829:
941:
528:(composed of modern Africa and South America) during the Cretaceous period, though fossils are poorly known. During the Cretaceous Period, the rift between South America and Africa would be forming; this may explain the contrast in diversity between the two continents. Their low diversity in Africa may explain why some primitive fish families and the Cypriniformes coexist with them whereas they are absent in South America, where these fish may have been driven extinct. The characiforms had not spread into Africa soon enough to also reach the land connection between Africa and Asia. The earliest they could have spread into Central America was the late
1395:
1128:
1079:
1426:
140:
1451:
1494:
972:
118:
699:
1169:
895:
723:
997:
805:
637:). It is likely that the warmer conditions of the Late Cretaceous allowed early characins to range farther north than the present day, with African characins colonizing Europe and South American characins colonizing North America. Early characins may have had some level of salt tolerance, allowing for such colonizations to take place.
1846:
Claudio
Oliveira, Gleisy S Avelino, Kelly T Abe, Tatiane C Mariguela, Ricardo C Benine, Guillermo Ortí, Richard P Vari and Ricardo M Corrêa e Castro,"Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive
640:
Within their modern distribution, a number of modern South
American characin families have their earliest occurrences in the Maastrichtian of Bolivia, with isolated teeth and skeletal elements identifiable to
2390:
Isbrücker, I. J. H.; Nijssen, H. (1988). "Review of the South
American characiform fish genus Chilodus, with description of a new species, C. gracilis (Pisces, Characiformes, Chilodontidae)".
601:
Uniquely, Late
Cretaceous characiform fossils are found significantly north of their modern distribution. Indeterminate characiform teeth are known from the Santonian of Hungary and
473:. Since then, 18 different families have been separated out. However, classification varies somewhat, and the most recent (2011) study confirms the circumscribed Characidae as
2198:"New early Campanian characiform fishes (Otophysi: Characiformes) from West Texas support a South American origin for known Late Cretaceous characiforms from North America"
426:, comprising the characins and their allies. Grouped in 18 recognized families, more than 2000 different species are described, including the well-known
2965:
594:
from Italy, previously also considered potential marine characiforms, are now thought to have no characiform affinities and are considered indeterminate
2990:
2945:
2243:
Betancur-Rodriguez, Ricardo; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria
Arratia; Arturo Acero; Nicolas Bailly; Masaki Miya; Guillaume Lecointre; Guillermo Ortí (2017).
513:
3015:
1761:
574:. This presumably marine taxon was used as evidence of characiformes potentially having marine origins. However, more recent studies indicate that
1634:, both of which are up to 1.2 m (3.9 ft). The smallest in size is about 1.7 cm (0.67 in) in the Bolivian pygmy blue characin,
3207:
2975:
2960:
590:
493:
2980:
615:
3246:
621:
1696:
A few characins become quite large, and are important as food or game. Most, however, are small shoaling fish. Many species commonly called
3366:
3371:
1668:
within the
Characiformes, is endemic to the Neotropical realm. At least 209 species of characins are found in Africa, including the
3181:
2427:
462:. The Characiformes form a group known as the Characiphysi with the Siluriformes and Gymnotiformes. The order Characiformes is the
3220:
2074:"†Sorbinicharax verraesi: An unexpected case of a benthic fish outside Acanthomorpha in the Upper Cretaceous of the Tethyan Sea"
1972:(Otophysi, Characiformes) from the Albian of the Santana Formation and comments on its implications for Otophysan relationships"
1700:
are popular in aquaria because of their bright colors, general hardiness, and tolerance towards other fish in community tanks.
3225:
2374:
2311:
1745:
828:
3361:
3308:
1766:; Buckup P.A.: "Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)",
2351:
466:
to the orders
Siluriformes and Gymnotiformes, though this has been debated in light of recent molecular evidence.
3346:
3251:
233:
1983:
3356:
3233:
1613:. The body is almost always covered in well-defined scales. The mouth is also usually not truly protractile.
