1763:, a long list of grievances against actions by Charles's ministers committed since the beginning of his reign (that were asserted to be part of a grand Catholic conspiracy of which the king was an unwitting member), but it was in many ways a step too far by Pym and passed by only 11 votes, 159 to 148. Furthermore, the Remonstrance had very little support in the House of Lords, which the Remonstrance attacked. The tension was heightened by news of the Irish rebellion, coupled with inaccurate rumours of Charles's complicity. Throughout November, a series of alarmist pamphlets published stories of atrocities in Ireland, including massacres of New English settlers by the native Irish who could not be controlled by the Old English lords. Rumours of "papist" conspiracies circulated in England, and English anti-Catholic opinion was strengthened, damaging Charles's reputation and authority. The English Parliament distrusted Charles's motivations when he called for funds to put down the Irish rebellion; many members of the Commons suspected that forces he raised might later be used against Parliament itself. Pym's
540:
1748:, who were Protestant settlers from England and Scotland aligned with the English Parliament and the Covenanters. Strafford's administration had improved the Irish economy and boosted tax revenue, but had done so by heavy-handedly imposing order. He had trained up a large Catholic army in support of the king and weakened the Irish Parliament's authority, while continuing to confiscate land from Catholics for Protestant settlement at the same time as promoting a Laudian Anglicanism that was anathema to presbyterians. As a result, all three groups had become disaffected. Strafford's impeachment provided a new departure for Irish politics whereby all sides joined to present evidence against him. In a similar manner to the English Parliament, the Old English members of the Irish Parliament argued that while opposed to Strafford they remained loyal to Charles. They argued that the king had been led astray by malign counsellors, and that, moreover, a viceroy such as Strafford could emerge as a despotic figure instead of ensuring that the king was directly involved in governance.
1137:, he "threw himself upon his bed, lamenting with much passion and with abundance of tears". He remained grieving in his room for two days. In contrast, the public rejoiced at Buckingham's death, accentuating the gulf between the court and the nation and between the Crown and the Commons. Buckingham's death effectively ended the war with Spain and eliminated his leadership as an issue, but it did not end the conflicts between Charles and Parliament. It did, however, coincide with an improvement in Charles's relationship with his wife, and by November 1628 their old quarrels were at an end. Perhaps Charles's emotional ties were transferred from Buckingham to Henrietta Maria. She became pregnant for the first time, and the bond between them grew stronger. Together, they embodied an image of virtue and family life, and their court became a model of formality and morality.
1320:
1886:
2752:
1095:—arrested at the door of the House. The Commons was outraged by the imprisonment of two of their members, and after about a week in custody, both were released. On 12 June 1626, the Commons launched a direct protestation attacking Buckingham, stating, "We protest before your Majesty and the whole world that until this great person be removed from intermeddling with the great affairs of state, we are out of hope of any good success; and do fear that any money we shall or can give will, through his misemployment, be turned rather to the hurt and prejudice of this your kingdom than otherwise, as by lamentable experience we have found those large supplies formerly and lately given." Despite the protests, Charles refused to dismiss his friend, dismissing Parliament instead.
2987:
1157:
1662:
1223:
1414:
1717:
2939:
1792:
1263:, which proved even more unpopular, and lucrative, than tonnage and poundage before it. Previously, collection of ship money had been authorised only during wars, and only on coastal regions. But Charles argued that there was no legal bar to collecting the tax for defence during peacetime and throughout the whole of the kingdom. Ship money, paid directly to the Treasury of the Navy, provided between £150,000 to £200,000 annually between 1634 and 1638, after which yields declined. Opposition to ship money steadily grew, but England's 12 common law judges ruled the tax within the king's prerogative, though some of them had reservations. The prosecution of
42:
1256:
defence and on diplomatic efforts to support his sister
Elizabeth and his foreign policy objective for the restoration of the Palatinate. England was still the least taxed country in Europe, with no official excise and no regular direct taxation. To raise revenue without reconvening Parliament, Charles resurrected an all-but-forgotten law called the "Distraint of Knighthood", in abeyance for over a century, which required any man who earned £40 or more from land each year to present himself at the king's coronation to be knighted. Relying on this old statute, Charles fined those who had failed to attend his coronation in 1626.
639:
1535:
1878:
2930:
2386:
2957:
1953:
2948:
1068:
2314:
13071:
12406:
10580:
2283:
the law of this land, I am no less confident, that no learned lawyer will affirm that an impeachment can lie against the King, they all going in his name: and one of their maxims is, that the King can do no wrong ... the higher House is totally excluded; and for the House of
Commons, it is too well known that the major part of them are detained or deterred from sitting ... the arms I took up were only to defend the fundamental laws of this kingdom against those who have supposed my power hath totally changed the ancient government.
2263:
overthrow the rights and liberties of the people". In carrying this out he had "traitorously and maliciously levied war against the present
Parliament, and the people therein represented", and that the "wicked designs, wars, and evil practices of him, the said Charles Stuart, have been, and are carried on for the advancement and upholding of a personal interest of will, power, and pretended prerogative to himself and his family, against the public interest, common right, liberty, justice, and peace of the people of this nation."
380:
12815:
2351:: "An unjust sentence that I suffered to take effect, is punished now by an unjust sentence on me." He declared that he had desired the liberty and freedom of the people as much as any, "but I must tell you that their liberty and freedom consists in having government ... It is not their having a share in the government; that is nothing appertaining unto them. A subject and a sovereign are clean different things." He continued, "I shall go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be."
864:
2064:
1204:
1238:
937:
2193:
1544:
2368:
13303:
2255:
13710:
1183:, down in his chair so that the session could be prolonged long enough for resolutions against Catholicism, Arminianism, and tonnage and poundage to be read out and acclaimed by the chamber. The provocation was too much for Charles, who dissolved Parliament and had nine parliamentary leaders, including Sir John Eliot, imprisoned over the matter, thereby turning the men into martyrs and giving popular cause to their protest.
1585:. Following the illness of Lord Northumberland, who was the king's commander-in-chief, Charles and Strafford went north to command the English forces, despite Strafford being ill himself with a combination of gout and dysentery. The Scottish soldiery, many of whom were veterans of the Thirty Years' War, had far greater morale and training than their English counterparts. They met virtually no resistance until reaching
10623:
1827:, on the grounds of high treason. When Parliament refused, it was possibly Henrietta Maria who persuaded Charles to arrest the five members by force, which he resolved to do personally. But news of the warrant reached Parliament ahead of him, and the wanted men slipped away by boat shortly before Charles entered the House of Commons with an armed guard on 4 January. Having displaced Speaker
2332:. They were permitted to visit him on 29 January, and he bade them a tearful farewell. The next morning, he called for two shirts to prevent the cold weather causing any noticeable shivers that the crowd could have mistaken for fear: "the season is so sharp as probably may make me shake, which some observers may imagine proceeds from fear. I would have no such imputation."
1682:
of justice". But increased tensions and an attempted coup by royalist army officers in support of
Strafford and in which Charles was involved began to sway the issue. The Commons passed the bill on 20 April by a large margin (204 in favour, 59 opposed, and 230 abstained), and the Lords acquiesced (by 26 votes to 19, with 79 absent) in May. On 3 May, Parliament's
1612:, signed in October 1640. This stated that the Scots would continue to occupy Northumberland and Durham and be paid £850 per day indefinitely until a final settlement was negotiated and the English Parliament recalled, which would be required to raise sufficient funds to pay the Scottish forces. Consequently, Charles summoned what later became known as the
1577:", which aimed to make central royal authority more efficient and effective at the expense of local or anti-government interests. Although originally a critic of the king, Strafford defected to royal service in 1628, in part due to the Duke of Buckingham's persuasion, and had since emerged, alongside Laud, as the most influential of Charles's ministers.
1278:" because some of its backers were Catholics. Charles also raised funds from the Scottish nobility, at the price of considerable acrimony, by the Act of Revocation (1625), whereby all gifts of royal or church land made to the nobility since 1540 were revoked, with continued ownership being subject to an annual rent. In addition, the boundaries of the
1608:, Charles had resolved to follow the almost universal advice to call a parliament. After informing the peers that a parliament would convene in November, he asked them to consider how he could acquire funds to maintain his army against the Scots in the meantime. They recommended making peace. A cessation of arms was negotiated in the humiliating
2734:, whom Parliament beheaded during the war, described Charles as "A mild and gracious prince who knew not how to be, or how to be made, great." Charles was more sober and refined than his father, but he was intransigent. He deliberately pursued unpopular policies that brought ruin on himself. Both Charles and James were advocates of the
1756:, coupled with resentment at moves to ensure the Irish Parliament was subordinate to the Parliament of England, sowed the seeds of rebellion. When armed conflict arose between the Gaelic Irish and New English in late October 1641, the Old English sided with the Gaelic Irish while simultaneously professing their loyalty to the king.
1932:. Rupert's cavalry successfully charged through the parliamentary ranks, but instead of swiftly returning to the field, rode off to plunder the parliamentary baggage train. Lindsey, acting as a colonel, was wounded and bled to death without medical attention. The battle ended inconclusively as the daylight faded.
1040:, published in 1625 shortly after James's death and Charles's accession. To protect Montagu from the stricture of Puritan members of Parliament, Charles made him a royal chaplain, heightening many Puritans' suspicions that Charles favoured Arminianism as a clandestine attempt to aid Catholicism's resurgence.
964:. Charles delayed the opening of his first Parliament until after the marriage was consummated, to forestall any opposition. Many members of the Commons opposed his marriage to a Catholic, fearing that he would lift restrictions on Catholic recusants and undermine the official establishment of the reformed
2231:
The Rump
Commons declared itself capable of legislating alone, passed a bill creating a separate court for Charles's trial, and declared the bill an act without the need for royal assent. The High Court of Justice established by the Act consisted of 135 commissioners, but many either refused to serve
1690:
Also in early May, Charles assented to an unprecedented Act that forbade the dissolution of the
English Parliament without its consent. In the following months, ship money, fines in distraint of knighthood and excise without parliamentary consent were declared unlawful, and the Courts of Star Chamber
1255:
A large fiscal deficit had arisen during the reigns of
Elizabeth I and James I. Notwithstanding Buckingham's short-lived campaigns against both Spain and France, Charles had little financial capacity to wage wars overseas. Throughout his reign, he was obliged to rely primarily on volunteer forces for
2282:
no earthly power can justly call me (who am your King) in question as a delinquent ... this day's proceeding cannot be warranted by God's laws; for, on the contrary, the authority of obedience unto Kings is clearly warranted, and strictly commanded in both the Old and New
Testament ... for
1681:
Charles assured
Strafford that "upon the word of a king you shall not suffer in life, honour or fortune", and the attainder could not succeed if Charles withheld assent. Furthermore, many members and most peers opposed the attainder, not wishing, in the words of one, to "commit murder with the sword
1282:
in
England were restored to their ancient limits as part of a scheme to maximise income by exploiting the land and fining land users within the reasserted boundaries for encroachment. The programme's focus was disafforestation and sale of forest lands for conversion to pasture and arable farming, or
626:
By 1604, when Charles was three-and-a-half, he was able to walk the length of the great hall at Dunfermline Palace without assistance, and it was decided that he was strong enough to journey to England to be reunited with his family. In mid-July 1604, he left Dunfermline for England, where he was to
1521:
attempted to broker a compromise whereby the king would agree to forfeit ship money in exchange for £650,000 (although the cost of the coming war was estimated at £1 million). Nevertheless, this alone was insufficient to produce consensus in the Commons. The Parliamentarians' calls for further
2038:
seized his bridle and pulled him back, fearing for the king's safety. The royalist soldiers misinterpreted Carnwath's action as a signal to move back, leading to a collapse of their position. The military balance tipped decisively in favour of Parliament. There followed a series of defeats for the
1831:
from his chair, the king asked him where the MPs had fled. Lenthall, on his knees, famously replied, "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here." Charles abjectly declared "all my birds
1641:
The Long Parliament proved just as difficult for Charles as had the Short Parliament. It assembled on 3 November 1640 and quickly began proceedings to impeach the king's leading counsellors for high treason. Strafford was taken into custody on 10 November; Laud was impeached on 18 December; Finch,
1348:
reformers considered Charles too sympathetic to Arminianism, and opposed his desire to move the Church of England in a more traditional and sacramental direction. In addition, his Protestant subjects followed the European war closely and grew increasingly dismayed by Charles's diplomacy with Spain
2273:
Over the first three days of the trial, whenever Charles was asked to plead, he refused, stating his objection with the words: "I would know by what power I am called hither, by what lawful authority...?" He claimed that no court had jurisdiction over a monarch, that his own authority to rule had
1751:
Strafford's fall from power weakened Charles's influence in Ireland. The dissolution of the Irish army was unsuccessfully demanded three times by the English Commons during Strafford's imprisonment, until lack of money eventually forced Charles to disband the army at the end of Strafford's trial.
1686:
attacked the "wicked counsels" of Charles's "arbitrary and tyrannical government". While those who signed the petition undertook to defend the king's "person, honour and estate", they also swore to preserve "the true reformed religion", Parliament, and the "rights and liberties of the subjects".
1512:
were summoned in the early months of 1640. In March 1640, the Irish Parliament duly voted in a subsidy of £180,000 with the promise to raise an army 9,000 strong by the end of May. But in the English general election in March, court candidates fared badly, and Charles's dealings with the English
1129:
on 26 May, calling upon Charles to acknowledge that he could not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, impose martial law on civilians, imprison them without due process, or quarter troops in their homes. Charles assented to the petition on 7 June, but by the end of the month he had prorogued
2431:
It was common practice for the severed head of a traitor to be held up and exhibited to the crowd with the words "Behold the head of a traitor!" Charles's head was exhibited, but those words were not used, possibly because the executioner did not want his voice recognised. On the day after the
2262:
Charles was accused of treason against England by using his power to pursue his personal interest rather than the good of the country. The charge stated that he was devising "a wicked design to erect and uphold in himself an unlimited and tyrannical power to rule according to his will, and to
1426:
When Charles attempted to impose his religious policies in Scotland he faced numerous difficulties. Although born in Scotland, Charles had become estranged from it; his first visit since early childhood was for his Scottish coronation in 1633. To the dismay of the Scots, who had removed many
2294:
At the end of the third day, Charles was removed from the court, which then heard over 30 witnesses against him in his absence over the next two days, and on 26 January condemned him to death. The next day, the king was brought before a public session of the commission, declared guilty, and
1102:, appointments to her household, and the practice of her religion culminated in the king expelling the vast majority of her French attendants in August 1626. Despite Charles's agreement to provide the French with English ships as a condition of marrying Henrietta Maria, in 1627 he launched
3820:, "For Arminianism is the span of a Papist, and if you mark it well, you shall see an Arminian reaching to a Papist, a Papist to a Jesuit, a Jesuit to the Pope, and the other to the King of Spain. And having kindled fire in our neighbours, they now seek to set on flame this kingdom also."
2416:, the common hangman of London, but he refused, at least at first, despite being offered £200 – a considerably large sum for the time. It is possible he relented and undertook the commission after being threatened with death, but others have been named as potential candidates, including
2055:. After nine months of negotiations, the Scots finally arrived at an agreement with the English Parliament: in exchange for £100,000, and the promise of more money in the future, the Scots withdrew from Newcastle and delivered Charles to the parliamentary commissioners in January 1647.
1294:
Against the background of this unrest, Charles faced bankruptcy in mid-1640. The City of London, preoccupied with its own grievances, refused to make any loans to him, as did foreign powers. In this extremity, in July Charles seized silver bullion worth £130,000 held in trust at the
1194:
or the "eleven years' tyranny". Ruling without Parliament was not exceptional, and was supported by precedent. But only Parliament could legally raise taxes, and without it Charles's capacity to acquire funds for his treasury was limited to his customary rights and prerogatives.
2270:, the indictment held him "guilty of all the treasons, murders, rapines, burnings, spoils, desolations, damages and mischiefs to this nation, acted and committed in the said wars, or occasioned thereby." An estimated 300,000 people, or 6% of the population, died during the war.
902:, the Spanish chief minister, and so Charles conducted the ultimately futile negotiations personally. When he returned to London in October, without a bride and to a rapturous and relieved public welcome, he and Buckingham pushed the reluctant James to declare war on Spain.
2295:
sentenced. The judgement read, "For all which treasons and crimes this court doth adjudge that he, the said Charles Stuart, as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy to the good people of this nation, shall be put to death by the severing of his head from his body."
913:, who opposed war on grounds of cost and quickly fell in much the same manner Bacon had. James told Buckingham he was a fool, and presciently warned Charles that he would live to regret the revival of impeachment as a parliamentary tool. An underfunded makeshift army under
2165:
and the army opposed any further talks with someone they viewed as a bloody tyrant and were already taking action to consolidate their power. Hammond was replaced as Governor of the Isle of Wight on 27 November, and placed in the custody of the army the following day. In
1772:
appears to have prompted more members of the Lords to support the king. In an attempt to strengthen his position, Charles generated great antipathy in London, which was already fast falling into lawlessness, when he placed the Tower of London under the command of Colonel
2742:
were tempered by compromise and consensus with his subjects, Charles believed he had no need to compromise or even to explain his actions. He thought he was answerable only to God. "Princes are not bound to give account of their actions," he wrote, "but to God alone".
1677:
that Strafford had threatened to use the Irish army to subdue England was not corroborated, and on 10 April Pym's case collapsed. Pym and his allies immediately launched a bill of attainder, which simply declared Strafford guilty and pronounced the sentence of death.
1507:
Charles continued peace negotiations with the Scots in a bid to gain time before launching a new military campaign. Because of his financial weakness, he was forced to call Parliament into session in an attempt to raise funds for such a venture. Both the English and
1179:, a Member of Parliament whose goods had been confiscated for failing to pay tonnage and poundage. Many MPs viewed the imposition of the tax as a breach of the Petition of Right. When Charles ordered a parliamentary adjournment on 2 March, members held the Speaker,
1499:
The military failure in the First Bishops' War caused a financial and diplomatic crisis for Charles that deepened when his efforts to raise funds from Spain while simultaneously continuing his support for his Palatine relatives led to the public humiliation of the
1944:
on the outskirts of London, the royalist army met resistance from the city militia, and faced with a numerically superior force, Charles ordered a retreat. He overwintered in Oxford, strengthening the city's defences and preparing for the next season's campaign.
2083:
took him by threat of force from Holdenby on 3 June in the name of the New Model Army. By this time, mutual suspicion had developed between Parliament, which favoured army disbandment and presbyterianism, and the New Model Army, which was primarily officered by
811:
Unfortunately for James, negotiation with Spain proved unpopular with both the public and James's court. The English Parliament was actively hostile towards Spain and Catholicism, and thus, when called by James in 1621, the members hoped for an enforcement of
1654:, which required Parliament to be summoned at least every three years, and permitted the Lord Keeper and 12 peers to summon Parliament if the king failed to do so. The Act was coupled with a subsidy bill, and to secure the latter, Charles grudgingly granted
1496:, Charles regained custody of his Scottish fortresses and secured the dissolution of the Covenanters' interim government, albeit at the decisive concession that both the Scottish Parliament and General Assembly of the Scottish Church were called.
2130:
From Carisbrooke, Charles continued to try to bargain with the various parties. In direct contrast to his previous conflict with the Scottish Kirk, on 26 December 1647 he signed a secret treaty with the Scots. Under the agreement, called the
1935:
In his own words, the experience of battle had left Charles "exceedingly and deeply grieved". He regrouped at Oxford, turning down Rupert's suggestion of an immediate attack on London. After a week, he set out for the capital on 3 November,
1691:
and High Commission were abolished. All remaining forms of taxation were legalised and regulated by the Tonnage and Poundage Act. The House of Commons also launched bills attacking bishops and episcopacy, but these failed in the Lords.
1390:, the two most powerful courts in the land. The courts became feared for their censorship of opposing religious views and unpopular among the propertied classes for inflicting degrading punishments on gentlemen. For example, in 1637
1767:
was intended to wrest control of the army from the king, but it did not have the support of the Lords, let alone Charles. Instead, the Commons passed the bill as an ordinance, which they claimed did not require royal assent. The
1835:
The botched arrest attempt was politically disastrous for Charles. No English sovereign had ever entered the House of Commons, and his unprecedented invasion of the chamber to arrest its members was considered a grave breach of
437:, and was determined to govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without Parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical
2354:
At about 2:00 p.m., Charles put his head on the block after saying a prayer and signalled the executioner when he was ready by stretching out his hands; he was then beheaded in one clean stroke. According to observer
1992:, which sat until March 1645, was supported by the majority of peers and about a third of the Commons. Charles became disillusioned by the assembly's ineffectiveness, calling it a "mongrel" in private letters to his wife.
1806:
Charles suspected, probably correctly, that some members of the English Parliament had colluded with the invading Scots. On 3 January 1642, Charles directed Parliament to give up five specific members of the Commons—Pym,
2571:
Charles's unprecedented 1642 invasion of the House of Commons' chamber, a grave violation of the liberties of Parliament, and his unsuccessful attempt to arrest five Members of Parliament is commemorated annually at the
1698:, then securing the Scots' favour on a visit from August to November 1641 during which he conceded to the official establishment of presbyterianism in Scotland. But after an attempted royalist coup in Scotland, known as
13883:
1580:
Bolstered by the failure of the English Short Parliament, the Scottish Parliament declared itself capable of governing without the king's consent, and in August 1640 the Covenanter army moved into the English county of
618:
as James I. Charles was a weak and sickly infant, and while his parents and older siblings left for England in April and early June that year, due to his fragile health, he remained in Scotland with his father's friend
2347:. Charles was separated from spectators by large ranks of soldiers, and his last speech reached only those with him on the scaffold. He blamed his fate on his failure to prevent the execution of his loyal servant
889:
thought Charles little more than an infidel, and the Spanish at first demanded that he convert to Catholicism as a condition of the match. They insisted on toleration of Catholics in England and the repeal of the
2590:
Partly inspired by his visit to the Spanish court in 1623, Charles became a passionate and knowledgeable art collector, amassing one of the finest art collections ever assembled. In Spain, he sat for a sketch by
3833:, who used it to carve a bust of the king, destroyed by fire in 1698; on seeing the painting, Bernini allegedly remarked the sitter was the saddest person he had ever seen and was destined for a violent death.
1777:, an infamous, albeit efficient, career officer. When rumours reached Charles that Parliament intended to impeach his wife for supposedly conspiring with the Irish rebels, he decided to take drastic action.
1059:
had been granted the right for life. In this manner, Parliament could delay approval of the rates until after a full-scale review of customs revenue. The bill made no progress in the House of Lords past its
2291:
and proposed that "the King of England was not a person, but an office whose every occupant was entrusted with a limited power to govern 'by and according to the laws of the land and not otherwise'."
1687:
Fearing for his family's safety in the face of unrest, Charles reluctantly assented to Strafford's attainder on 9 May after consulting his judges and bishops. Strafford was beheaded three days later.
