733:
members of my family. On the ensuing day, September 23rd, the people collected in crowds upon my farm, and some hundred or so came up to my house and ordered off, under threats of ulterior consequences, all my farm labourers, workmen, and stablemen, commanding them never to work for me again. My herd has been frightened by them into giving up his employment, though he has refused to give up the house he held from me as part of his emolument. Another herd on an off farm has also been compelled to resign his situation. My blacksmith has received a letter threatening him with murder if he does any more work for me, and my laundress has also been ordered to give up my washing. A little boy, twelve years of age, who carried my post-bag to and from the neighbouring town of
Ballinrobe, was struck and threatened on 27th September, and ordered to desist from his work; since which time I have sent my little nephew for my letters and even he, on 2nd October, was stopped on the road and threatened if he continued to act as my messenger. The shopkeepers have been warned to stop all supplies to my house, and I have just received a message from the post mistress to say that the telegraph messenger was stopped and threatened on the road when bringing out a message to me and that she does not think it safe to send any telegrams which may come for me in the future for fear they should be abstracted and the messenger injured. My farm is public property; the people wander over it with impunity. My crops are trampled upon, carried away in quantities, and destroyed wholesale. The locks on my gates are smashed, the gates thrown open, the walls thrown down, and the stock driven out on the roads. I can get no workmen to do anything, and my ruin is openly avowed as the object of the Land League unless I throw up everything and leave the country. I say nothing about the danger to my own life, which is apparent to anybody who knows the country.
400:
40:
465:
314:
572:
557:
1126:, he became seriously ill, and had to return to England. His health continued to deteriorate, and on 19 June 1897 he died at his home in Flixton, aged 65. His funeral and burial took place at the church at Burgh St Peter, conducted by his nephew Arthur St John Boycott, who was at Lough Mask during the first boycott. Charles Boycott's widow, Annie, was subsequently sued over the funeral expenses and other debts, and had to sell some assets. A number of London newspapers, including
700:, they advised Boycott's servants and labourers to leave his employment immediately. Boycott said that many of his servants were forced to leave "under threat of ulterior consequences". Martin Branigan, a labourer who subsequently sued Boycott for non-payment of wages, claimed he left because he was afraid of the people who came into the field where he was working. Eventually, all Boycott's employees left, forcing him to run the estate without help.
543:
maintained that he was on good terms with his tenants, they said that he had laid down many petty restrictions, such as not allowing gates to be left open and not allowing hens to trespass on his property, and that he fined anyone who transgressed these restrictions. He had also withdrawn privileges from the tenants, such as collecting wood from the estate. In August 1880, his labourers went on strike in a dispute over a wage increase.
707:, postman, and laundress were persuaded or volunteered to stop serving Boycott. Boycott's young nephew volunteered to act as postman, but he was intercepted en route between Ballinrobe and Lough Mask, and told that he would be in danger if he continued. Soon, shopkeepers in Ballinrobe stopped serving Boycott, and he had to bring food and other provisions by boat from
660:
streets of the town – you must shun him in the shop – you must shun him on the fair green and in the market place, and even in the place of worship, by leaving him alone, by putting him in moral
Coventry, by isolating him from the rest of the country, as if he were the leper of old – you must show him your detestation of the crime he committed.
842:, left for County Mayo. Additional troops had already arrived in County Mayo to protect the expedition. Boycott himself said that he did not want such a large number of South Ulstermen, as he had saved the grain harvest himself, and that only ten or fifteen labourers were needed to save the root crops. He feared that bringing a large number of
993:"Well," I said, "When the people ostracise a land-grabber we call it social excommunication, but we ought to have an entirely different word to signify ostracism applied to a landlord or land-agent like Boycott. Ostracism won't do – the peasantry would not know the meaning of the word – and I can't think of any other."
594:
much smaller—on average between 15 and 50 acres (0.06–0.20 km). Many small farmers worked as labourers on the larger farms. The poorest agricultural workers were the landless labourers, who worked on the land of other farmers. Farmers were an important group politically, having more votes than any other sector of society.
1602:
673:
poor harvest, but all except two of his tenants demanded a 25 per cent reduction. Boycott said that he had written to Lord Erne, and that Erne had refused to accede to the tenants' demands. He then issued demands for the outstanding rents, and obtained eviction notices against eleven tenants.
593:
Landlords generally divided their estates into smaller farms that they rented to tenant farmers. Tenant farmers were generally on one-year leases, and could be evicted even if they paid their rents. Some of the tenants were large farmers who farmed over 100 acres (0.40 km), but the majority were
732:
Sir, The following detail may be interesting to your readers as exemplifying the power of the Land League. On the 22nd September a process-server, escorted by a police force of seventeen men, retreated to my house for protection, followed by a howling mob of people, who yelled and hooted at the
946:
of the house intervened, and a measure was introduced whereby the
Speaker could control the house if there was a three to one majority in favour of the business being urgent. This was the first time that a check was placed on a debate in a British parliament. The act was passed on 28 February 1881.
