1171:
517:
463:, Hall shot Patrick Coleman, a whaler in his party, claiming that Coleman, himself unarmed, was attempting mutiny. Other whalers in the party claimed the attack occurred because Hall was angry that Coleman was interviewing local Inuit without his permission. Coleman died two weeks after being shot, during which Hall expressed remorse and tried to heal him. Hall was never tried for Coleman's murder: the Canadian government considered it under American jurisdiction and the American government entirely ignored the matter. Two days after Coleman's death, the whaling ships
102:
25:
812:
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1152:
549:, Hall suddenly fell ill after drinking a cup of coffee. He collapsed in what was described as a fit. For the next week he suffered from vomiting and delirium, then seemed to improve for a few days. At that time, he accused several of the ship's company, including Bessels, of having poisoned him. Shortly thereafter, Hall died on November 8. Hall was taken ashore and given a formal burial.
349:
456:, Hall found remains and artifacts from the Franklin expedition, and made more inquiries about their fate from natives living there. Hall eventually came to believe that the stories of survivors were unreliable, either by the Inuit or his own readiness to give them overly optimistic interpretations.
625:
of the time. Loomis considered it possible that he was murdered by one of the other members of the expedition, possibly
Bessels, though no charges were ever filed. Most recently, the emergence of affectionate letters written by both Hall and Bessels to
507:
as physician and chief of scientific staff. The expedition was troubled from the start as the party split into rival factions. Hall's authority over the expedition was resented by a large portion of the party, and discipline broke down.
429:
Over the course of 1863, Hall planned a second expedition to seek more clues on the fate of
Franklin, including efforts to find any of the rumoured survivors or their written records. The first attempt, using the 95-ton schooner,
575:
from the pack and head south. A group, including Tyson, became separated as the pack broke up violently and threatened to crush the ship in the fall of 1872. The group of 19 drifted over 1,500 miles (2,400 km) on an
419:, equally obsessed by Franklin's fate. The two eventually came to a disagreement, owing mostly to Snow's slow editing. Snow later claimed that Hall had used his ideas for the search for Franklin without giving him due credit.
545:—present-day Hall Bay—on September 10, 1871, and anchored for the winter on the shore of northern Greenland. That fall, upon returning to the ship from a sledging expedition with an Inuit guide to a fjord which he named
340:
Around 1857, Hall became interested in the Arctic and spent the next few years studying the reports of previous explorers and trying to raise money for an expedition, intended primarily to learn the fate of
3717:
4316:
621:
This diagnosis is consistent with the symptoms party members reported. It is possible that Hall treated himself with the poison, as arsenic was a common ingredient of
282:
Hall returned to the ship from an exploratory sledging journey, and promptly fell ill. Before he died, he accused members of the crew—the expedition's lead scientist,
405:
Hall also found what he took to be evidence that some members of
Franklin's lost expedition were still alive. On his return to New York, Hall arranged for the
614:
had preserved the body, flag shroud, clothing, and coffin. Tests on tissue samples of bone, fingernails and hair showed that Hall died of poisoning from
560:
and was on the verge of being crushed. Nineteen of the crew and the Inuit guides abandoned ship for the surrounding ice while 14 remained aboard.
630:, a young sculptor they both met in New York while waiting for the Polaris to be outfitted, suggests a possible motive for Bessels to eliminate Hall.
568:
and crushed on
October 24. After wintering ashore, the crew sailed south in two boats and were rescued by a whaler, returning home via Scotland.
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on April 30, 1873, and probably would have all perished had the group not included several Inuit who were able to hunt for the party.
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Command of the expedition devolved on
Budington, who reorganized to try for the Pole in June 1872. This was unsuccessful and
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1869:
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394:, to which Hall traveled to inspect these items. He was assisted by his newly recruited Inuit guides, husband and wife
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503:. The party of 25 also included Hall's old friend Budington as sailing master, George Tyson as navigator, and
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arrived in
Repulse Bay. The remaining four whalers deserted to these ships while Hall stayed with the Inuit.
