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princesses with her. Her refusal to return for the next seven years, despite embassies sent by
Charles, damaged the relations between her husband and her brother King John I of Castile. When the latter became exasperated by her abandonment of her "great obligations", she claimed that Charles failed to receive her and treat her as befit her. According to a chronicle of John's reign, she even accused Charles of pressuring her to take herbs from a Jewish physician in an attempt to poison her. Historian Elena Woodacre posits that the rift between Charles and Eleanor was caused by his
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reign as a time of internal withdrawal, as opposed to his father's active part in the
Hundred Years' War; finance reforms, which restored a measure of prosperity and social contentment to the kingdom after Charles II's turbulent reign; and courtly splendor. Charles III also demonstrated a significant aptitude for diplomacy. In contrast to his father, Charles "the Bad", Charles III therefore earned the
661:
308:. Following Charles II's dismal reign, Charles III set out to improve Navarre's infrastructure, restore its pride, and mend strained relations with France. While he may have seen himself primarily as a French prince, particularly early on, the focus of the Navarrese foreign policy during Charles III's reign gradually shifted towards Navarre's neighbours in the
700:; the king may have preferred that Navarre be the primary partner in any potential union. Joan's marriage to John was celebrated in October 1402, some months after the deaths of her brothers made her once again first in the line of succession. These two marriages, as well as that of Beatrice, the fourth daughter, to Count
711:
Charles entrusted the kingdom to
Eleanor and their daughter Joan from 1408 to 1411, when he was seeking compensation from the French royal court for lost territories. When Blanche was widowed in 1409, Charles used his new connections at the French court to negotiate for her to marry the French king's
556:
Soon after their reconciliation, Charles and
Eleanor had another daughter, Isabel, born in July 1396. The following September, Charles affirmed the succession rights of all five of their daughters. The birth of long-awaited sons, Charles in June 1397 and Louis in 1402, was a triumph for the king and
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of two of his sisters and three of his legitimate daughters, who were his strongest assets in dynastic diplomacy. His illegitimate children, meanwhile, were married off into the
Navarrese nobility to ensure their loyalty. Charles greatly profited even from the unions he did not orchestrate, such as
372:
had been ruled by monarchs of French extraction, who reformed the kingdom's administration, increased its international prestige, and strengthened the position of the monarchy, but also caused concern among their
Iberian subjects by their long absences from the kingdom in favor of their possessions
790:, pushed for her second son, John, to marry Blanche. Their marriage was celebrated in October 1419, after months of intensive negotiations during which the princess's position was reaffirmed. Charles promised not to remarry to sire sons who could displace Blanche. When Blanche gave birth to a son,
548:
before
Castilian representatives that he "would not kill nor maim nor seize nor allow her to be killed or maimed or seized" and that he "would protect the life and health of the said queen with all of his power" and "otherwise treat in all things as a good husband should treat his wife". Eleanor
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suffered a long crisis early in his reign over the status of their daughters and his illegitimate children; the couple reconciled after
Charles affirmed their daughters' exclusive right to succeed him. Charles skillfully secured a balanced web of alliances through the marriages of his sisters and
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Charles III left to his daughter a stable and prosperous realm. Whether he saw himself primarily as a French prince or an
Iberian king remains debated by historians, but it is clear that he oversaw a steadily increasing Iberianization of Navarre. Traditional historiography portrays Charles III's
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to the throne, but both he and Louis died in 1402. The royal couple had another daughter, Margaret, the next year, and
Charles held on to the hope that he would have a son with Eleanor until at least 1412. The king and queen appear to have had no disputes after Eleanor's coronation in 1403, and
511:
The early years of Charles III's reign were marred by the breakdown of his relationship with his wife, Eleanor. She and their daughters joined him in Navarre upon his accession, but the new queen soon fell gravely ill. She returned to Castile as soon as her health began to improve and took the
396:
Charles's parents repeatedly went back and forth between the family's French fiefs and Iberian kingdom; during his father's absence in 1369, Charles was already titled lieutenant of the kingdom despite his young age. Navarre paid a high price in King Charles II's conflict with Kings
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children. When she arrived in Navarre, Eleanor found Charles's four mistresses and six illegitimate children living with their retainers at the court. The queen was likely worried that her daughters' rights to succeed their father would be threatened by his illegitimate infant son,
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daughters to French lords and Iberian princes, ensuring a long-lasting peace in Navarre. He strove to increase the royal prestige through art patronage, court extravagance, and construction works. Having outlived most of his children, he was succeeded by his third daughter,
445:, sealing the peace between their fathers. Both Charles and Eleanor were in their early teen years at the time of their wedding. She remained in Castile, where Charles visited her when he was not in Navarre or representing his father at the French royal court in Paris.
