202:
360:. In 1973, two German physicians Nosrat Firusian and Carl G. Schmidt rediscovered, independently from Pecher's work, the therapeutic use of Sr for the treatment of incurable pain in patients with neoplastic osseous infiltrations. Although not citing Pecher's work, Firusian and Schmidt referred to a 1950 article of John Lawrence and Robert H. Wasserman, in which they stated that "Radioactive strontium has been shown to behave similarly to calcium in the body" citing a 1941 paper of Pecher.
349:
accumulate Sr-90 and thus the highest susceptibility to radiation damage. SUNSHINE elicited a great deal of controversy when it was revealed that many of the remains sampled were utilized without prior permission from the deceased or from relatives of the dead, which wasn't known until many years later.
2037:
Lewington, Valerie J.; McEwan, Alexander J.; Ackery, Duncan M.; Bayly, Russell J.; Keeling, David H.; Macleod, Patricia M.; Porter, Arthur T.; Zivanovic, Maureen A. (1991). "A prospective, randomised double-blind crossover study to examine the efficacy of strontium-89 in pain palliation in patients
188:
Pecher saw himself faced with a choice between his patriotic duty and his scientific calling, with the complicating factor of
American pressure to remain in work in a domain whose military relevance was fully recognized, with all the secrecy that this entails. In the end, Pecher responded to his
348:
due to repeated nuclear detonations of increasing yield. Project SUNSHINE sought to measure the global dispersion of Sr-90 by measuring its concentration in the tissues and bones of the dead. Of particular interest was tissue from the young, whose developing bones have the highest propensity to
213:
and
William M. Brobeck developed and built a 60-Inch cyclotron, which accelerated deuterons to 19 MeV, the first cyclotron capable of producing medically useful radioisotopes. It was housed in the Crocker Laboratory. In 1940, Pecher was appointed Research Fellow in the Radiation Laboratory of
2164:
126:. The therapeutic use of Sr was only approved in 1993 for the palliative treatment of breast and prostate cancers metastatic to the bones for use in the US and became the first bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical that came into widespread use.
1289:
1149:
Pecher, Charles (1941). "Biological
Investigations with Radioactive Calcium and Radioactive Strontium. Simultaneous Production of Radio-Strontium for Therapeutic Bone Irradiation and a Radio-Yttrium Suitable for Metallic Radiography".
1782:
Firusian, Nosrat; Schmidt, Carl G. (1973). "Neue
Methode zur Behandlung inkurabler Schmerzzustände bei neoplastischer ossärer Infiltration" [Radioactive strontium for treating incurable pain in skeletal neoplasms].
1993:
Laing, A. H.; Ackery, D. M.; Bayly, R. J.; Buchanan, R. B.; Lewington, V. J.; McEwan, A. J. B.; Macleod, P. M.; Zivanovic, M. A. (1991). "Strontium-89 chloride for pain palliation in prostatic skeletal malignancy".
138:
and Emilie Speth. After secondary studies at the
Koninklijk Atheneum Antwerpen (1932), he continued with a university education in both physics and medicine. He became assistant of professor Pierre Rylant at the
154:
to continue his research in the United States. On 1 August 1939, Pecher married fellow researcher
Jacqueline Van Halteren (31 May 1915 – 16 September 2013) and the couple traveled to the US the following month.
193:, where he was supposed to board for Europe, he died on 28 August 1941. A verdict of suicide was derived from the high dose of barbiturates in his body. His daughter Evelyne was born two months later.
2116:
Lee, C. K.; Aeppli, D. M.; Unger, J.; Boudreau, R. J.; Levitt, S. H. (1996). "Strontium-89 chloride (Metastron) for palliative treatment of bony metastases. The
University of Minnesota experience".