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Hall's third expedition was of an entirely different character. He received a grant of $ 50,000 from the
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before moving to
Rochester at a young age, where he was apprenticed to a blacksmith at a young age.
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Gross, T.; et al. (2017). "Comparative analysis of the Su-pung-er and Bayne testimonies".
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and the suspicious circumstances surrounding his death while leading the
American-sponsored
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610:, made an expedition to Greenland to exhume Hall's body. To the benefit of the professor,
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Paddock, F.; et al. (1970). "An inquest on the death of
Charles Francis Hall".
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279:. The expedition was marred by insubordination, incompetence, and poor leadership.
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1109:"Critical assessment of the oral condition of the crew of the Franklin expedition"
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Polaris: The Chief
Scientist's Recollections of the American North Pole Expedition
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445:. Finally, in July 1864, a much smaller expedition departed in the whaler
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The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole
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627:
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371:
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1108:
1019:
Potter, R. (February 28, 2006). "Arctic Passage: Prisoners of the Ice".
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The official investigation that followed ruled that Hall had died from
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The following year, the remainder of the party attempted to extricate
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437:, was abandoned, probably owing to lack of finances caused by the
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923:. Vol. 2. Columbus: Henry Howe & Son. pp. 117–118.
460:
441:
and a troubled relationship with his intended second-in-command,
395:
303:
264:, best known for his collection of Inuit testimony regarding the
2324:
317:
and engraving plates. He later published his own newspaper; the
2403:
1728:
580:
for the next six months, before being rescued off the coast of
556:
turned south. On October 12, the ship was beset by ice in
871:
The Polar and Tropical Worlds: A Description of Man and Nature
1789:
383:
999:
Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition by Charles F. Hall
362:
Hall went on his first expedition by gaining passage on the
298:
Little is known of Hall's early life. He was born either in
309:
In the 1840s, he married and drifted westward, arriving in
943:
Weird and Tragic Shores: The Story of Charles Francis Hall
1026:
848:
Life With the Esquimaux: A Narrative of Arctic Experience
355:
Life with the Esquimaux: A Narrative of Arctic Experience
348:
2994:
708:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 61–62.
889:
Fatal North: Adventure and Survival Aboard USS Polaris
756:
744:
706:
Do You See Ice?: Inuit and Americans at Home and Away
661:
649:
4317:
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
685:
673:
970:
940:
474:
4303:
424:
370:commanded by Captain Sidney O. Budington out of
973:The Polar Passion: The Quest for the North Pole
335:
412:Arctic Researches and Life Among the Esquimaux
1196:
313:in 1849, where he went into business making
106:The only known photograph of Hall, late 1870
275:in an attempt to be the first to reach the
1203:
1189:
1164:
1150:
409:to publish his account of the expedition:
260: – November 8, 1871) was an American
100:
1126:
886:
703:
81:For other people with similar names, see
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
4312:19th-century American newspaper founders
4261:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1106:
515:
347:
32:This article includes a list of general
3836:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1076:
867:
667:
655:
602:. However, in 1968, Hall's biographer,
4304:
1172:Works by or about Charles Francis Hall
1018:
995:
935:
818:
721:
679:
382:was forced to spend the winter. Local
2980:
1222:
1210:
1184:
1046:
965:
691:
328:
138:
4372:People from Rochester, New Hampshire
909:
844:
783:
762:
750:
717:
715:
410:
353:
352:"Inuit village near Frobisher Bay,"
229:
18:
3622:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1819:Norse colonization of North America
618:in the last two weeks of his life.
290:in the last two weeks of his life.
13:
3151:United States Exploring Expedition
1107:Taichman, R.; et al. (2017).