602:. The same year, he secured the return of Cherbourg from the English and started negotiations with the French court about the settlement of his claims on land in France, which resulted in the exchange of the counties inherited by his father for various rents and the
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alone in 1390. From that year on, Charles made a series of moves to repair his marriage, the first of which was to assure Eleanor that he intended to be succeeded by the issue of their marriage. He summoned their eldest daughter, Joan, to Navarre to be sworn in as
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to the throne. The ceremony, attended by the nobility of Navarre and Castilian envoys, was held on 25 July. Eleanor did not find this sufficient, but the death of her brother John and the accession of her nephew King
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King Charles II returned to Navarre in November 1361, leaving his wife and son behind in France. When in January 1363 it was her turn to move to Navarre, Queen Joan left Charles in the custody of his aunt
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Charles excelled in diplomacy: much of the peace and prosperity Navarre enjoyed during his reign can be attributed to the matrimonial alliances he forged with his nobles and rulers in Iberia and
847:
by the time she arrived. He died in his daughter's arms the same day. Blanche succeeded him without trouble. Charles was buried in the Cathedral of Pamplona by the side of his wife, Eleanor.
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In 1378, Charles was sent by his father on an embassy to King Charles V of France. The king of France had his nephew arrested and the Évreux possessions in France embargoed, except
688:, and Henry IV of England. The selection of the third daughter, Blanche, ahead of her older sisters suggests that either Martin or Charles, or both, were not keen on creating a
452:, which the king of Navarre had leased to the English. During an interrogation, the young Charles revealed his father's plan to seize the Castilian (formerly Navarrese) town of
723:
Blanche's situation in Sicily was precarious after the deaths of her husband and father-in-law left her in charge of the unstable island kingdom in the name of the new king,
798:. Blanche soon had a daughter too, named Joan. King Charles held formal ceremonies marking the introduction of both grandchildren into the line of succession after Blanche.
385:. Charles was reunited with his mother when she returned to France in December 1365, and the following August Charles set foot in his father's kingdom for the first time.
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Maria (1383 or 1384–1406), who was gravely ill along with Eleanor in the immediate aftermath of Charles's accession and remained in poor health throughout her life
810:
720:. The death of his childless eldest daughter, Joan, in July 1413 prompted Charles to seek a closer match for Blanche, who became the new heir presumptive.
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led to disputes with their respective in-laws, particularly the king of Aragon. 1406 also saw the death of Charles and Eleanor's second daughter, Marie.
457:
544:, who was less sympathetic to her cause, forced her to compromise. She demanded further assurances of her safety, and Charles accordingly swore on the
356:, the heart of his father's patrimonial lands in northern France, on 22 July 1361. His parents were there on one of their long stays, managing the
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asking that she either be returned to Navarre or provided with assistance. Blanche returned and was confirmed as heir presumptive before the
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was finished at his instruction. In 1423, he ended the centuries of conflict between the city's three boroughs by uniting them into one.
200:
456:. The king of France alerted the king of Castile to the plot, and the latter promptly invaded Navarre and forced its king to sign the
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2301:
757:. The change may have been prompted by Burgundy's alliance with England, where Charles's sister Joan was imprisoned on a charge of
656:
Iberian states in the 15th century: Navarre (blue) is bordered by France to the north, Castile to the west, and Aragon to the east
471:, was born in Castile in November 1382. Two more daughters were born to the young couple in Castile: Marie, in 1383 or 1384, and
425:
to disease and food shortages. Queen Joan died suddenly on a diplomatic mission to her brother the French king in November 1373.
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On 8 September 1425, having woken up healthy and cheerful, Charles III suddenly collapsed. He was able to call for Blanche, but
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2346:
2341:
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475:, in August 1385. Twin daughters were born to the couple the following year, but only one, named Beatrice, survived infancy.
