Charles Sumner - Knowledge

947:

Orphan Asylum and saw all the little blue aproned girls waving their hands to him. I thought it was very sweet in him to do that honor to the fatherless and motherless children. A little child was carried out to give him a great bouquet, which he took and kissed the baby bearer. The streets were lined with wreaths, flags, and loving people to welcome the good man back....and tho I was only a 'love lorn' governess I waved my cotton handkerchief like a meek banner to my hero with honorable wounds on his head and love of little children in his heart. Hurra!! I could not hear the speeches at the State House so I tore down Hancock St. and got a place opposite his house. I saw him go in, and soon after the cheers of the horsemen and crowd brought him smiling to the window, he only bowed, but when the leader of the cavelcade cried out 'Three cheers for the mother of Charles Sumner!' he stepped back and soon appeared leading an old lady who nodded, waved her hand, put down the curtain, and then with a few dozen more cheers the crowd dispersed. I was so excited I pitched about like a mad woman, shouted, waved, hung onto fences, rushed thro crowds, and swarmed about in a state of rapterous insanity till it was all over and then I went home hoarse and worn out."

1590:

Confederate leaders. In December 1872, he introduced a Senate resolution providing that Civil War battle names should not appear as "battle honors" on the regimental flags of the U.S. Army. The proposal was not new: Sumner had offered a similar resolution on May 8, 1862, and in 1865 he had proposed that no painting hanging in the Capitol portray scenes from the Civil War, because, as he saw it, keeping alive the memories of a war between a people was barbarous. His proposal did not affect the vast majority of battle-flags, as nearly all the regiments that fought had been state regiments, and these were not covered. But Sumner's idea was that any U.S. regiment that would in the future enlist southerners as well as northerners should not carry on its ensigns any insult to those who joined it. His resolution had no chance of passing, but its presentation offended Union army veterans. The Massachusetts legislature censured Sumner for giving "an insult to the loyal soldiery of the nation" and as "meeting the unqualified condemnation of the people of the Commonwealth." Poet

1450:, which were estimated to have given the Confederacy 60% of its weapons, 1/3 of the lead for its bullets, 3/4 ingredients for its powder, and most of the cloth for its uniforms; some historians believe that this may have lengthened the war by two years and cost 400,000 more lives of soldiers and civilians on both sides. He demanded $ 2,000,000,000 for these "national claims" in addition to $ 125,000,000 for damages from the raiders. Sumner did not expect that Britain ever would or could pay this sum, but he suggested that Britain turn over Canada as payment. This proposition offended many Britons, but was taken seriously by many Americans, including the Secretary of State, whose support for it nearly derailed the settlement with Great Britain in the months before the arbitration conference met at Geneva. At the 1900: 1547:, Ambassador to Britain. By autumn, Sumner's personal hostility to Grant was public knowledge, and he blamed the Secretary of State for failing to resign rather than let Grant have his way. The two men, friends until then, became bitter enemies. In December 1870, still fearful that Grant meant to acquire Santo Domingo somehow, Sumner gave a fiercely critical speech accusing him of usurpation and Babcock of unethical conduct. Already Grant, supported by Fish, had initiated a campaign to depose Sumner from the chairmanship of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Although Sumner said he was an "Administration man," in addition to having stopped Grant's Dominican Republic treaty attempt, Sumner had defeated Grant's full repeal of the 1756:

essentially simple to the end, brave, kind, and pure…. Originally modest and not self-confident, the result of his long contest was to make him egotistical and dogmatic. There are few successful men who escape these penalties of success, the common accompaniment of increasing years….Sumner's naively simple nature, his confidence in his fellows, and his lack of humor combined to prevent his concealing what many feel but are better able to hide. From the time he entered public life till he died he was a strong force constantly working for righteousness….To Sumner more than to any single man, except possibly Lincoln, the colored race owes its emancipation and such measure of equal rights as it now enjoys.

1573:. The Liberal Republicans supported black suffrage, the three Reconstruction amendments, and the basic civil rights already protected by law, but also called for amnesty for ex-Confederates and decried the Republican governments in the South elected with the help of black votes, belittled the terrorism of the Ku Klux Klan, and argued that the time had come to restore "home rule" in the South, which in practical terms meant white Democratic rule. For Sumner's civil rights bill they gave no support at all, but Sumner joined them because he convinced himself that the time had come for reconciliation, and that Democrats were sincere in declaring that they would abide by the Reconstruction settlement. 1324:. It would have abolished slavery and declared that "all people are equal before the law." During Reconstruction, he often attacked civil rights legislation as inadequate and fought for legislation to give land to freed slaves and to mandate education for all, regardless of race, in the South. He viewed segregation and slavery as two sides of the same coin. He introduced a civil rights bill in 1872 to mandate equal accommodation in all public places and required suits brought under the bill to be argued in the federal courts. The bill failed, but Sumner revived it in the next Congress, and on his deathbed begged visitors to see that it did not fail. 1517: 1382:

on April 9, his foreign relations committee approved and sent the treaty to the Senate. In a three-hour speech, Sumner spoke in favor of the treaty on the Senate floor, describing in detail Alaska's imperial history, natural resources, population, and climate. Sumner wanted to block British expansion from Canada, arguing that Alaska was geographically and financially strategic, especially for the Pacific Coast States. He said Alaska would increase America's borders, spread republican institutions, and represent an act of friendship with Russia. The treaty won its needed two-thirds majority by one vote.

6447: 5371: 1540:

sent messages to Congress in favor of annexation on March 14 and May 31, 1870. In closed session, Sumner spoke out against the treaty, warning that there would be difficulty with the foreign nationals, noting the chronic rebellion on the island and the risk that the independence of Haiti, recognized by the U.S. in 1862, would be lost. He said that Grant's use of the U.S. Navy as a protectorate was a violation of international law and unconstitutional. Finally, on June 30, 1870, the treaty was voted on by the Senate and failed to gain the 2/3 majority required for passage.

1051:, said it stifled economic development in the South, and that it left slaveholders reliant on "the bludgeon, the revolver, and the bowie-knife". He addressed an anticipated objection on the part of one of his colleagues: "Say, sir, in your madness, that you own the sun, the stars, the moon; but do not say that you own a man, endowed with a soul that shall live immortal, when sun and moon and stars have passed away." Even allies found his language too strong, one calling it "harsh, vindictive, and slightly brutal". He spent the summer rallying the anti-slavery forces for 5571: 3600: 2149: 972: 364: 548:. Expanding on Channing's argument that human beings had infinite potential to improve themselves, Sumner concluded that environment had "an important, if not controlling influence" in shaping people. Thus, if society gave precedence to "knowledge, virtue and religion", then "the most forlorn shall grow into forms of unimagined strength and beauty." Moral law, he believed, was as important for governments as it was for individuals, and legal institutions that inhibited personal progress—like slavery or segregation—were evil. 1738: 1251: 47: 1780:

a "remarkable talent for rationalization". Stumbling "into politics largely by accident", elevated to the United States Senate largely by chance, willing to indulge in "Jacksonian demagoguery" for the sake of political expediency, Sumner became a bitter and potent agitator of sectional conflict. Carving out a reputation as the South's most hated foe and the Negro's bravest friend, he inflamed sectional differences, advanced his personal fortunes, and helped bring about national tragedy.

4865: 1918: 502: 1891:. This caused gossip in Washington, but Alice refused to stop seeing Holstein. When Holstein was recalled to Prussia in the spring of 1867, Alice accused Sumner of engineering the action, which Sumner denied. They separated the following September. Sumner's enemies used the affair to attack Sumner's manhood, calling him "The Great Impotency." The situation depressed and embarrassed Sumner. He obtained an uncontested divorce on the grounds of desertion on May 10, 1873. 9759: 9769: 746:(1.93 m) tall, with a massive frame. His voice was clear and powerful. His gestures were unconventional and individual, but vigorous and impressive. His literary style was florid, with much detail, allusion, and quotation, often from the Bible as well as the Greeks and Romans. Longfellow wrote that he delivered speeches "like a cannoneer ramming down cartridges", while Sumner himself said that "you might as well look for a joke in the 4886: 4718: 1856: 914: 1491:, then known as Santo Domingo. Grant believed that the island's mineral resources would be valuable to the United States, and that African Americans repressed in the South would have a safe haven to which to migrate. A labor shortage in the South would force Southerners to be tolerant toward African Americans. In July and November 1869, under Grant's authority and with the State Department's permission on the second trip, 4860: 4898: 1653: 1429: 1726:

Reconstruction, which, in the prevailing scholarship, included letting Blacks vote and hold office. But as perceptions of Reconstruction changed in recent years, so too have perceptions of Sumner. Modern scholars have emphasized his role as a foremost champion of Black rights before, during, and after the Civil War; one historian says he was "perhaps the least racist man in America in his day."

1577: 820:, the Free Soil Party named Sumner its choice for U.S. Senate. Despite the private agreement, conservative Democrats opposed his candidacy and called for a less radical candidate. The impasse was broken after three months and Sumner was elected on a parliamentary technicality by a one-vote majority on April 24, 1851, in part thanks to the support of Senate President 2135: 1768:(1960), as an insufferably arrogant moralist; an egoist bloated with pride; pontifical and Olympian, and unable to distinguish between large issues and small ones. Donald concludes that Sumner was a coward who avoided confrontations with his many enemies, whom he routinely insulted in prepared speeches. But in Donald's second volume, 1337:: "Worse than any heathen or pagan abroad are those in our midst who are false to our institutions." Sumner's bill failed, and from 1870 to 1943, and in some cases as late as 1952, Chinese and other Asians were ineligible for naturalized U.S. citizenship. Sumner remained a champion of civil rights for blacks. He co-authored the 1312:, started in 1863. He was one of the most prominent advocates for suffrage for blacks, along with free homesteads and free public schools. His uncompromising attitude did not endear him to moderates, and his arrogance and inflexibility often inhibited his effectiveness as a legislator. He was largely excluded from work on the 1333:

come for citizenship, then in this desire do they give a pledge of loyalty to our institutions; and where is the peril in such vows? They are peaceful and industrious; how can their citizenship be the occasion of solicitude?" He accused legislators promoting anti-Chinese legislation of betraying the principles of the

968:

Latin quotations and references to English and Roman history." In his eyes, the speech was "a gauntlet thrown down, a challenge to the 'Slave Power' to admit once and for all that it were encircling the free states with their tentacular grip and gradually siphoning off the breath of democracy-loving citizens."

1135:

side. In October 1861, at the Massachusetts Republican Convention in Worcester, Sumner openly expressed his belief that slavery was the war's sole cause and that the Union government's primary objective was to end it. Sumner argued that Lincoln could command the Union Army to emancipate slaves under color of

909:

world, is chaste in his sight—I mean the harlot, slavery. For her his tongue is always profuse in words. Let her be impeached in character, or any proposition made to shut her out from the extension of her wantonness, and no extravagance of manner or hardihood of assertion is then too great for this senator.

1031:, before returning to Washington, where he spent only a few days in the Senate in December. Both then and during several later attempts to return to work, he found himself exhausted just listening to Senate business. He sailed once more for Europe on May 22, 1858, the second anniversary of Brooks's attack. 1804:

bend as the rest have done." Well, he did not bend. He took his position and kept it…. I think I may borrow the language which Bishop Burnet applied to Sir Isaac Newton, and say that Charles Sumner "has the whitest soul I ever knew."… Let him hear that every man of worth in New England loves his virtues.

1779:

Distrusted by friends and allies, and reciprocating their distrust, a man of "ostentatious culture", "unvarnished egotism", and "'a specimen of prolonged and morbid juvenility,'" Sumner combined a passionate conviction in his own moral purity with a command of 19th-century "rhetorical flourishes" and

1734:

wondered, every time Sumner left his house in the morning, whether he would return alive. Just before he died, Sumner turned to his friend Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar. "Judge," he said, "tell Emerson how much I love and revere him." "He said of you once," Hoar replied, "that he never knew so white a soul."

1725:

Contemporaries and historians have explored Sumner's personality and public career at length. Sumner's reputation among historians in the first half of the 20th century was largely negative—he was particularly blamed by both the Dunning School and anti-Dunning revisionists for the excesses of Radical

1555:

as Secretary of Treasury, and been a constant harassing force pushing Reconstruction policies faster than Grant had been willing to go. Grant also resented Sumner's superior manner. Told that Sumner did not believe in the Bible, Grant supposedly said he was not surprised: "He didn't write it." As the

1327:

Sumner repeatedly tried to remove the word "white" from naturalization laws. He introduced bills to that effect in 1868 and 1869, but neither came to a vote. On July 2, 1870, Sumner moved to amend a pending bill in a way that would strike the word "white" wherever in all Congressional acts pertaining

1221:

believed the diplomats were contraband of war, but Sumner argued the men did not qualify as such because they were unarmed. He favored their release along with an apology from the U.S. government towards Britain. In the Senate, Sumner suppressed open debate in order to save the Lincoln administration

1134:

In May 1861, Sumner counseled Lincoln to make emancipation the war's primary objective. He believed that military necessity would eventually force Lincoln's hand and that emancipation would give the Union higher moral standing, which would keep Britain from entering the Civil War on the Confederacy's

908:

The senator from South Carolina has read many books of chivalry, and believes himself a chivalrous knight with sentiments of honor and courage. Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the

669:

They were standing in the midst of a knot of young men and their color seemed to be no objection to them. I was glad to see this, though with American impressions, it seemed very strange. It must be then that the distance between free blacks and whites among us is derived from education, and does not

1534:

and fearful that annexation would lead to the conquest of the neighboring black republic of Haiti, became convinced that corruption lay behind the treaty, and that men close to Grant shared in the corruption. As chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he initially withheld his opinion on

1381:

and Russian representative Edouard de Stoeckl met in Washington, D.C., and negotiated a treaty for the annexation and sale of the Russian American territory of Alaska to the United States for $ 7,200,000. President Johnson submitted the treaty to Congress for ratification with Sumner's approval, and

1332:

of immigrants. On July 4, 1870, he said: "Senators undertake to disturb us … by reminding us of the possibility of large numbers swarming from China; but the answer to all this is very obvious and very simple. If the Chinese come here, they will come for citizenship or merely for labor. If they

1042:

along the spinal cord. Sumner chose to refuse anaesthesia, which was thought to reduce the effectiveness of the procedure. Observers both at the time and since doubt Brown-Séquard's efforts were of value. After spending weeks recovering from these treatments, Sumner resumed his touring, this time as

967:

has concluded that Brooks's "assault was of critical importance in transforming the struggling Republican party into a major political force." Theological and legal scholar William R. Long characterized the speech as "a most rebarbative and vituperative speech on the Senate floor", which "flows with

1046:

In 1859, Sumner returned to the Senate permanently. Though fellow Republicans advised a less strident tone, he answered: "When crime and criminals are thrust before us, they are to be met by all the energies that God has given us by argument, scorn, sarcasm and denunciation." He delivered his first

998:

When Sumner returned to the Senate in 1857, he was unable to last a day. His doctors advised a sea voyage and "a complete separation from the cares and responsibilities that must beset him at home." He sailed for Europe and immediately found relief. During two months in Paris in the spring of 1857,

933:

cane with a gold head. Sumner was knocked down and trapped under the heavy desk, which was bolted to the floor. Blinded by his own blood, he staggered up the aisle and collapsed into unconsciousness. Brooks continued to beat the motionless Sumner until his cane broke, at which point he continued to