229:. W. Wesley Campbell and David M. Greenberg and later Pecher demonstrated using radioactive tracers that calcium is almost entirely stored in the bones with small traces being distributed in the
28:
290:
using cyclotrons and described the use of strontium for therapeutic uses . The groundbreaking work of Pecher was forgotten for decades due to the classification of information linked to the
111:
He was the first to report a possible therapeutic role for the beta emitting radionuclide strontium-89 in the palliation of bone pain associated with metastatic bone disease. His
1555:
Kidman, Barbara; Tutt, Margaret L.; Vaughan, Janet M. (1950). "The retention and excretion of radioactive strontium and yttrium (Sr89, Sr90 and Y90) in the healthy rabbit".
2251:
1624:
586:
Mon père
Charles Pecher : l'homme de sciences : 1913–1941 : avec en annexe "The story in English" ... the scientist, World War II, the forgotten pioneer
233:. For this reason, the metabolism of calcium attracted very early the interest of physicians looking for applying radioisotopes of calcium for therapeutic purposes.
1079:
Biological investigations with radioactive calcium and strontium; preliminary report on the use of radioactive strontium in the treatment of metastatic bone cancer
201:
2081:
Bauman, Glenn; Charette, Manya; Reid, Robert; Sathya, Jinka (2005). "Radiopharmaceuticals for the palliation of painful bone metastases – a systematic review".
1690:
Robinson, Ralph G.; Spicer, Jay A.; Preston, David F.; Wegst, Audrey V.; Martin, Norman L. (1987). "Treatment of metastatic bone pain with strontium-89".
2281:
1602:
1039:
Low-Beer, Bertram V. A.; Lawrence, John H.; Stone, Robert S. (1942). "The
Therapeutic Use of Artificially Produced Radioactive Substances".
2246:
1863:"Results of 89 Strontium Therapy in Patients with Carcinoma of the Prostate and Incurable Pain from Bone Metastases: A Preliminary Report"
286:. Pecher demonstrated using two cows the Sr-89 transfer to milk. Pecher filed a patent in May 1941 for the synthesis of strontium-89 and
1342:
Bruheze, Adri De La (1992). "Radiological
Weapons and Radioactive Waste in the United States: Insiders' and Outsiders' Views, 1941-55".
2271:
2256:
222:, where he produced radioisotopes in the cyclotron under the supervision of John H. Lawrence and used them as radioactive tracers.
151:
1674:
374:
Before leaving for Canada, Pecher filled a patent for a method of transmitting secret messages with radioactive invisible ink.
357:
325:
1628:
1224:
Hamilton, Joseph G.; Soley, Mayo H. (1939). "Studies In Iodine Metabolism by the Use of a New Radioactive Isotope of Iodine".
2191:
1428:
953:
Erf, L. A.; Pecher, Charles (1940). "Secretion of Radio-Strontium in Milk of Two Cows Following Intravenous Administration".
565:
367:
in 1993 for use in the US under the commercial name "Metastron", in the form of injectable Strontium Chloride, produced by
340:(Sr-90) represented the most serious threat to human health from nuclear fallout. This resulted in the commissioning of
219:
167:
1735:"Strontium-89: treatment results and kinetics in patients with painful metastatic prostate and breast cancer in bone"
1404:
593:
2261:
352:
The seminal contribution of Pecher on the therapeutic use of Sr was “rediscovered” in the United States in 1976 by
122:
The groundbreaking work of Pecher was forgotten for decades due to the classification of information linked to the
659:
Helmholz, A. C.; Pecher, Charles; Stout, Perry R. (1941-06-01). "Radioactive Rb from Deuteron Bombardment of Sr".
140:
1733:
Robinson, R G; Blake, G M; Preston, D F; McEwan, A J; Spicer, J A; Martin, N L; Wegst, A V; Ackery, D M (1989).
1910:"Multiple Myeloma: A Study of 24 Patients Treated With Radioactive Isotopes (Phosphorus-32 And Strontium-89)"
996:
Pecher, Charles; Pecher, Jacqueline (1941). "Radio-Calcium and Radio-Strontium Metabolism in Pregnant Mice".