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877:
676:, had been recently widowed. Charles was flattered by the king of Aragon's interest, for Martin had earlier rejected Queen
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737:. Charles refused Joan's widower's proposal to marry Blanche and instead in mid-1414 offered her in marriage to
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In 1393, Charles procured a link to the Aragonese royal house by arranging for his sister Marie to marry Duke
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In 1416, following the examples of the kings of France, Castile, Aragon, and Portugal in dealing with the
727:, but without proper support from Aragon. Deeply concerned, Charles sent envoys to both Ferdinand and the
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2321:
1740:
749:, broke off his engagement to Charles's younger daughter Isabel. Isabel was married off instead to Count
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between their kingdoms. Charles concurrently negotiated the marriage of Joan, his eldest daughter, with
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1507:. MonarquĂa, crĂłnicas, archivos y cancillerĂas en los reinos hispano-cristianos: siglos XIII-XV.
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717:
753:, signaling Charles's shift in allegiance from the Burgundians to the Armagnac party during the
304:, to act as the envoy to France, where the family had vested interests both as fief holders and
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638:. When Joan became queen of England in 1402, Charles gifted her with a copy of the manuscript
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460:. Eleanor played a key role in securing Charles's release in 1381 by having her brother King
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The Aragonese remained determined to secure Blanche's marriage for themselves. Their queen,
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exert diplomatic pressure on France. Upon his release, Charles joined Eleanor in Castile.
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of the royal house of France until 1406, after which he reoriented himself towards the
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upon the death of his father on 1 January 1387; the same year he recovered from the
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899:(1385–1441), Charles's ultimate successor, who was married successively to Kings
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Map of France in 1350. The possessions of the king of Navarre are painted yellow.
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The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512
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745:. Charles indignantly refused the offer in August when Ferdinand's second son,
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Ceremonial of the Coronation, Anointment and Obsequies of the Kings of England
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through his numerous female relatives. Between 1396 and 1406, he carefully
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in 1406, put a strain on Charles's coffers, and his struggle to pay their
30:
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381:, sister of his father and widow of his maternal great-grandfather King
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From 1401 to 1402, Charles conducted marriage negotiations with King
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then returned to Navarre, reuniting with Charles in November 1394 in
449:
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Additionally, Charles had several illegitimate children, including:
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574:
521:, despite illegitimate children being barred from succession by the
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728:
1569:"Leonor de Trastámara: (1360-1415) esposa de Carlos III el Noble"
1537:
Carlos III, rey de Navarra: prĂncipe de sangre Valois (1387-1425)
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Charles's personal life was somewhat turbulent. His marriage to
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As a young man, Charles was frequently sent by his father, King
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103:
1503:
GarcĂa ArancĂłn, Raquel (2014). Sarasa Sánchez, Esteban (ed.).
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in France from 1387 to 1404, when he exchanged Évreux for the
1530:. Historia Ilustrada de Navarra. Pamplona: Diario de Navarra.
1498:. InstituciĂłn PrĂncipe de Viana, DiputaciĂłn Foral de Navarra.
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606:. Charles III took an active part in European affairs as a
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887:(1382–1413), who was his heir presumptive and married to
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Charles had seven daughters and two sons with his wife,
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Charles made great effort to exalt the monarchy through
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after the death of her second husband, King Henry IV.
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951:(by Maria Miguel de Esparza), who had a church career
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Charles and Eleanor's first child, a daughter named
417:. The suffering of the populace was exacerbated by
1525:
1083:
783:, who ruled in Rome. Eleanor died the same year.
566:of the kingdom while he visited his French fiefs.
937:Louis (1402), who died within months of his birth
918:Daughter, twin sister of Beatrice, who died young
2283:
1566:
1434:
530:Still estranged from Eleanor, Charles underwent
1534:
980:
963:another Joan, who married Iñigo Ortiz de Zúñiga
954:Godfrey, who married Teresa RamĂrez de Arellano
586:emphasizes both his Navarrese kingship and his
503:the last Castilian-occupied parts of Navarre.
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1212:
1114:
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1024:
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934:to the throne of Navarre during his short life
794:, the king celebrated by creating for him the
419:problems common throughout Europe at that time
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859:Statue of King Charles III in Pamplona, Spain
1493:
1320:
1036:
997:
344:, Charles III was the firstborn son of King
327:
281:; 22 July 1361 – 8 September 1425), called
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1741:
557:queen. The young Charles was confirmed as
29:
433:On 27 May 1375, in the Castilian town of
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166: 1375; died 1416)
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1571:. Reinas de Navarra. pp. 645–680.