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4403:
4352:Businesspeople from New Hampshire
4225:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3593:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1137:
712:
452:During this second expedition to
4119:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3512:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
810:
593:
492:to command an expedition to the
23:
4322:19th-century American explorers
16:American explorer of the Arctic
4347:Businesspeople from Cincinnati
920:Historical Collections of Ohio
727:"Murder at Repulse Bay Part 1"
697:
1:
3498:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3433:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2981:
1158:Works by Charles Francis Hall
1148:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1144:Works by Charles Francis Hall
633:
425:Second expedition (1863-1869)
293:
254:
116:
83:Charles Hall (disambiguation)
3855:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3671:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3477:French Antarctic Expeditions
3407:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3293:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1411:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
643:
336:First expedition (1860-1862)
7:
4362:Deaths by arsenic poisoning
4357:Businesspeople from Vermont
2940:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2619:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1484:Andrée's balloon expedition
1092:10.1056/nejm197004022821406
459:On July 31, 1868, while in
10:
4408:
4387:Writers from New Hampshire
2141:Franklin's lost expedition
1841:Christian IV's expeditions
1223:
771:
481:
386:told Hall about relics of
343:Franklin's lost expedition
80:
3958:
3689:
3276:
3016:
2993:
2989:
2976:
2495:Great Northern Expedition
2389:
2171:Rae–Richardson expedition
1920:
1765:
1371:British Arctic Expedition
1263:
1235:
1231:
1218:
1062:10.1017/S0032247417000535
874:. Guelph: James W. Lyon.
704:Routledge, Karen (2018).
288:large quantity of arsenic
238:
223:
209:
201:
175:
152:
134:
111:
99:
92:
4342:American polar explorers
3779:British Antarctic Survey
3773:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3018:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
996:Nourse, J., ed. (1879).
979:McClelland & Stewart
638:
511:
300:Rochester, New Hampshire
266:1845 Franklin Expedition
126:Rochester, New Hampshire
4382:Writers from Cincinnati
4367:Explorers of the Arctic
4255:Pole of inaccessibility
3918:Antarctic Treaty System
2259:2nd Grinnell expedition
231:Life with the Esquimaux
205:1860–1871 (as explorer)
53:more precise citations.
887:Henderson, B. (2001).
616:large doses of arsenic
535:
478:expedition (1871-1873)
359:
3925:Transglobe Expedition
3824:Operation Deep Freeze
3233:Challenger expedition
2099:Coppermine expedition
1620:Drifting ice stations
853:Harper & Brothers
725:(September 6, 2007).
564:was run aground near
519:
390:'s mining venture at
374:. They got as far as
351:
319:Cincinnati Occasional
302:, or in the state of
4392:Writers from Vermont
915:Charles Francis Hall
893:New American Library
868:Hartwig, G. (1874).
321:, later renamed the
251:Charles Francis Hall
94:Charles Francis Hall
4095:South magnetic pole
2761:Brusilov expedition
1870:Danish colonization
1308:North magnetic pole
1128:10.14430/arctic4629
765:, pp. 537–542.
753:, pp. 538–539.
454:King William Island
443:William Parker Snow
417:William Parker Snow
415:. It was edited by
153:Cause of death
4377:Polaris expedition
4337:American engravers
3786:Operation Windmill
3767:Operation Highjump
2742:Rusanov expedition
2647:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2391:North East Passage
2195:McClure expedition
604:Chauncey C. Loomis
536:
484:Polaris expedition
439:American Civil War
360:
329:Arctic exploration
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
3753:Operation Tabarin
3615:Far Eastern Party
3461:Nimrod Expedition
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2531:M. Pronchishcheva
2453:Siberian Cossacks
1922:Northwest Passage
1255:Research stations
1212:Polar exploration
845:Hall, C. (1865).
608:Dartmouth College
606:, a professor at
248:
247:
243:Anna Sophina Hall
202:Years active
166:Arsenic poisoning
162:(official ruling)
79:
78:
71:
4399:
3800:Ronne Expedition
3285:
3279:
3143:Dumont d'Urville
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2526:V. Pronchishchev
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1176:Internet Archive
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1080:N. Engl. J. Med.