610:
2162:, Pecher, Charles, "Means and method for transmitting secret intelligence", published 1946-09-10
1447:(1947). "The Transmission of Radio-Strontium and Plutonium from Mother to Offspring in Laboratory Animals".
104:(26 November 1913 – 28 August 1941) was a Belgian pioneer in nuclear medicine. He discovered and introduced
364:
363:
This palliative treatment for breast and prostate cancers metastatic to the bones was only approved by the
115:
of animals or organs after administration of strontium-89 or phosphorus-32 started the development of bone
205:
60-inch cyclotron at the University of California Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, in August, 1939
2276:
1692:
International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part B, Nuclear Medicine and Biology
611:"Review of Cyclotrons for the Production of Radioactive Isotopes for Medical and Industrial Applications"
174:
147:
through his evidence of random processes in the nervous system. He received his doctor's degree in 1939.
2159:
1284:
1385:
Hicks, Rodney J. (2016), "Back to the Future: Nuclear Medicine Rediscovers its Therapeutic Roots",
1862:
844:
Bronner, F.; Aubert, J.-P.; Richelle, L. J.; Saville, P. D.; Nicholas, J. A.; Cobb, J. R. (1963).
1598:
1102:"Recent Advances in Clinical Medicine with the Aid of Artificially Prepared Radioactive Isotopes"
315:
150:
His medical studies were awarded the Armand Kleefeld Prize and earned him a scholarship from the
2212:, Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 2016, p. 266-269
2266:
237:
557:
2202:
1304:
511:
801:
Pecher, Charles (1941). "Biological Investigations with Radioactive Calcium and Strontium".
549:
488:
2241:
2236:
1627:. U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION Division of Biology and Medicine. July 1954. Archived from
1444:
1316:
742:
703:
668:
625:
403:
226:
1909:
1287:, Pecher, Charles, "Material and method for radiography", published 1941-05-14
8:
248:
182:
163:
1320:
1081:. Vol. 2. University of California Publications in Pharmacology. pp. 117–150.
746:
707:
672:
629:
407:
177:
decided to raise a military unit from pre-war Belgian émigrés and soldiers rescued from
1975:
1532:
1499:
1480:
1359:
1021:
978:
826:
773:
730:
283:
2217:
1878:
1751:
1734:
1134:
1101:
878:
845:
173:
After two intense years, Pecher became entangled in the Second World War. In 1940 the
2187:
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2019:
2011:
1967:
1932:
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883:
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and became the first bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical that came into widespread use.
311:
291:
159:
123:
1484:
1025:
982:
830:
489:"Étude statistique des variations spontanées de l'excitabilité d'une fibre nerveuse"
446:
135:
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2090:
2047:
2003:
1979:
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1924:
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1005:
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Cabrera, Walter E.; Schrooten, Iris; De Broe, Marc E.; D'Haese, Patrick C. (1999).
873:
857:
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768:
750:
711:
676:
633:
461:
411:
341:
279:
178:
731:"Studies in Calcium Metabolism with the Aid of Its Induced Radioactive Isotope: I"
134:
Born in Antwerp on 26 November 1913, Pecher was the son of the liberal politician
2094:
2007:
1652:
1395:
1262:
353:
333:
329:
307:
303:
302:, Sr is an isotope of concern, with a half-life of 28.90 years, following a
236:
Pecher predicted and then demonstrated that strontium, which belongs to the same
215:
210:
144:
415:
1387:
Perspectives on Nuclear Medicine for Molecular Diagnosis and Integrated Therapy
966:
919:
902:
263:
241:
166:. In 1940, he was appointed Research Fellow in the Radiation Laboratory at the
112:
1928:
1355:
1186:
1009:
814:
637:
465:
2230:
2219:
Annotated bibliography of strontium and calcium metabolism in man and animals
2137:
2059:
2015:
1971:
1886:
1847:
1804:
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1576:
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1171:
1125:
1060:
1017:
974:
928:
869:
822:
764:
645:
473:
423:
318:. Its presence in bones can cause bone cancer, cancer of nearby tissues, and
271:
27:
1568:
512:"Fluctuations indépendantes de l'excitabilité de deux fibres d'un même nerf"
344:, which sought to examine the long-term effects of nuclear radiation on the
2203:
Fluctuation in excitability. A personal account in honour of Charles Pecher
2102:
1936:
1839:
1796:
1584:
1541:
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1371:
1210:
1086:
936:
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715:
680:
431:
368:
337:
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267:
252:
116:
105:
2145:
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2023:
1894:
1812:
1768:
1719:
755:
299:
230:
185:. A battalion was formed in Canada from Belgian émigrés in the Americas.