2141:"The continental fish fauna of the Late Cretaceous (Santonian) Iharkút locality (Bakony Mountains, Hungary)"
1911:"The continental fish fauna of the Late Cretaceous (Santonian) Iharkút locality (Bakony Mountains, Hungary)"
2420:
1790:
2072:
Mayrinck, Diogo; Brito, Paulo M.; Meunier, François J.; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesus; Otero, Olga (2017-08-28).
139:
3129:
2331:
2017:"Vicariance and dispersal in southern hemisphere freshwater fish clades: a palaeontological perspective"
1636:
3290:
3134:
2197:
940:
3313:
17:
508:. This group has a very ancient divergence from the rest of the Characiformes, dating back to the
3351:
3097:
2413:
634:
2140:
1910:
3336:
3277:
3059:
1770:, L.R. Malabarba, R.E. Reis, R.P. Vari, Z.M. Lucena, eds. (Porto Alegre: Edipucr) 1998:123-144.
1102:
278:
126:
3341:
3272:
1624:
3300:
3264:
3212:
3155:
3106:
2405:
2256:
2242:
2209:
2152:
2085:
1922:
1809:
1394:
598:. Given this, there is no paleontological support for characiforms having marine origins.
8:
2698:
1736:
1661:
2260:
2213:
2156:
2089:
2016:
1926:
1813:
1127:
2915:
2840:
2794:
2645:
2279:
2244:
2116:
2073:
1997:
1825:
1755:
1618:
1578:
206:
134:
3111:
512:
or earlier, and it has been suggested that it be better treated as its own order, the
3259:
3142:
3010:
2617:
2609:
2370:
2307:
2284:
2225:
2178:
2121:
2103:
2054:
2046:
1948:
1891:
1870:"Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)"
1821:
1741:
1346:
248:
223:
2001:
1829:
3020:
2995:
2880:
2845:
2650:
2594:
2550:
2521:
2274:
2264:
2217:
2168:
2160:
2111:
2093:
2036:
2028:
1987:
1979:
1938:
1930:
1881:
1817:
1669:
1442:
1078:
1070:
691:
524:
The
Characiformes likely first originated and diversified on the supercontinent of
509:
497:
478:
378:
348:
318:
308:
2221:
1593:. Superficially, the Characiformes somewhat resemble their relatives of the order
3030:
2970:
2930:
2870:
2827:
2706:
2098:
1657:
1425:
642:
3238:
3147:
1845:
1791:"The biogeography of otophysan fishes (Ostariophysi: Otophysi): a new appraisal"
1598:
2910:
2885:
2855:
2802:
2774:
2764:
2755:
2688:
2680:
2622:
2437:
1630:
1328:
423:
333:
181:
2269:
1450:
605:
of France, which have a large, multi-cusped appearance reminiscent of
African
540:
The earliest characiform fossils date back to the Late
Cretaceous, around the
3330:
3082:
2935:
2925:
2895:
2875:
2850:
2665:
2655:
2468:
2327:
2229:
2182:
2107:
2050:
1952:
1895:
1665:
1653:
1594:
1493:
1387:
1244:
988:
933:
650:
602:
558:
459:
451:
363:
353:
323:
293:
229:
70:
3000:
2955:
2940:
2920:
2905:
2835:
2779:
2769:
2744:
2739:
2640:
2474:
2288:
2164:
2125:
2058:
1934:
1673:
1586:
1262:
1038:
963:
887:
869:
714:
501:
474:
463:
455:
447:
443:
358:
343:
338:
313:
303:
283:
215:
2041:
971:
3194:
3121:
3091:
3025:
2985:
2950:
2865:
2860:
2812:
2721:
2584:
2576:
2532:
2513:
2503:
2365:
Weitzman, S.H.; Vari, R.P. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
1886:
1869:
1610:
1161:
1120:
757:
661:
Below is a phylogeny of living Characiformes based on Betancur-Rodriguez
505:
298:
288:
258:
45:
698:
504:, is considered the sister group to the rest of the characins, suborder
3005:
2817:
2716:
2711:
2632:
2589:
2555:
2462:
2173:
1943:
1681:
1649:
1602:
1485:
1417:
1296:
1168:
894:
820:
797:
646:
563:
553:
545:
470:
469:
Originally, the characins were all grouped within a single family, the
328:
273:
268:
263:
107:
90:
55:
2301:
2032:
722:
3199:
3168:
2807:
2784:
2484:
1992:
1677:
1590:
630:
610:
606:
584:
541:
253:
151:
117:
95:
3053:
1967:
996:
3186:
3173:
3076:
2900:
2890:
2731:
2542:
2456:
2336:
2071:
1685:
579:
525:
191:
171:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
2670:
2566:
1609:. Most species have teeth within the mouth, since they are often
595:
549:
529:
486:
427:
100:
75:
804:
2492:
2450:
571:
567:
161:
2302:
Nelson, Joseph S.; Terry C. Grande; Mark V. H. Wilson (2016).