883:
and a man who had great influence over the prince, travelled incognito to Spain in February 1623 to try to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish match. The trip was an embarrassing failure. The
1344:
theology emphasised clerical authority and the individual's ability to reject or accept salvation, which opponents viewed as heretical and a potential vehicle for the reintroduction of Catholicism.
13888:
2044:
1988:
stalemated at nightfall, and the armies disengaged. In January 1644, Charles summoned a Parliament at Oxford, which was attended by about 40 peers and 118 members of the Commons; all told, the
2091:, who sought a greater political role. Charles was eager to exploit the widening divisions, and apparently viewed Joyce's actions as an opportunity rather than a threat. He was taken first to
2216:
House of Commons indicted him for treason, however the House of Lords rejected the charge. The idea of trying a king was novel. The Chief Justices of the three common law courts of England—
852:
be concerned exclusively with domestic affairs, while the members protested that they had the privilege of free speech within the Commons' walls, demanding war with Spain and a Protestant
2922:); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland). In Scotland, the Scottish arms were placed in the first and fourth quarters with the English and French arms in the second quarter.
905:
With the encouragement of his Protestant advisers, James summoned the English Parliament in 1624 to request subsidies for a war. Charles and Buckingham supported the impeachment of the
495:, he fled north from his base at Oxford. Charles surrendered to a Scottish force and after lengthy negotiations between the English and Scottish parliaments he was handed over to the
2439:, so his body was conveyed to Windsor on the night of 7 February. He was buried in private on 9 February 1649 in the Henry VIII vault in the chapel's quire, alongside the coffins of
2278:
and by the traditional laws of England, and that the power wielded by those trying him was only that of force of arms. Charles insisted that the trial was illegal, explaining that,
10804:
2359:, a moan "as I never heard before and desire I may never hear again" rose from the assembled crowd, some of whom then dipped their handkerchiefs in the king's blood as a memento.
2023:
before the winter closed in; the battle ended indecisively. Attempts to negotiate a settlement over the winter, while both sides rearmed and reorganised, were again unsuccessful.
681:. He became an adept horseman and marksman, and took up fencing. Even so, his public profile remained low in contrast to that of his physically stronger and taller elder brother,
635:, who put him in boots made of Spanish leather and brass to help strengthen his weak ankles. His speech development was also slow, and he had a stammer for the rest of his life.
1446:. Although it had been written, under Charles's direction, by Scottish bishops, many Scots resisted it, seeing it as a vehicle to introduce Anglicanism to Scotland. On 23 July,
1117:
Charles provoked further unrest by trying to raise money for the war through a "forced loan": a tax levied without parliamentary consent. In November 1627, the test case in the
1051:. Parliament voted to grant a subsidy of £140,000, an insufficient sum for Charles's war plans. Moreover, the House of Commons limited its authorisation for royal collection of
1175:
in June 1628, with a moderate speech on the tonnage and poundage issue. Members of the House of Commons began to voice opposition to Charles's policies in light of the case of
1450:
erupted in Edinburgh upon the first Sunday of the prayer book's usage, and unrest spread throughout the Kirk. The public began to mobilise around a reaffirmation of the
539:
418:
culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiation. Two years later, shortly after his accession, he married
2232:
or chose to stay away. Only 68 (all firm Parliamentarians) attended Charles's trial on charges of high treason and "other high crimes" that began on 20 January 1649 in
2135:", the Scots undertook to invade England on Charles's behalf and restore him to the throne on condition that presbyterianism be established in England for three years.
1106:
to defend the Huguenots at La Rochelle. The action, led by Buckingham, was ultimately unsuccessful. Buckingham's failure to protect the Huguenots—and his retreat from
13893:
2497:("The Iconoclast"), but the response made little headway against the pathos of the royalist book. Anglicans and royalists fashioned an image of martyrdom, and in the
1125:", found that the king had a prerogative right to imprison without trial those who refused to pay the forced loan. Summoned again in March 1628, Parliament adopted a
1034:. Arminian divines had been one of the few sources of support for Charles's proposed Spanish marriage. With King James's support, Montagu produced another pamphlet,
8534:
1186:
Personal rule necessitated peace. Without the means in the foreseeable future to raise funds from Parliament for a European war, or Buckingham's help, Charles made
2518:
1083:
under Buckingham's leadership went badly, and the House of Commons began proceedings for the impeachment of the duke. In May 1626, Charles nominated Buckingham as
9635:
ROUS, Francis (1581-1659), of Landrake, Cornw.; later of Brixham, Devon, Eton, Bucks. and Acton, Mdx; in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629
11574:
898:
remain in Spain for a year after any wedding to ensure that England complied with all the treaty's terms. A personal quarrel erupted between Buckingham and the
13913:
8551:
Morris, John S. (2007), "Sir Henry Halford, president of the Royal College of Physicians, with a note on his involvement in the exhumation of King Charles I",
2428:. The clean strike, confirmed by an examination of the king's body at Windsor in 1813, suggests that the execution was carried out by an experienced headsman.
1976:. His plan to undermine the city walls failed due to heavy rain, and on the approach of a parliamentary relief force, Charles lifted the siege and withdrew to
968:. Charles told Parliament that he would not relax religious restrictions, but promised to do exactly that in a secret marriage treaty with his brother-in-law
10797:
9710:
1043:
Rather than direct involvement in the European land war, the English Parliament preferred a relatively inexpensive naval attack on Spanish colonies in the
10073:
3020:
Charles had nine children, five of whom reached adulthood. Two of his sons eventually succeeded as king, and two chidren died at or shortly after birth.
1311:
seized the company's stock of pepper and spices and sold it for £60,000 (far below its market value), promising to refund the money with interest later.
135:
58:
13371:
1964:
The war continued indecisively over the next couple of years, and Henrietta Maria returned to Britain for 17 months from February 1643. After Rupert
13788:
13656:
10381:
2817:, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. The authors of his death warrant called him "Charles Stuart, King of England".
2324:
Charles's execution was scheduled for Tuesday, 30 January 1649. Two of his children remained in England under the control of the Parliamentarians:
1454:, whose signatories pledged to uphold the reformed religion of Scotland and reject any innovations not authorised by Kirk and Parliament. When the
1616:. Once again, his supporters fared badly at the polls. Of the 493 members of the Commons returned in November, over 350 were opposed to the king.
780:
and public quickly grew to see as a polarised continental struggle between Catholics and Protestants. In 1620, King Frederick was defeated at the
10790:
2200:, 1649. He let his beard and hair grow long because Parliament had dismissed his barber, and he refused to let anyone else near him with a razor.
2034:, but elsewhere on the field, opposing forces pushed Charles's troops back. Attempting to rally his men, Charles rode forward, but as he did so,
1274:, which, though inefficient, raised an estimated £100,000 a year in the late 1630s. One such monopoly was for soap, pejoratively referred to as "
13838:
1522:
reforms were ignored by Charles, who still retained the support of the House of Lords. Despite the protests of the Earl of Northumberland, the
1484:
in 1639. He did not seek subsidies from the English Parliament to wage war, instead raising an army without parliamentary aid and marching to
12553:
1837:
10416:
Devereaux, Simon (2009), "The historiography of the English state during 'the Long Eighteenth Century': Part I–Decentralized perspectives",
1851:. After sending his wife and eldest daughter to safety abroad in February, he travelled northwards, hoping to seize the military arsenal at
13843:
13252:
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for non-payment in 1637–38 provided a platform for popular protest, and the judges found against Hampden only by the narrow margin of 7–5.
670:
Scot, was appointed as a tutor. Charles learnt the usual subjects of classics, languages, mathematics and religion. In 1611, he was made a
3742:, which was used in Great Britain and Ireland throughout Charles's lifetime. However, years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than
772:. Frederick's acceptance of the Bohemian crown in defiance of the emperor marked the beginning of the turmoil that would develop into the
685:, whom Charles adored and attempted to emulate. But in early November 1612, Henry died at the age of 18 of what is suspected to have been
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12597:
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2719:, who offered a more sympathetic view that has not been widely adopted. Sharpe argued that the king was a dynamic man of conscience, but
2514:
2472:
1514:
507:, he forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648, the New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was
406:, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became
10318:
8852:
899:
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Ten days after Charles's execution, on the day of his interment, a memoir purportedly written by him appeared for sale. This book, the
1455:
753:
17:
13189:
12540:
12452:
3807:
The statute forbade grants of monopolies to individuals but Charles circumvented the restriction by granting monopolies to companies.
3851:
In 1813, part of Charles's beard, a piece of neck bone, and a tooth were taken as relics. They were placed back in the tomb in 1888.
1319:
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Meanwhile, domestic quarrels between Charles and Henrietta Maria were souring the early years of their marriage. Disputes over her
620:
308:
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1901:, and Parliament called for volunteers for its militia. The negotiations proved futile, and Charles raised the royal standard in
1553:
1518:
910:
845:
837:
856:. Like his father, Charles considered discussion of his marriage in the Commons impertinent and an infringement of his father's
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13758:
13181:
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12211:
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2715:, who thought him duplicitous and delusional. In recent decades, most historians have criticised him, the main exception being
2506:
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took place. By November, he determined that it would be in his best interests to escape—perhaps to France, Southern England or
1824:
1366:, organising the internal architecture of English churches to emphasise the sacrament of the altar, and reissuing King James's
836:. The incident set an important precedent as the process of impeachment would later be used against Charles and his supporters
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1287:, development for the iron industry. Disafforestation frequently caused riots and disturbances, including those known as the
240:
2986:
1356:. They initiated a series of reforms to promote religious uniformity by restricting non-conformist preachers, insisting the
1156:
1103:
1064:. Although no act of Parliament for the levy of tonnage and poundage was obtained, Charles continued to collect the duties.
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With the failure of the Spanish match, Charles and Buckingham turned their attention to France. On 1 May 1625 Charles was
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Disputes over the transfer of land ownership from native Catholic to settler Protestant, particularly in relation to the
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since 1632, had emerged as Charles's right-hand man and, together with Archbishop Laud, pursued a policy that he termed "
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Cromwell was said to have visited Charles's coffin, sighing "Cruel necessity!" as he did so. The story was depicted by
2016:
1925:
1840:. In one stroke Charles destroyed his supporters' efforts to portray him as a defence against innovation and disorder.
1134:
1118:
1084:
860:. In January 1622, James dissolved Parliament, angry at what he perceived as the members' impudence and intransigence.
722:
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on 6 and 7 December, the members of Parliament out of sympathy with the military were arrested or excluded by Colonel
1661:
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1492:, as the king feared the defeat of his forces, whom he believed to be significantly outnumbered by the Scots. In the
981:
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2691:. By Charles's death, there were an estimated 1,760 paintings, most of which were sold and dispersed by Parliament.
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set off to recover the Palatinate, but it was so poorly provisioned that it never advanced beyond the Dutch coast.
737:
682:
411:
318:
9458:
Donaghan, Barbara (1995), "Halcyon Days and the Literature of the War: England's Military Education before 1642",
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2047:(disguised as a servant) in April 1646. He put himself into the hands of the Scottish presbyterian army besieging
1716:
1413:
323:
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3154:
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1812:
1504:, where the Dutch destroyed a Spanish bullion fleet off the coast of Kent in sight of the impotent English navy.
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so that Puritans could be appointed to them, was dissolved. Laud prosecuted those who opposed his reforms in the
1324:
1222:
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2161:
on the Isle of Wight. On 5 December 1648, Parliament voted 129 to 83 to continue negotiating with the king, but
1694:
Charles had made important concessions in England, and temporarily improved his position in Scotland by signing
1650:
with Charles's permission on 21 December. To prevent the king from dissolving it at will, Parliament passed the
1427:
traditional rituals from their liturgical practice, Charles insisted that the coronation be conducted using the
972:. Moreover, the treaty loaned to the French seven English naval ships that were used to suppress the Protestant
13848:
13391:
12547:
12472:
12143:
10062:
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2919:
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2150:, and a rebellion in South Wales, were put down by the New Model Army, and with the defeat of the Scots at the
1226:
580:
379:
3214:
2412:
The executioner was masked and disguised, and there is debate over his identity. The commissioners approached
2233:
391:(19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until
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13520:
12445:
12405:
2739:
2432:
execution, the king's head was sewn back onto his body, which was then embalmed and placed in a lead coffin.
1643:
726:
10350:
Burgess, Glenn (1990), "On revisionism: an analysis of early Stuart historiography in the 1970s and 1980s",
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2003:, which were under threat from parliamentary and Scottish Covenanter armies. Charles was victorious at the
1980:. The parliamentary army turned back towards London, and Charles set off in pursuit. The two armies met at
1860:
1436:
1418:
1176:
988:, but without his wife at his side, because she refused to participate in a Protestant religious ceremony.
508:
8862:
Lancashire at War: Cavaliers and Roundheads, 1642-51: a Series of Talks Broadcast from BBC Radio Blackburn
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13506:
13238:
13208:
13097:
12993:
12737:
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9403:
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2318:
1928:, and Charles sided with Rupert. Lindsey resigned, leaving Charles to assume overall command assisted by
1459:
1432:
1371:
1031:
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415:
11897:
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Lake, Peter (2015), "From Revisionist to Royalist History; or, Was Charles I the First Whig Historian",
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and Spain. The next 11 years, during which Charles ruled England without a Parliament, are known as the
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6406:, p. 288, quoting and agreeing with Gardiner, suspects that it was initiated by Pym's allies only.
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2769:
23 December 1600 – 27 March 1625: Duke of Albany, Marquess of Ormonde, Earl of Ross and Lord Ardmannoch
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on 14 June 1645, Rupert's horsemen again mounted a successful charge against the flank of Parliament's
1937:
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on the way while simultaneously continuing to negotiate with civic and parliamentary delegations. At
1881:
Parliamentarian pamphlet depicting Charles raising the royal standard at Nottingham on 22 August 1642
1699:
1130:
Parliament and reasserted his right to collect customs duties without authorisation from Parliament.
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920:
By 1624, the increasingly ill James was finding it difficult to control Parliament. By the time of
781:
298:
113:
11776:
11756:
697:. As the eldest surviving son of the sovereign, he automatically gained several titles, including
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3069:(1638–1705) in 1662. No legitimate liveborn issue, but many acknowledged illegitimate offspring.
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1985:
1941:
1877:
1711:
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1480:
Charles perceived the unrest in Scotland as a rebellion against his authority, precipitating the
1207:
1080:
816:
laws, a naval campaign against Spain, and a Protestant marriage for the Prince of Wales. James's
677:
Eventually, Charles apparently conquered his physical infirmity, which might have been caused by
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2540:. All significant military opposition in Britain and Ireland was extinguished by the forces of
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2008:
1745:
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in saltire on the obverse. The two sceptres represent the two kingdoms of England and Scotland.
1048:
776:. The conflict, originally confined to Bohemia, spiralled into a wider European war, which the
643:
611:
481:
410:
to the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 upon the death of his elder brother,
392:
219:
53:
11361:
3780:) and a maiden resemble the king and queen. The dragon of war lies slain under Charles's foot.
2536:". The House of Lords was abolished by the Rump Commons, and executive power was assumed by a
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13676:
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13563:
13540:
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12421:
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12076:
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11408:
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Rubens, who acted as the Spanish representative during peace negotiations in London, painted
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by a plain label Argent of three points. As king, Charles bore the royal arms undifferenced:
2806:
2735:
2452:
2275:
2237:
2012:
1913:. Parliament controlled London, the south-east and East Anglia, as well as the English navy.
1509:
1481:
1407:
1367:
1362:
1271:
1171:
In January 1629, Charles opened the second session of the English Parliament, which had been
1122:
1036:
528:
434:
293:
175:
101:
13496:
13336:
11841:
11113:
10865:
10334:
Braddick, Michael (2004), "State Formation and the Historiography of Early Modern England",
2513:
Anglicans held special services on the anniversary of his death. Churches, such as those at
1133:
On 23 August 1628, Buckingham was assassinated. Charles was deeply distressed. According to
1107:
1067:
41:
13743:
13738:
13514:
13406:
13341:
13292:
13282:
13269:
12919:
12903:
12171:
12061:
12051:
12041:
12021:
12010:
11998:
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11851:
11726:
11333:
11323:
11313:
11286:
11204:
11127:
11061:
11016:
11006:
11000:
10989:
10983:
10933:
9680:
9407:
3872:
3868:
3830:
3402:
3202:
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2809:, etc." The style "of France" was only nominal, and was used by every English monarch from
2756:
2723:
thought Charles "the most incompetent monarch of England since Henry VI", a view shared by
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2336:
2313:
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1856:
1844:
1753:
1683:
1674:
1111:
1072:
1052:
969:
789:
773:
671:
628:
556:
469:
1897:
In mid-1642, both sides began to arm. Charles raised an army using the medieval method of
1534:
1526:(as it came to be known) was dissolved in May 1640, less than a month after it assembled.
960:. He had seen her in Paris while en route to Spain. They met in person on 13 June 1625 in
800:. James, however, had been seeking marriage between Prince Charles and Ferdinand's niece,
8:
13714:
13525:
13381:
13324:
13166:
12887:
12641:
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12081:
12036:
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11244:
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2111:, near the Scottish border. He fled Hampton Court on 11 November, and from the shores of
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1969:
1965:
1952:
1898:
1820:
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1586:
1501:
1463:
1337:
1213:
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797:
793:
524:
208:
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Charles (in the dock with his back to the viewer) facing the High Court of Justice, 1649
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9483:
9471:
8581:
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2108:
2104:
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1981:
1917:
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1737:
1485:
1304:
991:
Distrust of Charles's religious policies increased with his support of a controversial
914:
891:
777:
765:
659:
627:
spend most of the rest of his life. In England, Charles was placed under the charge of
564:
473:
426:
191:
2947:
2592:
13666:
13554:
13550:
13483:
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13401:
13396:
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11083:
10896:
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10519:
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9657:
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9356:
8586:
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3100:
2672:
2664:
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2436:
2402:
2112:
1995:
In 1644, Charles remained in the southern half of England while Rupert rode north to
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1800:
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1451:
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965:
857:
853:
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488:
430:
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277:
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1673:, and he went on trial for high treason on 22 March 1641. But the key allegation by
487:
From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the
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12016:
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10858:
10851:
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10534:
10507:
10483:
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10339:
10311:
9759:
9715:
9463:
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2027:
1996:
1946:
1905:
on 22 August 1642. By then, his forces controlled roughly the Midlands, Wales, the
1828:
1594:
1523:
1475:
1329:
949:
761:
702:
698:
596:
592:
477:
438:
130:
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3798:
For comparison, a typical farm labourer could earn 8d a day, or about £10 a year.
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12159:
11861:
11656:
11396:
11141:
10971:
10923:
10913:
10907:
10772:
10681:
10641:
10529:
Lee, Maurice Jr (1984), "James I and the Historians: Not a Bad King after All?",
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9755:
9701:
9510:
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2903:
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2708:
2652:
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2541:
2413:
2213:
2175:
2162:
2123:, whom he apparently believed to be sympathetic. But Hammond confined Charles in
2096:
2048:
2040:
1889:
A nineteenth-century painting depicting Charles (centre in blue sash) before the
1774:
1625:
1613:
1609:
1308:
1300:
1218:("Charles, by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, of France and of Ireland")
996:
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941:
817:
757:
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745:
710:
706:
615:
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496:
399:
358:
338:
49:
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10614:
2552:. Cromwell forcibly disbanded the Rump Parliament in 1653, thereby establishing
2063:
1669:
Strafford had become the principal target of the Parliamentarians, particularly
1303:, promising its later return at 8% interest to its owners. In August, after the
1055:(two varieties of customs duties) to a year, although previous sovereigns since
658:, as is customary in the case of the English sovereign's second son, and made a
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As demands for a parliament grew, Charles took the unusual step of summoning a
1582:
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1203:
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was the first since 1459 without the king's official sanction in the form of a
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10359:
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13473:
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and furthered the English Parliament's and people's detestation of the duke.
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821:
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694:
504:
407:
9577:"Delaroche masterpiece feared lost in war to go on show at National Gallery"
9514:
9467:
1087:
in a show of support, and had two members who had spoken against Buckingham—
13884:
People executed under the Interregnum (England) for treason against England
13640:
13601:
13448:
13113:
12004:
11681:
11519:
11276:
10487:
9908:
9734:
9612:
9417:
9108:
8590:
8042:
5314:
3817:
3777:
3773:
2731:
2720:
2585:
2560:. Upon his death in 1658, he was briefly succeeded by his ineffective son,
2444:
2417:
2205:
2197:
2171:
2080:
1973:
1906:
1808:
1796:
1786:
1764:
1655:
1557:
1447:
1387:
1279:
1264:
1164:
936:
841:
667:
655:
604:
572:
512:
503:, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the
223:
11781:
10871:
10511:
10441:
10398:
9654:
The King's Revenge; Charles II and the Greatest Manhunt in British History
8856:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25.
3755:
Charles grew to a peak height of 5 feet 4 inches (163 cm).
2703:, "Charles Stuart is a man of contradictions and controversy". Revered by
2487:
for royal policies, and proved an effective piece of royalist propaganda.
2157:
Charles's only recourse was to return to negotiations, which were held at
1732:
Ireland's population was split into three main sociopolitical groups: the
13632:
13501:
13416:
13261:
13049:
13041:
12793:
12785:
12381:
12371:
11761:
11701:
11666:
11524:
11509:
11094:
10084:
2969:
Coat of arms as heir apparent and Prince of Wales used from 1612 to 1625
2704:
2510:
2488:
2425:
2241:
2217:
2192:
2174:, while others stayed away voluntarily. The remaining members formed the
1275:
977:
458:
454:
446:
11741:
6402:, p. 944 assume that Pym was involved with the launch of the bill;
2603:, among others. In England, his commissions included the ceiling of the
13636:
13376:
13154:
13025:
12769:
12689:
12351:
12331:
12251:
11811:
11766:
11711:
11696:
11691:
11636:
11499:
11489:
11479:
11066:
10928:
10550:
10546:
10459:
Holmes, Clive (1980), "The County Community in Stuart Historiography",
2814:
2810:
2676:
2644:
2440:
2147:
1929:
1902:
1489:
1296:
1260:
961:
730:
568:
465:
368:
75:
10432:
Harris, Tim (2015), "Revisiting the Causes of the English Civil War",
9475:
2142:, and as agreed with Charles, the Scots invaded England. Uprisings in
1863:, who refused him entry in April, and Charles was forced to withdraw.
13411:
13361:
13202:
13142:
13017:
12761:
12705:
12341:
12261:
11806:
11801:
11731:
11721:
11686:
11646:
11626:
11514:
11484:
11071:
11046:
3789:
For example, James I ruled without Parliament between 1614 and 1621.
3114:
2727:, who called him "the worst king we have had since the Middle Ages".
2688:
2648:
2600:
2254:
1647:
1410:
and imprisoned indefinitely for publishing anti-episcopal pamphlets.
