3647:
3425:. A Hasidic master was to serve as a living embodiment of the recondite teachings. He was able to transcend matter, gain spiritual communion, Worship through Corporeality and fulfill all the theoretical ideals. As the vast majority of his flock could not do so themselves, they were to cleave to him instead, acquiring at least some semblance of those vicariously. His commanding and often – especially in the early generations – charismatic presence was to reassure the faithful and demonstrate the truth in Hasidic philosophy by countering doubts and despair. But more than spiritual welfare was concerned: Since it was believed he could ascend to the higher realms, the leader was able to harvest effluence and bring it down upon his adherents, providing them with very material benefits. "The crystallization of that
3359:
redeem the sparks hidden, one had to associate not merely with the corporeal, but with sin and evil. One example is the elevation of impure thoughts during prayer, transforming them to noble ones rather than repressing them, advocated mainly in the early days of the sect; or "breaking" one's own character by directly confronting profane inclinations. This aspect, once more, had sharp antinomian implications and was used by the
Sabbateans to justify excessive sinning. It was mostly toned down in late Hasidism, and even before that, leaders were careful to stress that it was not exercised in the physical sense, but in the contemplative, spiritual one. This kabbalistic notion, too, was not unique to the movement and appeared frequently among other Jewish groups.
3632:
4061:
2681:. Reverence and submission to the Rebbe are key tenets, as he is considered a spiritual authority with whom the follower must bond to gain closeness to God. The various "courts" share basic convictions, but operate apart and possess unique traits and customs. Affiliation is often retained in families for generations, and being Hasidic is as much a sociological factor – entailing birth into a specific community and allegiance to a dynasty of Rebbes – as it is a religious one. There are several "courts" with many thousands of member households each, and hundreds of smaller ones. As of 2016, there were over 130,000 Hasidic households worldwide, about 5% of the global Jewish population.
4924:, "Master of the Name". These were common folk healers who employed mysticism, amulets and incantations as their trade. Little is known for certain about Israel ben Eliezer. Though not a scholar, he was sufficiently learned to become notable in the communal hall of study and marry into the rabbinic elite, his wife being the divorced sister of a rabbi; in his later years, he became wealthy and famous, as attested by contemporary chronicles. Apart from that, most information about him is derived from Hasidic hagiographic accounts. These claim that as a boy he was recognized by one "Rabbi Adam Baal Shem Tov" who entrusted him with great secrets of the
3347:, "absorption of effluence". During spiritual ascension, one could siphon the power animating the higher dimensions down into the material world, where it would manifest as benevolent influence of all kinds. These included spiritual enlightenment, zest in worship and other high-minded aims, but also the more prosaic health and healing, deliverance from various troubles and simple economic prosperity. Thus, a very tangible and alluring motivation to become followers emerged. Both corporeal worship and absorption allowed the masses to access, with common actions, a religious experience once deemed esoteric.
3441:) into the matters of the world was depicted as identical with the need to save the sinners and redeem the sparks concealed in the most lowly places. Such a link between his functions as communal leader and spiritual guide legitimized the political power he wielded. It also prevented a retreat of Hasidic masters into hermitism and passivity, as many mystics before them did. Their worldly authority was perceived as part of their long-term mission to elevate the corporeal world back into divine infinity. To a certain extent, the Saint even fulfilled for his congregation, and for it alone, a limited
3099:, "Every attempt to present such a body of ideas has failed". Even motifs presented by scholars in the past as unique Hasidic contributions were later revealed to have been common among both their predecessors and opponents, all the more so regarding many other traits that are widely extant – these play, Dan added, "a prominent role in modern non-Hasidic and anti-Hasidic writings as well". The difficulty of separating the movement's philosophy from that of its main inspiration, Lurianic Kabbalah, and determining what was novel and what merely a recapitulation, also baffled historians. Some, like
4847:
distillation and other monopolies in the estates – was severely diminished. The reduced prestige of the establishment, and the need for an alternative source of authority to pass judgement, left a vacuum which
Hasidic charismatics eventually filled. They transcended old communal institutions, to which all the Jews of a locality were subordinate, and had groups of followers in each town across vast territories. Often supported by rising strata outside the traditional elite, whether nouveau riche or various low-level religious functionaries, they created a modern form of leadership.