891:

Not in any common lust for power did this uncommon tragedy have its origin. It is the rape of a virgin Territory, compelling it to the hateful embrace of slavery; and it may be clearly traced to a depraved desire for a new Slave State, hideous offspring of such a crime, in the hope of adding to the

543:

from 1806 to 1807 and from 1810 to 1811, and he had a moderately successful legal practice. Throughout Sumner's childhood, his family teetered on the edge of the middle class. Charles Pinckney Sumner hated slavery and told his son that freeing the slaves would "do us no good" unless society treated

1508:

for $ 150,000 yearly, and a $ 1,500,000 payment of the Dominican national debt. In January 1870, in order to gain support for the treaty, Grant visited Sumner's Washington home and mistakenly believed that Sumner had consented to the treaty. Sumner said that he had only promised to give the treaty

1499:

of the Dominican Republic. The initial treaty had not been authorized by the State Department, but the island nation was on the verge of a civil war between Báez and ex-President Marcos A. Cabral. Grant sent in the U.S. Navy to keep the Dominican Republic free from invasion and civil war while the

1440:

Sumner was well regarded in the United Kingdom, but after the war he sacrificed his reputation in the U.K. with his stand on U.S. claims for British breaches of neutrality. The U.S. had claims against Britain for the damage inflicted by Confederate raiding ships fitted out in British ports. Sumner

946:

described a rally in Boston on November 3 in a letter to Anna Alcott: "Eight hundred gentlemen on horseback escorted him and formed a line up Beacon St. through which he rode smiling and bowing, he looked pale but otherwise as usual. The only time Sumner rose along the route was when he passed the

1803:

Mr. Sumner's position is exceptional in its honor…. In Congress, he did not rush into party position. He sat long silent and studious. His friends, I remember, were told that they would find Sumner a man of the world like the rest; "it is quite impossible to be at Washington and not bend; he will

1733:

praised Sumner's integrity, his "moral courage," the "sincerity of his convictions," and the "disinterestedness of his motives." But none of his friends at the time doubted his courage, and abolitionist Wendell Phillips, who knew Sumner well, remembered that southerners in the 1850s in Washington

1539:

that U.S. Naval ships were being used to protect Báez. Sumner's committee voted against annexation and, at Sumner's suggestion and possibly to save the party from an ugly fight or Grant from embarrassment, the Senate debated the treaty behind closed doors in executive session. Grant persisted and

1621:, Cuba, Spain executed 53 crew members, including American and British citizens. Sumner sympathized with the Cuban rebels and those executed by Spain, but refused to support U.S. military intervention or the annexation of Cuba. On November 17, 1873, Sumner stated his views in an interview on the 745:

but was primarily concerned that captured territories would expand slavery westward. He soon became a sought-after orator for formal occasions throughout Boston. His lofty themes and stately eloquence made a profound impression. His platform presence was imposing. He stood 6 ft 4 in

1755:

Charles Sumner was a great man in his absolute fidelity to principle, his clear perception of what his country needed, his unflinching courage, his perfect sincerity, his persistent devotion to duty, his indifference to selfish considerations, his high scorn of anything petty or mean. He was

1589:

Sumner never saw his support for civil rights as hostile to the South. On the contrary, he had always contended that a guarantee of equality was the one condition essential for true reconciliation. Unlike some other Radical Republicans, he had strongly opposed any hanging or imprisonment of

1445:

to the Confederacy, it was responsible for extending the duration of the war and consequent losses. In 1869, he asserted that Britain should pay damages for not merely the raiders, but also "that other damage, immense and infinite, caused by the prolongation of the war", specifically the

4769: 4760: 1472:

on the matter. This offended President Grant, but while it would be given as the official reason for Motley's removal, was not really so pressing: the dismissal took place a year after Motley's alleged misbehavior, and the real reason was an act of spite by Grant against Sumner.

1143:. Conservative Massachusetts newspapers editorialized that he was mentally ill and a "candidate for the insane asylum," but the Radicals fully endorsed Sumner's speech, and he continued to advance his argument publicly. As an intermediate measure, the Radicals passed two 411:, spending his final two years in the Senate alienated from his party. Sumner had a controversial and divisive legacy for many years after his death, but in recent decades, his historical reputation has improved in recognition of his early support for racial equality. 1556:

rift between Grant and Sumner increased, Sumner's health began to decline. When the 42nd U.S. Congress convened on March 4, 1871, senators affiliated with Grant, known as "New Radicals" voted to oust Sumner from the Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairmanship.

693:

declared that he "had never met with any man of Sumner's age of such extensive legal knowledge and natural legal intellect". Though he often praised British society as more refined than American, Sumner published a fierce defense of the American position in the

1067:

who advocated immediate abolition of slavery and the destruction of the Southern planter class. Although like-minded on slavery, the Radicals were loosely organized and disagreed on issues such as the tariff and currency. Other Radicals in the Senate included

959:

editorialized that Sumner should be caned "every morning" and Southerners sent Brooks hundreds of new canes in endorsement of his assault. Southern lawmakers made rings out of the cane's remains, which they wore on neck chains to show solidarity with Brooks.

1564:

Sumner now turned against Grant. Like many other reformers, he decried the corruption in Grant's administration. Sumner believed that the civil rights program he championed could not be carried through by a corrupt government. In 1872, he joined the

1131:. Lincoln instead adopted a plan for gradual emancipation and compensation to slavers, but consulted Sumner frequently. Despite their disagreements, Lincoln called Sumner "my idea of a bishop" and an embodiment of the American people's conscience. 1275:

Sumner's radical legal theory of Reconstruction proposed that nothing beyond the confines of the Constitution, read in light of the Declaration of Independence, restricted Congress's treatment of the rebelling states. Though not as radical as

954:

remarked, "I do not see how a barbarous community and a civilised community can constitute one state. I think we must get rid of slavery, or we must get rid of freedom." Conversely, Brooks was praised by Southern newspapers. The

1632:. He believed that although the ship was flying a U.S. flag, its mission was illegal. Sumner, who opposed the Cuban insurgent neutrality of the Grant Administration, believed that the United States needed to support the 1043:

far east as Dresden and Prague and south to Italy twice. In France he visited Brittany and Normandy, as well as Montpellier. He wrote his brother: "If anyone cares to know how I am doing, you can say better and better."

705:

In 1840, at age 29, Sumner returned to Boston to practice law but devoted more time to lecturing at Harvard Law, editing court reports, and contributing to law journals, especially on historical and biographical themes.

1887:, and they married that October. Their marriage was unhappy. Sumner could not respond to his wife's humor, and Alice had a ferocious temper. That winter, Alice began going out to public events with Prussian diplomat 851:

as final, including the Fugitive Slave Act, Sumner called for its repeal. For more than three hours, he denounced it as a violation of the Constitution, an affront to the public conscience, and an offence against

941:

The episode became a symbol of polarization in the antebellum period; Sumner became a martyr in the North and Brooks a hero in the South. Thousands attended rallies in support of Sumner throughout the North.

860:

urged that there be no reply: "The ravings of a maniac may sometimes be dangerous, but the barking of a puppy never did any harm." Sumner's outspoken opposition to slavery made him few friends in the Senate.

725:

Sumner embarked on a public political career in 1845, when he emerged as one of the most prominent critics of slavery in the city of Boston and the state of Massachusetts, a hotbed of abolitionist sentiment.

465:

led congressional efforts to grant equal civil and voting rights to freedmen and to block ex-Confederates from power so they would not reverse the gains derived from the Union's victory in the war. President

1349:

on May 13, 1870. The bill passed a year after his death, in February 1875, and President Grant signed it into law on March 1. It was the last civil rights legislation for 82 years until the passage of the

3147: 1267:

As one of the Radical Republican leaders in the post-war Senate, Sumner fought to provide equal civil and voting rights for freedmen on the grounds that "consent of the governed" was a basic principle of

1238:

as evidence that political sentiment in Britain supported the envoys' return to the British. Lincoln quietly but reluctantly ordered the captives' release to British custody and apologized. After the

3389: 1099:

Throughout the war, Sumner had been the special champion of black Americans, being the most vigorous advocate of emancipation, of enlisting blacks in the Union Army, and of the establishment of the

2172: 1369:, Sumner voted for conviction at his trial. He was only sorry that he had to vote on each article of impeachment, for as he said, he would have rather voted, "Guilty of all, and infinitely more." 661:

In his journal for January 20, 1838, Sumner noted that one lecturer "had quite a large audience among whom I noticed two or three blacks, or rather mulattos—two-thirds black perhaps—dressed quite

434:

on the Senate floor. Sumner's severe injuries and extended absence from the Senate made him a symbol of the anti-slavery cause. Though he did not return to the Senate until 1859, Massachusetts

843:, despite strenuous efforts to dissuade him. This oratorical effort incorporated a popular abolitionist motto, "Freedom National; Slavery Sectional," as its title. In it, Sumner attacked the 761:

in December, Sumner took an active role in the anti-slavery movement. In 1847, he denounced the declaration of war against Mexico with such vigor that he was recognized as a leader of the "

9908: 5402: 1401:, were entitled only to land that they inhabited. According to treaty, native Alaskan tribes were excluded from U.S. citizenship, but citizenship was available to Russian residents. 1598:, who was serving in the legislature that year. Sumner was able to hear the rescinding resolution presented to the Senate on the last day he was there. He died the next afternoon. 1320:, who chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee and did much of the work on it. Sumner introduced an alternative amendment that combined the Thirteenth Amendment with elements of the 9417: 5763: 1500:

treaty negotiations took place. This military action was controversial since the naval protection was unauthorized by Congress. The official treaty, drafted by Secretary of State

773:

and becoming chairman of the state party's executive committee, a position he used to advocate for abolition and build a coalition that included anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats.

9736: 9563: 7278: 9833: 1188:. Haiti had sought recognition since winning independence in 1804 but faced opposition from Southern senators. In their absence, the United States recognized Haiti in 1862. 1875:

in 1843. He served on the society's board of councilors from 1852 to 1853, and later in life served as the society's secretary of foreign correspondence from 1867 to 1874.

1092:," and his solution was "to 'civilize' and 'Americanize' the South" by conquest, then forcibly mold it into a society defined in Northern terms, as an idealized version of 6080: 816:

In 1851, a coalition of Democratic and Free Soil legislators gained control of the Massachusetts General Court. In exchange for Free Soil support for Democratic governor

713:, whose house he visited regularly in the 1840s. Longfellow's daughters found his stateliness amusing; he would ceremoniously open doors for the children while saying " 674:

Sumner decided that Americans' predisposition to see blacks as inferior was a learned viewpoint, and he determined to become an abolitionist upon returning to America.

9883: 5004: 2162: 1222:

from embarrassment. On December 25, 1861, at Lincoln's invitation, Sumner addressed the cabinet. He read letters from prominent British political figures, including

1293:

Sumner emerged as an idealist and a champion for civil rights through this turbulent and controversial period. He joined fellow Republicans in overriding President

9843: 9246: 5395: 2767:

The relationship between Brooks and Butler is often reported inaccurately. "In reality, Brooks's father Whitfield Brooks, and Andrew Butler were first cousins."

824:. His election marked a sharp break in Massachusetts politics, as his abolitionist politics contrasted sharply those of his best-known predecessor in the seat, 8701: 8696: 4573:"'All Southern Society Is Assailed by the Foulest Charges': Charles Sumner's 'The Crime against Kansas' and the Escalation of Republican Anti-Slavery Rhetoric" 1321: 1313: 1163: 1111:

The Radicals desired the immediate emancipation of slaves and persistently lobbied for it as wartime policy, but Lincoln was resistant, since the slave states

9918: 8706: 9923: 9868: 9467: 9356: 9341: 7185: 5756: 4816: 798:, Sumner noted that schools for blacks were physically inferior and that segregation bred harmful psychological and sociological effects—arguments made in 9133: 9053: 7581: 6090: 2109: 1903: 1180:

After the withdrawal of Southern senators, Sumner became chair of the Committee on Foreign Relations in March 1861. As chair, he renewed his efforts for

435: 1772:(1970), he was much more favorable to Sumner, and though critical, recognized his large contribution to the positive accomplishments of Reconstruction. 7315: 5388: 1883:

Sumner was a bachelor for most of his life. In 1866, he began courting Alice Mason Hooper, the widowed daughter-in-law of Massachusetts Representative

4733: 1301:

requirement for all southerners in order to vote. Instead, Congress imposed a loyalty requirement the following year; Sumner was strongly supportive.

477:

During the Grant administration, Sumner fell out of favor with his party. He supported the annexation of Alaska but opposed Grant's proposal to annex

414:

Sumner began his political activism as a member of various anti-slavery groups, leading to his election to the U.S. Senate in 1851 as a member of the

9161: 5411: 4928: 1209:. Two Confederate diplomats aboard were placed into port custody. In response to the capture, the British government dispatched 8,000 troops to the 618:. A visit to Washington decided him against a political career, and he returned to Boston resolved to practice law. He contributed to the quarterly 7576: 6073: 5945: 567:. Sumner's father was also able to provide higher education for his children; the young Charles attended Boston Latin School, where he befriended 9351: 9326: 9128: 9036: 7586: 7320: 5749: 4827: 2260:"Charles Sumner." Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2009. 485:

in 1870, Sumner denounced him in such terms that reconciliation was impossible, and Senate Republicans stripped him of his power. Sumner opposed

9178: 8821: 8210: 8089: 7063: 6782: 1389:

or Indians, referring to them only as "uncivilized tribes" under the control of Congress. By federal law, Native Alaskan tribes, including the

1290:(state suicide) and could be regulated as territories that should be prepared for statehood, under conditions set by the national government. 665:

and having the easy, jaunty air of young men of fashion...." They were "well received" by the other students after the lecture. He continued:

539:

Both of Sumner's parents were born in poverty and were described as exceedingly formal and undemonstrative. His father served as Clerk of the

9893: 9705: 9063: 8816: 8811: 8237: 6478: 646:

striking: "The great lion of the north of France … transcending all that my imagination had pictured." He reached Paris in December, studied

419: 8069: 7139: 6740: 3877:. In: The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, in 12 vols. Centenary Edition. Vol. 11. Miscellanies. Houghton Mifflin, 1904. pp. 245–52. 9818: 9626: 9156: 8205: 7964: 6066: 5142: 3171: 1235: 450: 4738: 9858: 9803: 9720: 9583: 9568: 7999: 7615: 2697: 1447: 1405:, persons of Russian and Indian descent, were considered Russian. Sumner said the new territory should be called by its Aleutian name, 987:. When he spent months convalescing, his political enemies ridiculed him and accused him of cowardice for not resuming his duties. The 9878: 9828: 9573: 9336: 9306: 8944: 8873: 7571: 7566: 5108: 1334: 1309: 9888: 9873: 9487: 9422: 8124: 8099: 7335: 7310: 7260: 7240: 6706: 5924: 5897: 5883: 5856: 5842: 5815: 5801: 1707:'s eulogy for Sumner was controversial enough considering his Southern heritage that the incident resulted in Lamar's inclusion in 1566: 1052: 486: 408: 279: 6876: 6625: 3985: 3972: 9690: 9665: 9381: 9078: 8974: 8826: 8159: 8039: 7250: 6047: 5960: 3334: 1509:

friendly consideration. This meeting led to bitter contention between Sumner and Grant. The treaty was formally submitted to the

791: 8049: 4542:

Pfau, Michael William (2003). "Time, Tropes, And Textuality: Reading Republicanism In Charles Sumner's 'Crime Against Kansas'".