753:
that contained an interview with
Boycott. He reported that Boycott had £500 worth of crops that would rot if help could not be found to harvest them. According to Becker, "Personally he is protected, but no woman in Ballinrobe would dream of washing him a cravat or making him a loaf. All the people
684:
began the attempt to serve
Boycott's eviction notices. Legally, they had to be delivered to the head of the household or his spouse within a certain time period. The process server successfully delivered notices to three of the tenants, but a fourth, Mrs Fitzmorris, refused to accept the notice and
672:
The Land League was very active in the Lough Mask area, and one of the local leaders, Father John O'Malley, had been involved in the labourer's strike in August 1880. The following month, Lord Erne's tenants were due to pay their rents. He had agreed to a 10 per cent reduction owing to a
585:
commissioned a survey to find who owned the land in
Ireland. The survey found that almost all land was the property of just 10,000 people, or 0.2 per cent of the population. The majority were small landlords, but the 750 richest landlords owned half of the country between them. Many of the richest
434:
Boycott was involved in a number of disputes while on Achill. Two years after his arrival, he was unsuccessfully sued for assault by Thomas Clarke, a local man. Clarke said that he had gone to
Boycott's house because Boycott owed him money. He said that he had asked for repayment of the debt, and
659:
I wish to point out to you a very much better way – a more
Christian and charitable way, which will give the lost man an opportunity of repenting. When a man takes a farm from which another has been evicted, you must shun him on the roadside when you meet him – you must shun him in the
542:
During his time in Lough Mask before the controversy began, Boycott had become unpopular with the tenants. He had become a magistrate and was an
Englishman, which may have contributed to his unpopularity, but according to Marlow it was due more to his personal temperament. While Boycott himself
833:
that he would not allow an armed expedition of hundreds of men, as the committee was planning, and that 50 unarmed men would be sufficient to harvest the crops. He said that the government would consider it their duty to protect this group. On 10 November 1880, the relief expedition from South
638:
In
October 1879, after forming the Land League of Mayo, Davitt formed the Irish National Land League. The Land League's aims were to reduce rents and to stop evictions, and in the long term, to make tenant farmers owners of the land they farmed. Davitt asked Parnell to become the leader of the
539:. Joyce Marlow wrote that Boycott had become set in his mode of thought, and that his twenty years on Achill had "...strengthened his innate belief in the divine right of the masters, and the tendency to behave as he saw fit, without regard to other people's point of view or feelings."
850:
The expedition from South Ulster experienced hostile protests on their route through County Mayo, but there was no violence, and they harvested the crops without incident. Rumours spread amongst the South Ulstermen that an attack was being planned on the farm, but none materialised.
846:
into County Mayo could lead to sectarian violence. While local Land League leaders said that there would be no trouble from them if the aim was simply to harvest the crops, more extreme sections of the local population did threaten violence against the expedition and the troops.
435:
that Boycott had refused to pay him and told him to go away, which Clarke refused to do. Clarke alleged that Boycott approached him and said: "If you do not be off, I will make you." Clarke later withdrew his allegations, and said that Boycott did not actually owe him any money.
875:, where Boycott was received with some hostility. The hotel he stayed in received letters saying that it would be 'boycotted' if Boycott remained. He had intended to stay in Dublin for a week, but Boycott was advised to cut his stay short. He left Dublin for England on the
443:. The dispute began when Boycott and Carr supported different sets of candidates in elections for the Board of Guardians to the Church Mission Estate, and Boycott's candidates won. Carr was also the local receiver of wrecks, which meant that he was entitled to collect the
427:, Boycott's life on the island was difficult initially, and in Boycott's own words it was only after "a long struggle against adverse circumstances" that he became prosperous. With money from another inheritance and profits from farming, he built a large house near
635:, arranged to have Davitt released on probation. When Davitt returned to County Mayo, he was impressed by the Fenians' attempts to organise farmers. He thought that the "land question" was the best way to get the support of the farmers for Irish independence.
1611:
244:
encouraged Boycott's employees (including the seasonal workers required to harvest the crops on Lord Erne's estate) to withdraw their labour, and began a campaign of isolation against Boycott in the local community. This campaign included shops in nearby
896:'Boycotting' had strengthened the power of the peasants, and by the end of 1880 there were reports of boycotting from all over Ireland. The events at Lough Mask had also increased the power of the Land League, and the popularity of Parnell as a leader.
