and discoveries : India in the British imagination, 1880-1930
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Englishwomen whose emergent feminism found form and voice in the colony".
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Other scholars have examined the book with a critical postcolonial and
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817:"The 100 best novels: No 47 – A Passage to India by EM Forster (1924)"
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Indian physician who works at the British hospital in Chandrapore.
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wrote an additional version for the stage, that premiered at the
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Detailed analyses, chapter summaries, a quiz and essay questions
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One of the most notable critiques comes from literary professor
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The British head doctor and Aziz's superior at the hospital.
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friends until India becomes independent from British rule.
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A Passage to India: a close look in studies in literature
1467:"IndiaStar book review: Satyajit Ray by Surabhi Banerjee"
1251:(1st Vintage books ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
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lens. Maryam Wasif Khan's reading of the book suggests
1699:, from which the title of Forster's novel was derived
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The British superintendent of police in Chandrapore.
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A prominent Indian lawyer called in to defend Aziz.
1523:"Shared Experience Take Forster Passage to India"
1362:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.
846:"'Ulysses' at Top As Panel Picks 100 Best Novels"
279:, an inspiration for the fictional Marabar Hills.
1944:
743:in 2002. It has toured the UK and played at the
294:in 1921–22. He dedicated the book to his friend
1355:
1009:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 708.
941:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 702.
1108:"The mystery and muddle of A Passage to India"
1718:
1441:
34:. For the 1960 play based on this novel, see
1172:Postcolonial Studies: A Materialist Critique
767:by Forster and sold to raise money for the
582:. In his discussion about allusions to the
383:The British city magistrate of Chandrapore.
30:For the 1984 film based on this novel, see
1725:
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1586:p55, Sutton Publishing Ltd, Stroud, 1998.
401:The British city collector of Chandrapore.
49:
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1284:(1st ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
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470:doctor and Aziz's rival at the hospital.
438:The chief Indian citizen in Chandrapore.
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969:Kummings, Donald D. (19 October 2009).
460:barrister who openly hates the British.
14:
1945:
1554:"A Minimal Meeting of Forster's Twain"
1552:Isherwood, Charles (4 November 2004).
1076:
1003:Sarker, Sunil Kumar (1 January 2007).
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935:Sarker, Sunil Kumar (1 January 2007).
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1706:
1605:(Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi 2003)
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1080:Fiction & the Colonial Experience
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975:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 21.
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1503:from the original on 14 January 2013
1423:from the original on 20 October 2012
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1077:Meyers, Jeffrey (14 February 2022).
886:from the original on 31 October 2013
856:from the original on 8 January 2015
24:
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916:from the original on 13 March 2010
208:is a 1924 novel by English author
25:
2004:
1963:British novels adapted into films
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1564:from the original on 22 June 2013
1394:Palmer, Zuma (27 November 1948).
432:who frequently borrows their car.
346:
1652:
1529:. 30 August 2002. Archived from
1400:Los Angeles Evening Citizen News
1176:. New York: Routledge. pp.
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407:Mr. Turton's openly racist wife.
212:set against the backdrop of the
143:Print (hardback & paperback)
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876:"Fiction winners Award winners"
625:James Tait Black Memorial Prize
301:
228:James Tait Black Memorial Prize
1904:(1945 documentary film script)
1442:Angelini, Sergio (2003–2014).
1356:Suleri Goodyear, Sara (1992).
1136:. London: Verso. p. 280.
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425:An Englishwoman employed by a
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1359:The rhetoric of English India
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551:Entrance to the Barabar Caves
479:Stella Moore (later Fielding)
476:The second son of Mrs. Moore.
266:
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1444:"Passage to India, A (1965)"
1053:"The Sunday Tribune - Books"
844:Lewis, Paul (20 July 1998).
377:The mother of Ronny Heaslop.
218:Indian independence movement
7:
1993:Novels set in British India
1820:The Other Side of the Hedge
1662:public domain audiobook at
1006:A Companion to E.M. Forster
972:A Companion to Walt Whitman
938:A Companion to E.M. Forster
880:The University of Edinburgh
797:Stereotypes of South Asians
774:
759:In 1960, the manuscript of
491:The nature of critiques of
27:1924 novel by E. M. Forster
10:
2009:
1749:Where Angels Fear to Tread
1417:Internet Broadway Database
1315:MFS Modern Fiction Studies
1203:MFS Modern Fiction Studies
729:and numerous other awards.
646:In 1948, an adaptation by
638:
29:
1919:
1892:
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1280:Said, Edward W. (1979) .
1093:– via Google Books.
745:Brooklyn Academy of Music
641:A Passage to India (film)
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386:Professor Narayan Godbole
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36:A Passage to India (play)
32:A Passage to India (film)
1882:Two Cheers for Democracy
1247:Said, Edward W. (1994).
630:1925 Femina Vie Heureuse
1973:Novels by E. M. Forster
1249:Culture and Imperialism
573:Culture and Imperialism
1168:Parry, Benita (2004).