70:
5566:
5032:. Other books were also published. Their new teaching had many aspects. The importance of devotion in prayer was stressed to such degree that many waited beyond the prescribed time to properly prepare; the Besht's recommendation to "elevate and sanctify" impure thoughts, rather than simply repress them during the service, was expanded by Dov Ber into an entire precept, depicting prayer as a mechanism to transform thoughts and feelings from a primal to a higher state in a manner parallel to the unfolding of the
4089:
3251:, "communion". As God was everywhere, connection with Him had to be pursued ceaselessly as well, in all times, places and occasions. Such an experience was in the reach of every person, who only had to negate his inferior impulses and grasp the truth of divine immanence, enabling him to unite with it and attain the state of perfect, selfless bliss. Hasidic masters, well versed in the teachings concerning communion, are supposed not only to gain it themselves, but to guide their flock to it.
5264:
3266:) purportedly reflects the reality of all things profane and worldly, a true devotee must transcend this illusory façade and realize that there is nothing but God. It is not only a matter of perception, but very practical, for it entails also abandoning material concerns and cleaving only to the true, spiritual ones, oblivious to the surrounding false distractions of life. The practitioner's success in detaching from his sense of person, and conceive himself as
9860:
8195:
3205:), bereft of obvious presence and therefore able to entertain free will, contradictions and other phenomena seemingly separate from God Himself. These would have been impossible within His original, perfect existence. Yet, the very reality of the world which was created in the Void is entirely dependent on its divine origin. Matter would have been null and void without the true, spiritual essence it possesses. Just the same, the infinite
3964:
3368:
3136:, Buber's once commonly accepted view that the routinization constituted "decadence" was refuted by later studies, demonstrating that the movement remained very much innovative. Yet many aspects of early Hasidism were indeed de-emphasized in favour of more conventional religious expressions, and its radical concepts were largely neutralized. Some Rebbes adopted a relatively rationalist bent, sidelining their explicit mystical,
9902:
9874:
4890:
5065:, mainly the Maggid's disciples, spread across Eastern Europe with each gathering adherents among the people and learned acolytes who could be initiated as leaders. The Righteous' "courts" in which they resided, attended by their followers to receive blessing and council, became the institutional centers of Hasidism, serving as its branches and organizational core. Slowly, various rites emerged in them, like the Sabbath
4974:
7818:
3541:, his mission was to influence the common folk by absorbing Divine Light and satisfying their material needs, thus converting them to his cause and elating them. The Holy Jew pursued a more introspective course, maintaining that the Rebbe's duty was to serve as a spiritual mentor for a more elitist group, helping them to achieve a senseless state of contemplation, aiming to restore man to his oneness with God which
5227:, who was deeply hostile to the modernization the Austrian rulers attempted to force on the traditional Jewish society (though this same process also allowed his sect to flourish, as communal authority was severely weakened). The rabbi of Rimanov hearkened the alliance the Hasidim would form with the most conservative elements of the Jewish public. In Central Poland, the new leader was Jacob Isaac Horowiz, the "
4669:. A moderate group involved in Israeli politics, it is split into several branches, which maintain cordial relations. The main partition is between Vizhnitz-Israel and Vizhnitz-Monsey, headed respectively by Rebbes Israel Hager and the eight sons of the late Rebbe Mordecai Hager. In total, all Vizhnitz sub-"courts" constitute over 10,500 households. The fourth major dynasty, with some 7,000 households, is
4110:
2840:
3591:
mocked the attempts to perceive the nature of infinite-finite dialectics and the manner in which God still occupies the Vacant Void albeit not, stating these were paradoxical, beyond human understanding. Only naive faith in their reality would do. Mortals were in constant struggle to overcome their profane instincts and had to free themselves from their limited intellects to see the world as it truly is.