1403:
1172:
1044:
1030:—believed that people could accept or reject salvation by exercising
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
973:
880:
813:
690:
12837:
12575:
11892:
11172:
10538:
2972:
Coat of arms of Charles I used (outside Scotland) from 1625 to 1649
2778:
4 November 1616 – 27 March 1625: Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester
2367:
1349:
and his failure to support the Protestant cause abroad effectively.
13610:
13302:
13196:
13033:
12777:
12665:
12361:
12221:
12128:
11786:
11751:
11746:
11706:
11661:
11641:
11631:
11606:
11504:
11445:
11051:
10876:
10468:
10155:
The Sale of the Late King's Goods: Charles I and His Art Collection
9331:
9329:
9327:
3743:
2915:
2789:
of Charles I as king in England was "Charles, by the Grace of God,
2635:. In 1627 and 1628, Charles purchased the entire collection of the
2620:
2529:
2132:
1843:
Parliament quickly seized London, and Charles fled the capital for
1670:
1574:
1428:
1379:
1375:
1099:
741:
734:
520:
461:
450:
165:
118:
12430:
3049:
Born and died the same day. Buried as "Charles, Prince of Wales".
2684:
2455:, later planned for an elaborate royal mausoleum to be erected in
2154:
in August 1648, the royalists lost any chance of winning the war.
2007:
in late June, but the royalists in the north were defeated at the
1458:
met in November 1638, it condemned the new prayer book, abolished
13709:
13491:
12939:
12056:
11816:
11676:
11651:
11601:
11422:
11328:
10585:
8071:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6060:
3118:
2911:
2873:
2862:
2656:
2640:
1665:
Portrait of Charles in armour, by van Dyck and his workshop, 1638
1357:
1345:
1230:
1000:
894:, which Charles knew Parliament would not agree to, and that the
885:
686:
678:
333:
106:
13082:
9507:
The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660
9324:
8845:
499:
in London. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a
13889:
People executed under the Interregnum (England) by decapitation
11932:
11882:
11214:
11162:
10886:
10881:
10303:
A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial and Execution of Charles I
8061:
8059:
8057:
2869:
2616:
2608:
2596:
2343:, where an execution scaffold had been erected in front of the
2317:
Contemporary German print of Charles I's beheading outside the
1910:
1560:(right): two of Charles's most influential advisors during the
1543:
1160:
785:
491:. After his defeat in 1645 at the hands of the Parliamentarian
13230:
10053:
English Regnal Years and Titles: Hand-lists, Easter dates, etc
8972:
6332:"Portrait of Charles I, King of the Great Britain (1600-1649)"
6057:
2775:
6 November 1612 – 27 March 1625: Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay
2611:
and paintings by other artists from the Low Countries such as
1916:
After a few skirmishes, the opposing forces met in earnest at
11856:
11796:
11134:
9764:
Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe
6128:
2975:
Coat of arms of Charles I used in Scotland from 1625 to 1649
2876:
1924:
disagreed with the battle strategy of the royalist commander
1270:
Charles also derived money by granting monopolies, despite a
808:
as a possible diplomatic means of achieving peace in Europe.
9272:
8151:
8054:
7956:
7954:
1513:
Parliament in April quickly reached stalemate. The earls of
13366:
10918:
7966:
7687:
6429:
5602:
4565:
2143:
2019:. Returning northwards to his base at Oxford, he fought at
1605:
1443:
1442:, without consulting either the Scottish Parliament or the
10812:
10609:
10531:
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
10056:, London: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge
8613:
8611:
7337:
7335:
7284:
6477:
5730:
5678:
924:
in March 1625, Charles and Buckingham had already assumed
425:
After his succession in 1625, Charles quarrelled with the
8596:
8502:
8191:
7951:
7727:
7659:
7463:
7431:
7403:
7296:
6928:
6720:
6708:
6696:
6656:
6494:
6492:
6280:
6156:
5963:
5961:
5542:
4769:
4553:
2707:
who considered him a saintly martyr, he was condemned by
2127:
and informed Parliament that Charles was in his custody.
2015:, encircling and disarming the parliamentary army of the
1370:, which permitted secular activities on the sabbath. The
1259:
The chief tax Charles imposed was a feudal levy known as
441:. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a
9835:
Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice
9296:
9134:
8644:
8642:
8163:
7699:
7120:
6104:
5838:
5290:
5066:
4857:
4829:
4693:
4597:
4473:
4052:
4050:
414:. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to
9284:
9260:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9177:
9162:
9076:
8996:
8984:
8714:
8608:
8490:
8426:
8359:, p. 444; see also a virtually identical quote in
8103:
7391:
7379:
7332:
7308:
7132:
7028:
6964:
6816:
6760:
6748:
5614:
5590:
5578:
5530:
5214:
5126:
5114:
2990:
Charles I's five eldest children, 1637. Left to right:
1646:, was impeached the next day, and consequently fled to
614:, and when she died childless in March 1603, he became
547:
of Charles and his parents, King James and Queen Anne,
27:
King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1625 to 1649
10610:
The Society of King Charles the Martyr (United States)
7172:
6988:
6952:
6940:
6868:
6804:
6668:
6592:
6580:
6489:
6116:
6021:
6009:
5997:
5985:
5973:
5958:
5554:
5434:
5278:
4417:
4333:
4067:
4065:
2924:
1702:, Charles's credibility was significantly undermined.
1488:, on the Scottish border. The army did not engage the
484:
parliaments, and helped precipitate his own downfall.
9398:
9314:
9246:
9008:
8639:
7998:
7831:
7607:
7320:
7160:
6976:
6268:
6076:
5566:
5354:
5266:
4621:
4609:
4209:
4181:
4117:
4047:
4009:
4007:
3994:
3992:
2781:
27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649: His Majesty The King
1968:
in July 1643, Charles visited the port city and laid
610:
James VI was the first cousin twice removed of Queen
579:
in Edinburgh on 23 December 1600, he was baptised by
10389:
Cressy, David (2015), "The Blindness of Charles I",
10188:
The White King: Charles I, Traitor, Murderer, Martyr
9209:
9174:
8936:
8908:
8702:
8478:
7771:
7252:
5626:
5470:
5326:
4741:
4705:
4633:
3829:
The picture was originally painted for the sculptor
2435:
The commission refused to allow Charles's burial at
1832:
have flown", and was forced to retire empty-handed.
515:
in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and the
10224:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
5302:
4817:
4321:
4233:
4105:
4093:
4062:
3961:
3937:
3863:James V and Margaret Douglas were both children of
2746:
2287:The court, by contrast, challenged the doctrine of
1593:and occupied the city, as well as the neighbouring
1216:
MAG(NAE) BRIT(ANNIAE) FR(ANCIAE) ET HIB(ERNIAE) REX
457:, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported
10556:Russell, Conrad (1990), "The Man Charles Stuart",
10478:(2005), "Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity",
9912:
4019:
4004:
3989:
3891:Christian III and Elizabeth were both children of
2564:. Parliament was reinstated, and the monarchy was
1759:In November 1641, the House of Commons passed the
693:). Charles, who turned 12 two weeks later, became
11582:
9960:, New Haven & London: Yale University Press,
9700:
9675:, Edinburgh & London: W. & A. K. Johnston
9374:The History of the Most Noble Order of the Garter
6070:
4221:
2095:, at his own suggestion, and then transferred to
591:, the traditional title of the second son of the
13725:
10322:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 906–912.
10285:The Great Rebellion: The King's Peace, 1637–1641
10205:The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I, 1637–1649
9915:A History of Britain: The British Wars 1603–1776
9462:, vol. 147, no. 147, pp. 65–100,
8244:
8242:
3949:
3842:The Scots were promised £400,000 in instalments.
2568:to Charles I's eldest son, Charles II, in 1660.
2521:, and Anglican devotional societies such as the
1589:, where they defeated the English forces at the
1163:depicted Charles as a victorious and chivalrous
764:, as their monarch, while Ferdinand was elected
10255:The Image of the King: Charles I and Charles II
3887:
3885:
2966:Coat of arms as Duke of York from 1611 to 1612
2631:, shared his interest and have been dubbed the
2528:With the monarchy overthrown, England became a
2483:(Greek for the "Royal Portrait"), contained an
480:, strengthened the position of the English and
10533:, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 151–163,
10506:, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 657–681,
10436:, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 615–635,
10393:, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 637–656,
10354:, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 609–627,
10294:The Great Rebellion: The King's War, 1641–1647
10089:Britain's Royal Families: A Complete Genealogy
10072:, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 181–217,
9837:(2nd ed.), Harmondsworth: Penguin Books,
9598:, London & New York: Hambledon Continuum,
2075:Parliament held Charles under house arrest at
2011:just a few days later. The king continued his
13914:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
13894:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
13246:
13098:
12853:
12591:
12446:
12144:
11568:
10798:
10482:, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 41–80,
10420:, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 742–764,
9754:
9525:(3rd ed.), Dublin: Gill & McMillon,
9335:
8239:
3768:in 1629–30. The landscape is modelled on the
2138:The royalists rose in May 1648, igniting the
2067:Charles at Carisbrooke Castle, as painted by
1909:and northern England. He set up his court at
1857:rebuffed by the town's Parliamentary governor
1435:in Scotland that was almost identical to the
867:Portrait of Charles as Prince of Wales after
10463:, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 54–73,
10380:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9937:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
9892:The Fall of the British Monarchies 1637–1642
9714:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
3882:
3859:
3857:
3746:, which was the English New Year until 1752.
3040:Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay
2772:6 January 1605 – 27 March 1625: Duke of York
2639:, which included work by Titian, Correggio,
1984:, on 20 September. Just as at Edgehill, the
1799:, January 1642; a Victorian re-imagining by
476:to adopt high Anglican practices led to the
464:ecclesiastics and failed to aid continental
11365:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
10560:, Oxford University Press, pp. 185–211
9651:
9412:, vol. III, London: St Catherine Press
8859:
5736:
3738:All dates in this article are given in the
2655:. His collection grew further to encompass
2473:Cultural depictions of Charles I of England
13253:
13239:
13105:
13091:
12860:
12846:
12598:
12584:
12453:
12439:
12151:
12137:
11575:
11561:
11542:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
10805:
10791:
10578:
10338:, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–17,
9708:(October 2008) , "Charles I (1600–1649)",
9632:
9376:, London: Bell, Taylor, Baker, and Collins
8860:Bagley, John Joseph; Lewis, A. S. (1977).
8254:, Official website of the British monarchy
5584:
3816:Their hostility was summarised in 1641 by
3766:Landscape with Saint George and the Dragon
2228:—all opposed the indictment as unlawful.
1949:between the two sides collapsed in April.
1456:General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
1340:was in the forefront of political debate.
40:
10266:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
10060:
10035:
10017:
9850:
9829:
9809:
9520:
9509:(3rd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press,
9128:
8696:
8602:
8580:
8508:
8420:
8169:
8145:
8097:
8077:
8036:
7992:
7960:
7885:
7809:
7565:
7126:
6902:
6766:
6726:
6714:
6702:
6690:
6662:
6650:
6634:
6246:
6230:
6162:
6134:
6110:
6098:
5808:
5520:
5500:
5428:
5408:
5376:
5296:
5192:
5172:
5152:
5132:
4903:
4883:
4791:
4735:
4571:
4479:
4383:
4311:
4295:
3854:
3117:(1637–1671) in 1659. Had issue including
2738:, but while James's ambitions concerning
2394:Charles I Insulted by Cromwell's Soldiers
2240:acted as President of the Court, and the
1960:on horseback in front of his troops, 1644
1744:and also predominantly Catholic; and the
1604:. By the time it met, on 24 September at
1007:(1624), a reply to the Catholic pamphlet
9791:
9670:
9501:
9457:
9290:
9168:
9107:Archbishop Laud, quoted by his chaplain
8840:
8720:
8157:
8089:
8065:
5608:
3091:(1626–1650) in 1641. She had one child:
2985:
2750:
2312:
2253:
2191:
2062:
1951:
1884:
1876:
1847:on 10 January, moving two days later to
1790:
1715:
1660:
1412:
1352:In 1633, Charles appointed William Laud
1318:
1236:
1221:
1202:
1155:
1066:
935:
862:
637:
538:
445:, generated antipathy and mistrust from
13789:English pretenders to the French throne
10366:Coward, Barry, and Peter Gaunt (2017),
10264:Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule
9994:
9889:
9868:
9766:(2nd ed.), London: Little, Brown,
9711:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
9571:
9559:
9481:
9380:
9368:
9350:
9278:
9266:
9227:
9095:
9062:
9042:
9002:
8990:
8966:
8958:
8930:
8926:
8902:
8890:
8878:
8788:
8748:
8732:
8676:
8660:
8629:
8617:
8496:
8484:
8472:
8464:
8452:
8444:
8432:
8416:
8400:
8396:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8360:
8344:
8336:
8332:
8316:
8308:
8304:
8288:
8276:
8272:
8233:
8225:
8213:
8209:
8185:
8181:
8141:
8125:
8121:
8109:
8016:
7972:
7945:
7937:
7925:
7917:
7901:
7889:
7881:
7869:
7853:
7849:
7825:
7821:
7789:
7761:
7749:
7721:
7693:
7677:
7649:
7625:
7601:
7597:
7577:
7557:
7545:
7533:
7481:
7449:
7421:
7397:
7385:
7373:
7353:
7341:
7314:
7274:
7238:
7226:
7222:
7210:
7206:
7194:
7154:
7138:
7110:
7098:
7090:
7078:
7074:
7054:
7046:
7034:
7018:
7006:
6970:
6886:
6846:
6822:
6798:
6782:
6754:
6738:
6686:
6646:
6626:
6614:
6610:
6554:
6542:
6522:
6510:
6471:
6435:
6415:
6403:
6395:
6391:
6379:
6371:
6359:
6314:
6302:
6258:
6206:
6150:
6039:
6027:
6015:
6003:
5967:
5916:
5896:
5876:
5856:
5820:
5804:
5792:
5512:
5488:
5460:
5388:
5372:
5360:
5344:
5284:
5256:
5232:
5208:
5204:
5104:
5084:
5060:
5040:
5036:
5020:
5000:
4968:
4952:
4915:
4875:
4811:
4803:
4787:
4759:
4723:
4667:
4583:
4559:
4531:
4515:
4491:
4455:
4443:
4435:
4399:
4379:
4367:
4351:
4283:
4271:
4251:
4215:
4203:
4175:
4135:
4123:
4087:
4056:
4041:
3979:
3967:
2507:Church of England's liturgical calendar
1920:, on 23 October 1642. Charles's nephew
1696:a final settlement of the Bishops' Wars
1431:rite. In 1637, he ordered the use of a
1229:of Charles I, showing a crown over two
1151:
911:Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex
14:
13726:
10624:Works by or about Charles I of England
10249:
10049:
9950:
9907:
9779:
9733:
9679:
9593:
9416:
9242:
9240:
9199:
9156:
9152:
9124:
9082:
9066:
9046:
9030:
9014:
8942:
8828:
8824:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8792:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8756:
8752:
8736:
8550:
8320:
7865:
7805:
7653:
7645:
7521:
7290:
7278:
7178:
7150:
7022:
6994:
6958:
6946:
6922:
6918:
6906:
6890:
6874:
6858:
6838:
6810:
6778:
6674:
6630:
6598:
6586:
6574:
6558:
6534:
6498:
6455:
6399:
6242:
6214:
6194:
6122:
6051:
5991:
5979:
5936:
5904:
5884:
5864:
5832:
5788:
5768:
5752:
5724:
5720:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5684:
5672:
5668:
5656:
5644:
5560:
5524:
5464:
5452:
5440:
5392:
5320:
5272:
5260:
5244:
5044:
5024:
5008:
5004:
4988:
4972:
4927:
4847:
4775:
4627:
4467:
4463:
4411:
4387:
4315:
4187:
4159:
3598:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3356:
3246:
3242:
2623:. His close associates, including the
2208:at the end of 1648, and thereafter to
2178:. It was effectively a military coup.
1314:
13839:Peers of Scotland created by James VI
13234:
13086:
12867:
12841:
12605:
12579:
12434:
12132:
11556:
10786:
10309:
10104:
10091:(Revised ed.), London: Pimlico,
10050:Wallis, John Eyre Winstanley (1921),
10022:, Newton Abbot: David & Charles,
9973:
9932:
9617:Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy
9611:
9538:
9355:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
9231:
8978:
8954:
8914:
8898:
8874:
8692:
8680:
8664:
8648:
8633:
8468:
8448:
8404:
8356:
8340:
8312:
8292:
8229:
8197:
8129:
8093:
8048:
8032:
8020:
8004:
7988:
7941:
7921:
7905:
7837:
7793:
7765:
7733:
7717:
7665:
7633:
7613:
7585:
7561:
7541:
7517:
7501:
7485:
7469:
7457:
7437:
7425:
7409:
7369:
7326:
7302:
7246:
7166:
7114:
7070:
7014:
6982:
6934:
6862:
6842:
6834:
6570:
6538:
6518:
6483:
6447:
6423:
6375:
6355:
6318:
6286:
6274:
6262:
6226:
6178:
6146:
6082:
6047:
5952:
5932:
5880:
5828:
5784:
5659:, pp. 284–292, 328–345, 351–359.
5652:
5620:
5572:
5548:
5536:
5516:
5496:
5476:
5456:
5424:
5348:
5332:
5323:, pp. 509–536, 541–545, 825–834.
5308:
5240:
5236:
5188:
5168:
5148:
5092:
5072:
4984:
4956:
4923:
4899:
4863:
4835:
4823:
4807:
4763:
4747:
4731:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4683:
4671:
4655:
4639:
4603:
4587:
4547:
4535:
4511:
4499:
4495:
4459:
4439:
4423:
4407:
4375:
4339:
4327:
4307:
4291:
4255:
4199:
4155:
4151:
4139:
4111:
4099:
4083:
4071:
4037:
4025:
4013:
3998:
3983:
3943:
3674:
3664:
3660:
3648:
3642:
3632:
3616:
3606:
3602:
3586:
3580:
3570:
3554:
3544:
3540:
3528:
3522:
3512:
3496:
3486:
3482:
3458:
3448:
3432:
3422:
3418:
3406:
3400:
3390:
3374:
3364:
3360:
3344:
3338:
3328:
3312:
3302:
3298:
3286:
3280:
3270:
3254:
3250:
2491:wrote a Parliamentary rejoinder, the
2339:, where he had been confined, to the
1569:By this stage the Earl of Strafford,
754:defenestrating the Catholic governors
654:In January 1605, Charles was created
449:religious groups such as the English
12158:
10313:"Charles I. (King of England)"
10083:
9794:Martyrdom: A Very Short Introduction
9652:Jordan, Don; Walsh, Michael (2012).
9619:, London: Adam & Charles Black,
9437:
9302:
9254:
9215:
9187:
9140:
9070:
9050:
9026:
8962:
8894:
8708:
8540:from the original on 14 October 2017
7984:
7777:
7745:
7705:
7681:
7629:
7581:
7537:
7513:
7497:
7453:
7357:
7270:
7258:
7242:
7190:
7094:
7066:
7050:
7010:
6794:
6742:
6514:
6467:
6451:
6419:
6298:
6210:
6190:
6174:
6094:
6043:
5948:
5920:
5900:
5860:
5844:
5824:
5780:
5764:
5748:
5648:
5632:
5596:
5492:
5420:
5404:
5220:
5184:
5164:
5144:
5120:
5108:
5088:
5056:
4940:
4919:
4895:
4879:
4851:
4727:
4651:
4615:
4591:
4519:
4403:
4371:
4355:
4287:
4267:
4239:
4227:
4171:
3955:
3931:
3927:
2872:of three points, each bearing three
2763:
1866:
1636:
1018:, the doctrine that God preordained
148:27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649
70:27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649
13844:Peers of England created by James I
12460:
10615:Works by Charles I, King of England
10558:The Causes of the English Civil War
10172:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
10170:Charles I and the People of England
9874:The Causes of the English Civil War
9567:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
9385:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge,
9315:Cokayne, Gibbs & Doubleday 1913
9247:Cokayne, Gibbs & Doubleday 1913
9237:
3341:James I of England (VI of Scotland)
3016:Descendants of Charles I of England
2898:(for France) and Gules three lions
2499:Convocations of Canterbury and York
1360:be celebrated as prescribed by the
952:to the 15-year-old French princess
705:. In November 1616, he was created
24:
13864:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
13320:History of Christianity in Britain
13069:
12813:
12404:
10368:The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714
10301:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1964),
10292:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1958),
10123:
10079:from the original on 30 April 2018
2955:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2881:he bore the royal arms differenced
2858:As Duke of York, Charles bore the
2523:Society of King Charles the Martyr
2459:, London, but it was never built.
2449:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
2391:Another of Delaroche's paintings,
1705:
1619:
1466:government by elders and deacons.
1135:Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon
1085:Chancellor of Cambridge University
567:, Fife, on 19 November 1600. At a
241:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
25:
13935:
13112:
10576:National Portrait Gallery, London
10565:
10327:
10020:The Scottish Revolution 1637–1644
9424:(3rd ed.), London: Longman,
7548:, pp. 230, 232–234, 237–238.
5939:, pp. 809–813, 825–834, 895.
3232:Ancestors of Charles I of England
2079:in Northamptonshire until Cornet
1167:in an English landscape, 1629–30.
999:, who was in disrepute among the
13708:
13301:
10426:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00591.x
10344:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00074.x
10257:, London: Hodder & Stoughton
10203:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1882),
9979:The Stuart Parliaments 1603–1689
9221:
9146:
9118:
9101:
9088:
9056:
9036:
9020:
8948:
8920:
8884:
8868:
8834:
8818:
8798:
8782:
8762:
8742:
8726:
8686:
8670:
8654:
8623:
8523:Henry VIII's Final Resting Place
8514:
8458:
8438:
8410:
8390:
8366:
8350:
8326:
8298:
8282:
8266:
8219:
8203:
8175:
8135:
8115:
8083:
8026:
8010:
7978:
7931:
7911:
7895:
7875:
7859:
7843:
7815:
7799:
7783:
7755:
7739:
7711:
7671:
7639:
7619:
7591:
7571:
7551:
7527:
7507:
7491:
7475:
7443:
7415:
7363:
7347:
7264:
7232:
7216:
7200:
7184:
7144:
7104:
7084:
7060:
7040:
7000:
6912:
6896:
6880:
6852:
6828:
6788:
6772:
6732:
6680:
6640:
6620:
6604:
6564:
6548:
6528:
6504:
6461:
6441:
6409:
6385:
6365:
6349:
6324:
6308:
6292:
6252:
6236:
6220:
6200:
6184:
6168:
6140:
6088:
6033:
5942:
5926:
5910:
5890:
5870:
5850:
5814:
5798:
5774:
5758:
5742:
5714:
5690:
5662:
5638:
5506:
5482:
5446:
5414:
5398:
5382:
3877:Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus
3845:
3836:
3823:
3810:
3801:
3217:(1640–1701) in 1661. Had issue.
3131:(1658–1718) in 1673. Had issue.
2747:Titles, styles, honours and arms
2384:
2366:
2299:signed Charles's death warrant.