924:(1395–1435), married in 1419 to Count
811:Tomb of King Charles and Queen Eleanor
768:, Charles III stopped recognizing the
1736:
959:Louis de Beaumont, 1st Count of LerĂn
1526:Herreros Lopetegui, Susana (1993).
1496:Carlos III el Noble: rey de Navarra
647:
506:
212:Lancelot, Vicar General of Pamplona
13:
680:as well as the daughters of Kings
14:
2368:
1576:
1494:Castro Alava, José Ramón (1967).
368:against England. Since 1234, the
58:1 January 1387 – 8 September 1425
16:King of Navarre from 1387 to 1425
1567:Narbona Cárceles, MarĂa (2014).
1535:RamĂrez Vaquero, EloĂsa (2007).
630:'s successive marriages to Duke
256:
2307:15th-century Navarrese monarchs
2302:14th-century Navarrese monarchs
1505:La monarquĂa navarra, 1234-1512
940:Margaret (1403), who died young
821:, extraordinary donations, and
779:and switched his allegiance to
413:, as well as over Queen Joan's
201:Beatrice, Countess of La Marche
163:
912:(1392–1412), married to Count
1:
2357:Burials at Pamplona Cathedral
1528:Navarra en la Ăłrbita francesa
967:
930:Charles (1397–1402), who was
801:
2347:15th-century peers of France
2342:14th-century peers of France
813:in the Cathedral of Pamplona
755:on-going civil war in France
569:
206:Isabel, Countess of Armagnac
39:depiction of Charles in the
7:
2312:People from Mantes-la-Jolie
562:Charles entrusted her with
428:
360:and other fiefs during the
289:from 1387 to his death and
196:Blanche I, Queen of Navarre
10:
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1487:
825:. The construction of the
306:princes of the blood royal
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1554:Woodacre, Elena (2013).
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364:(1337–1360) of France's
348:and the French princess
328:Background and childhood
1585:Charles III of Navarre
1084:Herreros Lopetegui 1993
788:Eleanor of Alburquerque
696:, heir apparent to the
672:, whose only son, King
578:Charles III's personal
487:The death of Charles II
860:
814:
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623:arranged the marriages
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191:Joan, Countess of Foix
1666:Charles II of Navarre
1509:University of Navarra
1435:Narbona Cárceles 2014
914:James II of La Marche
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830:Cathedral of Pamplona
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796:Principality of Viana
725:Ferdinand I of Aragon
702:James II of La Marche
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584:Cathedral of Pamplona
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486:
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346:Charles II of Navarre
237:Charles II of Navarre
1595:Cadet branch of the
1511:. pp. 325–346.
981:RamĂrez Vaquero 2007
686:Charles VI of France
600:Alfonso II of Gandia
542:Henry III of Castile
340:of the French royal
35:Reproduction of the
2272:King/Queen of Spain
2150:House of Trastámara
1994:House of Trastámara
1685:French royal domain
1659:Forfeited to France
1213:GarcĂa ArancĂłn 2014
1115:GarcĂa ArancĂłn 2014
1049:GarcĂa ArancĂłn 2014
1025:GarcĂa ArancĂłn 2014
1010:GarcĂa ArancĂłn 2014
926:John IV of Armagnac
751:John IV of Armagnac
636:Henry IV of England
632:John IV of Brittany
608:prince of the blood
491:Charles III became
443:Henry II of Castile
441:, daughter of King
407:County of Champagne
403:Charles V of France
383:Philip VI of France
2327:Navarrese monarchs
2322:Navarrese infantes
1885:House of Champagne
1840:GarcĂa Sánchez III
1721:Title next held by
1689:Title next held by
1662:Title last held by
1560:Palgrave Macmillan
1461:, p. Chart 3.
1449:, pp. 81, 84.
1413:, pp. 81, 89.
957:Joan, who married
901:Martin I of Sicily
878:Eleanor of Castile
861:
815:
674:Martin I of Sicily
666:
664:Charles III's seal
658:
596:
489:
437:, Charles married
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370:Kingdom of Navarre
366:Hundred Years' War
317:Eleanor of Castile
152:Eleanor of Castile
139:Pamplona Cathedral
2279:
2278:
2174:House of Habsburg
1830:GarcĂa Sánchez II
1731:
1730:
1718:Seized by England
1641:Succeeded by
1518:978-84-9911-307-4
1321:Castro Alava 1967
1037:Castro Alava 1967
1000:, pp. 24–29.