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543:Thank God Harbor
388:Martin Frobisher
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145:Thank God Harbor
140:
139:November 8, 1871
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49:this article by
40:inline citations
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3699:Modern research
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3420:O. Nordenskjöld
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3188:Ross expedition
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4180:
4175:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4038:Southern Cross
4034:
4033:
4032:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3968:
3966:
3960:Farthest South
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3921:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3832:
3827:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3657:Ross Sea party
3653:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3457:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3351:Southern Cross
3344:Southern Cross
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3288:
3286:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3209:
3203:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3090:Bellingshausen
3080:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2987:
2986:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2949:
2937:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2397:
2395:Russian Arctic
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1837:
1832:
1830:Snæbjörn galti
1827:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1732:
1725:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1265:Farthest North
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1155:
1139:
1138:External links
1136:
1134:
1133:
1104:
1074:
1056:(6): 561–579.
1043:
1036:
1035:
1016:
1002:. Washington:
993:
987:
963:
957:
949:Modern Library
933:
907:
901:
884:
865:
842:
836:
816:
803:
795:UCalgary Press
787:, ed. (2016).
780:
773:
770:
768:
767:
755:
743:
731:Nunatsiaq News
711:
696:
694:, p. 108.
684:
672:
670:, p. 786.
660:
658:, p. 784.
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
595:
592:
584:by the sealer
513:
510:
482:Main article:
479:
473:
426:
423:
337:
334:
330:
327:
295:
292:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
227:
221:
220:
211:
210:Known for
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
179:
177:
173:
172:
170:
169:
163:
156:
154:
150:
149:
143:
141:(aged 50)
136:
132:
131:
123:
115:Unknown date,
113:
109:
108:
105:
97:
96:
93:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4404:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3378:Discovery Hut
3376:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2908:A. Sibiryakov
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:Glavsevmorput
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2182:J. Richardson
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
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1944:M. Corte-Real
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1671:Georgiy Sedov
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1558:Riiser-Larsen
1556:
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994:
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988:9780771066214
984:
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974:
968:
964:
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958:9780375755255
954:
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945:
944:
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902:9780451409355
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862:
858:
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849:
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839:
837:9780670824915
833:
829:
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821:
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806:
804:9781552388754
800:
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764:
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747:
732:
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724:
718:
716:
707:
700:
693:
688:
682:, p. 32.
681:
676:
669:
664:
657:
652:
648:
631:
629:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
594:Investigation
591:
589:
588:
583:
579:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
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491:
490:U.S. Congress
485:
477:
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457:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:
422:
420:
418:
414:
413:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
392:Frobisher Bay
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:Baffin Island
373:
369:
365:
357:
356:
350:
346:
344:
333:
326:
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307:
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274:
272:
267:
263:
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244:
241:
237:
233:
232:
228:
222:
219:
217:
213:Death during
212:
208:
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200:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
178:
174:
167:
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161:
158:
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146:
137:
133:
127:
114:
110:
103:
98:
91:
88:
84:
73:
70:
62:
59:December 2023
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4327:1820s births
4253:
4241:Pole of Cold
4239:
4165:
4156:
4124:
4117:
4093:
4064:
4050:
4044:Borchgrevink
4036:
4023:
4008:
3988:
3973:
3942:
3923:
3916:
3900:
3886:
3877:
3860:
3853:
3834:
3822:
3798:
3784:
3777:
3765:
3751:
3737:
3723:
3716:
3677:
3669:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3628:
3620:
3613:
3600:
3591:
3553:
3545:
3536:
3529:
3517:
3510:
3496:
3484:Pourquoi-Pas
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3454:Orcadas Base
3452:
3444:
3431:
3425:C. A. Larsen
3413:
3405:
3391:
3384:
3371:
3363:
3357:Borchgrevink
3350:
3342:
3299:
3291:
3266:C. A. Larsen
3259:
3240:
3231:
3213:
3195:
3186:
3173:
3158:
3149:
3136:
3097:
3083:
3076:
3057:
3042:
2952:
2945:
2928:
2921:
2907:
2892:
2878:
2865:
2840:
2826:
2824:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2766:
2759:
2740:
2706:
2704:
2690:
2688:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2638:
2636:
2617:
2493:
2451:
2434:
2402:
2366:
2364:
2344:
2343:
2323:
2322:
2308:
2295:
2280:
2266:
2257:
2244:
2215:
2203:Investigator
2202:
2193:
2169:
2156:
2148:
2139:
2126:
2097:
2074:
2059:
2044:
2014:
1999:
1969:
1888:
1868:
1839:
1835:Erik the Red
1817:
1795:
1788:
1745:submersibles
1742:
1736:Arktika 2007
1734:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1701:
1692:
1689:
1670:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1625:
1618:
1594:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1535:
1533:
1504:
1501:
1490:S. A. Andrée
1482:
1469:
1444:
1436:
1433:
1409:
1391:
1378:
1369:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1306:
1162:Open Library
1121:(1): 25–36.