1132:Parry, Benita (1998).
1037:Bloom, Harold (2004).
653:NBC University Theatre
593:
552:
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482:Mrs. Moore's daughter.
280:
1958:BBC television dramas
1815:The Celestial Omnibus
1327:10.1353/mfs.2016.0027
1215:10.1353/mfs.2016.0027
906:"All Time 100 Novels"
690:The Indian filmmaker
589:
550:
539:
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1867:Aspects of the Novel
1675:Original 1924 review
1582:Hart-Davis, Rupert:
1497:"A Passage to India"
1413:"A Passage to India"
1057:www.tribuneindia.com
1039:Novelists and Novels
677:, A play written by
1983:Postcolonial novels
1978:Novels set in India
1953:1924 British novels
1901:A Diary for Timothy
1842:The Classical Annex
1757:The Longest Journey
1477:on 19 February 1997
1112:The British Library
912:. 16 October 2005.
290:, the Maharajah of
45:
44:A Passage to India
1827:The Eternal Moment
1781:A Passage to India
1765:A Room with a View
1689:"Passage to India"
1659:A Passage To India
1642:A Passage To India
1628:A Passage to India
1617:A Passage to India
1558:The New York Times
1446:. BFI Screenonline
882:. 22 August 2014.
850:The New York Times
761:A Passage to India
673:A Passage to India
666:Joseph Schildkraut
605:A Passage to India
587:Said says Forster:
568:A Passage to India
556:A Passage to India
553:
545:
501:A Passage to India
493:A Passage to India
487:Literary criticism
284:A Passage to India
281:
205:A Passage to India
191:A Passage to India
55:First edition (UK)
43:
1940:
1939:
1932:Marianne Thornton
1808:The Machine Stops
1647:Project Gutenberg
1584:Halfway to Heaven
1533:on 8 January 2015
1396:"Sunday Programs"
1016:978-81-269-0750-2
982:978-1-4051-9551-5
948:978-81-269-0750-2
765:Rupert Hart-Davis
750:in November 2004.
737:Shared Experience
699:1984 film version
684:Play of the Month
566:, who referenced
516:Heart of Darkness
226:and won the 1924
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132:Publication place
16:(Redirected from
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1927:Bloomsbury Group
1835:The Life to Come
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822:The Guardian
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701:directed by
692:Satyajit Ray
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668:as Dr. Aziz.
656:, featuring
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275:View of the
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100: 1910s
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1773:Howards End
1282:Orientalism
1117:22 November
1062:9 September
658:Alma Lawton
635:Adaptations
612:Sara Suleri
579:Orientalism
564:Edward Said
511:Orientalist
499:Reviews of
496:the novel.
473:Ralph Moore
466:A low-born
453:Mahmoud Ali
416:Mr. McBryde
404:Mrs. Turton
392:god-boh-lay
296:Ross Masood
214:British Raj
127:4 June 1924
89:Set in
18:Chandrapore
1988:1960 plays
1947:Categories
1909:Billy Budd
1859:Nonfiction
1291:039474067X
1258:0679750541
1143:1859841287
829:16 January
803:References
755:Manuscript
725:, won two
707:Judy Davis
703:David Lean
662:Ben Wright
639:See also:
441:Hamidullah
422:Miss Derek
398:Mr. Turton
374:Mrs. Moore
267:Background
196:Wikisource
1822:") (1911)
1568:8 January
1537:8 January
1507:8 January
1481:8 January
1471:IndiaStar
1427:8 January
1343:163305870
1335:1080-658X
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988:8 January
954:8 January
890:8 January
860:8 January
715:James Fox
650:aired on
106:Publisher
1877:" (1938)
1810:" (1909)
1687:(1871).
1664:LibriVox
1562:Archived
1501:Archived
1499:. IMDb.
1421:Archived
1382:23584165
1267:29600508
1152:40922011
920:23 April
914:Archived
884:Archived
854:Archived
775:See also
741:Richmond
601:feminist
570:in both
506:humanist
447:Amritrao
355:A young
352:Dr. Aziz
235:magazine
216:and the
156:59352597
71:Language
1920:Related
1789:Maurice
1697:(poem).
1631:at the
1450:18 July
1364:132–135
1300:4831769
687:series.
169:823.912
74:English
1885:(1951)
1870:(1927)
1830:(1928)
1792:(1971)
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357:Muslim
112:, (UK)
61:Author
1893:Other
1339:S2CID
1227:S2CID
623:1924
529:, by
519:, by
468:Hindu
427:Hindu
245:" in
83:novel
79:Genre
1588:ISBN
1570:2015
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1509:2015
1483:2015
1452:2017
1429:2015
1378:OCLC
1368:ISBN
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1253:ISBN
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1182:ISBN
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1119:2017
1085:ISBN
1064:2022
1024:2015
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922:2010
910:Time
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721:and
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576:and
233:Time
186:Text
150:OCLC
117:(US)
1645:at
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