225:
The bones are largely composed of calcium and phosphorus in the form of
1963:
1363:
287:
275:
255:
1515:
1163:
1117:
1100:
Lawrence, J. H.; Hamilton, J. G.; Erf, L. A.; Pecher, Charles (1941).
861:
143:, where he specialized in biophysics. Pecher pioneered in fundamental
1052:
345:
259:
319:
190:
67:
900:
251:, eventually led to its administration to a terminal patient with
244:, was absorbed by the human body in a manner similar to calcium.
48:
998:
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
955:
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
803:
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
2182:
Brucer, Marshall (1990). "Charles Pecher and Bone Metastases".
1265:(1976). "A History of Bone Scanning I – The first generation".
266:
of an amputated leg with strontium-89 is the first human bone
843:
332:, to gauge the impact of radioactive fallout resulting from
1950:"Amersham International Celebrates Its Fiftieth Birthday".
694:
Pecher, Charles (1940). "A Long-Lived Isotope of Yttrium".
189:
convocation for the Belgian army in the United Kingdom. In
2222:. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture.
2036:
1732:
1689:
181:
and called up all Belgian nationals worldwide to join the
1861:
Firusian, Nosrat; Mellin, Paul; Schmidt, Carl G. (1976).
1099:
2208:
André Jaumotte and Frank Deconinck, Pecher Charles, in:
2080:
1992:
1826:
Firusian, Nosrat (1974). "Kinetik des Radiostrontium".
1653:"Worldwide Effects of Atomic Weapons: Project SUNSHINE"
2115:
1617:
2216:
Wasserman, Robert Harold; Comar, Cyril Lewis (1961).
2186:. St. Louis, Mo: Heritage Publications. p. 229.
1860:
1038:
1423:(First ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Robert R Butaine.
516:
Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie
493:
Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie
447:"La Fluctuation D'excitabilité de la Fibre Nerveuse"
298:
with a half-life of 50.6 days is used to treat
2038:with advanced prostate cancer metastatic to bone".
1500:"Metabolism of Radioactive Strontium in the Rabbit"
658:
2074:
846:"Strontium and ITS Relation to Calcium Metabolism"
394:Lawrence, John H. (1941-12-05). "Charles Pecher".
1907:
1679:Dundee University Medical School Sue Rabbitt Roff
1647:
1645:
1554:
729:Campbell, W. Wesley; Greenberg, David M. (1940).
728:
588:(in French). Bruxelles: Didier Devillez Éditeur.
328:commissioned in 1949 an investigation, codenamed
2228:
2040:European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology
552:Foreign Volunteers of the Allied Forces, 1939–45
294:and the American nuclear weapons program. While
1781:
735:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
270:. It was the third medical radioisotope, after
158:Pecher first worked at Harvard University with
2252:Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni
2215:
1642:
1344:The British Journal for the History of Science
1908:Lawrence, John; Wasserman, Robert L. (1950).