2266:Presaging the modern concept of
2119:, Parliamentary Governor of the
1542:
1533:
1469:
1336:Throughout Charles's reign, the
1140:
1079:A poorly conceived and executed
1047:, hoping for the capture of the
879:Charles and Buckingham, James's
788:and his hereditary lands in the
716:
683:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales
412:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales
378:
13859:People of the English Civil War
13260:
12496:Arthur or Robert Stewart (1541)
10842:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
10597:at the official website of the
10588:at the official website of the
10045:(10th ed.), London: Putnam
9855:, London: Chatto & Windus,
9383:Charles I: The Personal Monarch
5366:
5338:
5250:
5226:
5198:
5178:
5158:
5138:
5098:
5078:
5050:
5030:
5014:
4994:
4978:
4962:
4946:
4933:
4909:
4889:
4869:
4841:
4797:
4781:
4753:
4717:
4677:
4661:
4645:
4577:
4541:
4525:
4505:
4485:
4449:
4429:
4393:
4361:
4345:
4301:
4277:
4261:
4245:
4193:
4165:
4145:
4129:
4077:
4031:
3792:
3783:
3758:
3749:
3619:Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg
3257:Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox
2550:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
2297:Fifty-nine of the commissioners
1795:Charles attempts to arrest the
1780:
1325:Charles I with M. de St Antoine
1241:Charles with paned sleeves, by
980:in September 1625. Charles was
756:. In August 1619, the Bohemian
468:forces successfully during the
266:
13909:Lord high stewards of Scotland
13754:17th-century Scottish monarchs
10839:Monarchs of England until 1603
10370:(5th ed.), pp. 54–97
10310:Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911).
9957:The Personal Rule of Charles I
3973:
3921:
3732:
2694:
2525:, were founded in his honour.
2051:, and was taken northwards to
1374:, an organisation that bought
1272:statute forbidding such action
1081:naval expedition against Spain
931:
13:
1:
13769:17th-century English nobility
13759:17th-century English monarchs
11584:Pictish and Scottish monarchs
10221:Charles I and the Popish Plot
10218:Hibbard, Caroline M. (1983),
9816:, Harlow: Pearson Education,
9785:Rubens: the Whitehall Ceiling
9488:, Stroud: Sutton Publishing,
9444:, Harlow: Pearson Education,
8957:, pp. 167–169; see also
6071:Kishlansky & Morrill 2008
3910:
3772:, and the central figures of
2683:, and self-portraits by both
1725:
1644:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
1245:
1104:an attack on the French coast
872:
760:chose Frederick, who led the
738:Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
727:Frederick V, Elector Palatine
647:
548:
534:
324:Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans
13288:Continuing Anglican movement
10504:Huntington Library Quarterly
10434:Huntington Library Quarterly
10391:Huntington Library Quarterly
9935:In Contempt of All Authority
9851:Robertson, Geoffrey (2005),
9727:UK public library membership
9673:The Heraldry of the Stewarts
9671:Johnston, G. Harvey (1906),
9406:; Doubleday, Arthur (1913),
8553:Postgraduate Medical Journal
8051:, between pages 420 and 421.
3915:
3179:Born and died the same day.
3123:Anne, Queen of Great Britain
3089:William II, Prince of Orange
2302:
2058:
1419:Charles I in Three Positions
1009:A New Gag for the New Gospel
527:in 1660, with Charles's son
472:. His attempts to force the
7:
13774:17th-century Scottish peers
13764:17th-century Irish monarchs
13749:16th-century Scottish peers
13687:Anglicanism of the Americas
11449:British monarchs after the
10572:Portraits of King Charles I
10190:, New York: PublicAffairs,
10063:"The Royal Farthing Tokens"
9894:, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
9876:, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
9796:, Oxford University Press,
9596:Why was Charles I Executed?
9523:Seventeenth Century Ireland
9521:Gillespie, Raymond (2006),
9441:Charles I: A Political Life
8531:St George's Chapel, Windsor
3223:
2918:flory-counter-flory Gules (
2887:, I and IV Grandquarterly,
2605:Banqueting House, Whitehall
2574:State Opening of Parliament
2335:He walked under guard from
2319:Banqueting House, Whitehall
1460:episcopal church government
1406:, whipped and mutilated by
1372:Feoffees for Impropriations
1198:
1026:. Anti-Calvinists—known as
824:, was impeached before the
802:Infanta Maria Anna of Spain
794:invaded by a Habsburg force
623:appointed as his guardian.
429:, which sought to curb his
416:Infanta Maria Anna of Spain
10:
13940:
13919:Children of James VI and I
13392:Dissolution of Monasteries
12500:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
10461:Journal of British Studies
10109:, Basingstoke: Macmillan,
10105:Young, Michael B. (1997),
10070:British Numismatic Journal
9485:The Last Days of Charles I
9344:
6336:The State Hermitage Museum
3592:
3557:Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg
3476:
3350:
3283:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
3244:
3013:
2879:. As the Prince of Wales,
2820:
2583:
2466:
2377:in the nineteenth century.
2306:
2185:
2115:made contact with Colonel
2045:from which Charles escaped
1922:Prince Rupert of the Rhine
1870:
1784:
1740:, who were descended from
1709:
1632:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1629:
1623:
1473:
1144:
1005:A New Gag for an Old Goose
848:. James insisted that the
721:In 1613, Charles's sister
398:Charles was born into the
283:
18:Charles I of Great Britain
13705:
13697:Reformed Episcopal Church
13649:
13549:
13482:
13310:
13299:
13268:
13218:
13120:
13067:
12875:
12824:
12811:
12613:
12563:
12468:
12415:
12402:
12166:
12105:
11825:
11590:
11537:
11460:
11444:
11440:
11377:
11360:
11356:
10833:
10829:
10770:
10755:
10742:
10734:
10727:
10717:
10708:
10688:
10675:
10667:
10662:
10635:
10360:10.1017/S0018246X90000013
10281:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica
10186:de Lisle, Leanda (2017),
10061:Weightman, A. E. (1906),
10042:England under the Stuarts
10018:Stevenson, David (1973),
9919:, London: BBC Worldwide,
9810:Quintrell, Brian (1993),
9792:Mitchell, Jolyon (2012),
9787:, Oxford University Press
9687:, London: Penguin Books,
9633:Hunneyball, Paul (2010).
9381:Carlton, Charles (1995),
9336:Louda & Maclagan 1999
7452:, pp. 268–269, 272;
3662:
3654:
3626:
3604:
3600:
3564:
3542:
3534:
3506:
3484:
3480:
3442:
3420:
3412:
3384:
3362:
3358:
3322:
3300:
3292:
3264:
3248:
3185:Henry, Duke of Gloucester
2954:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2860:royal arms of the kingdom
2462:
2196:Charles at his trial, by
2021:Newbury for a second time
2005:battle of Cropredy Bridge
1736:, who were Catholic; the
1307:refused to grant a loan,
1210:of Charles I, inscribed:
1011:, Montagu argued against
956:in front of the doors of
420:Henrietta Maria of France
404:King James VI of Scotland
374:
364:
354:
344:
332:
319:Henry, Duke of Gloucester
276:
255:Henrietta Maria of France
248:
233:
229:
215:
198:
185:
181:
171:
161:
153:
143:
129:
94:
84:
74:
66:
48:
39:
34:
13899:Publicly executed people
13330:Anglo-Saxon Christianity
13222:Dukes of York and Albany
12567:Dukes of York and Albany
9933:Sharp, Buchanan (1980),
9890:Russell, Conrad (1991),
9482:Edwards, Graham (1999),
8981:, pp. 249–250, 278.
8565:10.1136/pgmj.2006.055848
6450:, p. 330; see also
5727:, pp. 680, 758–763.
3725:
3499:Christian III of Denmark
2981:
2595:, and acquired works by
2443:and Henry's third wife,
2181:
2039:royalists, and then the
1855:. To his dismay, he was
1462:by bishops, and adopted
1384:Court of High Commission
1354:Archbishop of Canterbury
928:control of the kingdom.
782:Battle of White Mountain
299:Mary, Princess of Orange
13879:Executed British people
13854:People from Dunfermline
13715:Christianity portal
13657:Converts to Anglicanism
13352:Augustine of Canterbury
12182:Edward the Black Prince
10319:Encyclopædia Britannica
10245:, London: Folio Society
10004:, London: HarperPress,
9739:Politics and the Nation
9503:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson
8864:. Dalesman. p. 15.
8853:Encyclopædia Britannica
8080:, pp. 15, 148–149.
5737:Jordan & Walsh 2012
3525:Frederick II of Denmark
3215:Philip, Duke of Orléans
2853:
2755:Charles, as painted by
2503:King Charles the Martyr
2212:. In January 1649, the
1838:parliamentary privilege
1712:Irish Rebellion of 1641
1049:Spanish treasure fleets
804:, and began to see the
631:, the wife of courtier
555:The second son of King
517:Commonwealth of England
501:constitutional monarchy
211:, Westminster, England
194:, Dunfermline, Scotland
13904:Christian royal saints
13692:Free Church of England
13074:
12818:
12409:
11592:Monarchs of the Picts
10599:Royal Collection Trust
10243:The Trial of Charles I
10168:Cressy, David (2015),
10135:Charles I and Cromwell
9594:Holmes, Clive (2006),
9438:Cust, Richard (2005),
9400:Cokayne, George Edward
9351:Adamson, John (2007),
8251:Charles I (r. 1625–49)
3893:Frederick I of Denmark
3011:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2760:
2713:Samuel Rawson Gardiner
2579:
2399:later events in France
2321:
2309:Execution of Charles I
2285:
2268:command responsibility
2259:
2201:
2105:fruitless negotiations
2072:
2009:battle of Marston Moor
1961:
1894:
1882:
1803:
1729:
1666:
1602:great council of peers
1571:Lord Deputy of Ireland
1423:
1333:
1252:
1234:
1219:
1168:
1110:—spurred Louis XIII's
1076:
984:on 2 February 1626 at
945:
876:
838:the Duke of Buckingham
651:
612:Elizabeth I of England
563:, Charles was born in
552:
13849:Knights of the Garter
13682:Anglican prayer beads
13564:Book of Common Prayer
13521:Lambeth Quadrilateral
13372:Medieval architecture
13293:Personal ordinariates
13149:Richard of Shrewsbury
13073:
12817:
12554:Prince Charles Edward
12422:Principality of Wales
12408:
12212:Edward of Westminster
11827:Monarchs of the Scots
10637:Charles I of England
10512:10.1353/hlq.2015.0037
10442:10.1353/hlq.2015.0025
10399:10.1353/hlq.2015.0031
10262:Reeve, L. J. (1989),
10213:Volume II (1640–1642)
9853:The Tyrannicide Brief
9720:10.1093/ref:odnb/5143
9468:10.1093/past/147.1.65
9029:, pp. 414, 466;
7580:, pp. 303, 305;
7372:, pp. 378, 385;
7209:, pp. 234, 236;
6689:, pp. 183, 229;
5751:, pp. 212, 219;
5655:, pp. 267, 273;
5407:, pp. 130, 193;
3645:Sophia of Mecklenburg
3067:Catherine of Braganza
2989:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2807:Defender of the Faith
2759:between 1637 and 1638
2754:
2736:divine right of kings
2397:, is an allegory for
2316:
2280:
2257:
2204:Charles was moved to
2195:
2066:
2013:campaign in the south
1955:
1888:
1880:
1794:
1719:
1664:
1439:Book of Common Prayer
1416:
1368:Declaration of Sports
1363:Book of Common Prayer
1322:
1240:
1225:
1206:
1159:
1145:Further information:
1070:
939:
866:
846:the Earl of Strafford
748:. The next year, the
641:
629:Elizabeth, Lady Carey
607:and Lord Ardmannoch.
542:
519:was established as a
435:divine right of kings
433:. He believed in the
402:as the second son of
13734:Charles I of England
13515:Thirty-nine Articles
13407:Apostolic succession
13283:Anglican realignment
12172:Edward of Caernarfon
11908:Constantine III (IV)
11873:Constantine II (III)
11419:William III & II
10984:Henry the Young King
10934:Edward the Confessor
10902:Æthelred the Unready
10488:10.1093/pastj/gti027
10209:Volume I (1637–1640)
9813:Charles I: 1625–1640
9575:(24 November 2009),
9561:Hibbert, Christopher
9409:The Complete Peerage
9281:, pp. 531, 534.
9234:, pp. 436, 440.
8897:, pp. 156–157;
8827:, pp. 175–176;
8755:, pp. 166–168;
8419:, pp. 279–280;
8347:, pp. 157, 279.
8291:, pp. 352–353;
8228:, pp. 350–351;
8128:, pp. 132–146;
8124:, pp. 345–346;
8092:, pp. 371–374;
8035:, pp. 435–436;
8019:, pp. 125–126;
7948:, pp. 255, 273.
7924:, pp. 429–430;
7920:, pp. 335–337;
7888:, pp. 118–119;
7764:, pp. 329–330;
7648:, pp. 224–236;
7632:, pp. 429–430;
7520:, pp. 396–397;
7516:, pp. 403–405;
7500:, pp. 404–405;
7484:, pp. 275–278;
7245:, pp. 338–341;
7225:, pp. 237–238;
7193:, pp. 326–327;
7097:, pp. 320–321;
7069:, pp. 321–324;
7013:, pp. 323–324;
7009:, pp. 235–236;
6921:, pp. 416–417;
6837:, pp. 340–341;
6797:, pp. 307–308;
6613:, pp. 225–226;
6521:, pp. 333–334;
6486:, pp. 329, 333.
6470:, pp. 283–287;
6418:, pp. 222–223;
6213:, pp. 265–266;
6193:, pp. 264–265;
6177:, pp. 262–263;
6153:, pp. 147, 150.
6149:, pp. 313–314;
6097:, pp. 185–186;
6050:, pp. 305–307;
6046:, pp. 253–259;
6042:, pp. 211–212;
5903:, pp. 246–247;
5883:, pp. 290–292;
5863:, pp. 230–231;
5859:, pp. 197–199;
5831:, pp. 288–289;
5827:, pp. 224–230;
5823:, pp. 189–197;
5791:, pp. 783–784;
5783:, pp. 223–224;
5703:, pp. 113–115;
5651:, pp. 133–147;
5647:, pp. 174–175;
5519:, pp. 224–227;
5495:, pp. 212–217;
5459:, pp. 215–216;
5427:, pp. 301–302;
5259:, pp. 153–154;
5239:, pp. 187–197;
5235:, pp. 169–171;
5059:, pp. 148–150;
5043:, pp. 109–111;
5003:, pp. 112–113;
4971:, pp. 110–112;
4926:, pp. 175–176;
4918:, pp. 103–104;
4810:, pp. 154–160;
4734:, pp. 138–147;
4498:, pp. 103–105;
3873:James IV of Scotland
3869:Henry VII of England
3831:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
3677:Elizabeth of Denmark
3461:Charles I of England
3403:Mary, Queen of Scots
3093:William III & II
3075:Mary, Princess Royal
2844:Knight of the Garter
2757:Sir Anthony van Dyck
2740:absolute prerogative
2701:John Philipps Kenyon
1956:Charles depicted by
1845:Hampton Court Palace
1754:plantation of Ulster
1720:Charles wearing the
1422:by van Dyck, 1635–36
1152:Parliament prorogued
1112:siege of La Rochelle
1073:Gerrit van Honthorst
1053:tonnage and poundage
970:Louis XIII of France
828:for corruption. The
790:Electoral Palatinate
672:Knight of the Garter
557:James VI of Scotland
13799:Princes of Scotland
13779:Protestant monarchs
13382:English Reformation
13325:Celtic Christianity
13137:Richard Plantagenet
12232:Edward of Middleham
12192:Richard of Bordeaux
11938:Malcolm III Canmore
11367:Union of the Crowns
10476:Kishlansky, Mark A.
10305:, London: Macmillan
10137:, London: Methuen,
9831:Robertson, Geoffrey
9741:, London: Fontana,
9702:Kishlansky, Mark A.
9305:, pp. 252–254.
9143:, pp. 466–474.
9113:Cyprianus Angelicus
9053:, pp. 472–473.
8831:, pp. 177–180.
8795:, pp. 455–459.
8759:, pp. 450–452.
8699:, pp. 208–209.
8407:, pp. 443–444.
8236:, pp. 276–277.
8200:, pp. 440–441.
8160:, pp. 374–376.
8132:, pp. 437–440.
8100:, pp. 15, 149.
8068:, pp. 371–374.
8039:, pp. 143–144.
7975:, pp. 99, 109.
7928:, pp. 253–254.
7828:, pp. 122–124.
7736:, pp. 419–420.
7708:, pp. 435–436.
7696:, pp. 312–314.
7668:, pp. 412–414.
7656:, pp. 101–109.
7636:, pp. 411–413.
7588:, pp. 407–408.
7472:, pp. 388–389.
7440:, pp. 382–386.
7412:, pp. 381–382.
7376:, pp. 195–198.
7305:, pp. 366–367.
7293:, pp. 423–424.
7229:, pp. 181–182.
7197:, pp. 180–181.
7157:, pp. 114–115.
7081:, pp. 113–114.
6937:, pp. 341–342.
6925:, pp. 118–120.
6909:, pp. 118–120.
6893:, pp. 118–120.
6637:, pp. 238–239.
6561:, pp. 127–128.
6545:, pp. 156–157.
6438:, pp. 154–155.
6362:, pp. 151–153.
6289:, pp. 324–325.
6265:, pp. 317–319.
6249:, pp. 212–213.
6233:, pp. 212–213.
6217:, pp. 916–918.
6197:, pp. 914–916.
6181:, pp. 313–315.
6137:, pp. 183–208.
5935:, pp. 44, 66;
5907:, pp. 805–806.
5887:, pp. 797–802.
5867:, pp. 792–794.
5847:, pp. 236–237.
5835:, pp. 788–791.
5811:, pp. 186–187.
5771:, pp. 780–781.
5755:, pp. 774–776.
5687:, pp. 175–176.
5675:, pp. 310–312.
5551:, pp. 312–313.
5527:, pp. 116–120.
5395:, pp. 585–588.
5223:, pp. 121–122.
5123:, pp. 114–115.
5075:, pp. 190–195.
5047:, pp. 170–171.
5011:, pp. 170–171.
4991:, pp. 107–108.
4866:, pp. 170–173.
4838:, pp. 173–174.
4790:, pp. 75, 81;
4778:, pp. 369–370.
4766:, pp. 149–151.
4702:, pp. 54, 114.
4690:, pp. 54, 114.
4606:, pp. 130–131.
3901:Sophia of Pomerania
3897:Anne of Brandenburg
3377:James V of Scotland
2469:English Interregnum
2341:Palace of Whitehall
2276:given to him by God
2053:Newcastle upon Tyne
1970:siege to Gloucester
1938:capturing Brentford
1899:commission of array
1821:Sir Arthur Haselrig
1722:Order of the Garter
1587:Newcastle upon Tyne
1502:Battle of the Downs
1338:English Reformation
1315:Religious conflicts
1283:in the case of the
958:Notre Dame de Paris
798:Spanish Netherlands
523:. The monarchy was
511:, and executed for
216:Cause of death
13874:Dethroned monarchs
13438:King James Version
13278:Anglican Communion
13075:
12819:
12410:
12011:Second Interregnum
11978:William I the Lion
11847:Constantine I (II)
11837:Kenneth I MacAlpin
11451:Acts of Union 1707
11414:James II & VII
11107:Kenneth I MacAlpin
10892:Edgar the Peaceful
10760:Title next held by
10698:Title next held by
10352:Historical Journal
9981:, London: Arnold,
9573:Higgins, Charlotte
9338:, pp. 27, 50.
8965:, p. 157 and
7884:, pp. 84–85;
7488:, pp. 391–392
7460:, pp. 387–388
6474:, pp. 291–295
6454:, p. 282 and
6398:, p. 154 and
5611:, pp. 65–100.
5599:, pp. 97–103.
5523:, pp. 61–62;
4806:, pp. 86–88;
4730:, pp. 50–52;
4726:, pp. 71–75;
4670:, pp. 68–69;
4574:, pp. 16, 21.
4562:, pp. 55, 70.
4406:, pp. 36–38;
4354:, pp. 42–43;
4310:, pp. 87–89;
4294:, pp. 78–82;
4290:, pp. 32–34;
4286:, pp. 34–38;
4202:, pp. 67–68;
4158:, pp. 27–28;
4086:, pp. 18–19;
3867:, the daughter of
3101:James II & VII
3012:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2831:Knight of the Bath
2761:
2625:Duke of Buckingham
2546:Anglo-Scottish War
2451:. The king's son,
2322:
2289:sovereign immunity
2260:
2202:
2188:Trial of Charles I
2125:Carisbrooke Castle
2109:Berwick-upon-Tweed
2073:
1982:Newbury, Berkshire
1962:
1895:
1891:battle of Edgehill
1883:
1804:
1761:Grand Remonstrance
1730:
1667:
1658:in February 1641.
1486:Berwick-upon-Tweed
1482:First Bishops' War
1424:
1334:
1305:East India Company
1253:
1235:
1220:
1169:
1123:Five Knights' Case
1108:Saint-Martin-de-Ré
1077:
1003:. In his pamphlet
946:
915:Ernst von Mansfeld
892:English penal laws
877:
778:English Parliament
766:Holy Roman Emperor
750:Bohemians rebelled
660:Knight of the Bath
652:
601:Marquess of Ormond
565:Dunfermline Palace
553:
474:Church of Scotland
427:English Parliament
304:James VII & II
192:Dunfermline Palace
13869:Executed monarchs
13824:Dukes of Rothesay
13819:Dukes of Cornwall
13721:
13720:
13627:Books of Homilies
13469:Anglo-Catholicism
13402:Church of Ireland
13397:Church of England
13228:
13227:
13131:Edward of Norwich
13125:Edmund of Langley
13080:
13079:
12869:Dukes of Rothesay
12835:
12834:
12607:Dukes of Cornwall
12573:
12572:
12485:Alexander Stewart
12428:
12427:
12202:Henry of Monmouth
12126:
12125:
11999:First Interregnum
11550:
11549:
11533:
11532:
11436:
11435:
11352:
11351:
11347:
11346:
10897:Edward the Martyr
10781:
10780:
10718:Succeeded by
10619:Project Gutenberg
10296:, London: Collins
10287:, London: Collins
10197:978-1-6103-9560-1
10163:978-0-3304-2709-8
10157:, Pan Macmillan,
10144:978-0-4131-6270-0
10098:978-0-7126-7448-5
10011:978-0-0072-4750-9
9883:978-0-1982-2141-8
9844:978-0-1410-1014-4
9803:978-0-1916-4244-9
9773:978-0-3168-4820-6
9760:Maclagan, Michael
9725:(Subscription or
9663:978-1-4087-0327-4
9656:. Little, Brown.
9644:978-1-1070-0225-8
9532:978-0-7171-3946-0
9431:978-0-5827-7251-9
9362:978-0-2978-4262-0
9049:, p. xxiii;
8847:"Black Rod"
7524:, pp. 72–73.