998:Castro Alava 1967
905:John II of Aragon
682:Rupert of Germany
678:Joan II of Naples
612:Iberian Peninsula
588:male-line descent
462:John I of Castile
458:Treaty of Briones
423:worsening climate
411:Kingdom of France
352:. He was born at
310:Iberian Peninsula
264:
263:
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2337:Counts of Évreux
2332:Dukes of Nemours
2213:House of Bourbon
2096:House of Bourbon
1820:GarcĂa Sánchez I
1802:House of Jiménez
1775:House of Íñiguez
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1624:Preceded by
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1613:8 September 1425
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1598:Capetian dynasty
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670:Martin of Aragon
648:Succession plans
604:Duchy of Nemours
537:heir presumptive
507:Marital problems
501:Crown of Castile
358:County of Évreux
332:A member of the
295:Duchy of Nemours
260:
184:
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117:8 September 1425
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41:Évreux Cathedral
33:
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2282:
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2215:- Upper Navarre
2207:
2176:- Upper Navarre
2168:
2152:- Upper Navarre
2144:
2098:- Lower Navarre
2090:
2074:- Lower Navarre
2072:House of Albret
2066:
2054:House of Albret
2048:
2039:Francis Phoebus
2025:
1988:
1961:House of Évreux
1955:
1912:
1879:
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1707:Duke of Nemours
1690:
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712:brother-in-law
650:
619:southern France
592:kings of France
572:
546:Christian cross
509:
497:count of Évreux
493:king of Navarre
481:
431:
334:House of Évreux
330:
291:Count of Évreux
287:King of Navarre
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2264:King of Aragon
2261:
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2018:
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1918:House of Capet
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1577:External links
1575:
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1564:
1551:
1546:978-8497043052
1545:
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1523:
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1489:
1486:
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1463:
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690:personal union
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2031:House of Foix
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1478:Woodacre 2013
1474:
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1459:Woodacre 2013
1455:
1448:
1447:Woodacre 2013
1443:
1436:
1431:
1425:, p. 71.
1424:
1423:Woodacre 2013
1419:
1412:
1411:Woodacre 2013
1407:
1401:, p. 83.
1400:
1399:Woodacre 2013
1395:
1388:
1387:Woodacre 2013
1383:
1377:, p. 97.
1376:
1375:Woodacre 2013
1371:
1365:, p. 96.
1364:
1363:Woodacre 2013
1359:
1357:
1350:, p. 95.
1349:
1348:Woodacre 2013
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1335:, p. 93.
1334:
1333:Woodacre 2013
1329:
1322:
1317:
1311:, p. 92.
1310:
1309:Woodacre 2013
1305:
1303:
1296:, p. 89.
1295:
1294:Woodacre 2013
1290:
1284:, p. 90.
1283:
1282:Woodacre 2013
1278:
1276:
1269:, p. 88.
1268:
1267:Woodacre 2013
1263:
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1256:
1255:Woodacre 2013
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1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1236:, p. 85.
1235:
1234:Woodacre 2013
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1198:, p. 82.
1197:
1196:Woodacre 2013
1192:
1190:
1183:, p. 84.
1182:
1181:Woodacre 2013
1177:
1175:
1173:
1166:, p. 80.
1165:
1164:Woodacre 2013
1160:
1158:
1151:, p. 81.
1150:
1149:Woodacre 2013
1145:
1143:
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1139:
1132:, p. 79.
1131:
1130:Woodacre 2013
1126:
1124:
1116:
1111:
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1098:, p. 77.
1097:
1096:Woodacre 2013
1092:
1085:
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1074:, p. 78.
1073:
1072:Woodacre 2013
1068:
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1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1045:
1039:, p. 27.
1038:
1033:
1026:
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1019:
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1006:
999:
994:
992:
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983:, p. 11.
982:
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950:
947:
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945:
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936:
933:
932:heir apparent
929:
927:
923:
920:
917:
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911:
908:
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902:
898:
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869:
868:"the Noble".