1652:, where they are found in lakes and rivers throughout most of
411:
3285:
3160:
1697:
552:, but it has been suggested that these teeth may be of early
482:
431:
2435:
405:
1984:
10.1206/0003-0082(2004)455<0001:ROSDOC>2.0.CO;2
1606:
1582:
393:
2599:
1795:
633:, ranging from Texas to as far north as southern Canada (
399:
387:
2364:
556:. Previously, the oldest characiform was assumed to be
2352:"Fishing Worldrecords-characins-salminus franciscanus"
1965:
1868:
Near, Thomas J.; Thacker, Christine E. (2024-04-18).
414:
402:
396:
384:
390:
442:The Characiformes form part of a series called the
408:
381:
2014:
1768:Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes
1640:. Many members are under 3 cm (1.2 in).
1874:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History
3328:
2389:
2369:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 101–105.
1684:. The rest of the characins originate from the
1966:Filleul, Arnaud; John G. Maisey (2004-10-28).
1841:
1839:
2421:
2245:"Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes"
2015:Capobianco, Alessio; Friedman, Matt (2019).
1760:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1867:
1836:
1643:
665:2017 and Nelson, Grande & Wilson 2016.
450:. The Otophysi contain three other orders,
2428:
2414:
1959:
761:Günther 1864 sensu Froese & Pauly 2001
116:
2278:
2268:
2172:
2139:Szabó, Márton; Ősi, Attila (2017-09-01).
2115:
2097:
2040:
1991:
1942:
1909:Szabó, Márton; Ősi, Attila (2017-09-01).
1885:
1691:
2320:
2138:
1908:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
2326:
2306:(5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
629:having a very wide distribution across
14:
3329:
1788:
1733:
582:rather than a characiform. Similarly,
544:. Other fossil teeth date back to the
3058:
3057:
2409:
1773:
1710:
625:, are known from North America, with
3291:E55FC469-FFB5-FF81-FE89-8D30FB1AA899
2195:
1863:
1861:
1859:
2358:
24:
3367:Extant Santonian first appearances
1648:Characins are most diverse in the
25:
3383:
1856:
3372:Taxa named by Charles Tate Regan
1822:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01170.x
1492:
1489:Latreille 1825 sensu Buckup 1998
1449:
1424:
1393:
1167:
1126:
1077:
995:
970:
939:
893:
827:
803:
721:
697:
377:
138:
43:
2383:
2344:
2295:
2236:
2189:
613:freshwater characiform genera,
2196:Wick, Steven L. (2021-12-01).
2132:
2065:
2008:
1902:
1740:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1572:
1165:Günther 1864 sensu Nelson 1994
496:, which contains the families
13:
1:
2222:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104993
1703:
2099:10.1371/journal.pone.0183879
656:
519:
7:
1734:Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006).
1597:, but have a small, fleshy
437:
10:
3388:
1637:Xenurobrycon polyancistrus
1616:The largest characins are
535:
3066:
2826:
2793:
2753:
2730:
2697:
2679:
2631:
2608:
2575:
2564:
2541:
2530:
2512:
2501:
2483:
2445:
2270:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3
2255:(162) (4 ed.): 162.