9631: 9376: 8119: 8114: 7789: 6718: 5620: 5450: 5152: 2717: 929:, Butler's first cousin once removed, confronted Sumner in the Senate chamber and beat him severely on the head, using a thick 631: 540: 7959: 3297: 9203: 8195: 8190: 8054: 7954: 7205: 6954: 6156: 5600: 4262: 4033: 3859: 3720: 3274: 2564: 2491: 2464: 883:

in his "Crime against Kansas" speech. The long speech argued for Kansas's immediate admission as a free state and denounced "

6446: 5370: 3907: 9462: 9166: 9138: 8377: 8185: 8154: 8084: 7944: 7518: 7001: 5908: 3372: 1971: 1482: 795: 482: 404: 2636:

Two short-term appointees held Webster's seat from July 1850 to March 1851, when Sumner's full term began. Stephen Puleo,

1640:, who coolly handled the incident amid national outcries for war, negotiated a peaceful settlement with Spanish President 1454:

in 1871, which settled U.S. claims against Britain, the panel of arbitrators refused to consider those "national claims."

9853: 9823: 9452: 9442: 9093: 8801: 8164: 8129: 8024: 7602: 6506: 6456: 5955: 5950: 5785: 5640: 5630: 4937: 1979: 887:"—the political power of the slave owners. Their motivation, he alleged, was to spread slavery even to free territories: 839:

For the first few sessions, Sumner did not promote any of his controversial causes. On August 26, 1852, he delivered his

8079: 2053: 622:

and edited Story's court decisions as well as some law texts. From 1836 to 1837, Sumner lectured at Harvard Law School.

9863: 9838: 9808: 9603: 9593: 9578: 9346: 9171: 8200: 8149: 8094: 8059: 8044: 8034: 8019: 7994: 7949: 7934: 7869: 7746: 7195: 6111: 5797: 4979: 1035: 769:. He declined the Whig nomination for the United States House of Representatives in 1848, instead helping organize the 396: 112: 6594: 4877:, Items concerning Charles Sumner from Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's 3888: 3264: 1409:, meaning "great land." He advocated for free public education and equal protection laws for U.S. citizens in Alaska. 9715: 9598: 9588: 9316: 8912: 8806: 8683: 8180: 8144: 8064: 8004: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7929: 7360: 7352: 7230: 7174: 6471: 4281: 4243: 4212: 2613: 2117: 1155:

that allowed the military to emancipate confiscated slaves whom the Confederate military had impressed into service.

991:

reelected him in November 1856, believing that his vacant chair in the Senate chamber served as a powerful symbol of

529: 6058: 1088:

to discuss slavery and the rebellion. Gilbert Osofsky argues that Sumner saw the war as a "death struggle" between "

379:(January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who represented 363: 9898: 9848: 8109: 8074: 8014: 7969: 7132: 6990: 6636: 6542: 5867: 5117: 5036: 2837:

William E. Gienapp, "The Crime Against Sumner: The Caning of Charles Sumner and the Rise of the Republican Party",

1864: 1672:, the second senator (Henry Clay being the first, in 1852) and fourth person so honored. At his March 16 burial in 1594:

led an effort to rescind that censure the following year. He succeeded early in 1874 with the help of abolitionist

1466: 730: 449:

for being too moderate toward the South. As chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, Sumner worked to ensure that

274: 69: 6690: 3584: 9813: 9675: 9660: 9542: 9502: 9401: 9386: 9371: 9366: 9198: 9103: 8134: 8029: 7989: 7710: 7546: 6196: 5811: 5615: 5172: 4411:(September 1979). "The Crime against Sumner: The Caning of Charles Sumner and the Rise of the Republican Party". 1487:

In 1869, President Grant, in an expansionist plan, looked into the annexation of a Caribbean island country, the

1210: 27: 20: 5570: 1899: 438:, leaving his empty desk as a reminder of the incident, which polarized the nation as the Civil War approached. 9700: 9019: 8783: 8139: 8104: 8009: 7715: 7245: 6251: 2097: 1543:

The next day, Grant, feeling betrayed by Sumner, retaliated by ordering the dismissal of Sumner's close friend

1413: 984: 4776: 9058: 8979: 8796: 8262: 7720: 7528: 6868: 6523: 6022: 5286: 5101: 5068: 4060: 2892: 1669: 1664:

at his home in Washington, D.C., on March 11, 1874, aged 63, after serving nearly 23 years in the Senate. He

1526:

The Dominican Republic annexation treaty caused bitter contention between President Grant and Senator Sumner.

1366: 1128: 934:

strike Sumner with the remaining piece. Several other senators attempted to help Sumner, but were blocked by

556: 471: 7079: 4890: 1504:

in October 1869, annexed the Dominican Republic to the United States, gave eventual statehood, the lease of

9903: 9331: 9073: 8863: 8838: 8550: 7625: 7330: 7270: 6896: 6464: 2167: 1872: 1297:'s vetoes, though his most radical ideas were not implemented. Sumner favored partial male suffrage with a 1792:

Much about Sumner was in the abstract. For all his oratorical prowess, he was not an effective legislator.

9762: 9510: 9261: 9098: 9088: 9083: 9041: 8465: 7764: 7215: 7125: 5440: 2079: 1966: 1548: 1355: 988: 805: 800: 588: 532:, and early proponent of racial integration of schools, who shocked 19th-century Boston by opposing anti- 4010: 630:

In 1837, Sumner visited Europe with financial support from benefactors, including Story and Congressman

9653: 9241: 9068: 8951: 8929: 8858: 8773: 7834: 7635: 7513: 7495: 6816: 6584: 5741: 4778:

Speech of Hon. Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts, on the cession of Russian America to the United States

4189: 3089: 1949: 1860: 1681: 844: 833: 766: 710: 264: 4824: 3230: 9772: 9685: 9641: 9447: 9229: 9031: 9004: 8984: 8885: 8691: 8596: 7894: 7809: 7725: 7375: 7300: 6151: 6146: 5838: 5132: 4202: 2154: 1943: 1685: 1535:

the treaty on January 18, 1870. Sumner had been leaked information from Assistant Secretary of State

1159: 786: 3599: 9648: 9532: 9457: 9432: 9427: 9391: 9311: 9009: 8994: 8575: 7859: 7824: 7759: 7700: 7695: 7425: 6181: 5555: 5094: 4811: 1677: 1552: 1516: 1351: 1338: 1152: 1148: 870: 427: 3390:"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years" 9636: 9256: 9224: 9219: 8917: 8890: 8282: 7779: 7769: 7541: 7536: 7390: 6891: 6032: 5490: 1693: 1591: 1231: 880: 615: 568: 560: 545: 521: 2209:

Jones, David S.; Podolsky, Scott H.; Bannon Kerr, Meghan; Hammonds, Evelynn (December 7, 2023).

9913: 9621: 9321: 8895: 8485: 8322: 8297: 7829: 7730: 7645: 7385: 7294: 7069: 7032: 6932: 6766: 6186: 6027: 4902: 1888: 1633: 1280:, who considered the Confederate states "conquered provinces," Sumner argued that by declaring 1269: 1196: 1181: 1089: 3874: 3816: 3419: 3180: 2522: 2481: 9537: 9437: 9251: 8900: 8853: 8763: 8731: 8438: 8428: 7874: 7864: 7849: 7799: 7754: 7410: 7395: 7288: 6976: 6006: 5695: 5610: 5530: 4685: 2554: 2177: 2048: 2000: 1954: 1729:

Sumner's personality has also divided contemporaries and historians. Sumner's friend Senator

1673: 1385:

The 1867 treaty neither formally recognized, categorised, nor compensated any native Alaskan

1077: 1020: 1008: 1004: 254: 5380: 4874: 2454: 9798: 9793: 9695: 9547: 9520: 8989: 8768: 8751: 8408: 7904: 7889: 7884: 7854: 7839: 7819: 7437: 7341: 7225: 6655: 6351: 6171: 6042: 5705: 5685: 5540: 5128: 4912: 4165: 4085: 2121: 2067: 2042: 1988: 1761: 1741: 1510: 1346: 1342: 1100: 1047:

return speech, "The Barbarism of Slavery," on June 4, 1860. He attacked attempts to depict

1000: 576: 572: 392: 384: 154: 6486: 4182:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War

1976:

Charles Sumner Math & Science Community Academy Elementary School in Chicago, Illinois

1496: 8: 9680: 9472: 9361: 9235: 8880: 8833: 8580: 8540: 8525: 8418: 8267: 7939: 7899: 7774: 7735: 7705: 7660: 7620: 7220: 7210: 7060: 6901: 6779: 6607: 5505: 5301: 5187: 4961: 3364: 3176:, Representative, 1890–1891, Republican from Virginia, Black Americans in Congress series 2101: 1983: 1815: 1796: 1713: 1689: 1544: 1305: 1064: 951: 754: 655: 506: 292: 194: 2654: 9526: 9396: 8922: 8907: 8788: 8746: 8718: 8555: 8520: 8367: 8327: 7844: 7814: 7804: 7680: 7675: 7655: 7650: 7630: 7380: 7283: 7200: 7148: 6834: 6191: 5690: 5660: 5495: 5251: 5231: 5211: 5046: 4953: 4921: 4669: 4650:"The Caning of Charles Sumner: Slavery, Race, and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War" 4633: 4625: 4592: 4559: 4522: 4494: 4461: 4428: 4396: 4388: 4342: 4151: 4118: 3989: 2778: 2026: 2015: 1922: 1595: 1488: 1359: 1069: 1048: 971: 950:

More than a million copies of Sumner's "Crime against Kansas" speech were distributed.

897: 848: 829: 747: 639: 596: 458: 442: 388: 343: 182: 104: 8500: 5875: 4295: 3676: 1617:

and flying the U.S. flag, was captured by Spanish authorities. After a hasty trial in

1402: 1012: 9768: 9024: 8626: 8560: 8495: 8398: 8317: 8277: 7879: 7685: 7640: 7255: 7055: 7042: 7019: 6968: 6798: 6734: 6673: 6642: 6599: 6563: 6346: 6326: 6301: 6296: 6286: 6241: 6176: 6088: 5991: 5879: 5670: 5625: 5605: 5590: 5520: 5515: 5445: 5320: 5306: 5261: 5256: 5226: 5221: 4845: 4681: 4637: 4563: 4465: 4432: 4400: 4277: 4258: 4239: 4208: 3855: 3716: 3413: 3368: 3270: 3266:

Treaties with American Indians: An Encyclopedia of Rights, Conflicts, and Sovereignty

2961:

Stanley Coben, "Northeastern Business and Radical Reconstruction: A Re-examination",

2619: 2609: 2560: 2487: 2460: 2240: 2232: 1614: 1458: 1378: 1144: 943: 864: 742: 5086: 4037: 2721: 1751:, Sumner's private secretary for two years and subsequent biographer, wrote of him: 8636: 8505: 8475: 8470: 8403: 8342: 8337: 8292: 7794: 7784: 7690: 7670: 7665: 7415: 7405: 7365: 7092: 7024: 6960: 6615: 6576: 6548: 6366: 6341: 6316: 6291: 6281: 6276: 6236: 6231: 6037: 5852: 5834: 5560: 5455: 5435: 5291: 5281: 5246: 5216: 5177: 5162: 5056: 5014: 4869: 4841: 4787: 4782: 4753: 4661: 4617: 4584: 4551: 4518: 4486: 4453: 4420: 4380: 4334: 4291: 4231: 4143: 4110: 3852:

Impeached: the Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy

2769:

Mathis, Robert Neil (October 1978). "Preston Smith Brooks: The Man and His Image".

2222: 2140: 2010: 1844: 1785: 1748: 1622: 1618: 1521: 1277: 762: 689:, and met with many leading European statesmen. In 1838, he visited Britain, where 686: 678: 580: 564: 462: 400: 347: 243: 2977:

Gilbert Osofsky, "Cardboard Yankee: How Not to Study the Mind of Charles Sumner",

2890:

Faith by their Works: The Progressive Tradition at Bates College from 1855 to 1877

741:

and an impassioned appeal for freedom and peace. Sumner considered the conflict a

9710: 8999: 8848: 8741: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8601: 8570: 8480: 8423: 8413: 8372: 7400: 7370: 7190: 6984: 6948: 6915: 6842: 6774: 6686: 6681: 6668: 6663: 6630: 6536: 6496: 6336: 6271: 6226: 6201: 6141: 6131: 6106: 5981: 5916: 5893: 5889: 5826: 5807: 5793: 5650: 5535: 5470: 5465: 5425: 5335: 5330: 5241: 5167: 5147: 5137: 4945: 4831: 4408: 3926: 3394: 2896: 1708: 1641: 1492: 1081: 964: 876: 817: 770: 738: 682: 647: 592: 584: 446: 415: 399:

from 1861 to 1871, until he lost the position following a dispute with President

1358:

ruled it unconstitutional in 1883 when it decided a group of cases known as the

1140: 536:

laws. His mother, Relief Jacob, worked as a seamstress before marrying Charles.

8778: 8726: 8565: 8530: 8490: 8382: 8362: 8357: 8312: 7591: 7432: 7050: 7037: 6940: 6647: 6620: 6514: 6492: 6488: 6376: 6261: 6246: 6211: 6206: 6166: 6136: 5920: 5700: 5680: 5665: 5645: 5635: 5525: 5510: 5485: 5475: 5360: 5340: 5325: 5316: 5064: 4971: 4941: 4224:

The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War

3592: 3149:

Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882

2032: 2020: 1994: 1961: 1911: 1824: 1570: 1536: 1451: 1329: 1317: 1294: 1223: 1218: 935: 926: 918: 825: 490: 467: 431: 135: 4511:

The Life and Times of Charles Sumner: His Boyhood, Education and Public Career

4457: 4021: 1737: 9787: 9046: 8646: 8641: 8631: 8606: 8515: 8510: 8352: 8347: 8332: 8302: 8272: 7610: 7235: 6859: 6806: 6724: 6700: 6695: 6571: 6401: 6371: 6356: 6306: 6221: 6126: 6116: 6101: 5996: 5710: 5675: 5595: 5460: 5355: 5350: 5276: 5266: 5201: 5157: 5029: 4989: 4729: 4724: 4645: 4274:

The Great Abolitionist: Charles Sumner and the Fight for a More Perfect Union

3712: 2885: 2261: 2236: 2085: 2073: 1884: 1847:

portraying Preston Brooks and an inebriated Seth Weitberg telling the story.