867:
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819:art patronage
812:
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773:Benedict XIII
771:
770:Avignon-based
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554:
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38:
37:stained glass
32:
27:
22:
19:
2232:Ferdinand II
2013:
2006:
1978:
1782:Íñigo Arista
1723:
1714:
1705:
1701:New creation
1700:
1693:John Stewart
1691:
1680:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1632:
1610:
1603:
1596:
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1527:
1504:
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1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1389:, p. 3.
1382:
1370:
1328:
1316:
1289:
1262:
1091:
1079:
1044:
1032:
1005:
976:
943:
875:
862:
842:
816:
785:
775:as the true
763:
732:
722:
710:
667:
639:
616:
597:
580:coat of arms
555:
529:
522:
514:illegitimate
510:
490:
466:
447:
432:
395:
375:
338:cadet branch
331:
314:
299:
282:
266:
265:
179:
124:Olite Palace
119:(1425-09-08)
101:22 July 1361
18:
2297:1425 deaths
2292:1361 births
2242:Charles VII
2159:Ferdinand I
1979:Charles III
1898:Theobald II
823:thaumaturgy
781:Gregory XII
626:his sister
373:in France.
362:first phase
277:, Spanish:
267:Charles III
63:Predecessor
24:Charles III
2286:Categories
2252:Isabella I
2237:Charles VI
2222:Philip VII
2183:Charles IV
2015:Blanche II
2008:Charles IV
1974:Charles II
1969:Philip III
1893:Theobald I
1875:Sancho VII
1835:Sancho III
1711:1404–1425
1677:1387–1404
1638:1387–1425
1627:Charles II
968:References
802:Last years
759:witchcraft
532:coronation
302:Charles II
97:1361-07-22
67:Charles II
2203:Charles V
2198:Philip VI
2188:Philip IV
2140:Charles V
2120:Louis III
2110:Henry III
2044:Catherine
1984:Blanche I
1946:Charles I
1941:Philip II
1870:Sancho VI
1860:Alfonso I
1845:Sancho IV
1825:Sancho II
1644:Blanche I
634:and King
590:from the
570:Diplomacy
450:Cherbourg
322:Blanche I
283:the Noble
253:Signature
77:Blanche I
73:Successor
2227:Louis II
2193:Philip V
2164:Joan III
2135:Louis VI
2125:Louis IV
2115:Louis II
2086:Joan III
2081:Henry II
2062:John III
1926:Philip I
1850:Sancho V
1810:Sancho I
1764:Monarchs
1539:. Trea.
949:Lancelot
910:Beatrice
866:cognomen
834:in Olite
729:Holy See
519:Lancelot
429:Marriage
2270:. Also
2266:. Also
2130:Louis V
2105:Antoine
2021:Eleanor
2002:John II
1951:Joan II
1931:Louis I
1903:Henry I
1855:Peter I
1768:Navarre
1725:Blanche
1648:John II
1488:Sources
897:Blanche
838:Tafalla
792:Charles
739:Alfonso
706:dowries
582:in the
564:regency
473:Blanche
454:Logroño
439:Eleanor
421:, from
399:John II
379:Blanche
210:(ill.)
181:more...
168:
160:
156:
128:Navarre
81:John II
1936:John I
1908:Joan I
1715:Vacant
1681:Vacant
1656:Vacant
1609:
1543:
1515:
922:Isabel
851:Legacy
827:Gothic
734:Cortes
551:Tudela
524:Fueros
354:Mantes
285:, was
279:Carlos
275:Karlos
271:Basque
243:Mother
233:Father
227:Évreux
146:Spouse
134:Burial
108:France
104:Mantes
2262:Also
1611:Died:
1604:Born:
872:Issue
743:Henry
479:Reign
435:Soria
415:dowry
222:House
175:Issue
162:(
158:
55:Reign
1606:1361
1541:ISBN
1513:ISBN
903:and
885:Joan
836:and
777:pope
747:John
694:John
628:Joan
495:and
469:Joan
401:and
336:, a
114:Died
91:Born
79:and
1766:of
716:or
2288::
1558:.
1466:^
1355:^
1340:^
1301:^
1274:^
1241:^
1220:^
1203:^
1188:^
1171:^
1156:^
1137:^
1122:^
1103:^
1056:^
1017:^
988:^
880::
684:,
644:.
614:.
553:.
527:.
324:.
312:.
297:.
273::
164:m.
126:,
106:,
2274:.
1756:e
1749:t
1742:v
1562:.
1549:.
1521:.
1086:.
594:.
269:(
99:)
95:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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