1976:American Museum Novitates
1664:, a member of the family
1483:
1440:
1415:
1408:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1344:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1294:
1287:
1260:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1159:
1118:
1100:
1093:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1036:
1029:
986:
961:
954:
931:
924:
917:
885:
867:
860:
853:
818:
795:
788:
780:
773:
755:
747:
712:
689:
682:
674:
245:
240:
221:
214:
135:Scientific classification
133:
124:
115:
34:
2340:. February 2014 version.
2330:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2249:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2145:Central European Geology
1915:Central European Geology
1849:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1789:Briggs, John C. (2005).
1644:Distribution and habitat
3362:Fish of Central America
1802:Journal of Biogeography
635:Dinosaur Park Formation
3347:Ray-finned fish orders
2367:Encyclopedia of Fishes
2165:10.1556/24.60.2017.009
1935:10.1556/24.60.2017.009
1692:Relationship to humans
446:within the superorder
127:Hyphessobrycon bentosi
3357:Fish of South America
3273:Paleobiology Database
2332:"Order Characiformes"
1625:Salminus franciscanus
1585:parts connecting the
1970:Santanichthys diasii
1887:10.3374/014.065.0101
1577:Characins possess a
873:de Pinna et al. 2017
485:, and at least 1674
2699:Protacanthopterygii
2689:Lepidogalaxiiformes
2304:Fishes of the World
2261:2017BMCEE..17..162B
2214:2021CrRes.12804993W
2202:Cretaceous Research
2157:2017CEJGl..60..230S
2090:2017PLoSO..1283879M
1927:2017CEJGl..60..230S
1847:ingroup sampling",
1814:2005JBiog..32..287B
1737:Fishes of the World
1662:red-bellied piranha
2916:Cyprinodontiformes
2841:Trachichthyiformes
2795:Paracanthopterygii
2646:Alepocephaliformes
2440:orders by subclass
2021:Biological Reviews
1968:"Redescription of
1619:Hydrocynus goliath
1579:Weberian apparatus
578:is likely a basal
3324:
3323:
3260:Open Tree of Life
3060:Taxon identifiers
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3011:Tetraodontiformes
2966:Chaetodontiformes
2901:Pleuronectiformes
2856:Batrachoidiformes
2618:Osteoglossiformes
2610:Osteoglossomorpha
2033:10.1111/brv.12473
1569:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1490:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1447:
1422:
1392:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1347:Acestrorhynchidae
1333:
1301:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1249:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1166:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1125:
1107:
1075:
1043:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
993:
968:
938:
906:
905:
892:
891:Valenciennes 1847
874:
841:
840:
825:
802:
762:
735:
734:
719:
696:
643:Acestrorhynchidae
609:. Similarly, two
477:. Currently, 18
371:
370:
249:Acestrorhynchidae
210:
16:(Redirected from
3379:
3317:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3242:
3241:
3239:NHMSYS0021168978
3229:
3228:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3189:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3055:
3054:
3021:Centrarchiformes
2996:Priacanthiformes
2991:Scatophagiformes
2946:Uranoscopiformes
2891:Istiophoriformes
2881:Synbranchiformes
2846:Holocentriformes
2813:Stylephoriformes
2765:Ateleopodiformes
2651:Gonorynchiformes
2595:Notacanthiformes
2573:
2572:
2569:
2551:Lepisosteiformes
2539:
2538:
2535:
2522:Acipenseriformes
2510:
2509:
2506:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2272:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2101:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2044:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1865:
1854:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1799:
1786:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1731:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1443:Gasteropelecidae
1429:
1428:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1349:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1265:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1171:
1164:
1130:
1123:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1071:Prochilodontidae
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1000:
999:
991:
975:
974:
966:
957:
956:
943:
936:
927:
926:
920:
919:
897:
890:
872:
863:
862:
856:
855:
832:
831:
823:
807:
800:
791:
790:
783:
782:
776:
775:
760:
750:
749:
726:
725:
717:
701:
694:
692:Distichodontidae
685:
684:
677:
676:
669:
668:
510:Early Cretaceous
498:Distichodontidae
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
349:Prochilodontidae
319:Gasteropelecidae
309:Distichodontidae
205:
143:
142:
120:
105:
42:
41:Santonian–recent
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3062:
3052:
3035:
3031:Scorpaeniformes
2971:Acanthuriformes
2931:Gobiesociformes
2871:Syngnathiformes
2828:Acanthopterygii
2822:
2789:
2785:Polymixiiformes
2749:
2726:
2707:Argentiniformes
2693:
2675:
2627:
2604:
2565:
2560:
2531:
2526:
2502:
2497:
2493:Polypteriformes
2479:
2441:
2434:
2404:
2403:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2300:
2296:
2241:
2237:
2194:
2190:
2137:
2133:
2084:(8): e0183879.