804:
in early November 1880, The Boycott Relief Fund was established to arrange an armed expedition to Lough Mask. Plans soon gained momentum, and within days, the fund had received many subscriptions. The committee had arranged with the
911:
After the boycotting, Gladstone discussed the issue of land reform, writing in an 1880 letter, "The subject of the land weighs greatly on my mind and I am working on it to the best of my ability." In December 1880, the
655:, to a crowd of Land League members. He asked the crowd, "What do you do with a tenant who bids for a farm from which his neighbour has been evicted?" The crowd responded, "kill him", "shoot him". Parnell replied:
447:
from all shipwrecks in the area, and guard it until it was sold in a public auction. The local receiver had a right to a percentage of the sale and to keep whatever did not sell. In 1860 Carr wrote a letter to the
899:
On 28 December 1880, Parnell and other Land League leaders were put on trial on charges of conspiracy to prevent the payment of rent. The trial attracted thousands of people onto the streets outside the court. A
1915:
438:
Both Boycott and McGregor Blacker were involved in a protracted dispute with Mr Carr, the agent for the Achill Church Mission Estate, from whom McGregor Blacker leased the lands, and Mr O'Donnell, Carr's
518:
Boycott agreed to be Lord Erne's agent for 1,500 acres (6.1 km) he owned in County Mayo. One of Boycott's responsibilities was to collect rents from tenant farmers on the land, for which he earned
885:
The cost to the government of harvesting Boycott's crops was estimated at £10,000: in Parnell's words, "one shilling for every turnip dug from Boycott's land". In a letter requesting compensation to
345:
revoked civil and religious liberties to French Protestants. Charles Boycott was named Boycatt in his baptismal records. The family changed the spelling of its name from Boycatt to Boycott in 1841.
685:
began waving a red flag to alert other tenants that the notices were being served. The women of the area descended on the process server and the constabulary, and began throwing stones, mud, and
1009:
on 12 October 1880. The coining of the word, and its first use in print, came before Boycott and his situation was widely known outside County Mayo. In November 1880, an article in the
758:" Boycott had been advised to leave, but he told Becker that "I can hardly desert Lord Erne, and, moreover, my own property is sunk in this place." Becker's report was reprinted in the
290:(RIC) were deployed to protect the harvesters. The episode was estimated to have cost the British government and others at least £10,000 to harvest about £500 worth of crops.
819:
denounced the organisers of the expedition, and asked, "How is it that this Government do not consider it necessary to prosecute the promoters of these warlike expeditions?"
947:
There was a negative reaction to the passing of the act in both England and Ireland. In England, the Anti-Coercion Association was established, which was a precursor to the
387:, Arran Quay, Dublin. He was ill between August 1851 and February 1852 and sold his commission the following year, but decided to remain in Ireland. He leased a farm in
423:
2,000 acres (809 ha) of land belonging to the Irish Church Mission Society on Achill to Boycott, who moved there in 1854. According to Joyce Marlow in the book
452:
stating that Boycott and his men had illegally broken up a wreck and moved the salvage to Boycott's property. In response to this accusation, Boycott sued Carr for
1096:, including Murray McGregor Blacker, a friend from his time on Achill Island who had settled in the United States. Boycott returned to England after some months.
904:
reporter wrote that the court reminded him "more of the stalls of the theatre on opera night". On 24 January 1881, the judge dismissed the jury, it having been
867:. A carriage had been hired for the family, but no driver could be found for it, and an army ambulance and driver had to be used. The ambulance was escorted to
1082:
said that, "The arrival of Captain Boycott, who has involuntarily added a new word to the language, is an event of something like international interest."
958:, in which the principle of the dual ownership of the land between landlords and tenants was established, and the three Fs introduced. The act set up the
1038:
1138:
Charles Boycott and the events that led to his name entering the English language have been the subject of several works of fiction. The first was
943:
1076:
After leaving Ireland, Boycott and his family visited the United States. His arrival in New York generated a great deal of media interest; the
523:
of the total rent due to Lord Erne, which was £500 each year. In his roles as farmer and agent, Boycott employed numerous local people as
2204:
384:
2219:
917:
582:
240:(fair rent, fixity of tenure, and free sale) and specifically in resistance to proposed evictions on the estate, local activists of the
935:
719:
Before October 1880, Boycott's situation was little known outside County Mayo. On 14 October of that year, Boycott wrote a letter to
2214:
2028:
1115:
race committee. Boycott continued to spend holidays in Ireland, and according to Joyce Marlow, he left Ireland without bitterness.
329:
Charles Cunningham Boycott was born in 1832 to Reverend William Boycatt and his wife Georgiana. He grew up in the village of
2179:
605:
tried to organise the tenant farmers in County Mayo to resist eviction. They mounted a demonstration against a local landlord in
934:—should be introduced before any Land Act. Gladstone eventually accepted this argument. When Forster attempted to introduce the
968:, the act was "probably the most important measure introduced into the House of Commons since the passing of the Reform Bill".