3710:). In the early days of the movement, a particular Rebbe's following usually resided in the same town, and Hasidim were categorized by their leaders' settlement: a Hasid of Belz, Vizhnitz, and so forth. Later, especially after World War II, the dynasties retained the names of their original Eastern European settlements when moving to the West or Israel. Thus, for example, the "court" established by
3517:, espouse a charismatic-populist line, centered on the admiration of the masses for the Righteous, his effervescent style of prayer and conduct and his purported miracle-working capabilities. Fewer still retain a high proportion of the mystical-spiritualist themes of early Hasidism, and encourage members to study much kabbalistic literature and (carefully) engage in the field. The various
4360:
3771:, "little note": Adherents submit a written petition, which the master may assist with on behalf of his sanctity, adding a sum of money for either charity or the leader's needs. Occasions in the "court" serve as pretext for mass gatherings, flaunting the power, wealth and size of each. Weddings of the leader's family, for example, are often held with large multistoried stands (פארענטשעס,
5725:) and outreach-centered orientation. At a time when most Orthodox Jews, and Hasidim in particular, rejected proselytization, he turned his sect into a mechanism devoted almost solely to it, blurring the difference between actual Hasidim and loosely affiliated supporters until researchers could scarcely define it as a regular Hasidic group. Another phenomenon was the revival of
5208:. The growing conservatism of the new movement – which at some occasions drew close to Kabbalah-based antinomian phraseology, as did the Sabbateans, but never crossed the threshold and remained thoroughly observant – and the rise of common enemies slowly brought a rapprochement, and by the second half of the 19th century, both sides basically considered each other legitimate.
4341:
films in
Yiddish are being produced within the Hasidic community. Some Hasidic groups, such as Satmar and Toldot Aharon, actively oppose the everyday use of Hebrew, which they consider a holy tongue. The use of Hebrew for anything other than prayer and study is, according to them, profane, and so, Yiddish is the vernacular and common tongue for most Hasidim around the world.
4785:, converted it into a vehicle for Jewish outreach. By his death in 1994, it had many more semi-engaged supporters than Hasidim in the strict sense, and they are still hard to distinguish. Chabad's own internal phone-books list some 16,800 member households. None succeeded Schneerson, and the sect operates as a large network of communities with independent leaders.
4500:, drawing from the courts' own internal phone-books and other resources, located 129,211 Hasidic households worldwide, about 5% of the estimated total Jewish population. Of those, 62,062 resided in Israel and 53,485 in the United States, 5,519 in Britain and 3,392 in Canada. In Israel, the largest Hasidic concentrations are in the Haredi neighbourhoods of
3150:
5749:
to the fore. It was replaced by apprehension and concern due to the growing presence of the reclusive, strictly religious
Hasidic lifestyle in the public sphere, especially in Israel. As numbers grew, "courts" were again torn apart by schisms between Rebbes' sons vying for power, a common occurrence during the golden age of the 19th century.
5083:
the exponential growth of
Hasidic ranks. Having ousted the old communal model, and replaced it with a less-hierarchical structure and more individually-oriented religiosity, Hasidism was, in fact, the first great modern – albeit not modernist; its self-understanding was grounded in a traditional mindset – Jewish movement.
3242:, "Existent" – and vice versa. They used the concept as a prism to gauge the world, and the needs of the spirit in particular. Elior noted: "Reality lost its static nature and permanent value, now measured by a new standard, seeking to expose the Godly, boundless essence, manifest in its tangible, circumscribed opposite."
3297:
indifferent world is a key theme in the movement's literature. Many tracts have been devoted to the subject, acknowledging that the "callous and rude" flesh hinders one from holding fast to the ideal, and these shortcomings are extremely hard to overcome even in the purely intellectual level, a fortiori in actual life.
4433:
The various
Hasidic groups may be categorized along several parameters, including their geographical origin, their proclivity for certain teachings, and their political stance. These attributes are quite often, but by no means always, correlated, and there are many instances when a "court" espouses a
4374:
Many revolve around the righteous. The Baal Shem, in particular, was subject to excess hagiography. Characterized by vivid metaphors, miracles, and piety, each reflects the surrounding and era it was composed in. Common themes include dissenting the question what is acceptable to pray for, whether or
5325:
All this was followed by a more conservative approach and power bickering among the
Righteous. Since the Maggid's death, none could claim the overall leadership. Among the several dozen active, each ruled over his own turf, and local traditions and customs began to emerge in the various courts which