2070:
2066:
2013:
2009:
1964:
1960:
1907:
1903:
1866:
1857:
1844:
1837:
1793:
1787:
1774:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1732:
1711:
1706:
1694:
1670:distichodontids
1658:Central America
1646:
1575:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1491:
1473:
1464:
1448:
1423:
1361:
1277:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1149:
1140:
1076:
1019:
1010:
994:
969:
907:
842:
826:
736:
720:
659:
588:from Spain and
538:
522:
514:Cithariniformes
440:
424:ray-finned fish
422:is an order of
380:
376:
236:
227:
224:Charax gibbosus
204:
137:
111:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:Order of fishes
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:Fish of Africa
3349:
3344:
3339:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3305:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3217:
3204:
3191:
3178:
3165:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3116:
3103:
3088:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Pempheriformes
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2911:Atheriniformes
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2886:Anabantiformes
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Percopsiformes
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:Myctophiformes
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2756:incertae sedis
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2623:Hiodontiformes
2620:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2600:Anguilliformes
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:Actinopterygii
2433:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2382:
2375:
2357:
2343:
2328:Froese, Rainer
2319:
2312:
2294:
2235:
2188:
2151:(2): 230–287.
2131:
2064:
2042:2027.42/148368
2027:(2): 662–699.
2007:
1978:(3455): 1–22.
1958:
1921:(2): 230–287.
1901:
1855:
1835:
1808:(2): 287–294.
1772:
1746:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1693:
1690:
1645:
1642:
1631:Hoplias aimara
1581:, a series of
1574:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1421:Eigenmann 1912
1414:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:Eigenmann 1912
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:Eigenmann 1909
1329:Iguanodectidae
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:Eigenmann 1903
1099:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1074:Eigenmann 1909
1067:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:Eigenmann 1910
1035:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
967:Eigenmann 1903
960:
955:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
930:
925:
923:
918:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
904:
903:
900:
899:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
866:
861:
859:
854:
852:
851:Erythrinoidea
848:
847:
844:
843:
839:
838:
835:
834:
824:Cockerell 1910
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
794:
789:
787:
781:
779:
774:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
754:
748:
746:
742:
741:
738:
737:
733:
732:
729:
728:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
688:
683:
681:
680:Citharinoidei
675:
673:
672:Characiformes
667:
658:
655:
576:Santanaichthys
537:
534:
521:
518:
439:
436:
369:
368:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
334:Iguanodectidae
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
243:
242:
238:
237:
228:
219:
218:
212:
211:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
182:Actinopterygii
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
112:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3384:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Characiformes
3335:
3334:
3332:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3112:Characiformes
3108:
3104:
3099:
3098:Characiformes
3093:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3068:Characiformes
3065:
3061:
3056:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Lutjaniformes
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Ephippiformes
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Blenniiformes
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Carangiformes
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Scombriformes
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Ophidiiformes
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Salmoniformes
2715:
2713:
2712:Galaxiiformes