1118:
1112:
1083:
1078:
1053:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1021:
998:
972:
947:. New York:
942:
919:
891:. New York:
888:
870:
851:. New York:
847:
828:Viking Press
826:. New York:
823:
789:
776:
775:
758:
746:
736:November 14,
734:. Retrieved
730:
723:Harper, Kenn
705:
699:
687:
675:
668:Paddock 1970
663:
656:Paddock 1970
651:
620:
597:
586:
582:Newfoundland
572:
570:
561:
553:
551:
541:sailed into
538:
537:
533:Disko Island
527:
525:(right) and
521:
505:Emil Bessels
499:
487:
475:
468:
464:
458:
451:
446:
433:
428:
421:
411:
404:
380:George Henry
379:
378:, where the
364:George Henry
363:
361:
354:
339:
332:
322:
318:
308:
297:
284:Emil Bessels
281:
270:
250:
249:
230:
225:Notable work
215:
87:
65:
56:
37:
4332:1871 deaths
3944:Lake Vostok
3894:Tryoshnikov
3816:Schlossbach
3707:Christensen
3649:James Caird
3570:E. R. Evans
3336:Dobrowolski
3306:de Gerlache
3008:Expeditions
2894:Aviaarktika
2848:Samoylovich
2719:Kolomeitsev
2613:Middendorff
2573:Gedenshtrom
1993:I. Fyodorov
1755:Chilingarov
1643:E. Fyodorov
1250:Expeditions
977:. Toronto:
680:Loomis 2000
628:Vinnie Ream
558:Smith Sound
465:Ansel Gibbs
461:Repulse Bay
372:New Bedford
323:Daily Press
258: 1821
176:Occupations
168:(suspected)
147:, Greenland
120: 1821
51:introducing
4306:Categories
4167:Terra Nova
4072:Shackleton
4015:J. C. Ross
3974:Resolution
3964:South Pole
3739:New Swabia
3663:Mackintosh
3635:Shackleton
3554:Terra Nova
3547:Terra Nova
3281:Heroic Age
3241:Challenger
3201:J. C. Ross
3111:Bransfield
3043:Resolution
2958:icebreaker
2922:Chelyuskin
2663:expedition
2641:Expedition
2583:Matyushkin
2541:Kh. Laptev
2536:Chelyuskin
2430:Heemskerck
2420:Chancellor
2415:Willoughby
2410:Koch boats
2353:Stefansson
2287:McClintock
2251:Inglefield
2093:J. C. Ross
2000:Resolution
1852:Cunningham
1750:Sagalevich
1439:expedition
1398:Stephenson
1358:C. F. Hall
1345:expedition
1319:J. C. Ross
1282:Heemskerck
1269:North Pole
1050:Polar Rec.