774:
published a letter proposing a fund to finance a party of men to go to County Mayo to save Boycott's crops. Between them, the
266:. Newspapers sent correspondents to the West of Ireland to highlight what they viewed as the victimisation of a servant of a
2138:
1220:
1118:
In early 1897, Boycott's health became very poor. In an attempt to improve his health, he and his wife went on a cruise to
890:
664:
This speech set out the Land League's powerful weapon of social ostracism, which was first used against Charles Boycott.
218:
628:
403:
The former house of Charles Boycott on Achill Island. The house has been modernised and renovated since Boycott's time.
2098:
2067:
2042:
2014:
1987:
1968:
983:
was coined by Father O'Malley in a discussion between them on 23 September 1880. The following is Redpath's account:
2199:
2148:
1052:, "Apparently there was no other word in the English language to describe this dispute." The word also entered the
930:—which would punish those who participated in events like those at Lough Mask, and would include the suspension of
353:
2169:
1088:
said, "For private reasons the visitor made the voyage incognito, being registered simply as 'Charles Cunningham.
503:. He owned 40,386 acres (163.44 km) of land in Ireland, of which 31,389 were in County Fermanagh, 4,826 in
249:
refusing to serve him, and the withdrawal of services. Some were threatened with violence to ensure compliance.
50:
1015:
referred to the word as a local term in connection to the boycotting of a Ballinrobe merchant. Still in 1880,
360:. He was discharged from the academy in 1849 after failing a periodic exam, and the following year his family
1044:
962:, a judicial body that would fix rents for a period of 15 years and guarantee fixity of tenure. According to
806:
590:
who lived in Britain or elsewhere in Ireland, and paid agents like Charles Boycott to manage their estates.
2111:
2086:
692:
The process server tried unsuccessfully to serve the notices the following day. News soon spread to nearby
616:
581:
In the nineteenth century, agriculture was the biggest industry in Ireland. In 1876, the government of the
480:
222:
148:
2209:
2174:
1017:
955:
826:
1832:
305:. He died at the age of 65 on 19 June 1897 in his home in Flixton, after an illness earlier that year.
2137:
2053:
241:
166:
475:
In 1873, Boycott moved to Lough Mask House, owned by Lord Erne, four miles (6 km) from
407:
After receiving an inheritance, Boycott was persuaded by his friend, Murray McGregor Blacker, a local
681:
357:
287:
886:
624:
575:
313:
221:, which brought him to Ireland. After retiring from the army, Boycott worked as a land agent for
1958:
1144:
999:
He looked down, tapped his big forehead, and said: "How would it do to call it to Boycott him?"
923:
913:
822:
766:
606:
20:
2090:
2006:
1920:
1777:
1011:
959:
750:
749:, travelled to Ireland to cover Boycott's situation. On 24 October, he wrote a dispatch from
399:
2189:
2184:
1947:
1606:
938:, Parnell and other Land League MPs attempted to obstruct its passage with tactics such as
815:
615:
was the son of a small tenant farmer in County Mayo who became a journalist and joined the
39:
8:
2034:
1104:
1021:
described how "To 'Boycott' has already become a verb active, signifying to 'ratten', to
1005:
964:
780:
361:
298:
100:
571:
1840:
1084:
908:
ten to two in favour of acquittal. Parnell and Davitt received this news as a victory.
843:
696:, from where many people descended on Lough Mask House, where, according to journalist
587:
349:
283:
271:
255:
337:, England; the Boycatt family had lived in Norfolk for almost 150 years. They were of
2194:
2094:
2079:
2063:
2038:
2010:
1983:
1964:
948:
708:
449:
267:
1999:
1191:
1078:
1065:
1026:
743:
After the publication of this letter, Bernard Becker, special correspondent of the
632:
556:
500:
388:
282:
travelled to Lord Erne's estate to harvest the crops, while a regiment of the
2059:
2121:
1170:
1153:
1061:
839:
760:
745:
564:
536:
279:
1224:
1142:, a 1946 romantic novel by Phillip Rooney. This was the basis for the 1947 film
1996:
1111:, England. He had a passion for horses and racing, and became secretary of the
1057:
677:
612:
560:
528:
504:
444:
330:
318:
116:
77:
1168:
as Charles Boycott. More recently the story was the subject of the 2012 novel
1003:
According to Joyce Marlow, the word was first used in print by Redpath in the
2163:
1157:
1149:
931:
697:
689:
at them, succeeding in driving them away to seek refuge in Lough Mask House.
496:
492:
412:
813:
to County Mayo. Many nationalists viewed the expedition as an invasion. The
293:
Boycott left Ireland on 1 December 1880, and in 1886, became land agent for
1165:
1161:
927:
864:
835:
652:
508:
275:
215:
1889:
868:
639:
league. In 1880, Parnell was also elected leader of the Home Rule Party.
620:
488:
416:
230:
45:
2115:
893:, Boycott said that he had lost £6,000 of his investment in the estate.