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2681:Lepidogalaxii
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Gymnotiformes
2664:
2662:
2661:Characiformes
2659:
2657:
2656:Cypriniformes
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:Gnathostomata
2466:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2376:0-12-547665-5
2372:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2315:
2313:9781118342336
2309:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:2011, 11:275)
1850:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1747:0-471-25031-7
1743:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:Serrasalmidae
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:Cypriniformes
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1389:
1388:Triportheidae
1383:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:Ctenoluciidae
1240:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:Chilodontidae
1098:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
990:
989:Hemiodontidae
984:
983:
980:
979:
976:
973:
965:
959:
958:
952:
951:
948:
947:
944:
942:
935:
934:Serrasalmidae
929:
928:
922:
921:
915:
914:
911:
910:
902:
901:
898:
896:
889:
883:
882:
879:
878:
875:
871:
865:
864:
858:
857:
850:
849:
846:
845:
837:
836:
833:
830:
822:
816:
815:
812:
811:
808:
806:
799:
793:
792:
785:
784:
778:
777:
771:
770:
767:
766:
763:
759:
753:Crenuchoidea
752:
751:
744:
743:
740:
739:
731:
730:
727:
724:
716:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
700:
693:
687:
686:
679:
678:
671:
670:
666:
664:
654:
652:
651:Serrasalmidae
648:
644:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
617:
612:
608:
604:
603:Maastrichtian
599:
597:
593:
592:
591:Sorbinicharax
587:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:of the Early
561:
560:
559:Santanichthys
555:
554:ginglymodians
551:
547:
543:
533:
531:
527:
526:West Gondwana
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:Citharinoidei
492:The suborder
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
460:Gymnotiformes
457:
453:
452:Cypriniformes
449:
445:
435:
433:
429:
425:
419:
375:
374:Characiformes
365:
364:Triportheidae
362:
360:
357:
355:
354:Serrasalmidae
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
324:Hemiodontidae
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
294:Ctenoluciidae
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
279:Chilodontidae
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
244:
239:
235:
231:
226:
225:
220:
217:
213:
208:
203:
202:Characiformes
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
132:
129:
128:
123:
119:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
35:Characiformes
33:
30:
19:
3342:Ostariophysi
3067:
3006:Lophiiformes
3001:Caproiformes
2981:Lobotiformes
2956:Moroniformes
2941:Gerreiformes
2926:Mugiliformes
2921:Beloniformes
2906:Cichliformes
2836:Beryciformes
2780:Lampriformes
2770:Aulopiformes
2754:
2745:Stomiiformes
2740:Osmeriformes
2671:Siluriformes
2660:
2641:Clupeiformes
2590:Albuliformes
2475:Osteichthyes
2467:Infraphylum
2395:
2391:
2385:
2366:
2360:
2346:
2335:
2322:
2303:
2297:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2024:
2020:
2010:
1975:
1969:
1961:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1877:
1873:
1848:
1805:
1801:
1767:
1735:
1695:
1647:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1601:between the
1587:swim bladder
1576:
1484:
1446:Bleeker 1859
1441:
1416:
1386:
1345:
1327:
1295:
1263:Lebiasinidae
1261:
1248:Schultz 1944
1243:
1226:Characoidea
1160:
1119:
1101:
1069:
1039:Parodontidae
1037:
992:Bleeker 1859
987:
964:Cynodontidae
962:
937:Bleeker 1859
932:
888:Erythrinidae
886:
870:Tarumaniidae
868:
819:
796:
786:Alestioidea
756:
745:Characoidei
718:Günther 1864
715:Citharinidae
713:
695:Günther 1864
690:
662:
660:
639:
627:Primuluchara
626:
620:
616:Primuluchara
614:
600:
589:
583:
575:
557:
539:
523:
502:Citharinidae
491:
489:are known.
481:, about 270
475:monophyletic
468:
464:sister group
456:Siluriformes
448:Ostariophysi
441:
373:
372:
359:Tarumaniidae
344:Parodontidae
339:Lebiasinidae
314:Erythrinidae
304:Cynodontidae
284:Citharinidae
222:
216:Type species
201:
188:(unranked):
125:
29:
3195:iNaturalist
3092:Wikispecies
3026:Perciformes
2986:Spariformes
2951:Labriformes
2866:Gobiiformes
2861:Kurtiformes
2722:Esociformes
2585:Elopiformes
2577:Elopomorpha
2533:Neopterygii
2514:Chondrostei
2504:Actinopteri
2473:Superclass
2398:(3): 47–56.