1223:
618:Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology
356:, former Chairman of the Medical Division of
995:
2184:A chronology of nuclear medicine, 1600-1989
1497:
336:. It surmised that the radioactive isotope
108:in medical therapeutic procedures in 1939.
1305:"Radiological warfare: the path not taken"
262:of the prostate. A posthumously published
26:
1750:
1557:The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology
1531:
1394:
1302:
1133:
952:
918:
877:
772:
754:
541:
2282:Belgian expatriates in the United States
1825:
1498:Tutt, Margarett; Vaughan, J. M. (1949).
1184:
393:
200:
1675:PROJECT SUNSHINE AND THE SLIPPERY SLOPE
1341:
1187:"Early Experiences in Nuclear Medicine"
454:Archives Internationales de Physiologie
152:Belgian American Educational Foundation
2229:
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1443:
1418:
1261:
1148:
1076:
800:
693:
608:
583:
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358:Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies
326:United States Atomic Energy Commission
247:His work with strontium-89, a calcium
2118:American Journal of Clinical Oncology
1384:
1257:
1255:
1072:
1070:
948:
946:
796:
794:
792:
532:
1952:European Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1389:, Springer Japan, pp. 277–287,
907:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
579:
577:
389:
387:
2247:Belgian nuclear medicine physicians
1785:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
1591:
13:
2175:
1599:"Strontium – Radiation Protection"
1283:
1252:
1067:
943:
789:
687:
220:University of California, Berkeley
168:University of California, Berkeley
14:
2293:
1752:10.1148/radiographics.9.2.2467331
1309:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1106:Journal of Clinical Investigation
850:Journal of Clinical Investigation
574:
384:
2130:10.1097/00000421-199604000-00003
1996:The British Journal of Radiology
1421:A Chronology of Nuclear Medicine
1238:10.1152/ajplegacy.1939.127.3.557
535:Belgian Forces in United Kingdom
278:introduced respectively by
2272:Drug-related suicides in Canada
2257:20th-century Belgian physicians
2152:
2109:
2030:
1986:
1943:
1901:
1854:
1819:
1775:
1726:
1683:
1668:
1548:
1491:
1437:
1419:Brucer, Marshall (1990-09-01).
1412:
1378:
1335:
1296:
1277:
1217:
1178:
1142:
1093:
1032:
989:
894:
837:
722:
1461:10.1086/physzool.20.4.30151970
1329:10.1080/00963402.1985.11455998
1226:American Journal of Physiology
652:
602:
537:. Ostend: Defence. p. 24.
503:
480:
438:
1:
2210:Nouvelle Biographie Nationale
1879:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)59002-3
1677:Centre for Medical Education
1303:Bernstein, Barton J. (1985).
1267:Vignettes in Nuclear Medicine
377:
141:Université Libre de Bruxelles
87:Université libre de Bruxelles
2095:10.1016/j.radonc.2005.03.003
2052:10.1016/0277-5379(91)90257-e
2008:10.1259/0007-1285-64-765-816
1704:10.1016/0883-2897(87)90045-6
1396:10.1007/978-4-431-55894-1_21
365:Food and Drug Administration
129:
7:
1917:Annals of Internal Medicine
1625:"Report on Project GABRIEL"
1191:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
556:. London: Osprey. pp.
533:Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994).
416:10.1126/science.94.2449.533
175:Belgian Government in exile
10:
2298:
1185:Lawrence, John H. (1979).
1152:Journal of Applied Physics
967:10.3181/00379727-45-11825P
920:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.5.661
2083:Radiotherapy and Oncology
1929:10.7326/0003-4819-33-1-41
1356:10.1017/s0007087400028776
1010:10.3181/00379727-46-11900
815:10.3181/00379727-46-11899
638:10.1142/s1793626811000574
466:10.3109/13813453909150818
91:
83:
75:
56:
34:
25:
18:
1077:Pecher, Charles (1942).
584:Pecher, Evelyne (2011).