4822:
in 1665. The propagation of
Kabbalah made the Jewish masses susceptible to Hasidic ideas, themselves, in essence, a popularized version of the teaching – indeed, Hasidism actually emerged when its founders determined to openly practice it, instead of remaining a secret circle of ascetics, as was the
4340:
among themselves as a way of remaining distinct and preserving tradition. Thus, children are still learning
Yiddish today, and the language, despite predictions to the contrary, has not died. Yiddish newspapers are still published, and Yiddish fiction is being written, primarily aimed at women. Even
3821:
groups, apostates may face threats, hostility, violence, and various punitive measures, among them separation of children from their disaffiliated parents, especially in divorce cases. Due to their strictly religious education and traditionalist upbringing, many who leave their sects have few viable
3725:
Akin to his spiritual status, the Rebbe is also the administrative head of the community. Sects often possess their own synagogues, study halls and internal charity mechanisms, and ones sufficiently large also maintain entire educational systems. The Rebbe is the supreme figure of authority, and not
3475:
into de facto political leaders of strong, institutionalized communities. The role of a Saint was obtained by charisma, erudition and appeal in the early days of
Hasidism. But by the dawn of the 19th century, the Righteous began to claim legitimacy by descent to the masters of the past, arguing that
3358:
dialectic is pronounced in the transformation of evil to goodness and the relations between these two poles and other contradicting elements – including various traits and emotions of the human psyche, like pride and humility, purity and profanity, et cetera. Hasidic thinkers argued that in order to
3331:
edge, possibly equating sacred rituals mandated by Judaism with everyday activities, granting them the same status in the believer's eyes and having him content to commit the latter at the expense of the former. While at some occasions the movement did appear to step at that direction – for example,
3110:
Among the traits particularly associated with Hasidism in common understanding which are in fact widespread, is the importance of joy and happiness at worship and religious life – though the sect undoubtedly stressed this aspect and still possesses a clear populist bent. Another example is the value
5748:
which began in the 1970s all cemented the movement's status as very much alive and thriving. The clearest indication for that, noted Joseph Dan, was the disappearance of the "Frumkinian" narrative which inspired much sympathy towards it from non-Orthodox Jews and others, as actual Hasidism returned
5629:
hit the Hasidim particularly hard because they were easily identifiable and because they were almost unable to disguise themselves among the larger populace due to cultural insularity. Hundreds of leaders perished with their flock, while the flight of many notable ones as their followers were being
5536:
which emerged in the 1880s, as well as Socialism, proved much more appealing to the young. Progressive strata condemned Hasidism as a primitive relic, strong, but doomed to disappear, as Eastern European Jewry underwent slow yet steady secularization. The gravity of the situation was attested to by
5472:
Around the mid-19th century, over a hundred dynastic courts related by marriage were the main religious power in the territory enclosed between Hungary, former Lithuania, Prussia and inner Russia, with considerable presence in the former two. In Central Poland, the pragmatist, rationalist Przysucha
5203:
allowed independent prayer groups to operate, the chief vessel through which the movement spread from town to town. The failure to eradicate Hasidism, which acquired a clear self-identity in the struggle and greatly expanded throughout it, convinced its adversaries to adopt a more passive method of
5082:
differed from the established synagogues and study halls, allowing their members greater freedom to worship when they pleased, and also serving recreational and welfare purposes. Combined with its simplified message, more appealing to the common man, its honed organizational framework accounted for
4771:
in the early 19th century. Critical of all other Rebbes, he forbade his followers to appoint a successor upon his death in 1810. His acolytes led small groups of adherents, persecuted by other Hasidim, and disseminated his teachings. The original philosophy of the sect elicited great interest among
4191:
divides the Hasid's lower parts from his upper parts, implying modesty and chastity, and for kabbalistic reasons, Hasidim button their clothes right over left. Hasidic men customarily wear black hats during the weekdays, as do nearly all Haredi men today. A variety of hats are worn depending on the
3496:
Some Hasidic "courts", and not a few individual prominent masters, developed distinct philosophies with particular accentuation of various themes in the movement's general teachings. Several of these Hasidic schools had lasting influence over many dynasties, while others died with their proponents.