1840: 1836: 1829: 1637: 1501: 1469: 1250: 1073: 1039: 1016: 901: 840: 781: 709:

Sumner developed friendships with several prominent Bostonians, particularly

695: 690: 604: 533: 478: 380: 333: 226: 159: 147: 92: 46: 4307:

Young Charles Sumner and the Legacy of the American Enlightenment, 1811–1851

3036:

Haiti's Influence on Antebellum America: Slumbering Volcano in the Caribbean

2623: 1764:, a Southerner, presents Sumner in his Pulitzer Prize-winning first volume, 1505: 1003:, dined out frequently, and attended the opera. His contacts there included 551:

The family's fortunes improved in 1825, when Charles Pinckney Sumner became

501: 9515: 9492: 9482: 9477: 9014: 8956: 8868: 8843: 8756: 8736: 8535: 8433: 6886: 6589: 6558: 6431: 6416: 6361: 6331: 6321: 6266: 6256: 6001: 5976: 5848: 5715: 5655: 5585: 5550: 5480: 5430: 5311: 5196: 5191: 5182: 5078: 4949: 4742:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–82. 2244: 2113: 2092: 2060: 2005: 1917: 1907: 1704: 1665: 1661: 1255: 1175: 930: 821: 600: 52: 4555: 4424: 1038:

diagnosed Sumner's condition as spinal cord damage that he could treat by

8287: 7325: 7305: 7087: 7011: 6729: 6712: 6391: 6381: 6311: 5545: 5345: 5296: 5236: 4506: 2718:"Charles Sumner (1811–74) – Three Essays on A Massachusetts Abolitionist" 2227: 2210: 1730: 1700: 1495:, Grant's private secretary, secretly negotiated a treaty with President 1442: 1227: 1136: 1093: 1085: 992: 980: 884: 777: 758: 423: 5771: 3572:

The doom of Reconstruction: the liberal Republicans in the Civil War era

2782: 1964:, now closed, a school that played a key role in the landmark 1954 case 9670: 8545: 8307: 7508: 7503: 6881: 6756: 6746: 6531: 6436: 6421: 6411: 6161: 6121: 5720: 5271: 4673: 4649: 4629: 4392: 4368: 4354:

Foner, Eric (October–November 1983). "The New View Of Reconstruction".

4346: 4322: 4177: 4155: 4131: 3986:"CJOnline.com – Q&A: Sumner school named after anti-slavery leader" 2982: 2966: 2527:. Vol. 8. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1905. pp. 458–459. 1462: 1412:

Personal achievements in 1867 included his election as a member to the

1398: 1286: 1214: 1192: 853: 776:

Sumner also took an active role in other social causes. He worked with

699: 461:. After the Union won the war and Lincoln was assassinated, Sumner and 4836: 4596: 4572: 4498: 4474: 4122: 4098: 1080:

in April 1861, Sumner, Chandler and Wade repeatedly visited President

8934: 7117: 6924: 6824: 6788: 6426: 6406: 6396: 6386: 5730: 2638:

A City So Grand: The Rise of an American Metropolis, Boston 1850–1900

2173:

List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

1531: 1281: 1242:

affair, Sumner's reputation improved among conservative Northerners.

1203: 611: 269: 4881:

original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.

4850: 4665: 4621: 4605: 4475:"Charles Sumner, the Constitution, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875" 4384: 4338: 4147: 4011:

National Register of Historical Places – Kansas (KS), Shawnee County

2486:. Vol. 1. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 256. 1855: 913: 847:. Though both major party platforms affirmed every provision of the 559:; he held the position until his death in 1838. The family attended 8939: 6751: 5725: 4854: 4588: 4490: 4114: 3912: 3774:

Wendell Phillips letter, 'Boston Daily Advertiser,' March 11, 1873.

2761: 2758:, by James West. Davidson, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009, pp. 186–94. 2651:

Freedom National; Slavery Sectional: Speech of Hon. Charles Sumner…

2082:, there were wax statues of Brooks attacking Sumner (on the floor). 1298: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1028: 658:

on subjects ranging from geology to Greek history to criminal law.

635: 4885: 4723:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

4441: 2889: 4194:

A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War

2888:, an abolitionist-leaning school with which Sumner was involved. 2456:

After Lincoln: How the North Won the Civil War and Lost the Peace

2211:"Slavery and the Journal — Reckoning with History and Complicity" 1576: 1386: 1024: 857: 780:

to improve Massachusetts's system of public education, advocated

552: 525: 2401: 2208: 654:. He mastered French within six months and attended lectures at 9737:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

4897: 4132:"Cardboard Yankee: How Not to Study the Mind of Charles Sumner" 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 1775:

Donald notes Sumner's troubles in dealing with his colleagues:

1652: 1629: 651: 517: 510: 470:'s persistent opposition to these efforts played a role in his 454: 222: 1428: 1139:. In the conservative press, Sumner's speech was denounced as 5410: 4442:"Charles Sumner and the Annexation of the Dominican Republic" 3973:

Hon. Charles Sumner Obtains a Decree of Divorce, May 11, 1873

3522:

Violations of International Law and Usurpations of War Powers

2413: 2036: 1394: 1390: 1316:, in part because he did not get along with Illinois Senator 1185: 643: 7459: 3908:"Creed Bratton Talks History, The Office and Saving Lincoln" 2857: 2524:

Harpers' Encyclopædia of United States from 458 A.D. to 1905

6626:

Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)

3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2389: 1613:, a munitions and troop transportation ship supporting the 925:

Two days later, on the afternoon of May 22, Representative

614:

and entered private practice in Boston in partnership with

544:

them equally. He was a close associate of Unitarian leader

9909:

Republican Party United States senators from Massachusetts

3540: 2918: 2916: 2505: 2503: 2163:

United States Congress members killed or wounded in office

1569:, which had been started by reformist Republicans such as 875:

On May 19 and 20, 1856, during the civil unrest known as "

4809: 3783:

David Donald, "Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man," 587

2901: 2852:

Anti-slavery politics in antebellum and Civil War America

2667: 2665: 2663: 2425: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 1465:

to Britain, causing him to disregard the instructions of

983:, Sumner suffered "psychic wounds," now understood to be 422:. In the Senate, he devoted his efforts to opposing the " 387:

from 1851 until his death in 1874. Before and during the

351: 3939:

Members and Officers of the American Antiquarian Society

3552: 3495: 3474: 3453: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2536: 2534: 1939:

Charles Sumner – Junior High School 65 in New York City;

1166:

subsequently abolished the practice of chattel slavery.

865:

The "Crime against Kansas" and beating by Preston Brooks

496: 4255:

The Caning: The Assault That Drove America to Civil War

4065:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 296. 3840:

Goodman's paraphrase of Donald in Goodman (1964) p. 374

3077: 3075: 2913: 2500: 2331: 2329: 1476: 1162:, abolishing slavery in all Confederate territory. The 3065:

David Donald, Jean Harvey Baker, and Michael F. Holt,

3048: 3046: 3044: 2660: 2483:

Voices of the American Past: Documents in U.S. History

2366: 938:, who brandished a pistol and shouted, "Let them be!" 9834:

Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

5116: 3817:"David Herbert Donald, Writer on Lincoln, Dies at 88" 3606: 3407: 3405: 3207: 3127: 3115: 2988: 2801: 2677: 2585: 2573: 2531: 610:

After graduating in 1834, Sumner was admitted to the

26:"Senator Sumner" redirects here. For other uses, see 5772:

Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States

4817:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

3359:

Gallien, Max; Weigand, Florian (December 21, 2021).

3072: 2789: 2341: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2190: 2130: 1936:

Charles Sumner Elementary School, Camden, New Jersey

804:

over a century later. Sumner lost the case, but the

794:

in public schools. Arguing before the Massachusetts

6091:

United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

3641: 3639: 3041: 2736: 2702:. John P. Jewett & Company. p. Title page. 1441:held that since Britain had accorded the rights of 811: 677:Over the next three years, Sumner became fluent in 4300:. Boston, New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company. 3402: 3290: 2278: 2266: 1839:in the 2014 "Charleston" episode of the TV series 1245: 430:, almost to the point of death, by Representative 9884:People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War 6867: 2556:The Shattering of the Union: America in the 1850s 9785: 9423:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 4774: 3875:Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The Assault on Mr. Sumner" 3636: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3099: 3097: 2459:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 4–5. 1063:After the Civil War began, Sumner was among the 9844:Liberal Republican Party United States senators 3905: 3653: 3651: 2443:C-SPAN 2 McCullough 2011 National Book Festival 1530:Sumner, opposed to American imperialism in the 493:. He died in office less than two years later. 16:American abolitionist and statesman (1811–1874) 9247:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 4090:Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War 3927:American Antiquarian Society Members Directory 3358: 1929:The following are named after Charles Sumner: 1766:Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War 7133: 6472: 6074: 5757: 5396: 5102: 3312: 3269:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 195. 3094: 3038:(Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 187 2985:quotes are in Osofsky's words on pp. 595, 596 1933:Sumner Street in Newton Centre, Massachusetts 1720: 1023:. Sumner toured several countries, including 896:Sumner verbally attacked authors of the Act, 737:. His speech was critical of the move toward 391:, he was a leading American advocate for the 9919:Union (American Civil War) political leaders 4606:"Charles Sumner and American Historiography" 4369:"Charles Sumner and the Rights of the Negro" 4099:"David Donald's Charles Sumner Reconsidered" 3648: 3202:The Civil Rights Act of 1875 A Reexamination 2608:. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. 2606:Henry Wilson and the coming of the Civil War 2110:statue of Sumner in Cambridge, Massachusetts 1819:, Sumner is portrayed by actor John Hutton. 1559: 892:power of slavery in the National Government. 516:Charles Sumner was born on Irving Street in 9924:Activists for African-American civil rights 9869:Members of the American Antiquarian Society 3224: 3222: 2480:Hyser, Raymond M.; Arndt, J. Chris (2011). 2025:Avenida Charles Sumner, Distrito Nacional, 1636:. On November 28, 1873, Secretary of State 720: 407:. After breaking with Grant, he joined the 19:For other people named Charles Sumner, see 7140: 7126: 6691:Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984) 6479: 6465: 6081: 6067: 5764: 5750: 5403: 5389: 5109: 5095: 4230: 3941:. Worcester: American Antiquarian Society. 3387: 2907: 2872: 2653:(Boston: Ticknor, Reed and Fields, 1852), 2479: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2395: 418:; he soon became a founding member of the 45: 5412:United States senators from Massachusetts 4929:U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts 4786: 4309:. U. of Massachusetts Press. p. 422. 4257:. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing LLC. 3886: 3258: 3256: 3152:. New York: Hill and Wang. pp. 13–16 2363:(G.W. Jacobs & Company, 1909), pg. 21 2226: 2118:statue of Sumner in Boston, Massachusetts 1432:Sumner puts head in British lion's mouth— 563:, but after 1825, they occupied a pew in 445:faction, which was critical of President 7336:Treatment of slaves in the United States 4728: 4603: 3228: 3219: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2671: 2452: 2383: 1916: 1898: 1854: 1736: 1651: 1584: 1575: 1515: 1427: 1249: 1090:two mutually contradictory civilizations 999:he renewed friendships, especially with 970: 912: 828:, one of the foremost supporters of the 500: 172:April 25, 1851 – March 11, 1874 9079:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 7251:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 4825:Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Charles Sumner 4570: 4439: 4407: 4366: 4236:The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris 4188: 4129: 4096: 3849: 3706: 3411: 3145: 2981:Vol. 1, No. 4 (Dec. 1973), pp. 595–606 2711: 2709: 2552: 2256: 2254: 1524:, photographed by Mathew Brady in 1869. 1158:On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the 481:. After leading senators to defeat the 82:March 4, 1869 – March 11, 1874 9786: 9064:Modern display of the Confederate flag 7147: 6595:Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921) 4837:Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech 4748:The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner 4304: 4290: 4221: 4200: 4164: 4084: 3854:. New York: Simon and Schuster p. 37. 3814: 3746:Reconstruction, Political and Economic 3612: 3591:. July 7, 1879. p. 3 – via 3558: 3546: 3508: 3480: 3459: 3262: 3253: 3213: 3200:Richard Gerber, and Alan Friedlander, 3133: 3121: 3022: 2997: 2965:Vol. 46, No. 1 (Jun. 1959), pp. 67–90 2884:Sumner's chair was later purchased by 2807: 2771:The South Carolina Historical Magazine 2768: 2695: 2683: 2591: 2579: 2540: 2509: 2347: 2335: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2196: 1660:Long ailing, Charles Sumner died of a 1310:American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission 1284:, the state governments had committed 975:1860 steel-engraved portrait of Sumner 808:abolished school segregation in 1855. 696:dispute over the Maine-Canada boundary 541:Massachusetts House of Representatives 505:Sumner's birthplace on Irving Street, 125:March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1871 9282: 8671: 8235: 7458: 7261:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 7159: 7121: 6460: 6062: 5745: 5384: 5090: 4644: 4571:Pierson, Michael D. (December 1995). 4505: 4472: 4353: 4323:"Charles Sumner and the Trent Affair" 4320: 4271: 4252: 4176: 4062:Origin of Washington geographic names 4058: 3906:Brian Gallagher (February 15, 2013). 3887:McDonough, Jodi (November 17, 2012). 3300:. Library of Congress. March 30, 1867 3229:Reynolds, Robert L. (December 1960). 2928: 2922: 2795: 2603: 1808: 1419: 729:In July, Sumner delivered the Boston 497:Early life, education, and law career 405:attempted annexation of Santo Domingo 9894:People with traumatic brain injuries 4757:Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner 4541: 4170:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man 3889:"Lincoln-A History Lesson For Today" 2963:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 2754:"14.2 The Coming of the Civil War." 2742: 2720:. www.drbilllong.com. Archived from 2715: 2706: 2559:. Lanham, MD: SR Books. p. 14. 2251: 2091:Sumner Hill and Sumner Hill Road in 1980:Sumner Academy of Arts & Science 1972:National Register of Historic Places 1942:Charles Sumner Elementary School in 1770:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man 1483:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 1477:Dominican Republic annexation treaty 1372: 1169: 784:, and represented the plaintiffs in 717:" ("after you") in a sonorous tone. 625: 9418:Committee on the Conduct of the War 9094:United Daughters of the Confederacy 6507:State funerals in the United States 4473:Jager, Ronald B. (September 1969). 3679:. US Architect of the Capitol (AOC) 3361:The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling 2716:Long, William R. (August 8, 2005). 1871:Sumner was elected a member of the 1601: 1049:slavery as a benevolent institution 856:. After his speech, a senator from 790:, which challenged the legality of 698:, circulated by Minister to France 457:did not intervene on behalf of the 13: 9819:American people of English descent 9488:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 9283: 8827:impeachment managers investigation 7206:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 4980:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 4709: 4222:Hoffer, Williamjames Hull (2010). 4130:Osofsky, Gilbert (December 1973). 4073: 397:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 113:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 14: 9935: 9859:Massachusetts Liberal Republicans 9804:19th-century American legislators 8913:Reconstruction military districts 7361:Abolitionism in the United States 7316:Plantations in the American South 7231:Origins of the American Civil War 5118:Deans of the United States Senate 4803: 4775:Sumner, Charles (April 9, 1867). 4226:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 4196:. New York: Penguin Random House. 1377:Throughout March 1867, Secretary 1055:and opposing talk of compromise. 489:and supported Liberal Republican 426:," which in 1856 culminated in a 9879:People of the Reconstruction Era 9829:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery 9767: 9758: 9757: 8896:Enforcement Act of February 1871 8869:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 6445: 5569: 5369: 5037:Dean of the United States Senate 4896: 4884: 4866:Works by or about Charles Sumner 4858: 4716: 4276:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 4097:Goodman, Paul (September 1964). 4052: 4026: 4015: 4004: 3978: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3931: 3920: 3899: 3880: 3868: 3843: 3834: 3815:Grimes, William (May 19, 2009). 3808: 3795: 3598: 3067:The Civil War and Reconstruction 2147: 2133: 1925:of 1880, with Sumner's portrait. 1850: 1835:Charles Sumner was portrayed by 1644:, and prevented war with Spain. 1551:, blocked Grant's nomination of 1202:intercepted the British steamer 1127:would be encouraged to join the 812:United States Senate (1851–1874) 520:on January 6, 1811. His father, 362: 319: 70:Dean of the United States Senate 9874:People from Beacon Hill, Boston 9681:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 9543:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 9104:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 7110:: Presidents and chief justices 4367:Frasure, Carl M. (April 1928). 4327:The Journal of Southern History 3786: 3777: 3768: 3755: 3738: 3729: 3700: 3691: 3669: 3660: 3627: 3618: 3577: 3564: 3527: 3514: 3486: 3465: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3381: 3352: 3327: 3194: 3164: 3139: 3106: 3059: 3028: 2971: 2955: 2878: 2844: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2748: 2689: 2643: 2630: 2597: 2546: 2515: 2473: 2446: 2437: 2353: 2215:New England Journal of Medicine 1457:Sumner had some influence over 1345:and introduced the bill in the 1246:Reconstruction and Civil rights 1106: 1011:, former French Prime Minister 765:" faction of the Massachusetts 603:and an enthusiastic student of 599:, where he became a protégé of 441:During the war, Sumner led the 315: 28:Senator Sumner (disambiguation) 21:Charles Sumner (disambiguation) 8784:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 4812:"Charles Sumner (id: S001068)" 4604:Ruchames, Louis (April 1953). 3633:Bradford, pp. 47–48, 52–53, 54 3086:The New View Of Reconstruction 2756:America: History of Our Nation 2202: 1957:and museum in Washington, D.C. 1414:American Philosophical Society 1034:In Paris, prominent physician 985:post-traumatic stress disorder 670:exist in the nature of things. 1: 9199:Ladies' Memorial Associations 8901:Enforcement Act of April 1871 8797:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 8672: 6023:American Anti-Slavery Society 5069:United States Capitol rotunda 4781:(Speech). Making of America. 4680: 4654:Journal of the Early Republic 4544:Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4321:Cohen, Victor H. (May 1956). 4201:Haynes, George Henry (1909). 3450:McFeely (1981), pp. 338, 339. 3412:Corning, Amos Elwood (1918). 1670:United States Capitol rotunda 1452:Geneva arbitration conference 1258: 1213:and sought to strengthen the 1036:Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard 583:. In 1830, he graduated from 56: 9889:People of the Six Years' War 9332:Confederate revolving cannon 9074:Sons of Confederate Veterans 8945:South Carolina riots of 1876 8923:Indian Council at Fort Smith 8874:South Carolina riots of 1876 8839:Knights of the White Camelia 7331:Slavery in the United States 4746:Palmer, Beverly Wilson, ed. 4373:The Journal of Negro History 3677:"Lying in State or in Honor" 3441:McFeely (1981), pp. 332, 333 3388:David Keys (June 24, 2014). 2952:, American Heritage Magazine 2168:List of civil rights leaders 1960:Sumner Elementary School in 1894: 1873:American Antiquarian Society 1308:and a guiding force for the 1058: 735:The True Grandeur of Nations 7: 9686:New York City riots of 1863 9511:Battle Hymn of the Republic 9262:United Confederate Veterans 9099:Children of the Confederacy 9089:United Confederate Veterans 9084:Southern Historical Society 8236: 7716:Price's Missouri Expedition 7186:Timeline leading to the War 7160: 4857:(public domain audiobooks) 4767:The Works of Charles Sumner 4314: 4305:Taylor, Anne-Marie (2001). 4136:Reviews in American History 3585:"Obituary. Joshua B. Smith" 3418:. Lamere Pub. Co. pp. 3263:Fixico, Donald Lee (2008). 2979:Reviews in American History 2126: 1967:Brown v. Board of Education 1878: 1680:, the pallbearers included 1335:Declaration of Independence 1211:Canada–United States border 995:and resistance to slavery. 989:Massachusetts General Court 806:Massachusetts General Court 801:Brown v. Board of Education 10: 9940: 9854:Massachusetts Free Soilers 9824:Boston Latin School alumni 9654:Confederate Secret Service 9242:Grand Army of the Republic 9134:Grand Army of the Republic 8952:Southern Claims Commission 6877:Chestnut and Gibson (1998) 6817:Herbert C. Hoover Building 5005:Senate Elections Committee 4690:American Heritage Magazine 4529:. Vol. 32, no. 1 4527:American Heritage Magazine 4517: 4356:American Heritage Magazine 3850:Stewart, David O. (2009). 3090:American Heritage Magazine 3081: 2945: 2895:September 2, 2006, at the 1950:Springfield, Massachusetts 1861:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1828:, Sumner was portrayed by 1721:Historical interpretations 1682:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1480: 1173: 868: 711:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 25: 18: 9864:Massachusetts Republicans 9839:Harvard Law School alumni 9809:Abolitionists from Boston 9753: 9729: 9642:Confederate States dollar 9614: 9556: 9501: 9453:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 9448:Emancipation Proclamation 9410: 9342:Medal of Honor recipients 9299: 9295: 9278: 9230:Confederate Memorial Hall 9212: 9191: 9149: 9121: 9112: 9032:Confederate Memorial Hall 9005:Confederate History Month 8985:Civil War Discovery Trail 8965: 8886:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 8717: 8692:Reconstruction Amendments 8682: 8678: 8667: 8589: 8458: 8451: 8391: 8255: 8248: 8244: 8231: 8173: 7920: 7913: 7744: 7600: 7559: 7527: 7494: 7487: 7483: 7454: 7351: 7301:Emancipation Proclamation 7269: 7170: 7166: 7155: 7105: 7078: 7000: 6923: 6914: 6858: 6833: 6815: 6797: 6765: 6522: 6513: 6504: 6443: 6097: 6015: 5969: 5938: 5907: 5866: 5825: 5784: 5777: 5578: 5567: 5418: 5367: 5124: 5075: 5061: 5053: 5043: 5034: 5026: 5021: 5011: 5001: 4996: 4986: 4976: 4968: 4958: 4926: 4918: 4911: 4577:The New England Quarterly 4479:The New England Quarterly 4458:10.1017/S0165115300022841 4103:The New England Quarterly 4059:Meany, Edmond S. (1923). 3792:Storey (1900), pp. 427–28 3748:(1907); Howard K. Beale, 3520:Sumner (March 21, 1871), 3471:Smith (2001), p. 501, 502 2553:Walther, Eric H. (2004). 2155:American Civil War portal 1991:, Sumner's home in Boston 1944:Roslindale, Massachusetts 1609:On October 30, 1873, the 1580:Sumner in his later years 1560:Liberal Republican revolt 1191:On November 8, 1861, the 1160:Emancipation Proclamation 787:Roberts v. City of Boston 370: 358: 339: 329: 299: 286: 260: 250: 233: 209: 204: 200: 188: 176: 165: 153: 141: 129: 118: 110: 98: 86: 75: 68: 64: 44: 37: 9716:U.S. Sanitary Commission 9627:Battlefield preservation 9533:Marching Through Georgia 9458:Hampton Roads Conference 9433:Confiscation Act of 1862 9428:Confiscation Act of 1861 9204:U.S. national cemeteries 9010:Confederate Memorial Day 8995:Civil War Trails Program 8864:New Orleans riot of 1866 4810:United States Congress. 4610:Journal of Negro History 4513:. Boston: B. B. Russell. 4440:Hidalgo, Dennis (1997). 4078: 3975:, accessed June 22, 2011 2699:The Crime Against Kansas 2696:Sumner, Charles (1856). 2657:, accessed June 24, 2011 2453:Langguth, A. J. (2014). 