1031:Transcript
937:Loomis, C.
820:Berton, P.
692:Mowat 1973
634:References
612:permafrost
547:Newman Bay
494:North Pole
447:Monticello
432:USRC
400:Taqulittuq
311:Cincinnati
294:Early life
277:North Pole
273:expedition
218:expedition
194:blacksmith
34:references
4266:Tolstikov
4052:Discovery
4022:HMS
4007:HMS
3989:Adventure
3987:HMS
3972:HMS
3908:Tolstikov
3629:Endurance
3414:Antarctic
3399:Drygalski
3372:Discovery
3365:Discovery
3326:Arctowski
3239:HMS
3212:HMS
3206:Abernethy
3194:HMS
3172:USS
3159:Vincennes
3157:USS
3137:Astrolabe
3077:San Telmo
3058:Adventure
3056:HMS
3041:HMS
3036:Kerguelen
2998:Continent
2983:Antarctic
2860:Urvantsev
2818:Vilkitsky
2671:Jeannette
2669:USS
2661:Jeannette
2625:Weyprecht
2603:Pakhtusov
2553:Chichagov
2546:D. Laptev
2489:Permyakov
2464:Stadukhin
2459:Perfilyev
2436:Mangazeya
2374:H. Larsen
2339:Rasmussen
2294:HMS
2265:USS
2214:HMS
2201:HMS
2165:Collinson
2155:HMS
2147:HMS
2125:HMS
2073:HMS
2058:HMS
2043:HMS
2028:Mackenzie
2015:Discovery
2013:HMS
1998:HMS
1970:Discovery
1949:Frobisher
1912:Rasmussen
1825:Gunnbjörn
1771:Greenland
1700:USS
1691:USS
1563:Ellsworth
1505:Roosevelt
1435:Nansen's
1392:Discovery
1390:HMS
1377:HMS
1324:Abernethy
1292:Marmaduke
1070:133631430
1012:681073322
967:Mowat, F.
929:615605662
913:(1891). "
880:669326526
861:890877389
763:Barr 2016
751:Barr 2016
644:Footnotes
498:USS
469:Concordia
188:publisher
4278:A. Fuchs
4235:V. Fuchs
4215:McKinley
4178:E. Evans
4137:Bjaaland
4132:Amundsen
4082:Marshall
3995:Furneaux
3847:V. Fuchs
3811:E. Ronne
3806:F. Ronne
3745:Ritscher
3599:SY
3587:Filchner
3531:Framheim
3525:Amundsen
3331:Racoviță
3316:Amundsen
3311:Lecointe
3180:Ringgold
3174:Porpoise
3064:Furneaux
2900:Shevelev
2855:Begichev
2834:Amundsen
2796:Nagórski
2774:Brusilov
2768:Sv. Anna
2682:Melville
2652:Palander
2608:Tsivolko
2568:Sannikov
2563:Billings
2506:Chirikov
2425:Barentsz
2367:St. Roch
2358:Bartlett
2332:Amundsen
2316:Sverdrup
2216:Resolute
2105:Franklin
2033:Kotzebue
1900:Sverdrup
1883:Scoresby
1857:Lindenov
1708:Plaisted
1693:Nautilus
1638:Shirshov
1612:Belyakov
1607:Baydukov
1581:Nautilus
1543:Amundsen
1503:SS
1462:Sverdrup
1457:Johansen
1427:Brainard
1422:Lockwood
1277:Barentsz
1040:Journals
969:(1973).
939:(2000).
911:Howe, H.
822:(1988).
785:Barr, W.