6653:, pp. 42–43.
5919:, pp. 9–10;
5623:, pp. 40–46.
5539:, pp. 82 ff.
5503:, pp. 12–13.
5431:, pp. 65–66.
5247:, pp. 65–68.
4975:, pp. 48–49.
4814:, pp. 91–95.
4738:, pp. 21–28.
4618:, pp. 84–86.
4426:, pp. 97–99.
4358:, pp. 34–35.
4342:, pp. 85–87.
4274:, pp. 30–32.
4206:, pp. 49–50.
4178:, pp. 49–50.
4142:, pp. 26–28.
4090:, pp. 21–23.
3722:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3221:
3220:
3193:13 September 1660
2979:
2978:
2764:Titles and styles
2505:was added to the
2437:Westminster Abbey
2403:mocking of Christ
2337:St James's Palace
2246:Solicitor General
2152:Battle of Preston
2113:Southampton Water
2099:and subsequently
2086:congregationalist
1990:Oxford Parliament
1972:, further up the
1958:Wenceslaus Hollar
1873:English Civil War
1867:English Civil War
1801:Charles West Cope
1770:Militia Ordinance
1637:Tensions escalate
1591:Battle of Newburn
1554:Earl of Strafford
1510:Irish parliaments
1494:Treaty of Berwick
1452:National Covenant
1188:peace with France
1127:Petition of Right
986:Westminster Abbey
966:Church of England
944:by van Dyck, 1632
900:Count of Olivares
858:royal prerogative
854:princess of Wales
834:bill of attainder
774:Thirty Years' War
770:imperial election
597:subsidiary titles
489:English Civil War
470:Thirty Years' War
431:royal prerogative
386:
385:
16:(Redirected from
13931:
13804:Princes of Wales
13713:
13712:
13459:Nonjuring schism
13454:Caroline Divines
13305:
13255:
13248:
13241:
13232:
13231:
13169:(1633/1644–1685)
13107:
13100:
13093:
13084:
13083:
13072:
12862:
12855:
12848:
12839:
12838:
12816:
12661:(1460; disputed)
12600:
12593:
12586:
12577:
12576:
12455:
12448:
12441:
12432:
12431:
12397:
12387:
12377:
12367:
12357:
12347:
12337:
12327:
12317:
12307:
12297:
12287:
12277:
12267:
12257:
12247:
12237:
12227:
12217:
12207:
12197:
12187:
12177:
12160:Princes of Wales
12153:
12146:
12139:
12130:
12129:
12119:
12110:also monarch of
11577:
11570:
11563:
11554:
11553:
11442:
11441:
11402:Richard Cromwell
11392:The Protectorate
11382:James I & VI
11358:
11357:
10939:Harold Godwinson
10859:Edward the Elder
10852:Alfred the Great
10836:
10835:
10831:
10830:
10807:
10800:
10793:
10784:
10783:
10749:Duke of Rothesay
10745:Duke of Cornwall
10735:Preceded by
10711:King of Scotland
10671:James I & VI
10668:Preceded by
10658:
10651:
10650:19 November 1600
10633:
10632:
10628:Internet Archive
10590:British monarchy
10582:
10561:
10549:
10522:
10498:
10480:Past and Present
10471:
10452:
10428:
10409:
10385:
10379:
10371:
10362:
10346:
10323:
10315:
10306:
10297:
10288:
10276:
10258:
10246:
10234:
10200:
10182:
10147:
10119:
10101:
10080:
10078:
10067:
10057:
10046:
10037:Trevelyan, G. M.
10032:
10014:
9991:
9970:
9947:
9929:
9918:
9904:
9886:
9865:
9847:
9826:
9806:
9788:
9776:
9751:
9730:
9722:
9697:
9676:
9667:
9648:
9629:
9608:
9590:
9589:
9587:
9568:
9556:
9546:, London: Dent,
9535:
9517:
9498:
9478:
9460:Past and Present
9454:
9434:
9413:
9395:
9377:
9365:
9353:The Noble Revolt
9339:
9333:
9322:
9312:
9306:
9300:
9294:
9288:
9282:
9276:
9270:
9264:
9258:
9244:
9235:
9225:
9219:
9213:
9207:
9197:
9191:
9185:
9172:
9166:
9160:
9150:
9144:
9138:
9132:
9122:
9116:
9105:
9099:
9092:
9086:
9080:
9074:
9069:, p. xxii;
9065:, p. xvii;
9060:
9054:
9040:
9034:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9006:
9000:
8994:
8988:
8982:
8976:
8970:
8952:
8946:
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8934:
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8906:
8888:
8882:
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8849:
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8802:
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8718:
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8706:
8700:
8690:
8684:
8674:
8668:
8658:
8652:
8646:
8637:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8606:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8584:
8559:(980): 431–433,
8548:
8547:
8545:
8539:
8528:
8518:
8512:
8506:
8500:
8494:
8488:
8482:
8476:
8462:
8456:
8442:
8436:
8430:
8424:
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8394:
8388:
8370:
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8330:
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8280:
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7863:
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7611:
7605:
7595:
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7575:
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7531:
7525:
7511:
7505:
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7489:
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7473:
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7441:
7435:
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7407:
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7377:
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7339:
7330:
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7306:
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7088:
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7064:
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7044:
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6998:
6992:
6986:
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6884:
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6758:
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6706:
6700:
6694:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
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6638:
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6608:
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6596:
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6546:
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6526:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6487:
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6475:
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6459:
6445:
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6433:
6427:
6413:
6407:
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5983:
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5965:
5956:
5946:
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5914:
5908:
5894:
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5874:
5868:
5854:
5848:
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5802:
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5778:
5772:
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5694:
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5682:
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5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5510:
5504:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5418:
5412:
5402:
5396:
5391:, pp. 8–9;
5386:
5380:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5254:
5248:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5202:
5196:
5182:
5176:
5162:
5156:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5102:
5096:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5054:
5048:
5034:
5028:
5018:
5012:
4998:
4992:
4982:
4976:
4966:
4960:
4950:
4944:
4937:
4931:
4913:
4907:
4893:
4887:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4801:
4795:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4681:
4675:
4665:
4659:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4529:
4523:
4509:
4503:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4453:
4447:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4397:
4391:
4365:
4359:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4305:
4299:
4281:
4275:
4265:
4259:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4169:
4163:
4149:
4143:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4060:
4054:
4045:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4002:
3996:
3987:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3925:
3904:
3889:
3880:
3861:
3852:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3821:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3736:
3315:Margaret Douglas
3238:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3194:
3146:8 September 1650
3143:
3142:29 December 1635
3110:6 September 1701
3107:
3084:
3083:24 December 1660
3023:
3022:
2925:
2910:); II Or a lion
2900:passant guardant
2699:In the words of
2556:with himself as
2554:the Protectorate
2538:Council of State
2388:
2370:
2345:Banqueting House
2234:Westminster Hall
2140:Second Civil War
2028:battle of Naseby
1966:captured Bristol
1829:William Lenthall
1742:medieval Normans
1727:
1595:county of Durham
1546:
1537:
1524:Short Parliament
1330:Anthony van Dyck
1250:
1247:
1037:Appello Caesarem
950:married by proxy
874:
850:House of Commons
762:Protestant Union
703:Duke of Rothesay
699:Duke of Cornwall
649:
633:Sir Robert Carey
593:king of Scotland
571:ceremony in the
550:
509:tried, convicted
439:absolute monarch
382:
287:
270:
268:
205:
189:19 November 1600
149:
131:King of Scotland
114:Council of State
44:
32:
31:
21:
13939:
13938:
13934:
13933:
13932:
13930:
13929:
13928:
13814:Dukes of Albany
13809:House of Stuart
13794:English princes
13784:Anglican saints
13724:
13723:
13722:
13717:
13707:
13701:
13645:
13616:Liturgical year
13545:
13478:
13464:Oxford Movement
13306:
13297:
13264:
13259:
13229:
13224:
13220:italics denote
13214:
13174:Ernest Augustus
13116:
13111:
13081:
13076:
13070:
13065:
12964:Henry Frederick
12871:
12866:
12836:
12831:
12828:Cornwall Portal
12820:
12814:
12809:
12714:Henry Frederick
12609:
12604:
12574:
12569:
12565:italics denote
12559:
12525:Ernest Augustus
12479:Murdoch Stewart
12464:
12462:Dukes of Albany
12459:
12429:
12424:
12411:
12400:
12390:
12380:
12370:
12360:
12350:
12340:
12330:
12320:
12310:
12300:
12290:
12280:
12272:Henry Frederick
12270:
12260:
12250:
12240:
12230:
12220:
12210:
12200:
12190:
12180:
12170:
12162:
12157:
12127:
12122:
12109:
12101:
11828:
11821:
11777:Constantine (I)
11657:Galam Cennalath
11593:
11586:
11581:
11551:
11546:
11529:
11456:
11432:
11397:Oliver Cromwell
11373:
11348:
11343:
11190:Constantine III
11099:
10924:Harold Harefoot
10914:Edmund Ironside
10825:
10820: and
10811:
10776:
10773:Prince of Wales
10761:
10752:
10747:
10740:
10738:Henry Frederick
10729:British royalty
10723:
10714:
10699:
10696:
10685:
10678:King of England
10673:
10657:30 January 1649
10652:
10646:
10645:
10642:House of Stuart
10638:
10568:
10555:
10539:10.2307/4049286
10528:
10501:
10474:
10458:
10431:
10418:History Compass
10415:
10388:
10373:
10372:
10365:
10349:
10336:History Compass
10333:
10330:
10300:
10291:
10279:
10274:
10261:
10251:Ollard, Richard
10237:
10232:
10217:
10198:
10185:
10180:
10167:
10145:
10131:Ashley, Maurice
10129:
10126:
10124:Further reading
10117:
10099:
10076:
10065:
10030:
10012:
9989:
9975:Smith, David L.
9968:
9945:
9927:
9902:
9884:
9870:Russell, Conrad
9863:
9845:
9824:
9804:
9774:
9749:
9724:
9695:
9664:
9645:
9627:
9613:Howat, G. M. D.
9606:
9585:
9583:
9554:
9533:
9496:
9452:
9432:
9393:
9363:
9347:
9342:
9334:
9325:
9313:
9309:
9301:
9297:
9289:
9285:
9277:
9273:
9265:
9261:
9245:
9238:
9230:, p. 160;
9226:
9222:
9214:
9210:
9198:
9194:
9186:
9175:
9167:
9163:
9151:
9147:
9139:
9135:
9123:
9119:
9106:
9102:
9093:
9089:
9085:, p. xxii.
9081:
9077:
9061:
9057:
9045:, p. xvi;
9041:
9037:
9025:
9021:
9013:
9009:
9001:
8997:
8989:
8985:
8977:
8973:
8961:, p. 142;
8953:
8949:
8941:
8937:
8929:, p. 145;
8925:
8921:
8913:
8909:
8901:, p. 194;
8893:, p. 141;
8889:
8885:
8873:
8869:
8839:
8835:
8823:
8819:
8811:, p. 177;
8807:, p. 174;
8803:
8799:
8791:, p. 190;
8787:
8783:
8775:, p. 170;
8771:, p. 121;
8767:
8763:
8751:, p. 190;
8747:
8743:
8735:, p. 190;
8731:
8727:
8719:
8715:
8707:
8703:
8695:, p. 445;
8691:
8687:
8679:, p. 189;
8675:
8671:
8663:, p. 188;
8659:
8655:
8647:
8640:
8632:, p. 183;
8628:
8624:
8616:
8609:
8601:
8597:
8543:
8541:
8537:
8526:
8520:
8519:
8515:
8507:
8503:
8495:
8491:
8483:
8479:
8471:, p. 445;
8467:, p. 197;
8463:
8459:
8451:, p. 445;
8447:, p. 184;
8443:
8439:
8431:
8427:
8415:
8411:
8403:, p. 183;
8399:, p. 354;
8395:
8391:
8383:, p. 279;
8379:, p. 182;
8375:, p. 354;
8371:
8367:
8355:
8351:
8343:, p. 444;
8339:, p. 179;
8335:, p. 353;
8331:
8327:
8319:, p. 279;
8315:, p. 444;
8311:, p. 178;
8307:, p. 353;
8303:
8299:
8287:
8283:
8275:, p. 352;
8271:
8267:
8257:
8255:
8248:
8247:
8240:
8232:, p. 443;
8224:
8220:
8212:, p. 162;
8208:
8204:
8196:
8192:
8184:, p. 347;
8180:
8176:
8168:
8164:
8156:
8152:
8148:, pp. 4–6.
8144:, p. 345;
8140:
8136:
8120:
8116:
8108:
8104:
8096:, p. 437;
8088:
8084:
8076:
8072:
8064:
8055:
8047:
8043:
8031:
8027:
8015:
8011:
8003:
7999:
7991:, p. 432;
7987:, p. 452;
7983:
7979:
7971:
7967:
7963:, pp. 4–6.
7959:
7952:
7944:, p. 432;
7936:
7932:
7916:
7912:
7904:, p. 326;
7900:
7896:
7880:
7876:
7868:, p. 237;
7864:
7860:
7852:, p. 336;
7848:
7844:
7836:
7832:
7824:, p. 251;
7820:
7816:
7808:, p. 237;
7804:
7800:
7792:, p. 331;
7788:
7784:
7776:
7772:
7760:
7756:
7748:, p. 437;
7744:
7740:
7732:
7728:
7720:, p. 419;
7716:
7712:
7704:
7700:
7692:
7688:
7680:, p. 311;
7676:
7672:
7664:
7660:
7644:
7640:
7628:, p. 310;
7624:
7620:
7612:
7608:
7600:, p. 309;
7596:
7592:
7584:, p. 420;
7576:
7572:
7564:, p. 406;
7560:, p. 300;
7556:
7552:
7544:, p. 398;
7540:, p. 408;
7536:, p. 294;
7532:
7528:
7512:
7508:
7496:
7492:
7480:
7476:
7468:
7464:
7456:, p. 389;
7448:
7444:
7436:
7432:
7424:, p. 263;
7420:
7416:
7408:
7404:
7396:
7392:
7384:
7380:
7368:
7364:
7356:, p. 254;
7352:
7348:
7340:
7333:
7325:
7321:
7313:
7309:
7301:
7297:
7289:
7285:
7277:, p. 182;
7273:, p. 352;
7269:
7265:
7257:
7253:
7241:, p. 238;
7237:
7233:
7221:
7217:
7205:
7201:
7189:
7185:
7177:
7173:
7165:
7161:
7153:, p. 418;
7149:
7145:
7137:
7133:
7125:
7121:
7113:, p. 233;
7109:
7105:
7093:, p. 232;
7089:
7085:
7077:, p. 178;
7073:, p. 343;
7065:
7061:
7053:, p. 320;
7049:, p. 232;
7045:
7041:
7033:
7029:
7021:, p. 160;
7017:, p. 343;
7005:
7001:
6993:
6989:
6981:
6977:
6969:
6965:
6957:
6953:
6945:
6941:
6933:
6929:
6917:
6913:
6905:, p. 144;
6901:
6897:
6889:, p. 230;
6885:
6881:
6873:
6869:
6861:, p. 135;
6857:
6853:
6845:, p. 127;
6841:, p. 415;
6833:
6829:
6821:
6817:
6809:
6805:
6793:
6789:
6781:, p. 413;
6777:
6773:
6765:
6761:
6753:
6749:
6741:, p. 229;
6737:
6733:
6725:
6721:
6713:
6709:
6701:
6697:
6685:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6661:
6657:
6649:, p. 183;
6645:
6641:
6633:, p. 133;
6629:, p. 226;
6625:
6621:
6609:
6605:
6597:
6593:
6585:
6581:
6573:, p. 335;
6569:
6565:
6557:, p. 156;
6553:
6549:
6541:, p. 334;
6537:, p. 191;
6533:
6529:
6517:, p. 287;
6513:, p. 223;
6509:
6505:
6497:
6490:
6482:
6478:
6466:
6462:
6446:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6422:, p. 282;
6414:
6410:
6394:, p. 222;
6390:
6386:
6378:, p. 328;
6374:, p. 222;
6370:
6366:
6358:, p. 327;
6354:
6350:
6340:
6338:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6317:, p. 220;
6313:
6309:
6301:, p. 276;
6297:
6293:
6285:
6281:
6273:
6269:
6261:, p. 216;
6257:
6253:
6245:, p. 404;
6241:
6237:
6229:, p. 315;
6225:
6221:
6209:, p. 214;
6205:
6201:
6189:
6185:
6173:
6169:
6161:
6157:
6145:
6141:
6133:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6093:
6089:
6081:
6077:
6069:
6058:
6038:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6014:
6010:
6002:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5966:
5959:
5951:, p. 251;
5947:
5943:
5931:
5927:
5915:
5911:
5895:
5891:
5875:
5871:
5855:
5851:
5843:
5839:
5819:
5815:
5807:, p. 195;
5803:
5799:
5787:, p. 288;
5779:
5775:
5767:, p. 219;
5763:
5759:
5747:
5743:
5735:
5731:
5723:, p. 176;
5719:
5715:
5707:, p. 393;
5699:, p. 176;
5695:
5691:
5683:
5679:
5671:, p. 175;
5667:
5663:
5643:
5639:
5631:
5627:
5619:
5615:
5607:
5603:
5595:
5591:
5585:Hunneyball 2010
5583:
5579:
5571:
5567:
5559:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5515:, p. 190;
5511:
5507:
5499:, p. 286;
5491:, p. 185;
5487:
5483:
5475:
5471:
5463:, p. 138;
5455:, p. 167;
5451:
5447:
5439:
5435:
5423:, p. 194;
5419:
5415:
5403:
5399:
5387:
5383:
5375:, p. 191;
5371:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5347:, p. 190;
5343:
5339:
5331:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5255:
5251:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5207:, p. 121;
5203:
5199:
5191:, p. 186;
5187:, p. 118;
5183:
5179:
5171:, p. 186;
5167:, p. 118;
5163:
5159:
5151:, p. 185;
5147:, p. 118;
5143:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5107:, p. 146;
5103:
5099:
5091:, p. 161;
5087:, p. 146;
5083:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5055:
5051:
5039:, p. 113;
5035:
5031:
5023:, p. 107;
5019:
5015:
5007:, p. 105;
4999:
4995:
4983:
4979:
4967:
4963:
4955:, p. 104;
4951:
4947:
4938:
4934:
4914:
4910:
4902:, p. 175;
4894:
4890:
4878:, p. 101;
4874:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4850:, p. 162;
4846:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4802:
4798:
4786:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4758:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4722:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4686:, p. 129;
4682:
4678:
4666:
4662:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4590:, p. 156;
4582:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4530:
4526:
4514:, p. 114;
4510:
4506:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4462:, p. 124;
4454:
4450:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4398:
4394:
4390:, pp. 5–6.
4366:
4362:
4350:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4306:
4302:
4282:
4278:
4266:
4262:
4250:
4246:
4242:, pp. 5–9.
4238:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4170:
4166:
4150:
4146:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4082:
4078:
4070:
4063:
4055:
4048:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4012:
4005:
3997:
3990:
3978:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3946:, pp. 4–5.
3942:
3938:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3899:, Elizabeth by
3895:: Christian by
3890:
3883:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3740:Julian calendar
3737:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3583:Anne of Denmark
3226:
3192:
3162:5 November 1640
3141:
3126:
3106:14 October 1633
3105:
3082:
3079:4 November 1631
3062:6 February 1685
3018:
2984:
2856:
2823:
2791:King of England
2766:
2749:
2709:Whig historians
2697:
2633:Whitehall Group
2629:Earl of Arundel
2588:
2582:
2542:Oliver Cromwell
2519:Tunbridge Wells
2475:
2465:
2414:Richard Brandon
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2311:
2305:
2214:Rump Parliament
2190:
2184:
2176:Rump Parliament
2163:Oliver Cromwell
2061:
2041:siege of Oxford
1875:
1869:
1861:Sir John Hotham
1825:Lord Mandeville
1823:—and one peer,
1789:
1783:
1775:Thomas Lunsford
1724:, by van Dyck,
1714:
1708:
1706:Irish rebellion
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:Long Parliament
1622:
1620:Long Parliament
1614:Long Parliament
1610:Treaty of Ripon
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1478:
1472:
1433:new prayer book
1317:
1309:Lord Cottington
1301:Tower of London
1248:
1201:
1154:
1149:
1143:
997:Richard Montagu
954:Henrietta Maria
942:Henrietta Maria
934:
818:Lord Chancellor
746:king of Bohemia
733:. In 1617, the
729:, and moved to
719:
711:Earl of Chester
707:Prince of Wales
616:King of England
577:Holyrood Palace
561:Anne of Denmark
537:
497:Long Parliament
400:House of Stuart
359:Anne of Denmark
328:
281:
280:
272:
269: 1625)
264:
260:
257:
244:
238:
237:9 February 1649
207:
203:
202:30 January 1649
190:
147:
139:
125:
80:2 February 1626
62:
50:King of England
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13937:
13927:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13861:
13856:
13851:
13846:
13841:
13836:
13831:
13826:
13821:
13816:
13811:
13806:
13801:
13796:
13791:
13786:
13781:
13776:
13771:
13766:
13761:
13756:
13751:
13746:
13741:
13736:
13719:
13718:
13706:
13703:
13702:
13700:
13699:
13694:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13659:
13653:
13651:
13650:Related topics
13647:
13646:
13644:
13643:
13630:
13623:
13621:Biblical canon
13618:
13613:
13611:Evening Prayer
13604:
13599:
13598:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13559:
13557:
13547:
13546:
13544:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13511:
13510:
13509:
13504:
13499:
13488:
13486:
13480:
13479:
13477:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13456:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13404:
13399:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13379:
13374:
13369:
13364:
13359:
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13316:
13314:
13308:
13307:
13300:
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13296:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13274:
13272:
13266:
13265:
13258:
13257:
13250:
13243:
13235:
13226:
13225:
13219:
13216:
13215:
13213:
13212:
13211:(1986–present)
13206:
13200:
13194:
13186:
13178:
13170:
13164:
13158:
13152:
13146:
13143:Edward of York
13140:
13134:
13128:
13121:
13118:
13117:
13110:
13109:
13102:
13095:
13087:
13078:
13077:
13068:
13066:
13064:
13063:
13061:(2022–present)
13055:
13047:
13039:
13031:
13023:
13015:
13007:
12999:
12991:
12983:
12979:Charles James
12977:
12969:
12961:
12953:
12945:
12937:
12931:
12925:
12917:
12909:
12901:
12893:
12885:
12876:
12873:
12872:
12865:
12864:
12857:
12850:
12842:
12833:
12832:
12825:
12822:
12821:
12812:
12810:
12808:
12807:
12805:(2022–present)
12799:
12791:
12783:
12775:
12767:
12759:
12751:
12743:
12735:
12727:
12719:
12711:
12703:
12695:
12687:
12679:
12671:
12663:
12655:
12647:
12639:
12631:
12623:
12614:
12611:
12610:
12603:
12602:
12595:
12588:
12580:
12571:
12570:
12564:
12561:
12560:
12558:
12557:
12551:
12548:Prince Leopold
12545:
12537:
12529:
12521:
12515:
12512:Charles Stuart
12509:
12503:
12497:
12494:
12488:
12487:(c. 1458–1485)
12482:
12476:
12473:Robert Stewart
12469:
12466:
12465:
12458:
12457:
12450:
12443:
12435:
12426:
12425:
12416:
12413:
12412:
12403:
12401:
12399:
12398:
12395:(2022–present)
12388:
12378:
12368:
12358:
12348:
12338:
12328:
12318:
12308:
12298:
12288:
12278:
12268:
12258:
12248:
12238:
12228:
12218:
12208:
12198:
12188:
12178:
12167:
12164:
12163:
12156:
12155:
12148:
12141:
12133:
12124:
12123:
12121:
12120:
12106:
12103:
12102:
12100:
12099:
12094:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12007:
12002:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
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11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11865:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11839:
11833:
11831:
11823:
11822:
11820:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11598:
11596:
11588:
11587:
11580:
11579:
11572:
11565:
11557:
11548:
11547:
11545:
11544:
11538:
11535:
11534:
11531:
11530:
11528:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11461:
11458:
11457:
11455:
11454:
11438:
11437:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11430:
11425:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11405:
11404:
11399:
11389:
11384:
11378:
11375:
11374:
11372:
11371:
11354:
11353:
11350:
11349:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11293:Edward Balliol
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11153:Constantine II
11150:
11145:
11138:
11131:
11124:
11117:
11110:
11102:
11100:
11098:
11097:
11092:
11081:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10980:
10975:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10945:Edgar Ætheling
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10862:
10855:
10847:
10844:
10843:
10840:
10834:
10827:
10826:
10810:
10809:
10802:
10795:
10787:
10779:
10778:
10768:
10767:
10759:
10754:
10741:
10736:
10732:
10731:
10725:
10724:
10719:
10716:
10706:
10705:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10674:
10669:
10665:
10664:
10663:Regnal titles
10660:
10659:
10639:
10636:
10631:
10630:
10621:
10612:
10607:
10606:at BBC History
10601:
10592:
10583:
10567:
10566:External links
10564:
10563:
10562:
10553:
10526:
10499:
10472:
10469:10.1086/385755
10456:
10429:
10413:
10386:
10363:
10347:
10329:
10328:Historiography
10326:
10325:
10324:
10307:
10298:
10289:
10277:
10272:
10259:
10247:
10241:, ed. (1959),
10239:Lockyer, Roger
10235:
10230:
10215:
10201:
10196:
10183:
10178:
10165:
10151:Brotton, Jerry
10148:
10143:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10120:
10115:
10102:
10097:
10081:
10058:
10047:
10033:
10028:
10015:
10010:
9996:Starkey, David
9992:
9987:
9971:
9966:
9948:
9943:
9930:
9925:
9905:
9900:
9887:
9882:
9866:
9861:
9848:
9843:
9827:
9822:
9807:
9802:
9789:
9781:Millar, Oliver
9777:
9772:
9752:
9747:
9731:
9698:
9693:
9685:Stuart England
9677:
9668:
9662:
9649:
9643:
9630:
9625:
9609:
9604:
9591:
9569:
9557:
9552:
9544:King Charles I
9540:Gregg, Pauline
9536:
9531:
9518:
9499:
9494:
9479:
9455:
9450:
9435:
9430:
9422:The Stuart Age
9414:
9396:
9391:
9378:
9370:Ashmole, Elias
9366:
9361:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9340:
9323:
9307:
9295:
9283:
9271:
9269:, p. 532.