2183: 2080:Barnum's American Museum 1678:Cambridge, Massachusetts 1647: 1567:Liberal Republican Party 1448:British blockade runners 1352:Civil Rights Act of 1957 1339:Civil Rights Act of 1875 879:," Sumner denounced the 871:Caning of Charles Sumner 733:oration, on the subject 721:Early political activism 591:and was a member of the 409:Liberal Republican Party 9899:Politicians from Boston 9849:Massachusetts Democrats 9637:Confederate war finance 9257:Southern Cross of Honor 9225:1938 Gettysburg reunion 9220:1913 Gettysburg reunion 8918:Reconstruction Treaties 8891:Enforcement Act of 1870 8774:Freedman's Savings Bank 7391:Lane Debates on Slavery 7216:Lincoln–Douglas debates 6048:Radical Democracy Party 4851:Works by Charles Sumner 4842:Works by Charles Sumner 4788:2027/hvd.32044004379533 4739:Encyclopædia Britannica 4272:Puleo, Stephen (2024). 4253:Puleo, Stephen (2012). 4034:"Sumner County Website" 3752:(1930) was revisionist. 3324:(April 9, 1867), p. 48. 3146:Daniels, Roger (2004). 2604:Myers, John L. (2005). 2072:Sumner was sculpted by 2031:Avenue Charles Sumner, 1694:John Greenleaf Whittier 1592:John Greenleaf Whittier 1304:Sumner was a friend of 1232:William Ewart Gladstone 921:' 1856 attack on Sumner 616:George Stillman Hillard 569:Robert Charles Winthrop 546:William Ellery Channing 522:Charles Pinckney Sumner 487:Grant's 1872 reelection 9814:American abolitionists 9696:Richmond riots of 1863 9622:Baltimore riot of 1861 9402:U.S. Military Railroad 9322:Confederate Home Guard 9054:Historiographic issues 9020:Historical reenactment 7519:Revenue Cutter Service 7386:William Lloyd Garrison 7295:Dred Scott v. Sandford 6767:National Statuary Hall 6028:Anti-Nebraska movement 5065:lain in state or honor 3707:Kennedy, John (1956). 3432:McFeely (1981), p. 337 2841:, 25 25 (1979): 218–45 2410:, pp. 30, 42, 47. 1926: 1914: 1889:Friedrich von Holstein 1868: 1806: 1794: 1782: 1758: 1745: 1657: 1634:First Spanish Republic 1628:at a local library in 1581: 1527: 1437: 1270:American republicanism 1264: 1182:diplomatic recognition 976: 922: 911: 894: 672: 513: 9661:Great Revival of 1863 9538:Maryland, My Maryland 9327:Confederate railroads 8990:Civil War Roundtables 8859:Meridian riot of 1871 8854:Memphis riots of 1866 7411:George Luther Stearns 7396:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 7289:Crittenden Compromise 4686:"Investigation: 1862" 4556:10.1353/rap.2003.0070 4425:10.1353/cwh.1979.0005 4166:Donald, David Herbert 4086:Donald, David Herbert 3231:"Seward's Wise Folly" 2359:George Henry Haynes, 2178:Mary Mildred Williams 2049:Schenectady, New York 2001:Sumner County, Kansas 1955:Charles Sumner School 1920: 1902: 1858: 1801: 1790: 1777: 1753: 1740: 1686:Oliver Wendell Holmes 1674:Mount Auburn Cemetery 1655: 1585:Conciliation to South 1579: 1519: 1513:on January 10, 1870. 1431: 1253: 1217:. Secretary of State 1021:Harriet Beecher Stowe 1009:Alphonse de Lamartine 1005:Alexis de Tocqueville 974: 916: 906: 889: 869:Further information: 667: 504: 436:reelected him in 1857 255:Mount Auburn Cemetery 155:United States Senator 9548:Daar kom die Alibama 9463:National Union Party 9139:memorials to Lincoln 9059:Lost Cause mythology 8764:Eufaula riot of 1874 8752:Confederate refugees 7965:District of Columbia 7592:Union naval blockade 7438:Underground Railroad 7226:Nullification crisis 6499:in the United States 6043:North American Party 5939:National conventions 5909:National Union Party 5778:Presidential tickets 4905:at Wikimedia Commons 4830:May 8, 2013, at the 4040:on February 11, 2006 3893:In Good Taste Denver 3624:Bradford, pp. 43, 45 3549:, pp. 392, 394. 3492:Smith (2001), p. 504 3365:Taylor & Francis 3339:search.amphilsoc.org 3335:"APS Member History" 3298:"Treaty with Russia" 3174:John Mercer Langston 2850:Thomas G. Mitchell, 2228:10.1056/NEJMp2307309 2068:Salem, Massachusetts 2043:Eastvale, California 1989:Charles Sumner House 1760:Sumner's biographer 1742:Charles Sumner House 1549:Tenure of Office Act 1511:United States Senate 1343:John Mercer Langston 1322:Fourteenth Amendment 1314:Thirteenth Amendment 1164:Thirteenth Amendment 1076:. After the fall of 1053:the election of 1860 1001:Thomas Gold Appleton 587:, where he lived in 577:Samuel Francis Smith 573:James Freeman Clarke 483:Santo Domingo Treaty 393:abolition of slavery 385:United States Senate 318: 1866; 9904:Radical Republicans 9706:Supreme Court cases 9473:Radical Republicans 9252:Old soldiers' homes 9236:Confederate Veteran 9162:artworks in Capitol 8881:Reconstruction acts 8742:Colfax riot of 1873 7706:Richmond-Petersburg 7311:Fugitive slave laws 7241:Popular sovereignty 7221:Missouri Compromise 7211:Kansas-Nebraska Act 6669:J. E. Hoover (1972) 5970:Other party leaders 5961:1864 National Union 4962:William B. Washburn 4875:The Liberator Files 4409:Gienapp, William E. 3937:Dunbar, B. (1987). 3709:Profiles in Courage 3645:Bradford, pp. 71–72 3367:. p. 32 2021. 2422:, pp. 59, 130. 2102:St. Louis, Missouri 1984:Kansas City, Kansas 1797:Ralph Waldo Emerson 1714:Profiles in Courage 1690:Ralph Waldo Emerson 1545:John Lothrop Motley 1306:Samuel Gridley Howe 1065:Radical Republicans 952:Ralph Waldo Emerson 904:of South Carolina: 881:Kansas–Nebraska Act 755:annexation of Texas 595:. He then attended 293:Radical Republicans 195:William B. Washburn 9527:A Lincoln Portrait 9468:Politicians killed 9392:U.S. Balloon Corps 9387:Union corps badges 9167:memorials to Davis 9037:Disenfranchisement 8908:Reconstruction era 8789:Timber Culture Act 8747:Compromise of 1877 7711:Franklin–Nashville 7381:Frederick Douglass 7284:Cornerstone Speech 7201:Compromise of 1850 7149:American Civil War 6869:US Capitol rotunda 6835:Old Senate Chamber 6524:US Capitol rotunda 5047:Zachariah Chandler 4954:George S. Boutwell 4935:Served alongside: 4922:Robert Rantoul Jr. 4759:4 vols., 1877–93. 4682:Williams, T. Harry 4523:"The Slaves Freed" 3821:The New York Times 3561:, pp. 446–47. 3511:, pp. 384–86. 3483:, pp. 382–84. 3462:, pp. 379–81. 3025:, pp. 247–51. 2925:, pp. 113–20. 2875:, pp. 225–31. 2828:Puleo, 102, 114–15 2098:Sumner High School 2027:Dominican Republic 2016:Sumner, Washington 1927: 1923:silver certificate 1915: 1869: 1809:In popular culture 1746: 1699:In the aftermath, 1658: 1596:Joshua Bowen Smith 1582: 1528: 1489:Dominican Republic 1467:Secretary of State 1438: 1360:Civil Rights Cases 1265: 1070:Zachariah Chandler 977: 923: 898:Stephen A. Douglas 849:Compromise of 1850 845:Fugitive Slave Act 834:Fugitive Slave Act 830:Compromise of 1850 792:racial segregation 748:Book of Revelation 650:, and visited the 597:Harvard Law School 528:-educated lawyer, 514: 459:Confederate States 451:the United Kingdom 443:Radical Republican 389:American Civil War 344:Harvard University 280:Liberal Republican 183:Robert Rantoul Jr. 105:Zachariah Chandler 9781: 9780: 9749: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9579:Italian Americans 9564:African Americans 9521:John Brown's Body 9274: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9187: 9186: 9025:Robert E. Lee Day 8769:Freedmen's Bureau 8732:Brooks–Baxter War 8663: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8447: 8446: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8218: 7636:Northern Virginia 7582:Trans-Mississippi 7555: 7554: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7342:Uncle Tom's Cabin 7279:African Americans 7115: 7114: 7101: 7100: 7093:Lautenberg (2013) 7002:Great Hall of the 6910: 6909: 6854: 6853: 6621:R. A. Taft (1953) 6454: 6453: 6056: 6055: 5992:William H. Seward 5934: 5933: 5880:William L. Dayton 5739: 5738: 5378: 5377: 5085: 5084: 5076:Succeeded by 5063:Persons who have 5044:Succeeded by 5012:Succeeded by 4987:Succeeded by 4959:Succeeded by 4933:1851–1874 4901:Media related to 4889:Works related to 4846:Project Gutenberg 4765:Sumner, Charles. 4754:Pierce, Edward L. 4684:(December 1954). 4521:(December 1980). 4519:Oates, Stephen B. 4413:Civil War History 4292:Storey, Moorfield 4264:978-1-59416-516-0 4232:McCullough, David 3861:978-1-4165-4749-5 3750:The Critical Year 3722:978-0-06-095544-1 3276:978-1-57607-880-8 3235:American Heritage 2948:(December 1980), 2839:Civil War History 2724:on March 25, 2012 2566:978-0-8420-2799-1 2493:978-1-111-34124-4 2466:978-1-4516-1732-0 2398:, pp. 21–24. 2221:(23): 2117–2123. 2066:Sumner Street in 2059:, a World War II 1948:Sumner Avenue in 1822:In the 2013 film 1813:In the 2012 film 1553:Alexander Stewart 1497:Buenaventura Báez 1459:J. Lothrop Motley 1379:William H. Seward 1373:Alaska annexation 1170:Foreign relations 1145:Confiscation Acts 1101:Freedmen's Bureau 957:Richmond Enquirer 944:Louisa May Alcott 743:war of aggression 626:Travels in Europe 395:. He chaired the 374: 373: 9931: 9771: 9761: 9760: 9584:Native Americans 9569:German Americans 9362:Partisan rangers 9357:Official Records 9297: 9296: 9280: 9279: 9172:memorials to Lee 9119: 9118: 8680: 8679: 8669: 8668: 8456: 8455: 8253: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8233: 8232: 8206:Washington, D.C. 8000:Indian Territory 7960:Dakota Territory 7918: 7917: 7835:Chancellorsville 7626:Jackson's Valley 7616:Blockade runners 7492: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7456: 7455: 7416:Thaddeus Stevens 7406:Lysander Spooner 7366:Susan B. Anthony 7168: 7167: 7157: 7156: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7119: 7118: 7004:US Supreme Court 6921: 6920: 6865: 6864: 6643:MacArthur (1964) 6520: 6519: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6458: 6457: 6449: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6060: 6059: 6038:Conscience Whigs 6007:Francis P. Blair 5868:Republican Party 5853:George W. Julian 5839:Charles F. Adams 5835:Martin Van Buren 5782: 5781: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5573: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5382: 5381: 5373: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5088: 5087: 5057:Thaddeus Stevens 5054:Preceded by 5027:Preceded by 5022:Honorary titles 5015:Oliver P. Morton 4969:Preceded by 4919:Preceded by 4909: 4908: 4900: 4888: 4870:Internet Archive 4862: 4861: 4821: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4743: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4677: 4641: 4600: 4567: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4514: 4502: 4469: 4436: 4404: 4363: 4350: 4310: 4301: 4287: 4268: 4249: 4227: 4218: 4197: 4185: 4173: 4159: 4126: 4093: 4067: 4066: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4036:. Archived from 4030: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3988:. Archived from 3982: 3976: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3812: 3806: 3803:Cardboard Yankee 3799: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3766: 3763:Dangerous Nation 3759: 3753: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3646: 3643: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3596: 3581: 3575: 3570:Andrew L. Slap, 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3493: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3374:9-7810-0050-8772 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3260: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3226: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3179:, archived from 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3103:Goldstone, p. 18 3101: 3092: 3079: 3070: 3063: 3057: 3050: 3039: 3034:Alfred N. Hunt, 3032: 3026: 3020: 3001: 2995: 2986: 2975: 2969: 2959: 2953: 2950:The Slaves Freed 2943: 2926: 2920: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2765: 2759: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2658: 2655:available online 2649:Charles Sumner, 2647: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2529: 2528: 2519: 2513: 2512:, p. 65-71. 2507: 2498: 2497: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2364: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2262:available online 2258: 2249: 2248: 2230: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2143: 2141:Biography portal 2138: 2137: 2136: 2011:Sumner, Nebraska 1863:photographed by 1845:Johnny Knoxville 1799:wrote of Sumner: 1786:David O. Stewart 1749:Moorfield Storey 1522:Ulysses S. Grant 1278:Thaddeus Stevens 1263: 1260: 1040:burning the skin 900:of Illinois and 731:Independence Day 632:Richard Fletcher 581:Wendell Phillips 463:Thaddeus Stevens 420:Republican Party 401:Ulysses S. Grant 366: 323: 321: 317: 244:Washington, D.C. 240: 219: 217: 205:Personal details 191: 179: 170: 144: 132: 123: 101: 89: 80: 58: 49: 35: 34: 9939: 9938: 9934: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9777: 9741: 9725: 9610: 9574:Irish Americans 9552: 9497: 9406: 9397:U.S. Home Guard 9337:Field artillery 9291: 9290: 9266: 9208: 9183: 9145: 9114: 9108: 9000:Civil War Trust 8967: 8961: 8849:Ethnic violence 8834:Kirk–Holden war 8713: 8674: 8651: 8585: 8443: 8387: 8240: 8215: 8169: 7922: 7909: 7740: 7721:Sherman's March 7701:Bermuda Hundred 7596: 7551: 7523: 7479: 7478: 7442: 7401:J. Sella Martin 7371:James G. Birney 7347: 7265: 7191:Bleeding Kansas 7179: 7162: 7151: 7146: 7116: 7111: 7097: 7074: 7070:O'Connor (2023) 7061:Ginsburg (2020, 7038:Blackmun (1999) 7020:Marshall (1993) 7003: 6996: 6906: 6902:Williams (2022) 6892:Sicknick (2021) 6850: 6829: 6811: 6793: 6780:Ginsburg (2020, 6775:Cummings (2019) 6761: 6682:Humphrey (1978) 6616:Pershing (1948) 6585:L'Enfant (1909) 6509: 6500: 6485: 6455: 6450: 6441: 6093: 6087: 6057: 6052: 6011: 5982:Salmon P. Chase 5965: 5956:1860 Republican 5951:1856 Republican 5930: 5917:Abraham Lincoln 5903: 5894:Hannibal Hamlin 5890:Abraham Lincoln 5876:John C. Frémont 5862: 5827:Free Soil Party 5821: 5808:James G. Birney 5794:James G. Birney 5773: 5770: 5740: 5735: 5574: 5565: 5414: 5409: 5379: 5374: 5365: 5120: 5115: 5081: 5072: 5059: 5049: 5040: 5032: 5017: 5008: 4992: 4983: 4974: 4964: 4946:Julius Rockwell 4934: 4932: 4924: 4859: 4832:Wayback Machine 4806: 4793: 4791: 4734:Sumner, Charles 4732:, ed. (1911). " 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710:Primary sources 4699: 4697: 4666:10.2307/3125037 4622:10.2307/2715536 4532: 4530: 4385:10.2307/2713959 4339:10.2307/2954239 4317: 4284: 4265: 4246: 4215: 4207:. G.W. Jacobs. 4190:Foreman, Amanda 4148:10.2307/2701730 4081: 4076: 4074:Further reading 4071: 4070: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3992:on July 6, 2007 3984: 3983: 3979: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3921: 3904: 3900: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3813: 3809: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3760: 3756: 3744:W. A. Dunning, 3743: 3739: 3735:Ruchames (1953) 3734: 3730: 3723: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3666:Bradford, p. 94 3665: 3661: 3657:Bradford, p. 72 3656: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3528: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3410: 3403: 3395:The Independent 3386: 3382: 3375: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3261: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3195: 3186: 3184: 3183:on July 2, 2012 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3080: 3073: 3064: 3060: 3052:Haynes (1909), 3051: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3004: 2996: 2989: 2976: 2972: 2960: 2956: 2944: 2929: 2921: 2914: 2908:McCullough 2011 2906: 2902: 2897:Wayback Machine 2883: 2879: 2873:McCullough 2011 2871: 2858: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2766: 2762: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2714: 2707: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2661: 2648: 2644: 2635: 2631: 2616: 2602: 2598: 2594:, pp. 180. 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2532: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2432:McCullough 2011 2430: 2426: 2420:McCullough 2011 2418: 2414: 2408:McCullough 2011 2406: 2402: 2396:McCullough 2011 2394: 2390: 2382: 2367: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2299:, pp. 6–7. 