600:apoplexy
578:ice floe
528:Congress
239:Children
191:engraver
182:Explorer
160:Apoplexy
4283:Messner
4230:Hillary
4210:Balchen
4158:Polheim
4152:Wisting
4030:Crozier
4002:Weddell
3980:J. Cook
3950:Kapitsa
3931:Fiennes
3873:Klenova
3842:Hillary
3792:Ketchum
3718:BANZARE
3693:·
3538:Polheim
3504:Shirase
3490:Charcot
3300:Belgica
3219:Crozier
3131:Morrell
3126:Weddell
3104:Lazarev
3049:J. Cook
3003:History
2953:Arktika
2929:Krassin
2914:Voronin
2886:Schmidt
2872:Ushakov
2811:Vaygach
2779:Albanov
2748:Rusanov
2729:Kolchak
2724:Matisen
2698:Makarov
2677:De Long
2578:Wrangel
2558:Lyakhov
2511:Malygin
2469:Dezhnev
2296:Pandora
2267:Advance
2234:Kennedy
2229:Belcher
2222:Kellett
2209:McClure
2133:Beechey
2127:Blossom
2120:Simpson
2088:Crozier
2081:Hoppner
2038:J. Ross
2006:J. Cook
1954:Gilbert
1847:J. Hall
1813:Ingólfr
1803:Naddodd
1797:Vikings
1784:Brendan
1779:Pytheas
1767:Iceland
1721:Arktika
1713:Herbert
1678:Badygin
1648:Krenkel
1633:Papanin
1602:Chkalov
1588:Wilkins
1553:Wisting
1497:F. Cook
1403:Markham
1363:Bessels
1352:Polaris
1343:Polaris
1314:J. Ross
1297:Carolus
1245:History
1174:at the
1100:4907067
772:Sources
587:Tigress
573:Polaris
562:Polaris
554:Polaris
539:Polaris
522:Polaris
500:Polaris
496:on the
476:Polaris
396:Ipirvik
304:Vermont
271:Polaris
216:Polaris
47:improve
4193:Bowers
4188:Wilson
4147:Hassel
4142:Helmer
4111:Mackay
4101:Mawson
4066:Nimrod
4024:Terror
4009:Erebus
3936:Burton
3731:Rymill
3607:Mawson
3601:Aurora
3580:Lashly
3565:Wilson
3468:Nimrod
3445:Scotia
3252:Murray
3227:Cooper
3214:Terror
3196:Erebus
3165:Wilkes
3116:Palmer
3084:Vostok
3031:Bouvet
2955:-class
2935:Gakkel
2803:Taymyr
2784:Konrad
2753:Kuchin
2691:Yermak
2598:Lavrov
2516:Ovtsyn
2501:Bering
2479:Ivanov
2442:Hudson
2404:Pomors
2381:Cowper
2346:Karluk
2245:Isabel
2239:Bellot
2189:Austin
2157:Terror
2149:Erebus
2045:Griper
2021:Clerke
1981:Baffin
1964:Hudson
1895:Nansen
1808:Garðar
1729:Barneo
1596:ANT-25
1572:Italia
1548:Nobile
1517:Henson
1476:Amedeo
1452:Nansen
1417:Greely
1287:Hudson
1225:Arctic
1114:Arctic
1098:
1068:
1010:
985:
955:
927:
899:
878:
859:
834:
801:
434:Active
368:whaler
358:(1865)
234:(1865)
185:author
128:, U.S.
36:, but
4273:Crary
4220:Dufek
4183:Oates
4173:Scott
4106:David
4087:Adams
4058:Barne
3879:Mirny
3868:Somov
3678:Quest
3575:Crean
3560:Scott
3439:Bruce
3393:Gauss
3386:Gauss
3260:Jason
3247:Nares
3121:Davis
3098:Mirny
3071:Smith
3026:Roché
2946:Lenin
2866:Sadko
2791:Wiese
2736:Sedov
2707:Zarya
2630:Payer
2593:Litke
2588:Anjou
2521:Minin
2484:Vagin
2474:Popov
2447:Poole
2302:Young
2115:Dease
2060:Hecla
2051:Parry
1976:Bylot
1959:Davis
1934:Cabot
1907:Peary
1889:Jason
1876:Egede
1790:Papar
1702:Skate
1683:Wiese
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