2143:
1997:
Hachey, Thomas E.; Hernon, Joseph M.; McCaffrey, Lawrence John (1996).
1100:
1022:
939:
860:
704:
693:
476:
469:
408:
383:, where it remained for a year. In 1852, Boycott married Anne Dunne in
294:
246:
226:
201:
153:
129:
464:
2081:
Boycott in America: How Imagination and Ideology Shape the Legal Mind
1050:
Boycott in America: How Imagination and Ideology Shape the Legal Mind
905:
879:
829:, made it clear in a communication with the proprietor of the Dublin
721:
524:
365:
342:
262:
208:
by his local community in Ireland gave the English language the term
205:
597:
In the 1850s, some tenant farmers formed associations to demand the
511:, and 2,184 in County Mayo. Lord Erne also owned properties in
1123:
1093:
876:
598:
532:
338:
237:
1108:
1053:
871:
railway station, where Boycott and his family boarded a train to
801:
602:
440:
372:
334:
302:
210:
104:
81:
601:: fair rent, fixity of tenure, and free sale. In the 1870s, the
1112:
872:
810:
686:
512:
484:
428:
420:
380:
1916:"Two Brothers – and a Man Whose Name Lives on in Infamy"
1119:
1030:
648:
453:
376:
352:. He was interested in the military—and in 1848, entered the
322:
754:
have to say is that they are sorry, but that they 'dare not.
375:
shortly after his arrival. Six months later, it was sent to
942:. One such filibuster lasted for 41 hours. Eventually, the
920:, recommended major land reforms, including the three Fs.
2026:
1036:". In 1888, the word was included in the first volume of
619:(IRB). He was arrested and given a 15-year sentence for
19:"Captain Boycott" redirects here. For the 1947 film, see
16:
English land agent who operated in Lough Mask (1832–1897)
459:
321:
in Norfolk, where Boycott's father William Boycott was
863:
were escorted from Lough Mask House by members of the
859:
On 27 November 1880, Boycott, his family and a local
809:
for special trains to transport the expedition from
252:
Opposition to the campaign against Boycott became a
1603:"The people of Ballinrobe and its neighbourhood..."
200:(12 March 1832 – 19 June 1897) was an English
2078:
1998:
2117:A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles
1092:" The purpose of the visit was to see friends in
1039:A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles
996:"No," said Father John, "ostracism wouldn't do."
609:and succeeded in getting him to lower his rents.
391:, where he acted as a landlord on a small scale.
2161:
260:in the British press after he wrote a letter to
647:On 19 September 1880, Parnell gave a speech in
1980:History in the Making – Ireland 1868–1966
676:Three days after Parnell's speech in Ennis, a
341:origin, and had fled from France in 1685 when
792:raised £2,000 to fund the relief expedition.
348:Boycott was educated at a boarding school in
1610:. 5 November 1880. p. 4. Archived from
642:
253:
2030:A New Dictionary of Irish History From 1800
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1526:
1524:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1399:
1397:
1395:
583:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1244:
1242:
936:Protection of Person and Property Act 1881
834:Ulster, consisting of one contingent from
38:
1588:
1586:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1099:In 1886, Boycott became a land agent for
1056:of languages other than English, such as
739:Lough Mask House, County Mayo, 14 October
236:In 1880, as part of its campaign for the
1856:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1754:
1728:
1521:
1496:
1476:
1448:
1392:
1048:). According to Gary Minda in his book,
570:
555:
551:
463:
398:
394:
312:
308:
2135:
2001:The Irish Experience: A Concise History
1977:
1960:Boycott – The Life Behind the Word
1956:
1699:
1650:
1626:
1569:
1533:
1406:
1364:
1290:
1265:
1239:
954:In April 1881 Gladstone introduced the
2162:
2110:
2051:
1982:. The Educational Company of Ireland.
1945:
1913:
1790:
1788:
1595:
1583:
1315:
1306:
1251:
1223:. Keep Military Museum. Archived from
2076:
1797:
1133:
987:I said, "I'm bothered about a word."
979:According to James Redpath, the verb
714:
460:Life in Lough Mask before controversy
325:, and where Charles Boycott is buried
2205:People from South Norfolk (district)
2027:Hickey, D.J.; Doherty, J.E. (2003).
891:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
546:
2220:19th-century British Army personnel
2139:"Boycott, Charles Cunningham"
1785:
971:
795:
667:
13:
2129:
1914:Bolger, Dermot (9 February 2013).
1592:Hickey; Doherty, (2003) p. 40
415:, a large island off the coast of
371:Boycott's regiment transferred to
14:
2231:
1518:Hachey et al, (1996) pp. 119
990:"What is it?" asked Father John.
358:Corps of Royal Sappers and Miners
2153:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
2149:Dictionary of National Biography
2136:Norgate, Gerald le Grys (1901).