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2252: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2107: 2088:, West Virginia 2047:Sumner Avenue, 2041:Sumner Avenue, 1897: 1881: 1853: 1811: 1723: 1709:John F. Kennedy 1656:Death of Sumner 1650: 1642:Emilio Castelar 1615:Cuban Rebellion 1607: 1587: 1562: 1525: 1493:Orville Babcock 1485: 1479: 1434:Harper's Weekly 1426: 1375: 1261: 1248: 1178: 1172: 1109: 1082:Abraham Lincoln 1061: 1013:François Guizot 979:In addition to 965:William Gienapp 877:Bleeding Kansas 873: 867: 818:George Boutwell 814: 771:Free Soil Party 739:war with Mexico 723: 634:. He landed at 628: 620:American Jurist 593:Porcellian Club 585:Harvard College 499: 447:Abraham Lincoln 428:vicious beating 416:Free Soil Party 325: 322: 1873) 313: 309: 306: 288: 287:Other political 278: 273: 268: 261:Political party 242: 238: 221: 220:January 6, 1811 215: 213: 189: 177: 171: 166: 157: 142: 130: 124: 119: 99: 87: 81: 76: 60: 40: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9937: 9927: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9775: 9765: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9733: 9731: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9721:Women soldiers 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9676:Naming the war 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9657: 9656: 9646: 9645: 9644: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9618: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9507: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9312:Campaign Medal 9309: 9303: 9301: 9293: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9287:Related topics 9284: 9276: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9136: 9125: 9123: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9034: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9015:Decoration Day 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8971: 8969: 8968:Reconstruction 8963: 8962: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8822:second inquiry 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8786: 8779:Homestead Acts 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8727:Alabama Claims 8723: 8721: 8719:Reconstruction 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8707:15th Amendment 8704: 8702:14th Amendment 8699: 8697:13th Amendment 8688: 8686: 8676: 8675: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8462: 8460: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8328:J. E. Johnston 8325: 8323:A. S. Johnston 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8263:R. H. Anderson 8259: 8257: 8250: 8242: 8241: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8125:South Carolina 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8100:North Carolina 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7926: 7924: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7825:Fredericksburg 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7765:Wilson's Creek 7762: 7757: 7751: 7749: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7607: 7605: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7577:Lower Seaboard 7574: 7569: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7533: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7489: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7433:Harriet Tubman 7430: 7429: 7428: 7421:Charles Sumner 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7275: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7256:States' rights 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7171: 7164: 7163: 7153: 7152: 7145: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7122: 7113: 7112: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7080:Senate Chamber 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7058: 7056:Stevens (2019) 7053: 7048: 7040: 7035: 7033:Brennan (1997) 7030: 7022: 7017: 7008: 7006: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6982: 6974: 6966: 6958: 6946: 6938: 6929: 6927: 6918: 6916:Lain in repose 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6873: 6871: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6839: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6821: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6803: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6777: 6771: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6693: 6684: 6679: 6671: 6666: 6664:Dirksen (1969) 6661: 6653: 6645: 6640: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6605: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6574: 6569: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6549:Stevens (1868) 6546: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6484: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6461: 6452: 6451: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6089:Chairs of the 6086: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6016:Related groups 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5987:Charles Sumner 5984: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5946:1848 Free Soil 5942: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5921:Andrew Johnson 5913: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5887: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5846: 5831: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5805: 5790: 5788: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5385: 5376: 5375: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5091: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5074: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5010: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4985: 4975: 4972:James M. Mason 4970: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4957: 4942:Edward Everett 4925: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4907: 4906: 4903:Charles Sumner 4894: 4891:Charles Sumner 4882: 4872: 4863: 4848: 4839: 4834: 4822: 4805: 4804:External links 4802: 4801: 4800: 4772: 4770:online edition 4763: 4761:online edition 4751: 4750:2 vols. (1990) 4744: 4730:Chisholm, Hugh 4711: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4678: 4660:(2): 233–262. 4646:Sinha, Manisha 4642: 4616:(2): 139–160. 4601: 4589:10.2307/365874 4583:(4): 531–557. 4568: 4550:(3): 385–413. 4539: 4515: 4503: 4491:10.2307/363614 4485:(3): 350–372. 4470: 4437: 4405: 4379:(2): 126–149. 4364: 4351: 4333:(2): 205–219. 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4302: 4297:Charles Sumner 4288: 4282: 4269: 4263: 4250: 4244: 4228: 4219: 4213: 4204:Charles Sumner 4198: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4142:(4): 595–606. 4127: 4115:10.2307/364037 4109:(3): 373–387. 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4051: 4025: 4022:Sumner Library 4014: 4003: 3977: 3969:New York Times 3961: 3952: 3943: 3930: 3919: 3898: 3879: 3867: 3860: 3842: 3833: 3807: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3761:Kagan, Robert 3754: 3737: 3728: 3721: 3699: 3690: 3668: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3615:, p. 431. 3605: 3593:Newspapers.com 3576: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3533:Smith (2001), 3526: 3513: 3494: 3485: 3473: 3464: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3401: 3380: 3373: 3351: 3326: 3311: 3289: 3275: 3252: 3218: 3216:, p. 337. 3206: 3193: 3163: 3138: 3136:, p. 587. 3126: 3124:, p. 532. 3114: 3112:Donald, 2: 532 3105: 3093: 3071: 3069:(2001), 135–38 3058: 3054:Charles Sumner 3040: 3027: 3002: 3000:, p. 319. 2987: 2970: 2954: 2927: 2912: 2910:, p. 233. 2900: 2877: 2856: 2843: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2810:, p. 293. 2800: 2798:, p. 112. 2788: 2777:(4): 296–310. 2760: 2747: 2745:, p. 393. 2735: 2705: 2688: 2686:, p. 236. 2676: 2659: 2642: 2629: 2614: 2596: 2584: 2582:, p. 152. 2572: 2565: 2545: 2543:, p. 174. 2530: 2514: 2499: 2492: 2472: 2465: 2445: 2436: 2434:, p. 131. 2424: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2365: 2361:Charles Sumner 2352: 2340: 2338:, p. 105. 2325: 2323:, p. 104. 2313: 2311:, p. 130. 2301: 2289: 2277: 2265: 2250: 2201: 2199:, p. 266. 2188: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2144: 2128: 2125: 2105: 2104: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2056:Charles Sumner 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033:Port-au-Prince 2029: 2023: 2021:Sumner, Oregon 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1997:in Minneapolis 1995:Sumner Library 1992: 1986: 1977: 1974: 1970:and is on the 1962:Topeka, Kansas 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1912:Harvard Square 1896: 1893: 1880: 1877: 1852: 1849: 1825:Saving Lincoln 1810: 1807: 1722: 1719: 1649: 1646: 1606: 1600: 1586: 1583: 1571:Horace Greeley 1561: 1558: 1537:Bancroft Davis 1481:Main article: 1478: 1475: 1425: 1418: 1374: 1371: 1330:naturalization 1318:Lyman Trumbull 1295:Andrew Johnson 1247: 1244: 1236:Duke of Argyll 1224:Richard Cobden 1219:William Seward 1171: 1168: 1108: 1105: 1060: 1057: 936:Laurence Keitt 927:Preston Brooks 919:Preston Brooks 917:Lithograph of 866: 863: 826:Daniel Webster 813: 810: 753:Following the 722: 719: 638:and found the 627: 624: 561:Trinity Church 557:Suffolk County 498: 495: 491:Horace Greeley 468:Andrew Johnson 432:Preston Brooks 377:Charles Sumner 372: 371: 368: 367: 360: 356: 355: 341: 337: 336: 331: 327: 326: 311: 307: 304: 303: 301: 297: 296: 290: 284: 283: 262: 258: 257: 252: 248: 247: 241:(aged 63) 237:March 11, 1874 235: 231: 230: 211: 207: 206: 202: 201: 198: 197: 192: 186: 185: 180: 174: 173: 163: 162: 151: 150: 145: 139: 138: 136:James M. Mason 133: 127: 126: 116: 115: 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 90: 84: 83: 73: 72: 66: 65: 62: 61: 50: 42: 41: 39:Charles Sumner 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9936: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9914:Sumner family 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9764: 9756: 9755: 9752: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9691:Photographers 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9666:Gender issues 9664: 9662: 9659: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9613: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9555: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9500: 9494: 9493:War Democrats 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9483:Union Leagues 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9382:Turning point 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9352:Naval battles 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9286: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9237: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9148: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9115:and memorials 9111: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8975:Commemoration 8973: 8972: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8817:first inquiry 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8795: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8737:Carpetbaggers 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8670: 8666: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8588: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8390: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8230: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8160:West Virginia 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8080:New Hampshire 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8040:Massachusetts 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7780:Hampton Roads 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7770:Fort Donelson 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7743: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666:Morgan's Raid 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7611:Anaconda Plan 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7599: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7587:Pacific Coast 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7321:Positive good 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7236:Panic of 1857 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7196:Border states 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7138: 7136: 7131: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7109: 7104: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7051:Scalia (2016) 7049: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6999: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6887:Graham (2018) 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860:Lain in honor 6857: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6807:Hooper (1875) 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6799:House Chamber 6796: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6731: 6730:McCain (2018) 6728: 6726: 6725:Inouye (2012) 6723: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6697: 6696:Pepper (1989) 6694: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6560: 6559:Wilson (1875) 6557: 6555: 6554:Sumner (1874) 6552: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6515:Lain in state 6512: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6489:lain in state 6482: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6468: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6448: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6084: 6079: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5997:Simon Cameron 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5812:Thomas Morris 5809: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5786:Liberty Party 5783: 5780: 5776: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5399: 5394: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5372: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5098: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5030:Benjamin Wade 5025: 5020: 5016: 5007: 5006: 5003:Chair of the 4999: 4995: 4991: 4990:Simon Cameron 4982: 4981: 4978:Chair of the 4973: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4930: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4893:at Wikisource 4892: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4879:The Liberator 4876: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4807: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4725:public domain 4714: 4713: 4700:September 27, 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4533:September 25, 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4419:(3): 218–45. 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4283:9781250276278 4279: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4245:9781416571766 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4214:9780722284407 4210: 4206: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3959:Donald, 2:571 3956: 3950:Donald, 2:293 3947: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3923: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3837: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3764: 3758: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3732: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3713:HarperCollins 3710: 3703: 3697:Puleo, 186–89 3694: 3678: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3630: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3574:pp. xiii, 225 3573: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3530: 3523: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3468: 3461: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3415:Hamilton Fish 3408: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3384: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3299: 3293: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3257: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3197: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3098: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3037: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886:Bates College 2881: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2847: 2840: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2739: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2674:, p. 82. 2673: 2672:Chisholm 1911 2668: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2615:0-7618-2608-4 2611: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2549: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2468: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2449: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2392: 2386:, p. 81. 2385: 2384:Chisholm 1911 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2362: 2356: 2350:, p. 14. 2349: 2344: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2145: 2142: 2131: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2086:Sumner School 2084: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2074:Edmonia Lewis 2071: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1919: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1885:Samuel Hooper 1876: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1851:Personal life 1848: 1846: 1842: 1841:Drunk History 1838: 1837:Patton Oswalt 1833: 1831: 1830:Creed Bratton 1827: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1638:Hamilton Fish 1635: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1578: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1502:Hamilton Fish 1498: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1474: 1471: 1470:Hamilton Fish 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1435: 1430: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1367:was impeached 1365:When Johnson 1363: 1361: 1357: 1356:Supreme Court 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1257: 1252: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1074:Benjamin Wade 1071: 1066: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:Ivan Turgenev 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 973: 969: 966: 961: 958: 953: 948: 945: 939: 937: 932: 928: 920: 915: 910: 905: 903: 902:Andrew Butler 899: 893: 888: 886: 882: 878: 872: 862: 859: 855: 850: 846: 842: 841:maiden speech 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 809: 807: 803: 802: 797: 796:Supreme Court 793: 789: 788: 783: 782:prison reform 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 718: 716: 712: 707: 703: 701: 697: 692: 691:Lord Brougham 688: 684: 680: 675: 671: 666: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 623: 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 605:jurisprudence 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565:King's Chapel 562: 558: 554: 549: 547: 542: 537: 535: 534:miscegenation 531: 527: 523: 519: 512: 508: 503: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 479:Santo Domingo 475: 473: 469: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 381:Massachusetts 378: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 342: 338: 335: 334:Sumner family 332: 328: 302: 298: 294: 291: 285: 281: 276: 271: 266: 263: 259: 256: 253: 251:Resting place 249: 245: 236: 232: 228: 227:Massachusetts 224: 212: 208: 203: 199: 196: 193: 187: 184: 181: 175: 169: 164: 161: 160:Massachusetts 156: 152: 149: 148:Simon Cameron 146: 140: 137: 134: 128: 122: 117: 114: 111:Chair of the 109: 106: 103: 97: 94: 93:Benjamin Wade 91: 85: 79: 74: 71: 67: 63: 54: 48: 43: 36: 33: 29: 22: 9632:Bibliography 9615:Other topics 9557:By ethnicity 9525: 9478:Trent Affair 9377:Signal Corps 9234: 8957:White League 8844:Ku Klux Klan 8757:Confederados 8684:Constitution 8556:D. D. Porter 8409:Breckinridge 8120:Rhode Island 8115:Pennsylvania 7870:Spotsylvania 7830:Stones River 7810:2nd Bull Run 7760:1st Bull Run 7646:Stones River 7547:Marine Corps 7514:Marine Corps 7420: 7353:Abolitionism 7340: 7293: 7107: 7043: 7025: 7012: 6985: 6977: 6969: 6961: 6949: 6941: 6933: 6897:Evans (2021) 6882:Parks (2005) 6843: 6825:Brown (1996) 6789:Young (2022) 6747:Lewis (2020) 6735: 6713: 6701: 6674: 6656: 6648: 6631: 6608: 6600: 6590:Dewey (1917) 6577: 6572:Logan (1886) 6564: 6553: 6537: 6487:Individuals 6216: 6002:Edward Bates 5986: 5977:Gerrit Smith 5849:John P. Hale 5798:Thomas Earle 5500: 5206: 5079:Henry Wilson 5062: 5035: 5002: 4997: 4977: 4950:Henry Wilson 4936: 4927: 4878: 4815: 4794:December 13, 4792:. Retrieved 4777: 4766: 4756: 4747: 4737: 4698:. Retrieved 4693: 4689: 4657: 4653: 4613: 4609: 4580: 4576: 4547: 4543: 4531:. Retrieved 4526: 4510: 4507:Nason, Elias 4482: 4478: 4452:(2): 51–66. 