510:Pecher, Charles (1937).
487:Pecher, Charles (1936).
445:Pecher, Charles (1939).
2262:Physicians from Antwerp
1569:10.1002/path.1700620208
1504:The Biochemical Journal
209:Between 1938 and 1940,
196:
1958:(6–8): 374–380. 1990.
1867:The Journal of Urology
1840:10.1055/s-0038-1624849
1797:10.1055/s-0028-1107254
716:10.1103/PhysRev.58.843
681:10.1103/PhysRev.59.902
548:Thomas, Nigel (1991).
369:Amersham International
206:
2200:A. A. Verveen (2012)
2089:(3): 258.E1–258.E13.
1449:Physiological Zoology
1445:Finkel, Miriam Posner
756:10.1073/pnas.26.3.176
609:Schmor, Paul (2011).
204:
903:"Strontium and Bone"
227:tricalcium phosphate
1321:1985BuAtS..41g..44B
747:1940PNAS...26..176C
708:1940PhRv...58..843P
673:1941PhRv...59..902H
630:2011rast.book..103S
408:1941Sci....94..533L
183:Free Belgian Forces
164:George Kistiakowsky
2277:Suicides in Quebec
1964:10.1007/bf01268031
284:Joseph G. Hamilton
258:from a metastatic
216:Ernest O. Lawrence
211:Ernest O. Lawrence
207:
2193:978-0-9625674-0-7
1791:(49): 2347–2351.
1516:10.1042/bj044xxix
1510:(4): xxix–xliii.
1430:978-0-9625674-0-7
1164:10.1063/1.1712911
1118:10.1172/JCI101239
862:10.1172/JCI104795
567:978-1-85532-136-6
314:as it's a common
312:nuclear accidents
292:Manhattan project
124:Manhattan project
113:autoradiographies
99:
98:
2289:
2223:
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2169:
2168:
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2113:
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2028:
2027:
2002:(765): 816–822.
1990:
1984:
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1300:
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1275:
1274:
1263:Brucer, Marshall
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1215:
1214:
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1140:
1139:
1137:
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1053:10.1148/39.5.573
1036:
1030:
1029:
993:
987:
986:
950:
941:
940:
922:
898:
892:
891:
881:
856:(7): 1095–1104.
841:
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117:scintigraphy
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62:(1941-08-28)
2242:1913 births
2237:1941 deaths
667:(11): 902.
300:bone cancer
76:Citizenship
2231:Categories
2160:US 2407381
1661:2010-07-10
1635:2011-02-25
1285:US 2302470
1112:(4): 436.
702:(9): 843.
522:: 839–842.
378:References
288:yttrium-86
276:iodine-131
256:metastases
160:Edwin Cohn
41:1913-11-26
2138:0277-3732
2060:0277-5379
2016:0007-1285
1972:0340-6997
1887:0022-5347
1848:0029-5566
1805:0012-0472
1761:0271-5333
1712:0883-2897
1577:0368-3494
1524:0264-6021
1469:0031-935X
1246:0002-9513
1203:0161-5505
1172:0021-8979
1126:0021-9738
1061:0033-8419
1041:Radiology
1018:0037-9727
975:0037-9727
929:0884-0431
870:0021-9738
823:0037-9727
765:0027-8424
646:1793-6268
474:0301-4541
424:0036-8075
346:biosphere
260:carcinoma
130:Biography
51:, Belgium
2103:16299924
1937:15426091
1585:15437247
1542:16748556
1485:39714428
1477:18921410
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937:10320513
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499:: 87–91.
432:17756655
320:leukemia
249:analogue
191:Joliette
70:, Canada
68:Joliette
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2024:1717094
1980:1722663
1895:1003647
1813:4763877
1769:2467331
1720:3667305
1609:18 June
1533:1274900
1364:4027299
1317:Bibcode
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614:(PDF)
450:(PDF)
306:from
238:group
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