9259:
9257:, p. 252.
9236:
9220:
9218:, p. 286.
9208:
9192:
9190:, p. 252.
9173:
9161:
9159:, p. 198.
9155:, p. 94;
9145:
9133:
9129:Robertson 2005
9127:, p. 93;
9117:
9100:
9098:, p. xvii
9087:
9075:
9073:, p. 466.
9055:
9035:
9019:
9007:
9005:, p. 143.
8995:
8993:, p. 142.
8983:
8971:
8969:, p. 135.
8947:
8935:
8933:, p. 134.
8919:
8907:
8905:, p. 135.
8883:
8881:, p. 133.
8877:, p. 83;
8867:
8844:, ed. (1911).
8842:Chisholm, Hugh
8833:
8817:
8815:, p. 459.
8797:
8781:
8779:, p. 454.
8761:
8741:
8739:, p. 166.
8725:
8713:
8711:, p. 461.
8701:
8697:Robertson 2005
8685:
8683:, p. 445.
8669:
8667:, p. 445.
8653:
8651:, p. 445.
8638:
8636:, p. 445.
8622:
8620:, p. 183.
8607:
8605:, p. 333.
8603:Robertson 2005
8595:
8513:
8511:, p. 201.
8509:Robertson 2005
8501:
8499:, p. 173.
8489:
8477:
8475:, p. 280.
8457:
8455:, p. 280.
8437:
8435:, p. 280.
8425:
8423:, p. 200.
8421:Robertson 2005
8409:
8389:
8387:, p. 126.
8365:
8363:, p. 180.
8349:
8325:
8297:
8295:, p. 443.
8281:
8279:, p. 168.
8265:
8238:
8218:
8216:, p. 267.
8202:
8190:
8188:, p. 146.
8174:
8170:Robertson 2005
8162:
8150:
8146:Robertson 2002
8134:
8114:
8112:, p. 304.
8102:
8098:Robertson 2005
8082:
8078:Robertson 2005
8070:
8053:
8041:
8037:Robertson 2005
8025:
8023:, p. 436.
8009:
8007:, p. 433.
7997:
7995:, p. 137.
7993:Robertson 2005
7977:
7965:
7961:Robertson 2002
7950:
7940:, p. 99;
7930:
7910:
7908:, p. 422.
7894:
7892:, p. 123.
7886:Robertson 2005
7874:
7872:, p. 123.
7858:
7856:, p. 252.
7842:
7840:, p. 429.
7830:
7814:
7812:, p. 118.
7810:Robertson 2005
7798:
7796:, p. 426.
7782:
7780:, p. 442.
7770:
7768:, p. 424.
7754:
7752:, p. 248.
7738:
7726:
7724:, p. 247.
7710:
7698:
7686:
7684:, p. 431.
7670:
7658:
7652:, p. 57;
7638:
7618:
7616:, p. 411.
7606:
7604:, p. 241.
7590:
7570:
7566:Robertson 2005
7550:
7526:
7506:
7490:
7474:
7462:
7442:
7430:
7414:
7402:
7400:, p. 258.
7390:
7388:, p. 257.
7378:
7362:
7346:
7344:, p. 249.
7331:
7329:, p. 368.
7319:
7317:, p. 248.
7307:
7295:
7283:
7281:, p. 422.
7263:
7261:, p. 350.
7251:
7249:, p. 351.
7231:
7215:
7213:, p. 181.
7199:
7183:
7181:, p. 418.
7171:
7169:, p. 344.
7159:
7143:
7141:, p. 114.
7131:
7127:Robertson 2005
7119:
7117:, p. 344.
7103:
7101:, p. 179.
7083:
7059:
7057:, p. 177.
7039:
7037:, p. 113.
7027:
7025:, p. 417.
6999:
6997:, p. 137.
6987:
6985:, p. 129.
6975:
6973:, p. 237.
6963:
6961:, p. 136.
6951:
6949:, p. 200.
6939:
6927:
6911:
6903:Gillespie 2006
6895:
6879:
6877:, p. 414.
6867:
6865:, p. 128.
6851:
6849:, p. 113.
6827:
6825:, p. 112.
6815:
6813:, p. 118.
6803:
6787:
6771:
6767:Gillespie 2006
6759:
6757:, p. 298.
6747:
6745:, p. 306.
6731:
6729:, p. 137.
6727:Gillespie 2006
6719:
6717:, p. 131.
6715:Gillespie 2006
6707:
6705:, p. 130.
6703:Gillespie 2006
6695:
6691:Robertson 2005
6679:
6677:, p. 172.
6667:
6665:, p. 125.
6663:Gillespie 2006
6655:
6651:Robertson 2005
6639:
6635:Stevenson 1973
6619:
6617:, p. 112.
6603:
6601:, p. 130.
6591:
6589:, p. 129.
6579:
6577:, p. 128.
6563:
6547:
6527:
6525:, p. 156.
6503:
6501:, p. 127.
6488:
6476:
6460:
6458:, p. 944.
6440:
6428:
6426:, p. 330.
6408:
6384:
6382:, p. 154.
6364:
6348:
6323:
6321:, p. 326.
6307:
6305:, p. 225.
6291:
6279:
6277:, p. 323.
6267:
6251:
6247:Stevenson 1973
6235:
6231:Stevenson 1973
6219:
6199:
6183:
6167:
6165:, p. 101.
6163:Stevenson 1973
6155:
6139:
6135:Stevenson 1973
6127:
6125:, p. 132.
6115:
6111:Quintrell 1993
6103:
6101:, p. 114.
6099:Quintrell 1993
6087:
6085:, p. 243.
6075:
6056:
6054:, p. 402.
6032:
6020:
6008:
5996:
5994:, p. 402.
5984:
5982:, p. 401.
5972:
5957:
5955:, p. 294.
5941:
5925:
5923:, p. 248.
5909:
5889:
5869:
5849:
5837:
5813:
5809:Trevelyan 1922
5797:
5795:, p. 107.
5773:
5757:
5741:
5729:
5713:
5711:, p. 382.
5689:
5677:
5661:
5637:
5635:, p. 133.
5625:
5613:
5601:
5589:
5577:
5575:, p. 314.
5565:
5563:, p. 906.
5553:
5541:
5529:
5521:Quintrell 1993
5505:
5501:Quintrell 1993
5481:
5469:
5467:, p. 385.
5445:
5443:, p. 385.
5433:
5429:Quintrell 1993
5413:
5409:Quintrell 1993
5397:
5381:
5377:Quintrell 1993
5365:
5353:
5351:, p. 228.
5337:
5335:, p. 220.
5325:
5313:
5301:
5299:, p. 185.
5297:Weightman 1906
5289:
5287:, p. 104.
5277:
5275:, p. 603.
5265:
5249:
5243:, p. 38;
5225:
5213:
5211:, p. 108.
5197:
5193:Quintrell 1993
5177:
5173:Robertson 2005
5157:
5153:Quintrell 1993
5137:
5133:Quintrell 1993
5125:
5113:
5111:, p. 161.
5097:
5095:, p. 195.
5077:
5065:
5063:, p. 111.
5049:
5029:
5027:, p. 168.
5013:
4993:
4987:, p. 38;
4977:
4961:
4959:, p. 176.
4945:
4932:
4930:, p. 104.
4922:, p. 76;
4908:
4904:Quintrell 1993
4898:, p. 75;
4888:
4884:Quintrell 1993
4882:, p. 74;
4868:
4856:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4796:
4792:Quintrell 1993
4780:
4768:
4762:, p. 80;
4752:
4750:, p. 150.
4740:
4736:Quintrell 1993
4716:
4714:, p. 138.
4704:
4692:
4676:
4674:, p. 129.
4660:
4658:, p. 129.
4654:, p. 46;
4644:
4642:, p. 131.
4632:
4630:, p. 153.
4620:
4608:
4596:
4594:, p. 252.
4586:, p. 76;
4576:
4572:Quintrell 1993
4564:
4552:
4550:, p. 126.
4540:
4534:, p. 38;
4524:
4522:, p. 252.
4518:, p. 86;
4504:
4494:, p. 47;
4484:
4482:, p. 130.
4480:Trevelyan 1922
4472:
4466:, p. 92;
4458:, p. 56;
4448:
4442:, p. 99;
4438:, p. 52;
4428:
4416:
4410:, p. 94;
4402:, p. 47;
4392:
4386:, p. 11;
4384:Quintrell 1993
4382:, p. 63;
4378:, p. 90;
4374:, p. 31;
4370:, p. 46;
4360:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4314:, p. 11;
4312:Quintrell 1993
4300:
4296:Quintrell 1993
4276:
4260:
4254:, p. 33;
4244:
4232:
4220:
4208:
4192:
4190:, p. 152.
4180:
4164:
4154:, p. 63;
4144:
4138:, p. 49;
4128:
4116:
4104:
4092:
4076:
4061:
4046:
4040:, p. 16;
4030:
4018:
4003:
3988:
3972:
3960:
3948:
3936:
3934:, p. 252.
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3881:
3875:, Margaret by
3865:Margaret Tudor
3853:
3844:
3835:
3822:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3757:
3748:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3129:Mary of Modena
3111:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2837:
2835:6 January 1605
2822:
2819:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2748:
2745:
2696:
2693:
2637:Duke of Mantua
2584:Main article:
2581:
2578:
2558:Lord Protector
2480:Eikon Basilike
2464:
2461:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2307:Main article:
2304:
2301:
2222:Oliver St John
2210:Windsor Castle
2186:Main article:
2183:
2180:
2117:Robert Hammond
2077:Holdenby House
2060:
2057:
2032:New Model Army
1997:relieve Newark
1978:Sudeley Castle
1871:Main article:
1868:
1865:
1849:Windsor Castle
1817:William Strode
1785:Main article:
1782:
1779:
1710:Main article:
1707:
1704:
1675:Sir Henry Vane
1638:
1635:
1624:Main article:
1621:
1618:
1583:Northumberland
1551:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1515:Northumberland
1474:Main article:
1471:
1468:
1392:William Prynne
1316:
1313:
1289:Western Rising
1285:Forest of Dean
1214:D(EI) G(RATIA)
1200:
1197:
1181:Sir John Finch
1153:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1093:Sir John Eliot
1016:predestination
995:ecclesiastic,
993:anti-Calvinist
933:
930:
907:Lord Treasurer
826:House of Lords
744:, was elected
718:
715:
589:Duke of Albany
587:, and created
585:Bishop of Ross
545:Simon de Passe
536:
533:
493:New Model Army
443:Roman Catholic
384:
383:
376:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
356:
352:
351:
349:James VI and I
346:
342:
341:
336:
330:
329:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
288:
274:
273:
262:
258:
253:
252:
250:
246:
245:
239:
235:
231:
230:
227:
226:
217:
213:
212:
206:(aged 48)
200:
196:
195:
187:
183:
182:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
133:
127:
126:
124:
123:
111:
98:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
56:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13936:
13925:
13924:Sons of kings
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13834:Earls of Ross
13832:
13830:
13829:Dukes of York
13827:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13752:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13732:
13731:
13729:
13716:
13711:
13704:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13654:
13652:
13648:
13642:
13638:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13628:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13567:
13566:
13565:
13561:
13560:
13558:
13556:
13552:
13548:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13516:
13512:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13494:
13493:
13490:
13489:
13487:
13485:
13481:
13475:
13474:Modern Church
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13439:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13322:
13321:
13318:
13317:
13315:
13313:
13309:
13304:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13281:
13279:
13276:
13275:
13273:
13271:
13267:
13263:
13256:
13251:
13249:
13244:
13242:
13237:
13236:
13233:
13223:
13217:
13210:
13207:
13204:
13201:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13191:
13187:
13185:
13183:
13179:
13177:
13175:
13171:
13168:
13165:
13162:
13159:
13156:
13153:
13150:
13147:
13144:
13141:
13138:
13135:
13132:
13129:
13126:
13123:
13122:
13119:
13115:
13114:Dukes of York
13108:
13103:
13101:
13096:
13094:
13089:
13088:
13085:
13062:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13026:Albert Edward
13024:
13022:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13008:
13006:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12932:
12930:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12894:
12892:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12878:
12877:
12874:
12870:
12863:
12858:
12856:
12851:
12849:
12844:
12843:
12840:
12830:
12829:
12823:
12806:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12776:
12774:
12771:
12770:Albert Edward
12768:
12766:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12741:(1688–1701/2)
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12616:
12615:
12612:
12608:
12601:
12596:
12594:
12589:
12587:
12582:
12581:
12578:
12568:
12562:
12555:
12552:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12542:
12538:
12536:
12534:
12530:
12528:
12526:
12522:
12519:
12516:
12513:
12510:
12507:
12504:
12501:
12498:
12495:
12492:
12489:
12486:
12483:
12480:
12477:
12474:
12471:
12470:
12467:
12463:
12456:
12451:
12449:
12444:
12442:
12437:
12436:
12433:
12423:
12419:
12414:
12407:
12396:
12393:
12389:
12386:
12383:
12379:
12376:
12373:
12369:
12366:
12363:
12359:
12356:
12353:
12352:Albert Edward
12349:
12346:
12343:
12339:
12336:
12333:
12329:
12326:
12323:
12319:
12316:
12313:
12309:
12306:
12303:
12299:
12296:
12293:
12289:
12286:
12283:
12279:
12276:
12273:
12269:
12266:
12263:
12259:
12256:
12253:
12249:
12246:
12243:
12239:
12236:
12233:
12229:
12226:
12223:
12219:
12216:
12213:
12209:
12206:
12203:
12199:
12196:
12193:
12189:
12186:
12183:
12179:
12176:
12173:
12169:
12168:
12165:
12161:
12154:
12149:
12147:
12142:
12140:
12135:
12134:
12131:
12117:
12113:
12108:
12107:
12104:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12012:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
12000:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11988:Alexander III
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11834:
11832:
11830:
11829:(traditional)
11824:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11622:Galan Erilich
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11599:
11597:
11595:
11594:(traditional)
11589:
11585:
11578:
11573:
11571:
11566:
11564:
11559:
11558:
11555:
11543:
11540:
11539:
11536:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11462:
11459:
11453:
11452:
11447:
11446:
11443:
11439:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11394:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11379:
11376:
11370:
11368:
11363:
11362:
11359:
11355:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11294:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11272:
11268:
11266:
11265:Alexander III
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11180:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11143:
11139:
11137:
11136:
11132:
11130:
11129:
11125:
11123:
11122:
11121:Constantine I
11118:
11116:
11115:
11111:
11109:
11108:
11104:
11103:
11101:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11090:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11079:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11002:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10985:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10973:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10946:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10909:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10867:
10863:
10861:
10860:
10856:
10854:
10853:
10849:
10848:
10846:
10845:
10841:
10838:
10837:
10832:
10828:
10823:
10819:
10815:
10808:
10803:
10801:
10796:
10794:
10789:
10788:
10785:
10775:
10774:
10769:
10766:
10765:
10758:
10751:
10750:
10746:
10739:
10733:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10713:
10712:
10707:
10704:
10703:
10695:
10691:
10684:
10683:
10679:
10672:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10649:
10644:
10643:
10634:
10629:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10587:
10584:
10581:
10577:
10573:
10570:
10569:
10559:
10554:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10532:
10527:
10525:
10521:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10500:
10497:
10493:
10489:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10470:
10466:
10462:
10457:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10443:
10439:
10435:
10430:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10414:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10387:
10383:
10377:
10369:
10364:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10348:
10345:
10341:
10337:
10332:
10331:
10321:
10320:
10314:
10308:
10304:
10299:
10295:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10278:
10275:
10273:0-5215-2133-5
10269:
10265:
10260:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10233:
10231:0-8078-1520-9
10227:
10223:
10222:
10216:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10199:
10193:
10189:
10184:
10181:
10179:0-1987-0829-7
10175:
10171:
10166:
10164:
10160:
10156:
10152:
10149:
10146:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10127:
10118:
10116:0-3336-0135-1
10112:
10108:
10103:
10100:
10094:
10090:
10086:
10082:
10075:
10071:
10064:
10059:
10055:
10054:
10048:
10044:
10043:
10038:
10034:
10031:
10029:0-7153-6302-6
10025:
10021:
10016:
10013:
10007:
10003:
10002:
9997:
9993:
9990:
9988:0-3406-2502-3
9984:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9969:
9967:0-3000-5688-5
9963:
9959:
9958:
9953:
9952:Sharpe, Kevin
9949:
9946:
9944:0-5200-3681-6
9940:
9936:
9931:
9928:
9926:0-5635-3747-7
9922:
9917:
9916:
9910:
9909:Schama, Simon
9906:
9903:
9901:0-1982-0588-0
9897:
9893:
9888:
9885:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9864:
9862:0-7011-7602-4
9858:
9854:
9849:
9846:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9825:
9823:0-5820-0354-7
9819:
9815:
9814:
9808:
9805:
9799:
9795:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9775:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9753:
9750:
9748:0-0063-3339-7
9744:
9740:
9736:
9735:Loades, D. M.
9732:
9728:
9721:
9717:
9713:
9712:
9707:
9706:Morrill, John
9703:
9699:
9696:
9694:0-7139-1087-9
9690:
9686:
9682:
9681:Kenyon, J. P.
9678:
9674:
9669:
9665:
9659:
9655:
9650:
9646:
9640:
9636:
9631:
9628:
9626:0-7136-1450-1
9622:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9607:
9605:1-8528-5282-8
9601:
9597:
9592:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9555:
9553:0-4600-4437-0
9549:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9534:
9528:
9524:
9519:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9497:
9495:0-7509-2079-3
9491:
9487:
9486:
9480:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9461:
9456:
9453:
9451:0-5820-7034-1
9447:
9443:
9442:
9436:
9433:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9418:Coward, Barry
9415:
9411:
9410:
9405:
9404:Gibbs, Vicary
9401:
9397:
9394:
9392:0-4151-2141-8
9388:
9384:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9364:
9358:
9354:
9349:
9348:
9337:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9320:
9316:
9311:
9304:
9299:
9293:, p. 18.
9292:
9291:Johnston 1906
9287:
9280:
9275:
9268:
9263:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9243:
9241:
9233:
9229:
9224:
9217:
9212:
9205:
9201:
9196:
9189:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9178:
9171:, p. 83.
9170:
9169:Gardiner 1906
9165:
9158:
9154:
9149:
9142:
9137:
9131:, p. 32.
9130:
9126:
9121:
9114:
9110:
9104:
9097:
9091:
9084:
9079:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9059:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9039:
9033:, p. 93.
9032:
9028:
9023:
9017:, p. 93.
9016:
9011:
9004:
8999:
8992:
8987:
8980:
8975:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8951:
8944:
8939:
8932:
8928:
8923:
8917:, p. 83.
8916:
8911:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8887:
8880:
8876:
8871:
8863:
8855:
8854:
8848:
8843:
8837:
8830:
8826:
8821:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8801:
8794:
8790:
8785:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8765:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8745:
8738:
8734:
8729:
8723:, p. 99.
8722:
8721:Mitchell 2012
8717:
8710:
8705:
8698:
8694:
8689:
8682:
8678:
8673:
8666:
8662:
8657:
8650:
8645:
8643:
8635:
8631:
8626:
8619:
8614:
8612:
8604:
8599:
8592:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8536:
8532:
8525:
8524:
8517:
8510:
8505:
8498:
8493:
8486:
8481:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8461:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8441:
8434:
8429:
8422:
8418:
8413:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8393:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8369:
8362:
8358:
8353:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8329:
8323:, p. 93.