4449: 4445: 4416: 4412: 4376: 4372: 4359: 4355: 4330: 4326: 4306: 4296: 4273: 4254: 4235: 4223: 4203: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4139: 4135: 4106: 4102: 4089: 4061: 4054: 4042:. Retrieved 4038:the original 4028: 4017: 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3990:the original 3980: 3968: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3938: 3933: 3922: 3911: 3901: 3892: 3882: 3870: 3851: 3845: 3836: 3824:. Retrieved 3820: 3810: 3805:, pp. 597–98 3802: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3762: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3731: 3708: 3702: 3693: 3683:September 1, 3681:. Retrieved 3671: 3662: 3629: 3620: 3608: 3588: 3579: 3571: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3537:, pp. 503–04 3534: 3529: 3521: 3516: 3488: 3476: 3467: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3414: 3393: 3383: 3360: 3354: 3342:. Retrieved 3338: 3329: 3304:November 30, 3302:. Retrieved 3292: 3282:November 29, 3280:. Retrieved 3265: 3245:November 29, 3243:. Retrieved 3238: 3234: 3209: 3201: 3196: 3187:November 12, 3185:, retrieved 3181:the original 3175: 3172: 3166: 3154:. Retrieved 3148: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3108: 3085: 3066: 3061: 3056:, pp. 251–58 3053: 3035: 3030: 2978: 2973: 2962: 2957: 2949: 2903: 2880: 2854:(2007) p. 95 2851: 2846: 2838: 2833: 2824: 2819:Puleo, 36–37 2815: 2803: 2791: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2755: 2750: 2738: 2728:December 23, 2726:. Retrieved 2722:the original 2698: 2691: 2679: 2650: 2645: 2637: 2632: 2605: 2599: 2587: 2575: 2555: 2548: 2523: 2517: 2482: 2475: 2455: 2448: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2360: 2355: 2343: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2287:, p. 4. 2280: 2275:, p. 3. 2268: 2218: 2214: 2204: 2192: 2122:Thomas Ball. 2120:by sculptor 2116:and another 2114:Anne Whitney 2112:by sculptor 2106: 2093:Stamford, VT 2055: 2006:Sumner, Iowa 1965: 1928: 1908:Anne Whitney 1882: 1870: 1834: 1823: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1802: 1795: 1791: 1788:said of him: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1762:David Donald 1759: 1754: 1747: 1728: 1724: 1712: 1705:Lucius Lamar 1698: 1666:lay in state 1662:heart attack 1659: 1623: 1610: 1608: 1602: 1588: 1563: 1542: 1529: 1486: 1456: 1443:belligerents 1439: 1433: 1421: 1411: 1406: 1384: 1376: 1364: 1326: 1303: 1292: 1285: 1274: 1266: 1256:Mathew Brady 1239: 1205: 1198: 1190: 1179: 1176:Trent Affair 1157: 1133: 1110: 1107:Emancipation 1098: 1062: 1045: 1033: 997: 978: 962: 956: 949: 940: 931:gutta-percha 924: 907: 895: 890: 874: 838: 822:Henry Wilson 815: 799: 785: 775: 752: 734: 728: 724: 715:In presequas 714: 708: 704: 676: 673: 668: 662: 660: 656:the Sorbonne 629: 619: 609: 601:Joseph Story 550: 538: 530:abolitionist 515: 476: 440: 413: 376: 375: 305:Alice Hooper 289:affiliations 239:(1874-03-11) 190:Succeeded by 167: 143:Succeeded by 120: 100:Succeeded by 77: 53:Mathew Brady 51:Portrait by 32: 9799:1874 deaths 9794:1811 births 9438:Copperheads 9150:Confederate 9042:Black Codes 8368:E. K. Smith 8249:Confederate 8196:New Orleans 8191:Chattanooga 8055:Mississippi 7955:Connecticut 7923:territories 7914:Involvement 7875:Cold Harbor 7865:Fort Pillow 7855:Chattanooga 7850:Chickamauga 7800:Seven Pines 7790:New Orleans 7755:Fort Sumter 7696:Valley 1864 7529:Confederacy 7326:Slave Power 7306:Fire-Eaters 7088:Byrd (2010) 6757:Reid (2022) 6752:Dole (2021) 6532:Clay (1852) 6033:Barnburners 5706:Saltonstall 4913:U.S. Senate 4178:Foner, Eric 3613:Haynes 1909 3589:Boston Post 3559:Donald 1970 3547:Storey 1900 3509:Storey 1900 3481:Storey 1900 3460:Storey 1900 3214:Donald 1970 3134:Donald 1970 3122:Donald 1970 3023:Haynes 1909 2998:Donald 1960 2808:Donald 1960 2684:Donald 1960 2592:Donald 1960 2580:Donald 1960 2541:Donald 1960 2510:Donald 1960 2348:Donald 1960 2336:Donald 1960 2321:Donald 1960 2309:Donald 1960 2297:Donald 1960 2285:Donald 1960 2273:Donald 1960 2197:Taylor 2001 2108:There is a 2063:cargo ship. 1859:Sumner and 1731:Carl Schurz 1701:Mississippi 1461:, the U.S. 1262: 1865 1228:John Bright 1199:San Jacinto 1137:martial law 1129:Confederacy 1094:New England 1086:White House 1078:Fort Sumter 993:free speech 981:head trauma 885:Slave Power 778:Horace Mann 759:slave state 589:Hollis Hall 507:Beacon Hill 472:impeachment 424:Slave Power 282:(1870–1872) 272:(1848–1854) 267:(1840–1848) 178:Preceded by 131:Preceded by 88:Preceded by 9788:Categories 9671:Juneteenth 9192:Cemeteries 9069:Red Shirts 8980:Centennial 8930:Red Shirts 8338:Longstreet 8268:Beauregard 8211:Winchester 8186:Charleston 8155:Washington 8090:New Mexico 8085:New Jersey 7945:California 7921:States and 7905:Five Forks 7890:Mobile Bay 7860:Wilderness 7840:Gettysburg 7820:Perryville 7805:Seven Days 7736:Appomattox 7661:Gettysburg 7621:New Mexico 7488:Combatants 7463:Combatants 7376:John Brown 6657:Eisenhower 6609:W. H. Taft 6327:Vandenberg 5546:E. Kennedy 5536:J. Kennedy 5041:1869–1874 5009:1871–1872 4998:New office 4984:1861–1871 4938:John Davis 4446:Itinerario 2923:Puleo 2012 2796:Puleo 2012 1520:President 1506:Samaná Bay 1463:ambassador 1399:Athabascan 1397:, and the 1287:felo de se 1254:Sumner by 1234:, and the 1215:Royal Navy 1193:Union Navy 1174:See also: 1141:incendiary 963:Historian 854:divine law 767:Whig Party 763:Conscience 700:Lewis Cass 275:Republican 216:1811-01-06 9649:Espionage 9443:Diplomacy 9411:Political 9367:POW camps 9113:Monuments 8940:Scalawags 8935:Redeemers 8673:Aftermath 8622:Pinkerton 8561:Rosecrans 8526:McClellan 8429:Memminger 8165:Wisconsin 8130:Tennessee 8050:Minnesota 8025:Louisiana 7900:Nashville 7845:Vicksburg 7775:Pea Ridge 7726:Carolinas 7681:Red River 7676:Knoxville 7656:Tullahoma 7651:Vicksburg 7631:Peninsula 7603:campaigns 7469:Campaigns 7246:Secession 7044:Rehnquist 6978:Roosevelt 6925:East Room 6716:(2006–07, 6649:H. Hoover 6497:in repose 6352:Fulbright 6297:Hitchcock 5696:Lodge Jr. 5606:Pickering 5531:Lodge Jr. 5516:Lodge Sr. 5321:McClellan 5252:Gallinger 5148:Hillhouse 4638:150278539 4564:144786197 4466:163872610 4433:145527756 4401:149885691 3801:Osofsky, 3344:April 23, 2743:Pfau 2003 2237:0028-4793 1895:Memorials 1624:Virginius 1611:Virginius 1603:Virginius 1532:Caribbean 1282:secession 1204:RMS 1197:USS 1059:Civil War 663:à la mode 640:cathedral 474:in 1868. 403:over the 359:Signature 340:Education 330:Relatives 295:(1854–70) 277:(1854–70) 270:Free Soil 168:In office 121:In office 78:In office 9763:Category 9604:Seminole 9594:Cherokee 9347:Medicine 9300:Military 9213:Veterans 9047:Jim Crow 8812:timeline 8607:Ericsson 8590:Civilian 8571:Sheridan 8531:McDowell 8491:Farragut 8476:Burnside 8466:Anderson 8459:Military 8439:Stephens 8399:Benjamin 8392:Civilian 8278:Buchanan 8256:Military 8201:Richmond 8150:Virginia 8095:New York 8070:Nebraska 8060:Missouri 8045:Michigan 8035:Maryland 8020:Kentucky 7995:Illinois 7970:Delaware 7950:Colorado 7935:Arkansas 7895:Franklin 7815:Antietam 7686:Overland 7641:Maryland 7560:Theaters 7466:Theaters 6962:McKinley 6934:Harrison 6578:McKinley 6565:Garfield 6493:in honor 6432:Menendez 6417:Menendez 6357:Sparkman 6332:Connally 6322:Connally 6237:Burnside 6192:Hannegan 6167:Buchanan 6147:Tazewell 5701:S. Weeks 5691:Coolidge 5676:J. Weeks 5661:Boutwell 5651:Rockwell 5591:Sedgwick 5506:Washburn 5491:Winthrop 5361:Grassley 5341:Thurmond 5331:Magnuson 5326:Eastland 5317:Eastland 5307:Ellender 5287:McKellar 5212:Chandler 5158:Gaillard 5153:Anderson 4855:LibriVox 4828:Archived 4648:(2003). 4509:(1874). 4315:Articles 4294:(1900). 4234:(2011). 4192:(2011). 4180:(1970). 4168:(1970). 4088:(1960). 3996:June 29, 3913:MovieWeb 3765:, p. 278 3084:(1983), 2983:in JSTOR 2967:in JSTOR 2893:Archived 2783:27567525 2624:52559145 2245:38055250 2127:See also 1879:Marriage 1744:, Boston 1711:'s book 1703:Senator 1619:Santiago 1299:literacy 1195:warship 1125:Missouri 1121:Kentucky 1117:Maryland 1113:Delaware 1029:Scotland 832:and its 636:Le Havre 524:, was a 9730:Related 9599:Choctaw 9589:Catawba 9372:Rations 9317:Cavalry 9179:Removal 8807:efforts 8791:of 1873 8637:Stevens 8632:Stanton 8617:Lincoln 8576:Sherman 8511:Halleck 8501:Frémont 8486:Du Pont 8424:Mallory 8383:Wheeler 8318:Jackson 8298:Forrest 8238:Leaders 8181:Atlanta 8145:Vermont 8065:Montana 8005:Indiana 7980:Georgia 7975:Florida 7940:Arizona 7930:Alabama 7880:Atlanta 7795:Corinth 7747:battles 7691:Atlanta 7671:Bristoe 7572:Western 7567:Eastern 7472:Battles 7271:Slavery 7175:Origins 7161:Origins 7064:funeral 6991:funeral 6986:Kennedy 6970:Harding 6955:funeral 6950:Lincoln 6783:funeral 6741:funeral 6719:funeral 6707:funeral 6687:Blassie 6675:Johnson 6637:funeral 6632:Kennedy 6601:Harding 6543:funeral 6538:Lincoln 6312:Pittman 6267:Sherman 6257:Sherman 6242:Edmunds 6222:Cameron 6202:W. King 6157:Wilkins 6152:Forsyth 6137:Sanford 6127:Barbour 6122:R. King 6117:Barbour 6102:Barbour 5716:Tsongas 5686:Gillett 5646:Everett 5626:Silsbee 5579:Class 2 5496:Rantoul 5486:Webster 5476:Webster 5436:Goodhue 5419:Class 1 5336:Stennis 5302:Russell 5267:Simmons 5232:Allison 5227:Morrill 5222:Edmunds 5217:Anthony 5163:Ruggles 5133:Langdon 5067:in the 4868:at the 4727:: 4674:3125037 4630:2715536 4393:2713959 4347:2954239 4156:2701730 4044:May 21, 3826:May 17, 3156:May 18, 2061:Liberty 1867:in 1863 1865:Gardner 1843:, with 1816:Lincoln 1784:Lawyer 1668:at the 1422:Alabama 1403:Creoles 1387:Eskimos 1084:at the 1025:Prussia 1007:, poet 858:Alabama 687:Italian 679:Spanish 553:Sheriff 526:Harvard 383:in the 324: 312: 308: 9773:Portal 9711:Tokens 8647:Welles 8627:Seward 8612:Hamlin 8581:Thomas 8516:Hooker 8481:Butler 8434:Seddon 8419:Hunter 8404:Bocock 8378:Taylor 8373:Stuart 8363:Semmes 8343:Morgan 8303:Gorgas 8283:Cooper 8174:Cities 8110:Oregon 8075:Nevada 8015:Kansas 7985:Hawaii 7885:Crater 7785:Shiloh 7745:Major 7731:Mobile 7601:Major 7475:States 7426:Caning 7046:(2005) 7028:(1995) 7026:Burger 7015:(1974) 7013:Warren 6988:(1963, 6980:(1945) 6972:(1923) 6964:(1901) 6952:(1865, 6944:(1850) 6942:Taylor 6936:(1841) 6846:(1873) 6738:(2018, 6704:(2004, 6702:Reagan 6677:(1973) 6659:(1969) 6651:(1964) 6634:(1963, 6611:(1930) 6603:(1923) 6580:(1901) 6567:(1881) 6540:(1865, 6437:Cardin 6422:Corker 6362:Church 6342:George 6317:George 6282:Cullom 6262:Morgan 6252:Miller 6247:Windom 6227:Hamlin 6217:Sumner 6197:Benton 6187:Sevier 6177:Archer 5731:Markey 5711:Brooke 5656:Wilson 5611:Varnum 5601:Foster 5596:Dexter 5586:Strong 5561:Warren 5521:Butler 5501:Sumner 5481:Choate 5466:Mellen 5461:Ashmun 5426:Dalton 5351:Inouye 5297:Hayden 5292:George 5262:Warren 5247:Cullom 5207:Sumner 5188:Bayard 5183:Pearce 5178:Mangum 5173:Benton 5138:Foster 4721: 4672: 4636: 4628: 4597:365874 4595: 4562: 4499:363614 4497: 4464: 4431: 4399: 4391: 4345: 4280: 4261: 4242: 4211: 4154: 4123:364037 4121: 3858: 3719: 3524:, p. 3 3371: 3322:Sumner 3273: 3204:(2008) 2781: 2622: 2612: 2563: 2490: 2463: 2243: 2235: 1921:$ 500 1904:Statue 1692:, and 1630:Boston 1626:Affair 1605:Affair 1436:, 1872 1424:claims 1407:Alaska 1393:, the 1354:. The 1347:Senate 1123:, and 1019:, and 685:, and 683:German 652:Louvre 648:French 579:, and 518:Boston 511:Boston 455:France 300:Spouse 246:, U.S. 229:, U.S. 223:Boston 9516:Dixie 9503:Music 9122:Union 8966:Post- 8802:trial 8602:Chase 8597:Adams 8566:Scott 8541:Meigs 8536:Meade 8506:Grant 8496:Foote 8471:Buell 8452:Union 8414:Davis 8358:Price 8348:Mosby 8293:Ewell 8288:Early 8273:Bragg 8135:Texas 8030:Maine 7990:Idaho 7496:Union 6844:Chase 6427:Risch 6412:Kerry 6407:Biden 6402:Lugar 6397:Biden 6392:Helms 6387:Biden 6382:Helms 6372:Lugar 6367:Percy 6347:Green 6337:Wiley 6307:Borah 6302:Lodge 6292:Stone 6287:Bacon 6277:Davis 6232:Eaton 6212:Mason 6207:Foote 6182:Allen 6172:Rives 6142:Macon 6132:Macon 6112:Brown 6107:Macon 5726:Cowan 5721:Kerry 5681:Walsh 5671:Crane 5641:Davis 5636:Bates 5631:Davis 5621:Lloyd 5556:Brown 5541:Smith 5526:Walsh 5511:Dawes 5471:Mills 5451:Lloyd 5446:Adams 5441:Mason 5431:Cabot 5356:Leahy 5312:Aiken 5282:Smith 5277:Borah 5272:Smoot 5257:Lodge 5143:Brown 5073:1874 4670:JSTOR 4634:S2CID 4626:JSTOR 4593:JSTOR 4560:S2CID 4495:JSTOR 4462:S2CID 4429:S2CID 4397:S2CID 4389:JSTOR 4343:JSTOR 4152:JSTOR 4119:JSTOR 4079:Books 3535:Grant 3082:Foner 2946:Oates 2779:JSTOR 2184:Notes 2037:Haiti 1648:Death 1395:Aleut 1391:Inuit 1341:with 1240:Trent 1206:Trent 1186:Haiti 757:as a 644:Rouen 314:( 310: 158:from 9701:Salt 9307:Arms 9157:List 9129:List 8642:Wade 8551:Pope 8521:Hunt 8353:Polk 8313:Hood 8308:Hill 8140:Utah 8105:Ohio 8010:Iowa 7542:Navy 7537:Army 7509:Navy 7504:Army 7108:Bold 6736:Bush 6714:Ford 6495:and 6377:Pell 6272:Frye 6162:Clay 5925:1864 5898:1860 5884:1856 5857:1852 5843:1848 5816:1844 5802:1840 5666:Hoar 5616:Otis 5551:Kirk 5456:Gore 5346:Byrd 5242:Frye 5237:Hale 5202:Wade 5197:Foot 5192:Foot 5168:King 5129:Gunn 4796:2011 4702:2011 4535:2011 4362:(6). 4278:ISBN 4259:ISBN 4240:ISBN 4209:ISBN 4046:2006 3998:2007 3856:ISBN 3828:2022 3717:ISBN 3685:2018 3422:–84. 3369:ISBN 3346:2021 3306:2011 3284:2011 3271:ISBN 3247:2011 3189:2012 3158:2016 2730:2011 2640:, 29 2620:OCLC 2610:ISBN 2561:ISBN 2488:ISBN 2461:ISBN 2241:PMID 2233:ISSN 1420:CSS 1153:1862 1151:and 1149:1861 1072:and 1027:and 453:and 320:div. 265:Whig 234:Died 210:Born 59:1865 8546:Ord 8333:Lee 4853:at 4844:at 4783:hdl 4736:". 4696:(1) 4662:doi 4618:doi 4585:doi 4552:doi 4487:doi 4454:doi 4450:XXI 4421:doi 4381:doi 4335:doi 4144:doi 4111:doi 3241:(1) 2223:doi 2219:389 2078:In 2054:SS 1982:in 1910:in 1906:by 1676:in 1328:to 1184:of 1147:in 750:." 642:at 612:bar 555:of 352:LLB 9790:: 6689:/ 6491:, 4952:, 4948:, 4944:, 4940:, 4814:. 4692:. 4688:. 4668:. 4658:23 4656:. 4652:. 4632:. 4624:. 4614:38 4612:. 4608:. 4591:. 4581:68 4579:. 4575:. 4558:. 4546:. 4525:. 4493:. 4483:42 4481:. 4477:. 4460:. 4448:. 4444:. 4427:. 4417:25 4415:. 4395:. 4387:. 4377:13 4375:. 4371:. 4360:34 4358:. 4341:. 4331:22 4329:. 4325:. 4238:. 4150:. 4138:. 4134:. 4117:. 4107:37 4105:. 4101:. 3971:: 3910:. 3891:. 3819:. 3715:. 3711:. 3650:^ 3638:^ 3587:. 3497:^ 3420:59 3404:^ 3392:. 3363:. 3337:. 3314:^ 3255:^ 3239:12 3237:. 3233:. 3221:^ 3096:^ 3088:, 3074:^ 3043:^ 3005:^ 2990:^ 2930:^ 2915:^ 2859:^ 2775:79 2773:. 2708:^ 2662:^ 2618:. 2533:^ 2502:^ 2368:^ 2328:^ 2253:^ 2239:. 2231:. 2217:. 2213:. 2100:, 2035:, 1832:. 1717:. 1696:. 1688:, 1684:, 1362:. 1272:. 1259:c. 1230:, 1226:, 1119:, 1115:, 1103:. 1096:. 1015:, 836:. 702:. 681:, 607:. 575:, 571:, 509:, 350:, 348:AB 316:m. 225:, 57:c. 55:, 7141:e 7134:t 7127:v 7066:) 6993:) 6957:) 6785:) 6743:) 6721:) 6709:) 6639:) 6545:) 6480:e 6473:t 6466:v 6082:e 6075:t 6068:v 5927:) 5923:( 5919:/ 5900:) 5896:( 5892:/ 5886:) 5882:( 5878:/ 5859:) 5855:( 5851:/ 5845:) 5841:( 5837:/ 5818:) 5814:( 5810:/ 5804:) 5800:( 5796:/ 5765:e 5758:t 5751:v 5404:e 5397:t 5390:v 5319:/ 5190:/ 5131:/ 5110:e 5103:t 5096:v 4820:. 4798:. 4785:: 4704:. 4694:6 4676:. 4664:: 4640:. 4620:: 4599:. 4587:: 4566:. 4554:: 4548:6 4537:. 4501:. 4489:: 4468:. 4456:: 4435:. 4423:: 4403:. 4383:: 4349:. 4337:: 4286:. 4267:. 4248:. 4217:. 4184:. 4172:. 4158:. 4146:: 4140:1 4125:. 4113:: 4092:. 4048:. 4000:. 3916:. 3895:. 3864:. 3830:. 3725:. 3687:. 3595:. 3398:. 3377:. 3348:. 3308:. 3286:. 3249:. 3160:. 2785:. 2732:. 2626:. 2569:. 2496:. 2469:. 2247:. 2225:: 1416:. 354:) 346:( 218:) 214:( 30:. 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index