1957:Boycott, Charles Arthur (1997).
1794:Murray, (1888) p. 1040
627:, then Member of Parliament for
354:Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
2215:Military personnel from Norfolk
1939:
1907:
1882:
1879:Marlow, (1973) pp. 264–276
1825:
1822:Marlow, (1973) pp. 245–249
1768:
1751:Marlow, (1973) pp. 233–243
1719:
1716:Marlow, (1973) pp. 221–231
1690:
1681:
1672:
1669:Marlow, (1973) pp. 215–219
1647:Marlow, (1973) pp. 157–173
1566:Marlow, (1973) pp. 143–155
1512:
1445:Marlow, (1973) pp. 133–142
1184:
286:and more than 1,000 men of the
185:
44:Boycott as caricatured by Spy (
2180:39th Regiment of Foot officers
1781:. 13 November 1880. p. 5.
1493:Collins, (1993) pp. 72–79
1473:Collins, (1993) pp. 19–35
1355:
1303:Boycott, (1997) pp. 89–95
1281:
1278:Boycott, (1997) pp. 84–85
1213:
1:
2055:Captain Boycott and the Irish
1389:Marlow, (1973) pp. 59–70
1352:Marlow, (1973) pp. 29–43
1312:Marlow, (1973) pp. 19–27
1262:Marlow, (1973) pp. 13–14
1201:
1071:
1045:The Oxford English Dictionary
807:Midland Great Western Railway
680:and seventeen members of the
456:and claimed £500 in damages.
425:Captain Boycott and the Irish
419:. McGregor Blacker agreed to
356:, in hopes of serving in the
270:by Irish nationalists. Fifty
2087:Southern Illinois University
1806:Minda, (1999) pp. 27–28
1775:"The Agitation in Ireland".
1206:
854:
770:. On 29 October, the Dublin
617:Irish Republican Brotherhood
7:
1696:Marlow, (1973) pp. 228
1530:Boycott, (1997) p. 232
1403:Boycott, (1997) p. 212
1190:Reference to the idiom "to
1018:The Illustrated London News
956:Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881
918:The 6th Earl of Bessborough
827:Chief Secretary for Ireland
450:Official Receiver of Wrecks
10:
2236:
1946:Becker, Bernard H (1881).
1833:"Arrival of Capt. Boycott"
1765:Marlow, (1973) p. 249
1725:Marlow, (1973) p. 225
1687:Marlow, (1973) p. 234
1580:Becker (1881) p. 1–17
1509:Collins, (1993) p. 81
1361:Boycott, (1997) p. 95
242:Irish National Land League
198:Charles Cunningham Boycott
167:Irish National Land League
64:Charles Cunningham Boycatt
18:
1287:Marlow, (1973) p. 18
1248:Boycott, (1997) p. 4
1221:"Captain Charles Boycott"
643:Parnell's speech in Ennis
468:A map of the area around
317:St Mary's church at
172:
162:
141:
122:
112:
89:
59:
37:
30:
2021:parnell shun him speech.
1177:
1130:, published obituaries.
288:Royal Irish Constabulary
2200:19th century in Ireland
2005:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
887:William Ewart Gladstone
625:Charles Stewart Parnell
576:Charles Stewart Parnell
487:landowner who lived at
362:bought him a commission
214:. He had served in the
2170:Land reform in Ireland
2052:Marlow, Joyce (1973).
1978:Collins, M.E. (1993).
1174:, by Colin C. Murphy.
1001:
924:William Edward Forster
914:Bessborough Commission
823:William Edward Forster
741:
662:
578:
568:
472:
404:
326:
254:
21:Captain Boycott (film)
1921:The Irish Independent
1778:Birmingham Daily Post
1012:Birmingham Daily Post
985:
960:Irish Land Commission
729:THE STATE OF IRELAND
727:
725:about his situation:
657:
574:
559:
552:Historical background
499:in the south-east of
467:
402:
395:Life on Achill Island
385:St Paul's Church
316:
309:Early life and family
225:, a landowner in the
2077:Minda, Gary (1999).
2035:Gill & Macmillan
1678:Marlow, (1973) p 224
481:The 3rd Earl of Erne
1952:. Macmillan and Co.
1227:on 11 November 2013
965:The Annual Register
781:The Daily Telegraph
761:Belfast News-Letter
736:CHARLES C. BOYCOTT
379:before marching to
368:regiment for £450.
331:Burgh St Peter
319:Burgh St Peter
117:Burgh St Peter
78:Burgh St Peter
2210:Burials in Norfolk
2175:Civil disobedience
1963:. Carbonel Press.