2174:10831/67493
1944:10831/67493
1674:citharinids
1611:carnivorous
1599:adipose fin
1573:Description
1391:Fowler 1940
1300:Fowler 1958
1162:Anostomidae
1121:Curimatidae
758:Crenuchidae
622:Eotexachara
506:Characoidei
299:Curimatidae
289:Crenuchidae
259:Anostomidae
3331:Categories
2818:Gadiformes
2633:Otocephala
2556:Amiiformes
2463:Vertebrata
2461:Subphylum
2392:Beaufortia
2208:: 104993.
1704:References
1650:Neotropics
1603:dorsal fin
1486:Characidae
1418:Bryconidae
1297:Chalceidae
821:Alestiidae
801:Hubbs 1939
798:Hepsetidae
647:Characidae
564:Cretaceous
546:Cenomanian
471:Characidae
329:Hepsetidae
274:Characidae
269:Chalceidae
264:Bryconidae
110:occurrence
108:Cenomanian
2808:Zeiformes
2567:Teleostei
2485:Cladistia
2230:0195-6671
2183:1789-3348
2108:1932-6203
2051:1464-7931
1993:2246/2765
1953:1789-3348
1896:0079-032X
1756:cite book
1682:hepsetids
1591:inner ear
1266:Gill 1889
1124:Gill 1858
657:Phylogeny
631:Laramidia
611:Campanian
585:Salminops
580:otophysan
542:Santonian
520:Evolution
254:Alestidae
241:Families
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
106:Possible
3119:BioLib:
3077:Wikidata
2732:Stomiati
2543:Holostei
2457:Chordata
2451:Animalia
2449:Kingdom
2337:FishBase
2289:28683774
2126:28846739
2078:PLOS ONE
2059:30338909
2002:85575649
1830:84010604
1686:Americas
1678:alestids
607:alestids
596:teleosts
570:Age) of
479:families
444:Otophysi
438:Taxonomy
230:Linnaeus
192:Otophysi
172:Chordata
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
18:Characin
3083:Q217458
2455:Phylum
2436:Extant
2280:5501477
2257:Bibcode
2210:Bibcode
2153:Bibcode
2117:5573274
2086:Bibcode
1923:Bibcode
1810:Bibcode
550:Morocco
536:Fossils
530:Miocene
487:species
428:piranha
198:Order:
178:Class:
3314:151956
3301:113889
3298:uBio:
3265:701511
3226:553129
3174:1CHRCO
2373:
2310:
2287:
2277:
2228:
2181:
2124:
2114:
2106:
2057:
2049:
2000:
1951:
1894:
1828:
1744:
1698:tetras
1680:, and
1660:. The
663:et al.
649:, and
572:Brazil
568:Albian
483:genera
458:, and
432:tetras
209:, 1911
3309:WoRMS
3286:Plazi
3278:92060
3213:10029
3208:IRMNG
3200:47388
3122:15666
1998:S2CID
1880:(1).
1826:S2CID
1654:South
207:Regan
3252:7991
3247:NCBI
3221:ITIS
3182:GBIF
3169:EPPO
3161:6896
3130:BOLD
2371:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2285:PMID
2226:ISSN
2179:ISSN
2122:PMID
2104:ISSN
2055:PMID
2047:ISSN
1949:ISSN
1892:ISSN
1762:link
1742:ISBN
1656:and
1628:and
1622:and
1607:tail
1605:and
1589:and
1583:bony
619:and
500:and
430:and
234:1758
46:PreꞒ
3234:NBN
3187:537
3156:EoL
3143:CoL
3135:272
3107:ADW
2275:PMC
2265:doi
2218:doi
2206:128
2169:hdl
2161:doi
2112:PMC
2094:doi
2037:hdl
2029:doi
1988:hdl
1980:doi
1939:hdl
1931:doi
1882:doi
1818:doi
1796:PDF
548:of
406:ɔːr
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