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8301:
8294:
8290:
8285:
8278:
8274:
8269:
8253:
8252:
8245:
8243:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8222:
8215:
8211:
8206:
8199:
8194:
8187:
8183:
8178:
8172:, p. 15.
8171:
8166:
8159:
8158:Gardiner 1906
8154:
8147:
8143:
8138:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8118:
8111:
8106:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8090:Gardiner 1906
8086:
8079:
8074:
8067:
8066:Gardiner 1906
8062:
8060:
8058:
8050:
8045:
8038:
8034:
8029:
8022:
8018:
8013:
8006:
8001:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7981:
7974:
7969:
7962:
7957:
7955:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7934:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7914:
7907:
7903:
7898:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7878:
7871:
7867:
7862:
7855:
7851:
7846:
7839:
7834:
7827:
7823:
7818:
7811:
7807:
7802:
7795:
7791:
7786:
7779:
7774:
7767:
7763:
7758:
7751:
7747:
7742:
7735:
7730:
7723:
7719:
7714:
7707:
7702:
7695:
7690:
7683:
7679:
7674:
7667:
7662:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7642:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7622:
7615:
7610:
7603:
7599:
7594:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7574:
7568:, p. 67.
7567:
7563:
7559:
7554:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7530:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7510:
7504:, p. 396
7503:
7499:
7494:
7487:
7483:
7478:
7471:
7466:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7446:
7439:
7434:
7428:, p. 382
7427:
7423:
7418:
7411:
7406:
7399:
7394:
7387:
7382:
7375:
7371:
7366:
7360:, p. 371
7359:
7355:
7350:
7343:
7338:
7336:
7328:
7323:
7316:
7311:
7304:
7299:
7292:
7287:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7267:
7260:
7255:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7235:
7228:
7224:
7219:
7212:
7208:
7203:
7196:
7192:
7187:
7180:
7175:
7168:
7163:
7156:
7152:
7147:
7140:
7135:
7129:, p. 62.
7128:
7123:
7116:
7112:
7107:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7087:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7063:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7036:
7031:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7003:
6996:
6991:
6984:
6979:
6972:
6967:
6960:
6955:
6948:
6943:
6936:
6931:
6924:
6920:
6915:
6908:
6904:
6899:
6892:
6888:
6883:
6876:
6871:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6831:
6824:
6819:
6812:
6807:
6801:, p. 19.
6800:
6796:
6791:
6785:, p. 43.
6784:
6780:
6775:
6768:
6763:
6756:
6751:
6744:
6740:
6735:
6728:
6723:
6716:
6711:
6704:
6699:
6693:, p. 42.
6692:
6688:
6683:
6676:
6671:
6664:
6659:
6652:
6648:
6643:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6616:
6612:
6607:
6600:
6595:
6588:
6583:
6576:
6572:
6567:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6531:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6507:
6500:
6495:
6493:
6485:
6480:
6473:
6469:
6464:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6437:
6432:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6412:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6368:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6288:
6283:
6276:
6271:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6248:
6244:
6239:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6203:
6196:
6192:
6187:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6164:
6159:
6152:
6148:
6143:
6136:
6131:
6124:
6119:
6113:, p. 46.
6112:
6107:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6084:
6079:
6072:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6030:, p. 17.
6029:
6024:
6018:, p. 15.
6017:
6012:
6006:, p. 14.
6005:
6000:
5993:
5988:
5981:
5976:
5970:, p. 11.
5969:
5964:
5962:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5938:
5934:
5929:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5906:
5902:
5899:, p. 9;
5898:
5893:
5886:
5882:
5879:, p. 9;
5878:
5873:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5846:
5841:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5770:
5766:
5761:
5754:
5750:
5745:
5739:, p. 58.
5738:
5733:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5674:
5670:
5665:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5634:
5629:
5622:
5617:
5610:
5609:Donaghan 1995
5605:
5598:
5593:
5586:
5581:
5574:
5569:
5562:
5557:
5550:
5545:
5538:
5533:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5479:, p. 97.
5478:
5473:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5442:
5437:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5411:, p. 64.
5410:
5406:
5401:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5379:, p. 62.
5378:
5374:
5369:
5363:, p. 18.
5362:
5357:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5334:
5329:
5322:
5317:
5311:, p. 40.
5310:
5305:
5298:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5274:
5269:
5263:, p. xv.
5262:
5258:
5253:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5195:, p. 43.
5194:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5175:, p. 35.
5174:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5155:, p. 43.
5154:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5135:, p. 42.
5134:
5129:
5122:
5117:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5074:
5069:
5062:
5058:
5053:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4943:, p. 77.
4942:
4936:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4906:, p. 40.
4905:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4886:, p. 39.
4885:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4865:
4860:
4854:, p. 67.
4853:
4849:
4844:
4837:
4832:
4826:, p. 35.
4825:
4820:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4794:, p. 29.
4793:
4789:
4784:
4777:
4772:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4749:
4744:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4713:
4708:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4629:
4624:
4617:
4612:
4605:
4600:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4573:
4568:
4561:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4538:, p. 80.
4537:
4533:
4528:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4502:, p. 31.
4501:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4481:
4476:
4470:, p. 65.
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4446:, p. 64.
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4425:
4420:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4341:
4336:
4330:, p. 84.
4329:
4324:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4298:, p. 11.
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4270:, p. 4;
4269:
4264:
4258:, p. 68.
4257:
4253:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4218:, p. 31.
4217:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4174:, p. 5;
4173:
4168:
4162:, p. 79.
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4126:, p. 24.
4125:
4120:
4114:, p. 47.
4113:
4108:
4102:, p. 29.
4101:
4096:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4074:, p. 22.
4073:
4068:
4066:
4059:, p. 16.
4058:
4053:
4051:
4044:, p. 22.
4043:
4039:
4034:
4028:, p. 13.
4027:
4022:
4016:, p. 12.
4015:
4010:
4008:
4001:, p. 11.
4000:
3995:
3993:
3985:
3982:, p. 3;
3981:
3976:
3969:
3964:
3957:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3930:, p. 2;
3929:
3924:
3920:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3871:: James V by
3870:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3848:
3839:
3832:
3826:
3819:
3813:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3770:Thames Valley
3767:
3761:
3752:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:Mary of Guise
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:17 March 1637
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:fleurs-de-lis
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2849:
2848:24 April 1611
2845:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:The official
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2758:
2753:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2725:Ronald Hutton
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:van Honthorst
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2494:Eikonoklastes
2490:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:William Hulet
2419:
2415:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:John Bradshaw
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:Pride's Purge
2164:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2146:, Essex, and
2145:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:Isle of Wight
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:, while more
2102:
2101:Hampton Court
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2036:Lord Carnwath
2033:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:Earl of Essex
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1942:Turnham Green
1939:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:Denzil Holles
1810:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:Triennial Act
1649:
1645:
1633:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1562:Personal Rule
1559:
1555:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1476:Bishops' Wars
1470:Bishops' Wars
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:John Bastwick
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:royal forests
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1244:
1243:Daniel Mytens
1239:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1192:Personal Rule
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1147:Personal Rule
1141:Personal rule
1138:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:Dudley Digges
1086:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1062:first reading
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
943:
938:
929:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
888:
887:
882:
870:
869:Daniel Mytens
865:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
840:, Archbishop
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:Francis Bacon
819:
815:
809:
807:
806:Spanish match
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:Heir apparent
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:heir apparent
692:
689:(or possibly
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
664:Thomas Murray
661:
657:
645:
640:
636:
634:
630:
624:
622:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:David Lindsay
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
546:
543:Engraving by
541:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Isle of Wight
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
478:Bishops' Wars
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:
456:
453:and Scottish
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:heir apparent
405:
401:
396:
394:
393:his execution
390:
381:
377:
373:
370:
367:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
347:
343:
340:
337:
335:
331:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
289:
286:
285:
279:
275:
256:
251:
247:
242:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
146:
142:
137:
132:
128:
121:
120:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
100:
99:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
13641:Broad church
13639: /
13635: /
13625:
13609: /
13602:Anglican Use
13562:
13513:
13443:
13436:
13188:
13180:
13172:
13160:
13060:
13052:
13044:
13036:
13028:
13020:
13012:
13004:
12996:
12988:
12980:
12974:
12971:
12966:
12958:
12950:
12942:
12934:
12928:
12922:
12914:
12906:
12898:
12890:
12882:
12826:
12804:
12796:
12788:
12780:
12772:
12764:
12756:
12748:
12740:
12732:
12724:
12721:
12716:
12708:
12700:
12692:
12684:
12676:
12668:
12660:
12652:
12644:
12636:
12628:
12620:
12539:
12531:
12523:
12518:James Stuart
12511:
12506:James Stuart
12491:John Stewart
12417:
12394:
12384:
12374:
12364:
12354:
12344:
12334:
12324:
12314:
12304:
12294:
12284:
12281:
12274:
12264:
12254:
12244:
12234:
12224:
12214:
12204:
12194:
12184:
12174:
12071:
12009:
11997:
11983:Alexander II
11682:Gartnait III
11541:
11520:Elizabeth II
11448:
11386:
11364:
11291:
11269:
11260:Alexander II
11177:
11140:
11133:
11126:
11119:
11112:
11105:
11087:
11076:
10999:
10982:
10970:
10943:
10906:
10864:
10857:
10850:
10771:
10764:Charles (II)
10762:
10756:
10743:
10709:
10700:
10694:Commonwealth
10689:
10676:
10654:
10647:
10640:
10557:
10530:
10503:
10479:
10460:
10433:
10417:
10390:
10367:
10351:
10335:
10317:
10302:
10293:
10284:
10263:
10254:
10242:
10220:
10204:
10187:
10169:
10154:
10134:
10106:
10088:
10085:Weir, Alison
10069:
10052:
10041:
10019:
10000:
9978:
9956:
9934:
9914:
9891:
9873:
9852:
9834:
9812:
9793:
9784:
9763:
9738:
9709:
9684:
9672:
9653:
9634:
9616:
9595:
9584:, retrieved
9581:The Guardian
9580:
9564:
9543:
9522:
9506:
9484:
9459:
9440:
9421:
9408:
9382:
9373:
9352:
9310:
9298:
9286:
9279:Ashmole 1715
9274:
9267:Ashmole 1715
9262:
9228:Edwards 1999
9223:
9211:
9195:
9164:
9148:
9136:
9120:
9112:
9109:Peter Heylin
9103:
9096:Carlton 1995
9090:
9078:
9063:Carlton 1995
9058:
9043:Carlton 1995
9038:
9022:
9010:
9003:Carlton 1995
8998:
8991:Carlton 1995
8986:
8974:
8967:Hibbert 1968
8959:Carlton 1995
8950:
8945:, p. 6.
8938:
8931:Hibbert 1968
8927:Carlton 1995
8922:
8910:
8903:Hibbert 1968
8891:Carlton 1995
8886:
8879:Hibbert 1968
8870:
8861:
8851:
8836:
8820:
8800:
8789:Edwards 1999
8784:
8764:
8749:Edwards 1999
8744:
8733:Edwards 1999
8728:
8716:
8704:
8688:
8677:Edwards 1999
8672:
8661:Edwards 1999
8656:
8630:Edwards 1999
8625:
8618:Edwards 1999
8598:
8556:
8552:
8542:, retrieved
8522:
8516:
8504:
8497:Edwards 1999
8492:
8485:Higgins 2009
8480:
8473:Hibbert 1968
8465:Edwards 1999
8460:
8453:Hibbert 1968
8445:Edwards 1999
8440:
8433:Hibbert 1968
8428:
8417:Hibbert 1968
8412:
8401:Edwards 1999
8397:Carlton 1995
8392:
8385:Starkey 2006
8381:Hibbert 1968
8377:Edwards 1999
8373:Carlton 1995
8368:
8361:Edwards 1999
8352:
8345:Hibbert 1968
8337:Edwards 1999
8333:Carlton 1995
8328:
8317:Hibbert 1968
8309:Edwards 1999
8305:Carlton 1995
8300:
8289:Carlton 1995
8284:
8277:Edwards 1999
8273:Carlton 1995
8268:
8256:, retrieved
8250:
8234:Hibbert 1968
8226:Carlton 1995
8221:
8214:Hibbert 1968
8210:Edwards 1999
8205:
8193:
8186:Edwards 1999
8182:Carlton 1995
8177:
8165:
8153:
8142:Carlton 1995
8137:
8126:Edwards 1999
8122:Carlton 1995
8117:
8110:Carlton 1995
8105:
8085:
8073:
8044:
8028:
8017:Edwards 1999
8012:
8000:
7980:
7973:Edwards 1999
7968:
7946:Hibbert 1968
7938:Edwards 1999
7933:
7926:Hibbert 1968
7918:Carlton 1995
7913:
7902:Carlton 1995
7897:
7890:Starkey 2006
7882:Edwards 1999
7877:
7870:Starkey 2006
7861:
7854:Hibbert 1968
7850:Carlton 1995
7845:
7833:
7826:Starkey 2006
7822:Hibbert 1968
7817:
7801:
7790:Carlton 1995
7785:
7773:
7762:Carlton 1995
7757:
7750:Hibbert 1968
7741:
7729:
7722:Hibbert 1968
7713:
7701:
7694:Carlton 1995
7689:
7678:Carlton 1995
7673:
7661:
7650:Edwards 1999
7641:
7626:Carlton 1995
7621:
7609:
7602:Hibbert 1968
7598:Carlton 1995
7593:
7578:Carlton 1995
7573:
7558:Carlton 1995
7553:
7546:Hibbert 1968
7534:Carlton 1995
7529:
7509:
7493:
7482:Carlton 1995
7477:
7465:
7450:Carlton 1995
7445:
7433:
7422:Carlton 1995
7417:
7405:
7398:Carlton 1995
7393:
7386:Carlton 1995
7381:
7374:Hibbert 1968
7365:
7354:Carlton 1995
7349:
7342:Carlton 1995
7322:
7315:Carlton 1995
7310:
7298:
7286:
7275:Hibbert 1968
7266:
7254:
7239:Carlton 1995
7234:
7227:Hibbert 1968
7223:Carlton 1995
7218:
7211:Hibbert 1968
7207:Carlton 1995
7202:
7195:Hibbert 1968
7186:
7174:
7162:
7155:Starkey 2006
7146:
7139:Starkey 2006
7134:
7122:
7111:Carlton 1995
7106:
7099:Hibbert 1968
7091:Carlton 1995
7086:
7079:Starkey 2006
7075:Hibbert 1968
7062:
7055:Hibbert 1968
7047:Carlton 1995
7042:
7035:Starkey 2006
7030:
7019:Hibbert 1968
7007:Carlton 1995
7002:
6990:
6978:
6971:Carlton 1995
6966:
6954:
6942:
6930:
6914:
6898:
6887:Carlton 1995
6882:
6870:
6854:
6847:Starkey 2006
6830:
6823:Starkey 2006
6818:
6806:
6799:Russell 1990
6790:
6783:Russell 1990
6774:
6769:, p. 3.
6762:
6755:Russell 1991
6750:
6739:Carlton 1995
6734:
6722:
6710:
6698:
6687:Carlton 1995
6682:
6670:
6658:
6647:Carlton 1995
6642:
6627:Carlton 1995
6622:
6615:Starkey 2006
6611:Carlton 1995
6606:
6594:
6582:
6566:
6555:Hibbert 1968
6550:
6543:Hibbert 1968
6530:
6523:Hibbert 1968
6511:Carlton 1995
6506:
6479:
6472:Russell 1991
6463:
6443:
6436:Hibbert 1968
6431:
6416:Carlton 1995
6411:
6404:Russell 1991
6396:Hibbert 1968
6392:Carlton 1995
6387:
6380:Hibbert 1968
6372:Carlton 1995
6367:
6360:Hibbert 1968
6351:
6341:11 September
6339:. Retrieved
6335:
6326:
6315:Carlton 1995
6310:
6303:Russell 1991
6294:
6282:
6270:
6259:Carlton 1995
6254:
6238:
6222:
6207:Carlton 1995
6202:
6186:
6170:
6158:
6151:Hibbert 1968
6142:
6130:
6118:
6106:
6090:
6078:
6040:Carlton 1995
6035:
6028:Adamson 2007
6023:
6016:Adamson 2007
6011:
6004:Adamson 2007
5999:
5987:
5975:
5968:Adamson 2007
5944:
5928:
5917:Adamson 2007
5912:
5897:Adamson 2007
5892:
5877:Adamson 2007
5872:
5857:Carlton 1995
5852:
5840:
5821:Carlton 1995
5816:
5805:Carlton 1995
5800:
5793:Starkey 2006
5776:
5760:
5744:
5732:
5716:
5692:
5680:
5664:
5640:
5628:
5616:
5604:
5592:
5580:
5568:
5556:
5544:
5532:
5513:Carlton 1995
5508:
5489:Carlton 1995
5484:
5472:
5461:Hibbert 1968
5448:
5436:
5416:
5400:
5389:Adamson 2007
5384:
5373:Carlton 1995
5368:
5361:Edwards 1999
5356:
5345:Carlton 1995
5340:
5328:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5285:Starkey 2006
5280:
5268:
5257:Carlton 1995
5252:
5233:Carlton 1995
5228:
5216:
5209:Hibbert 1968
5205:Carlton 1995
5200:
5180:
5160:
5140:
5128:
5116:
5105:Carlton 1995
5100:
5085:Carlton 1995
5080:
5068:
5061:Hibbert 1968
5052:
5041:Hibbert 1968
5037:Carlton 1995
5032:
5021:Carlton 1995
5016:
5001:Carlton 1995
4996:
4980:
4969:Carlton 1995
4964:
4953:Carlton 1995
4948:
4935:
4916:Carlton 1995
4911:
4891:
4876:Carlton 1995
4871:
4859:
4843:
4831:
4819:
4812:Hibbert 1968
4804:Carlton 1995
4799:
4788:Carlton 1995
4783:
4771:
4760:Carlton 1995
4755:
4743:
4724:Carlton 1995
4719:
4707:
4695:
4679:
4668:Carlton 1995
4663:
4647:
4635:
4623:
4611:
4599:
4584:Carlton 1995
4579:
4567:
4560:Carlton 1995
4555:
4543:
4532:Carlton 1995
4527:
4516:Hibbert 1968
4507:
4492:Carlton 1995
4487:
4475:
4456:Carlton 1995
4451:
4444:Hibbert 1968
4436:Carlton 1995
4431:
4419:
4414:, p. 6.
4400:Carlton 1995
4395:
4380:Hibbert 1968
4368:Carlton 1995
4363:
4352:Carlton 1995
4347:
4335:
4323:
4318:, p. 5.
4303:
4284:Carlton 1995
4279:
4272:Hibbert 1968
4263:
4252:Carlton 1995
4247:
4235:
4230:, p. 8.
4223:
4216:Carlton 1995
4211:
4204:Hibbert 1968
4195:
4183:
4176:Hibbert 1968
4167:
4147:
4136:Hibbert 1968
4131:
4124:Hibbert 1968
4119:
4107:
4095:
4088:Hibbert 1968
4079:
4057:Carlton 1995
4042:Hibbert 1968
4033:
4021:
3986:, p. 9.
3980:Carlton 1995
3975:
3970:, p. 2.
3968:Carlton 1995
3963:
3958:, p. 2.
3951:
3939:
3923:
3847:
3838:
3825:
3818:Francis Rous
3812:
3803:
3794:
3785:
3778:patron saint
3774:Saint George
3765:
3760:
3751:
3734:
3460:
3210:30 June 1670
3207:16 June 1644
3176:29 June 1639
3173:29 June 1639
3165:Died young.
3149:Died young.