1841:The New York Times
1134:In popular culture
1085:The New York Times
1060:, French, German,
844:Ulster Protestants
715:Newspaper coverage
631:and member of the
588:absentee landlords
579:
569:
473:
405:
350:Blackheath, London
327:
284:19th Royal Hussars
1949:Disturbed Ireland
1894:The Irish in Film
1890:"Captain Boycott"
1607:Freeman's Journal
816:Freeman's Journal
703:Within days, the
547:Lough Mask affair
268:peer of the realm
195:
194:
149:The 3rd Earl Erne
2227:
2154:
2151:(1st supplement)
2141:
2125:
2107:
2105:boycott history.
2084:
2073:
2048:
2023:
2004:
1993:
1974:
1953:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1837:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1807:
1804:
1795:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1648:
1645:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1614:on 30 April 2012
1599:
1593:
1590:
1581:
1578:
1567:
1564:
1531:
1528:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1494:
1491:
1474:
1471:
1446:
1443:
1404:
1401:
1390:
1387:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1263:
1260:
1249:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1217:
1195:
1192:send to Coventry
1188:
1091:
1079:New York Tribune
1042:(later known as
1035:
1027:send to Coventry
796:Saving the crops
757:
668:Community action
633:Home Rule League
522:
501:County Fermanagh
479:in County Mayo.
389:County Tipperary
259:
189:
187:
96:
73:
71:
42:
28:
27:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2160:
2159:
2132:
2130:Further reading
2122:Clarendon Press
2120:. Vol. 1.
2101:
2070:
2045:
2017:
1990:
1971:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1755:
1750:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1651:
1646:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1570:
1565:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1497:
1492:
1477:
1472:
1449:
1444:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1388:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1154:Stewart Granger
1145:Captain Boycott
1140:Captain Boycott
1136:
1089:
1074:
1033:
977:
882:on 1 December.
857:
840:County Monaghan
798:
764:and the Dublin
755:
717:
670:
645:
565:Napoleon Sarony
554:
549:
520:
462:
397:
311:
280:County Monaghan
191:
188: 1852)
183:
179:
158:
137:
108:
98:
94:
85:
75:
69:
67:
66:
65:
55:
33:
32:Charles Boycott
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2156:
2155:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2108:
2099:
2074:
2068:
2049:
2043:
2024:
2015:
1994:
1988:
1975:
1969:
1954:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1906:
1881:
1855:
1844:. 6 April 1881
1824:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1767:
1753:
1727:
1718:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1649:
1625:
1594:
1582:
1568:
1532:
1520:
1511:
1495:
1475:
1447:
1405:
1391:
1363:
1354:
1314:
1305:
1289:
1280:
1264:
1250:
1238:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1135:
1132:
1073:
1070:
976:
970:
926:argued that a
856:
853:
797:
794:
716:
713:
678:process server
669:
666:
644:
641:
613:Michael Davitt
561:Michael Davitt
553:
550:
548:
545:
537:house-servants
505:County Donegal
483:was a wealthy
461:
458:
396:
393:
343:Louis XIV
310:
307:
223:Lord Erne
193:
192:
181:
177:
176:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
157:
156:
154:Sir Hugh Adair
151:
145:
143:
139:
138:
136:
135:
132:
126:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
99:
97:(aged 65)
91:
87:
86:
76:
63:
61:
57:
56:
54:, January 1881
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2232:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2112:Murray, James
2109:
2106:
2102:
2100:0-8093-2174-2
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2069:0-233-96430-4
2065:
2061:
2060:André Deutsch
2057:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2044:0-7171-2520-3
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2016:1-56324-791-7
2012:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1989:0-86167-305-0
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1970:0-9531407-0-9
1966:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:Kathleen Ryan
1155:
1151:
1150:Frank Launder
1148:—directed by
1147:
1146:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
984:
982:
975:
969:
967:
966:
961:
957:
952:
950:
945:
941:
940:filibustering
937:
933:
932:habeas corpus
929:
925:
921:
919:
915:
909:
907:
903:
902:Daily Express
897:
894:
892:
888:
883:
881:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
852:
848:
845:
841:
838:and one from
837:
832:
831:Daily Express
828:
824:
820:
818:
817:
812:
808:
803:
793:
791:
787:
783:
782:
777:
776:Daily Express
773:
772:Daily Express
769:
768:
767:Daily Express
763:
762:
752:
748:
747:
740:
737:
734:
730:
726:
724:
723:
712:
710:
706:
701:
699:
698:James Redpath
695:
690:
688:
683:
679:
674:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
640:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
591:
589:
584:
577:
573:
566:
562:
558:
544:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:Newtownbutler
494:
493:country house
490:
486:
482:
478:
471:
466:
457:
455:
451:
446:
442:
436:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Achill Island
411:, to move to
410:
401:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
320:
315:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:
258:
257:
256:cause célèbre
250:
248:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
199:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
144:
140:
133:
131:
128:
127:
125:
121:
118:
115:
113:Resting place
111:
106:
102:
92:
88:
83:
79:
74:12 March 1832
62:
58:
53:
52:
47:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
2157:
2147:
2116:
2104:
2080:
2054:
2029:
2020:
2000:
1979:
1959:
1948:
1940:Bibliography
1925:. Retrieved
1919:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1846:. Retrieved
1839:
1827:
1776:
1770:
1721:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:the original
1605:
1597:
1514:
1357:
1308:
1283:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1215:
1186:
1169:
1166:Cecil Parker
1162:Alastair Sim
1152:and starred
1143:
1139:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1016:
1010:
1004:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
980:
978:
973:
963:
953:
949:Labour Party
928:Coercion Act
922:
916:, headed by
910:
901:
898:
895:
884:
865:19th Hussars
858:
849:
836:County Cavan
830:
821:
814:
799:
789:
785:
779:
775:
771:
765:
759:
744:
742:
738:
735:
731:
728:
720:
718:
702:
691:
675:
671:
663:
658:
653:County Clare
646:
637:
611:
596:
592:
580:
541:
521:ten per cent
517:
509:County Sligo
474:
437:
433:
424:
406:
370:
347:
328:
292:
276:County Cavan
261:
251:
235:
216:British Army
209:
197:
196:
178:Anne Boycott
95:(1897-06-19)
93:19 June 1897
49:
25:
2190:1897 deaths
2185:1832 births
2144:Lee, Sidney
1029:', and to '
1006:Inter-Ocean
869:Claremorris
790:News Letter
621:gun-running
507:, 1,996 in
489:Crom Castle
417:County Mayo
231:County Mayo
123:Occupations
51:Vanity Fair
46:Leslie Ward
2164:Categories
2089:. p.
1202:References
1107:estate in
1101:Hugh Adair
1072:Later life
1023:intimidate
981:to boycott
861:magistrate
786:Daily News
746:Daily News
705:blacksmith
694:Ballinrobe
477:Ballinrobe
470:Lough Mask
409:magistrate
301:estate in
295:Hugh Adair
247:Ballinrobe
227:Lough Mask
202:land agent
130:Land agent
70:1832-03-12
1848:2 January
1618:21 August
1207:Footnotes
1128:The Times
972:The word
880:mail boat
855:Aftermath
722:The Times
607:Irishtown
525:labourers
366:39th Foot
272:Orangemen
263:The Times
219:39th Foot
206:ostracism
142:Employers
107:, England
84:, England
2195:Boycotts
2114:(1888).
1927:26 April
1899:26 April
1124:Brindisi
1094:Virginia
877:Holyhead
751:Westport
599:three Fs
533:coachmen
339:Huguenot
238:Three Fs
229:area of
163:Opponent
2146:(ed.).
1171:Boycott
1109:Suffolk
1105:Flixton
1066:Russian
1054:lexicon
974:boycott
944:Speaker
889:, then
802:Belfast
603:Fenians
445:salvage
441:bailiff
373:Belfast
364:in the
335:Norfolk
303:Suffolk
299:Flixton
211:boycott
190:
182:
105:Suffolk
101:Flixton
82:Norfolk
2097:
2066:
2041:
2013:
1986:
1967:
1231:4 July
1164:, and
1113:Bungay
1062:Polish
1025:, to '
873:Dublin
811:Ulster
788:, and
687:manure
535:, and
529:grooms
513:Dublin
485:Ulster
429:Dooagh
421:sublet
381:Dublin
204:whose
173:Spouse
134:farmer
2142:. In
1836:(PDF)
1178:Notes
1122:. In
1120:Malta
1058:Dutch
1031:taboo
649:Ennis
629:Meath
586:were
495:near
454:libel
377:Newry
323:vicar
274:from
184:(
180:
48:) in
2095:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1929:2013
1901:2013
1850:2012
1620:2012
1233:2010
1064:and
906:hung
709:Cong
567:1882
491:, a
278:and
90:Died
60:Born
2091:227
2007:119
1103:'s
800:In
682:RIC
563:by
333:in
297:'s
2166::
2103:.
2093:.
2085:.
2062:.
2058:.
2037:.
2033:.
2019:.
2009:.
1918:.
1892:.
1858:^
1838:.
1811:^
1799:^
1787:^
1756:^
1730:^
1701:^
1652:^
1628:^
1585:^
1571:^
1535:^
1523:^
1498:^
1478:^
1450:^
1408:^
1394:^
1366:^
1317:^
1292:^
1267:^
1253:^
1241:^
1194:".
1160:,
1156:,
1068:.
951:.
825:,
784:,
778:,
711:.
651:,
623:.
531:,
527:,
515:.
431:.
233:.
186:m.
103:,
80:,
2124:.
2072:.
2047:.
1992:.
1973:.
1931:.
1903:.
1852:.
1622:.
1235:.
1090:'
1034:'
756:'
72:)
68:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)