3127:Married (2)
3113:Married (1)
3019:
2920:for Scotland
2857:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2784:
2732:William Laud
2729:
2721:Barry Coward
2717:Kevin Sharpe
2698:
2589:
2586:Caroline era
2570:
2534:Commonwealth
2527:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2445:Jane Seymour
2434:
2430:
2418:George Joyce
2411:
2392:
2357:Philip Henry
2353:
2334:
2323:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2265:
2261:
2230:
2206:Hurst Castle
2203:
2198:Edward Bower
2172:Thomas Pride
2156:
2137:
2129:
2089:Independents
2081:George Joyce
2074:
2025:
1994:
1974:river Severn
1963:
1934:
1926:Lord Lindsey
1915:
1907:West Country
1896:
1842:
1834:
1809:John Hampden
1805:
1797:Five Members
1787:Five Members
1781:Five members
1765:Militia Bill
1758:
1750:
1734:Gaelic Irish
1731:
1700:the Incident
1693:
1689:
1684:Protestation
1680:
1668:
1656:royal assent
1640:
1599:
1579:
1568:
1558:William Laud
1506:
1498:
1479:
1464:presbyterian
1438:
1425:
1417:
1396:Henry Burton
1388:Star Chamber
1361:
1351:
1335:
1323:
1293:
1269:
1265:John Hampden
1258:
1254:
1211:
1185:
1170:
1165:Saint George
1132:
1119:King's Bench
1116:
1097:
1078:
1071:Portrait by
1042:
1035:
1008:
1004:
990:
947:
925:
919:
904:
895:
884:
878:
842:William Laud
810:
720:
676:
668:presbyterian
656:Duke of York
653:
644:Robert Peake
642:Portrait by
625:
609:
605:Earl of Ross
573:Chapel Royal
554:
513:high treason
486:
424:
397:
388:
387:
282:
224:decapitation
204:(1649-01-30)
157:18 June 1633
117:
105:
29:
13744:1649 deaths
13739:1600 births
13672:Monasticism
13507:Holy Spirit
13417:Elizabeth I
13262:Anglicanism
13205:(1920–1936)
13199:(1892–1910)
13192:(1784–1827)
13184:(1760–1767)
13176:(1716–1728)
13163:(1605–1625)
13157:(1494–1509)
13151:(1474–1483)
13145:(1460–1461)
13139:(1415–1460)
13133:(1402–1415)
13127:(1385–1402)
13053:(1952–2022)
13045:(1910–1936)
13037:(1901–1910)
13029:(1841–1901)
13021:(1762–1820)
13013:(1727–1751)
13005:(1714–1727)
12997:(1688–1689)
12989:(1630–1649)
12975:(1612–1625)
12967:(1594–1612)
12959:(1566–1567)
12951:(1540–1541)
12943:(1512–1513)
12935:(1509–1510)
12929:(1507–1508)
12923:(1473–1488)
12915:(1452–1460)
12907:(1430–1437)
12891:(1402–1406)
12883:(1398–1402)
12797:(1952–2022)
12789:(1910–1936)
12781:(1901–1910)
12773:(1841–1901)
12765:(1762–1820)
12757:(1727–1751)
12749:(1714–1727)
12733:(1630–1649)
12725:(1612–1625)
12717:(1603–1612)
12709:(1537–1547)
12693:(1502–1509)
12685:(1486–1502)
12677:(1483–1484)
12669:(1470–1483)
12653:(1453–1471)
12645:(1421–1422)
12637:(1399–1413)
12629:(1376–1377)
12621:(1337–1376)
12556:(1884–1919)
12550:(1881–1884)
12543:(1784–1827)
12535:(1760–1767)
12527:(1716–1728)
12520:(1660–1685)
12514:(1603–1625)
12502:(1565–1567)
12493:(1485–1536)
12481:(1420–1425)
12475:(1398–1420)
12385:(1958–2022)
12375:(1910–1936)
12365:(1901–1910)
12355:(1841–1901)
12345:(1762–1820)
12335:(1751–1760)
12325:(1728–1751)
12315:(1714–1727)
12295:(1641–1649)
12285:(1616–1625)
12275:(1610–1612)
12265:(1537–1547)
12255:(1504–1509)
12245:(1489–1502)
12235:(1483–1484)
12225:(1471–1483)
12215:(1454–1471)
12205:(1399–1413)
12195:(1376–1377)
12185:(1343–1376)
12175:(1301–1307)
11963:Alexander I
11913:Kenneth III
11864:(uncertain)
11762:Talorgan II
11727:Nechtan III
11702:Gartnait IV
11667:Gartnait II
11525:Charles III
11510:Edward VIII
11240:Alexander I
11220:Malcolm III
11195:Kenneth III
11095:Elizabeth I
11057:Richard III
9756:Louda, Jiří
9200:Wallis 1921
9157:Sharpe 1992
9153:Kenyon 1978
9125:Kenyon 1978
9083:Coward 2003
9067:Coward 2003
9047:Coward 2003
9031:Kenyon 1978
9015:Kenyon 1978
8943:Millar 1958
8829:Kenyon 1978
8825:Holmes 2006
8813:Loades 1974
8809:Kenyon 1978
8805:Holmes 2006
8793:Loades 1974
8777:Loades 1974
8773:Kenyon 1978
8769:Holmes 2006
8757:Loades 1974
8753:Kenyon 1978
8737:Kenyon 1978
8321:Holmes 2006
7866:Coward 2003
7806:Coward 2003
7654:Holmes 2006
7646:Coward 2003
7522:Holmes 2006
7291:Loades 1974
7279:Loades 1974
7179:Loades 1974
7151:Loades 1974
7023:Loades 1974
6995:Kenyon 1978
6959:Kenyon 1978
6947:Coward 2003
6923:Schama 2001
6919:Loades 1974
6907:Schama 2001
6891:Schama 2001
6875:Loades 1974
6859:Kenyon 1978
6839:Loades 1974
6811:Schama 2001
6779:Loades 1974
6675:Coward 2003
6631:Kenyon 1978
6599:Kenyon 1978
6587:Kenyon 1978
6575:Kenyon 1978
6559:Kenyon 1978
6535:Coward 2003
6499:Kenyon 1978
6456:Sharpe 1992
6400:Sharpe 1992
6243:Loades 1974
6215:Sharpe 1992
6195:Sharpe 1992
6123:Sharpe 1992
6052:Loades 1974
5992:Loades 1974
5980:Loades 1974
5937:Sharpe 1992
5905:Sharpe 1992
5885:Sharpe 1992
5865:Sharpe 1992
5833:Sharpe 1992
5789:Sharpe 1992
5769:Sharpe 1992
5753:Sharpe 1992
5725:Sharpe 1992
5721:Coward 2003
5709:Sharpe 1992
5705:Loades 1974
5701:Kenyon 1978
5697:Coward 2003
5685:Coward 2003
5673:Sharpe 1992
5669:Coward 2003
5657:Sharpe 1992
5645:Coward 2003
5561:Sharpe 1992
5525:Sharpe 1992
5465:Loades 1974
5453:Coward 2003
5441:Loades 1974
5393:Sharpe 1992
5321:Sharpe 1992
5273:Sharpe 1992
5261:Sharpe 1992
5245:Sharpe 1992
5045:Sharpe 1992
5025:Sharpe 1992
5009:Sharpe 1992
5005:Kenyon 1978
4989:Kenyon 1978
4973:Sharpe 1992
4928:Kenyon 1978
4848:Coward 2003
4776:Loades 1974
4628:Coward 2003
4468:Schama 2001
4464:Kenyon 1978
4412:Sharpe 1992
4388:Sharpe 1992
4316:Sharpe 1992
4188:Coward 2003
4160:Kenyon 1978
3776:(England's
3189:8 July 1640
3059:29 May 1630
3046:13 May 1629
3043:13 May 1629
2908:for England
2863:differenced
2730:Archbishop
2705:high Tories
2695:Assessments
2511:High church
2489:John Milton
2426:Hugh Peters
2244:was led by
2242:prosecution
2218:Henry Rolle
2069:Eugène Lami
1947:Peace talks
1746:New English
1738:Old English
1556:(left) and
1490:Covenanters
1276:popish soap
1249: 1631
978:La Rochelle
932:Early reign
830:impeachment
595:, with the
459:high church
455:Covenanters
162:Predecessor
85:Predecessor
13728:Categories
13526:Sacraments
13377:Henry VIII
13337:Æthelberht
13270:Communions
12092:William II
12077:Charles II
12032:Robert III
11973:Malcolm IV
11953:Donald III
11943:Donald III
11918:Malcolm II
11903:Kenneth II
11812:Bridei VII
11767:Drest VIII
11712:Bridei III
11697:Talorgan I
11692:Talorc III
11672:Nechtan II
11637:Gartnait I
11500:Edward VII
11490:William IV
11480:George III
11409:Charles II
11304:Robert III
11250:Malcolm IV
11225:Donald III
11200:Malcolm II
11185:Kenneth II
11067:Henry VIII
11027:Richard II
11022:Edward III
10956:William II
10929:Harthacnut
10777:1616–1625
10753:1612–1625
10721:Charles II
10715:1625–1649
10702:Charles II
10686:1625–1649
9729:required.)
9586:22 October
9317:, p.
9249:, p.
9232:Gregg 1981
9202:, p.
9094:Quoted in
8979:Gregg 1981
8955:Gregg 1981
8915:Gregg 1981
8899:Gregg 1981
8875:Gregg 1981
8693:Gregg 1981
8681:Gregg 1981
8665:Gregg 1981
8649:Gregg 1981
8634:Gregg 1981
8544:13 October
8469:Gregg 1981
8449:Gregg 1981
8405:Gregg 1981
8357:Gregg 1981
8341:Gregg 1981
8313:Gregg 1981
8293:Gregg 1981
8230:Gregg 1981
8198:Gregg 1981
8130:Gregg 1981
8094:Gregg 1981
8049:Gregg 1981
8033:Gregg 1981
8021:Gregg 1981
8005:Gregg 1981
7989:Gregg 1981
7942:Gregg 1981
7922:Gregg 1981
7906:Gregg 1981
7838:Gregg 1981
7794:Gregg 1981
7766:Gregg 1981
7734:Gregg 1981
7718:Gregg 1981
7666:Gregg 1981
7634:Gregg 1981
7614:Gregg 1981
7586:Gregg 1981
7562:Gregg 1981
7542:Gregg 1981
7518:Gregg 1981
7502:Gregg 1981
7486:Gregg 1981
7470:Gregg 1981
7458:Gregg 1981
7438:Gregg 1981
7426:Gregg 1981
7410:Gregg 1981
7370:Gregg 1981
7327:Gregg 1981
7303:Gregg 1981
7247:Gregg 1981
7167:Gregg 1981
7115:Gregg 1981
7071:Gregg 1981
7015:Gregg 1981
6983:Smith 1999
6935:Gregg 1981
6863:Smith 1999
6843:Smith 1999
6835:Gregg 1981
6571:Gregg 1981
6539:Gregg 1981
6519:Gregg 1981
6484:Gregg 1981
6448:Gregg 1981
6424:Gregg 1981
6376:Gregg 1981
6356:Gregg 1981
6319:Gregg 1981
6287:Gregg 1981
6275:Gregg 1981
6263:Gregg 1981
6227:Gregg 1981
6179:Gregg 1981
6147:Gregg 1981
6083:Gregg 1981
6048:Gregg 1981
5953:Gregg 1981
5933:Howat 1974
5881:Gregg 1981
5829:Gregg 1981
5785:Gregg 1981
5653:Gregg 1981
5621:Howat 1974
5573:Gregg 1981
5549:Gregg 1981
5537:Sharp 1980
5517:Gregg 1981
5497:Gregg 1981
5477:Young 1997
5457:Gregg 1981
5425:Gregg 1981
5349:Gregg 1981
5333:Gregg 1981
5309:Gregg 1981
5241:Howat 1974
5237:Gregg 1981
5189:Gregg 1981
5169:Gregg 1981
5149:Gregg 1981
5093:Gregg 1981
5073:Gregg 1981
4985:Howat 1974
4957:Gregg 1981
4939:Quoted in
4924:Gregg 1981
4900:Gregg 1981
4864:Gregg 1981
4836:Gregg 1981
4824:Howat 1974
4808:Gregg 1981
4764:Gregg 1981
4748:Gregg 1981
4732:Gregg 1981
4712:Gregg 1981
4700:Smith 1999
4688:Smith 1999
4684:Gregg 1981
4672:Gregg 1981
4656:Gregg 1981
4640:Gregg 1981
4604:Gregg 1981
4588:Gregg 1981
4548:Gregg 1981
4536:Gregg 1981
4512:Gregg 1981
4500:Howat 1974
4496:Gregg 1981
4460:Gregg 1981
4440:Gregg 1981
4424:Gregg 1981
4408:Gregg 1981
4376:Gregg 1981
4340:Gregg 1981
4328:Gregg 1981
4308:Gregg 1981
4292:Gregg 1981
4256:Gregg 1981
4200:Gregg 1981
4156:Howat 1974
4152:Gregg 1981
4140:Howat 1974
4112:Gregg 1981
4100:Gregg 1981
4084:Gregg 1981
4072:Gregg 1981
4038:Gregg 1981
4026:Gregg 1981
4014:Gregg 1981
3999:Gregg 1981
3984:Gregg 1981
3944:Gregg 1981
3911:References
3197:No issue.
3055:Charles II
3014:See also:
2815:George III
2811:Edward III
2711:, such as
2677:Tintoretto
2645:Caravaggio
2467:See also:
2453:Charles II
2441:Henry VIII
2226:John Wilde
2148:Cumberland
2133:Engagement
1930:Lord Forth
1903:Nottingham
1630:See also:
1261:ship money
1177:John Rolle
962:Canterbury
731:Heidelberg
621:Lord Fyvie
569:Protestant
535:Early life
529:Charles II
466:Protestant
369:Protestant
294:Charles II
176:Charles II
154:Coronation
102:Charles II
76:Coronation
13531:Eucharist
13444:Charles I
13412:Edward VI
13362:Hygeberht
13190:Frederick
13010:Frederick
12896:Alexander
12754:Frederick
12541:Frederick
12322:Frederick
12082:James VII
12072:Charles I
12047:James III
12027:Robert II
11948:Duncan II
11878:Malcolm I
11868:Donald II
11807:Ciniod II
11802:Bridei VI
11782:Óengus II
11732:Drest VII
11722:Bridei IV
11687:Bridei II
11647:Talorc II
11627:Drest III
11612:Nechtan I
11515:George VI
11485:George IV
11475:George II
11387:Charles I
11369:from 1603
11319:James III
11299:Robert II
11255:William I
11230:Duncan II
11158:Malcolm I
11148:Donald II
11072:Edward VI
11062:Henry VII
11047:Edward IV
11017:Edward II
11007:Henry III
10990:Richard I
10951:William I
10872:Æthelstan
10604:Charles I
10595:Charles I
10586:Charles I
10520:159530910
10496:162382682
10450:147299268
10407:159801678
10107:Charles I
9762:(1999) ,
9565:Charles I
9515:13527275M
9303:Weir 1996
9255:Weir 1996
9216:Weir 1996
9188:Weir 1996
9141:Cust 2005
9071:Cust 2005
9051:Cust 2005
9027:Cust 2005
8963:Cust 2005
8895:Cust 2005
8709:Cust 2005
8573:0032-5473
7985:Cust 2005
7778:Cust 2005
7746:Cust 2005
7706:Cust 2005
7682:Cust 2005
7630:Cust 2005
7582:Cust 2005
7538:Cust 2005
7514:Cust 2005
7498:Cust 2005
7454:Cust 2005
7358:Cust 2005
7271:Cust 2005
7259:Cust 2005
7243:Cust 2005
7191:Cust 2005
7095:Cust 2005
7067:Cust 2005
7051:Cust 2005
7011:Cust 2005
6795:Cust 2005
6743:Cust 2005
6515:Cust 2005
6468:Cust 2005
6452:Cust 2005
6420:Cust 2005
6299:Cust 2005
6211:Cust 2005
6191:Cust 2005
6175:Cust 2005
6095:Cust 2005
6044:Cust 2005
5949:Cust 2005
5921:Cust 2005
5901:Cust 2005
5861:Cust 2005
5845:Cust 2005
5825:Cust 2005
5781:Cust 2005
5765:Cust 2005
5749:Cust 2005
5649:Cust 2005
5633:Cust 2005
5597:Cust 2005
5493:Cust 2005
5421:Cust 2005
5405:Cust 2005
5221:Cust 2005
5185:Cust 2005
5165:Cust 2005
5145:Cust 2005
5121:Cust 2005
5109:Cust 2005
5089:Cust 2005
5057:Cust 2005
4941:Cust 2005
4920:Cust 2005
4896:Cust 2005
4880:Cust 2005
4852:Cust 2005
4728:Cust 2005
4652:Cust 2005
4616:Cust 2005
4592:Weir 1996
4520:Weir 1996
4404:Cust 2005
4372:Cust 2005
4356:Cust 2005
4288:Cust 2005
4268:Cust 2005
4240:Cust 2005
4228:Cust 2005
4172:Cust 2005
3956:Cust 2005
3932:Weir 1996
3928:Cust 2005
3916:Citations
3203:Henrietta
3170:Catherine
3137:Elizabeth
3115:Anne Hyde
3004:Elizabeth
2914:within a
2885:Quarterly
2689:Rembrandt
2649:del Sarto
2601:Correggio
2593:Velázquez
2457:Hyde Park
2375:Delaroche
2349:Strafford
2326:Elizabeth
2303:Execution
2249:John Cook
2093:Newmarket
2059:Captivity
1648:The Hague
1519:Strafford
1404:pilloried
1380:advowsons
1376:benefices
1173:prorogued
1045:New World
1032:free will
1028:Arminians
1024:damnation
1020:salvation
1013:Calvinist
974:Huguenots
922:his death
881:favourite
814:recusancy
796:from the
723:Elizabeth
691:porphyria
531:as king.
395:in 1649.
389:Charles I
375:Signature
309:Elizabeth
243:, England
220:Execution
209:Whitehall
172:Successor
95:Successor
35:Charles I
13667:Ministry
13662:Heraldry
13484:Theology
13357:Paulinus
12418:See also
12067:James VI
12052:James IV
12042:James II
12022:David II
12017:Robert I
11993:Margaret
11923:Duncan I
11842:Donald I
11787:Drest IX
11757:Alpín II
11752:Ciniod I
11747:Bridei V
11742:Óengus I
11707:Drest VI
11662:Bridei I
11642:Cailtram
11632:Drest IV
11617:Drest II
11607:Talorc I
11505:George V
11495:Victoria
11470:George I
11339:James VI
11324:James IV
11314:James II
11287:David II
11282:Robert I
11271:Margaret
11205:Duncan I
11114:Donald I
11052:Edward V
11042:Henry VI
11032:Henry IV
11012:Edward I
10978:Henry II
10877:Edmund I
10866:Ælfweard
10824:monarchs
10818:Scottish
10551:in JSTOR
10376:citation
10283:(1955),
10253:(1979),
10153:(2007),
10133:(1987),
10087:(1996),
10074:archived
10039:(1922),
10001:Monarchy
9998:(2006),
9977:(1999),
9954:(1992),
9911:(2001),
9872:(1990),
9833:(2002),
9783:(1958),
9737:(1974),
9683:(1978),
9615:(1974),
9563:(1968),
9542:(1981),
9505:(1906),
9420:(2003),
9372:(1715),
8591:17551078
8535:archived
8258:20 April
3744:25 March
3224:Ancestry
3213:Married
3087:Married
3065:Married
2916:tressure
2874:torteaux
2795:Scotland
2681:Veronese
2665:Leonardo
2653:Mantegna
2627:and the
2621:van Dyck
2566:restored
2548:and the
2530:republic
2515:Falmouth
2501:of 1660
2485:apologia
2401:and the
2097:Oatlands
1918:Edgehill
1671:John Pym
1575:Thorough
1437:English
1429:Anglican
1408:cropping
1386:and the
1342:Arminian
1231:sceptres
1227:Farthing
1212:CAROLUS
1208:Sixpence
1199:Finances
1100:jointure
1057:Henry VI
1001:Puritans
926:de facto
742:Catholic
735:Habsburg
725:married
525:restored
521:republic
482:Scottish
462:Anglican
451:Puritans
447:Reformed
365:Religion
166:James VI
119:de facto
13607:Morning
13555:worship
13551:Liturgy
13492:Trinity
13432:James I
13387:Cranmer
13312:History
13161:Charles
13058:William
13050:Charles
12986:Charles
12972:Charles
12933:Arthur
12802:William
12794:Charles
12730:Charles
12722:Charles
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12116:Ireland
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11817:Drest X
11737:Alpín I
11677:Cinioch
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11423:Mary II
11329:James V
11309:James I
11245:David I
11210:Macbeth
11142:Eochaid
11037:Henry V
10972:Matilda
10966:Stephen
10961:Henry I
10822:British
10816:,
10814:English
10682:Ireland
10626:at the
10574:at the
10547:4049286
9637:. CUP.
9345:Sources
8582:2600044
3119:Mary II
3000:Charles
2912:rampant
2821:Honours
2803:Ireland
2669:Holbein
2661:Bruegel
2657:Bernini
2641:Raphael
2562:Richard
2544:in the
2159:Newport
2071:in 1829
2026:At the
1358:liturgy
1346:Puritan
1299:in the
1121:, the "
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271:
263:
259:
136:more...
107:de jure
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13541:Saints
13497:Father
13427:Hooker
13422:Parker
13209:Andrew
13203:Albert
13197:George
13182:Edward
13042:Edward
13034:George
13018:George
13002:George
12981:(1629)
12927:James
12899:(1430)
12786:Edward
12778:George
12762:George
12746:George
12706:Edward
12701:(1511)
12682:Arthur
12674:Edward
12666:Edward
12650:Edward
12618:Edward
12533:Edward
12508:(1567)
12372:Edward
12362:George
12342:George
12332:George
12312:George
12305:(1688)
12262:Edward
12242:Arthur
12222:Edward
11933:Lulach
11898:Amlaíb
11893:Cuilén
11883:Indulf
11772:Conall
11334:Mary I
11215:Lulach
11179:Amlaíb
11173:Cuilén
11163:Indulf
11089:Philip
11084:Mary I
10887:Eadwig
10882:Eadred
10757:Vacant
10690:Vacant
10653:
10545:
10524:online
10518:
10494:
10454:online
10448:
10411:online
10405:
10270:
10228:
10194:
10176:
10161:
10141:
10113:
10095:
10026:
10008:
9985:
9964:
9941:
9923:
9898:
9880:
9859:
9841:
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9476:651040
9474:
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9428:
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9359:
9115:, 1688
8589:
8579:
8571:
3035:Notes
2891:three
2870:Argent
2799:France
2673:Hollar
2619:, and
2617:Mytens
2609:Rubens
2597:Titian
2463:Legacy
2049:Newark
1986:battle
1911:Oxford
1893:, 1642
1332:, 1633
1161:Rubens
1075:, 1628
940:Queen
844:, and
786:Prague
355:Mother
345:Father
339:Stuart
249:Spouse
234:Burial
13677:Music
13342:Edwin
13167:James
13155:Henry
12994:James
12956:James
12948:James
12940:James
12920:James
12912:James
12904:James
12888:James
12880:David
12738:James
12698:Henry
12690:Henry
12642:Henry
12634:Henry
12302:James
12252:Henry
11958:Edgar
11857:Giric
11797:Uurad
11717:Taran
11235:Edgar
11135:Giric
11001:Louis
10908:Sweyn
10655:Died:
10648:Born:
10543:JSTOR
10516:S2CID
10492:S2CID
10446:S2CID
10403:S2CID
10077:(PDF)
10066:(PDF)
9472:JSTOR
8538:(PDF)
8527:(PDF)
3726:Notes
3032:Death
3029:Birth
2996:James
2982:Issue
2889:Azure
2877:Gules
2867:label
2865:by a
2787:style
2685:Dürer
2607:, by
2447:, in
2330:Henry
2274:been
2182:Trial
1448:riots
1402:were
792:were
784:near
334:House
278:Issue
265:(
261:
144:Reign
67:Reign
13633:High
13595:1979
13590:1962
13585:1928
13580:1662
13575:1552
13570:1549
13553:and
13536:Mary
13449:Laud
13367:Bede
13347:Offa
12114:and
12097:Anne
12062:Mary
12005:John
11792:Uuen
11465:Anne
11428:Anne
11421:and
11277:John
11086:and
11078:Jane
10995:John
10919:Cnut
10680:and
10382:link
10268:ISBN
10226:ISBN
10192:ISBN
10174:ISBN
10159:ISBN
10139:ISBN
10111:ISBN
10093:ISBN
10024:ISBN
10006:ISBN
9983:ISBN
9962:ISBN
9939:ISBN
9921:ISBN
9896:ISBN
9878:ISBN
9857:ISBN
9839:ISBN
9818:ISBN
9798:ISBN
9768:ISBN
9743:ISBN
9689:ISBN
9658:ISBN
9639:ISBN
9621:ISBN
9600:ISBN
9588:2013
9548:ISBN
9527:ISBN
9490:ISBN
9446:ISBN
9426:ISBN
9387:ISBN
9357:ISBN
8587:PMID
8569:ISSN
8546:2017
8260:2013
6343:2022
3675:15.
3617:14.
3555:13.
3497:12.
3433:11.
3375:10.
3155:Anne
3121:and
3026:Name
3008:Anne
3006:and
2992:Mary
2906:Or (
2904:pale
2854:Arms
2801:and
2687:and
2679:and
2651:and
2599:and
2532:or "
2517:and
2471:and
2424:and
2328:and
2224:and
2144:Kent
2001:York
1999:and
1853:Hull
1819:and
1728:1637
1642:now
1606:York
1552:The
1517:and
1444:Kirk
1398:and
1378:and
1297:mint
1091:and
1022:and
875:1623
758:diet
740:, a
709:and
701:and
666:, a
650:1611
559:and
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314:Anne
199:Died
186:Born
52:and
13637:Low
13502:Son
11888:Dub
11852:Áed
11168:Dub
11128:Áed
10617:at
10535:doi
10508:doi
10484:doi
10465:doi
10438:doi
10422:doi
10395:doi
10356:doi
10340:doi
9716:doi
9464:doi
9319:446
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8577:PMC
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