3390:
While its mystical and ethical teachings are not easily sharply distinguished from those of other Jewish currents, the defining doctrine of Hasidism is that of the saintly leader, serving both as an ideal inspiration and an institutional figure around whom followers are organized. In the movement's
3227:
on Genesis 28:22, who wrote that "this is the purpose of Creation, from Infinity to Finitude, so it may be reversed from the state of Finite to that of Infinity". Kabbalah stressed the importance of this dialectic, but mainly (though not exclusively) evoked it in cosmic terms, referring for example
2785:
in the original connotation. But when the sect grew and developed specific attributes, from the 1770s, the names gradually acquired a new meaning. Its common adherents, belonging to groups each headed by a spiritual leader, were henceforth known as Hasidim. The transformation was slow: The movement
3613:
promulgated a radical understanding of free will, which he considered illusory and also derived directly from God. He argued that when one attained a sufficient spiritual level and could be certain evil thoughts did not derive from his animalistic soul, then sudden urges to transgress revealed Law
3590:
and adhered to by Breslov Hasidim. In contrast to most of his peers who believed that God must be worshiped through enjoyment of the physical world, Nachman portrayed the corporeal world in grim colors, as a place devoid of God's immediate presence from which the soul yearns to liberate itself. He
4964:
In that, the "Besht" laid the foundation for a popular movement, offering a far less rigorous course for the masses to gain a significant religious experience. And yet, he remained the guide of a small society of elitists, in the tradition of former kabbalists, and never led a large public as his
3436:
In Hasidic discourse, the willingness of the leader to sacrifice the ecstasy and fulfillment of unity in God was deemed a heavy sacrifice undertaken for the benefit of the congregation. His followers were to sustain and especially to obey him, as he possessed superior knowledge and insight gained
4846:
held much sway over the nomination of both rabbis and communal elders, to such a degree that the masses often perceived them as mere lackeys of the land owners. Their ability to serve as legitimate arbiters in disputes – especially those concerning the regulation of leasehold rights over alcohol
3945:
Divine communion, during prayer and communal gatherings. Ecstatic, often wordless Hasidic melodies developed new expressions and depths of the soul in Jewish life, often drawing from folk idioms of the surrounding gentile culture, which were adapted to elevate their concealed sparks of divinity,
3922:
makes use of the permission granted in Jewish law to eat before prayer in certain circumstances, and to have later praying times, as a result of longer periods of preparatory study and contemplation beforehand. A common saying to explain this (attributed to the Third Chabad Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem
3470:
The Saintly forged a well-defined relationship with the masses: they provided the latter with inspiration, were consulted in all matters, and were expected to intercede on behalf of their adherents with God and ensure they gained financial prosperity, health and male offspring. The pattern still
3131:
A further complication is the divide between what researchers term "early Hasidism", which ended roughly in the 1810s, and established Hasidism since then onwards. While the former was a highly dynamic religious revival movement, the latter phase is characterized by consolidation into sects with
5161:
and secret kabbalist of the old style, was deeply suspicious of their emphasis on mysticism, rather than mundane Torah study, threat to established communal authority, resemblance to the Sabbatean movement, and other details he considered infractions. In April 1772, he and the Vilnius community
4947:
and beyond. It is well attested that he emphasized several known kabbalistic concepts, formulating his own teachings to some degree. The Besht stressed the immanence of God and His presence in the material world, and that therefore, physical acts, such as eating, have an actual influence on the
3420:
When the sect began to attract following and expanded from a small circle of learned disciples to a mass movement, it became evident that its complex philosophy could be imparted only partially to the new rank and file. As even intellectuals struggled with the sublime dialectics of infinity and
3576:
and was elaborated by his successors, until the late 20th century. The movement retained many of the attributes of early Hasidism, before a clear divide between Righteous and ordinary followers was cemented. Chabad Rebbes insisted their adherents acquire proficiency in the sect's lore, and not
4809:
The first, and most prominent, was the popularization of the mystical lore of Kabbalah. For several centuries, an esoteric teaching practiced surreptitiously by few, it was transformed into almost household knowledge by a mass of cheap printed pamphlets. The kabbalistic inundation was a major
3296:
Hasidic masters exhorted their followers to "negate themselves", paying as little heed as they could for worldly concerns, and thus, to clear the way for this transformation. The struggle and doubt of being torn between the belief in God's immanence and the very real sensual experience of the
3119:
as dreary intellectuals who lacked spiritual fervour and opposed mysticism is likewise unfounded. Neither did Hasidism, often portrayed as promoting healthy sensuality, unanimously reject the asceticism and self-mortification associated primarily with its rivals. Joseph Dan ascribed all these
3537:, due to both personal and doctrinal disagreements. The Seer adopted a populist approach, centered on the Righteous' theurgical functions to draw the masses. He was famous for his lavish, enthusiastic conduct during prayer and worship, and extremely charismatic demeanour. He stressed that as
4960:
to flow into the Earthly realm. The Besht stressed the importance of joy and contentment in the worship of God, rather than the abstinence and self-mortification deemed essential to becoming a pious mystic, and of fervent and vigorous prayer as a means of spiritual elation instead of severe
4370:
Hasidic tales are a literary genre, concerning both hagiography of various Rebbes and moralistic themes. Some are anecdotes or recorded conversations dealing with matters of faith, practice, and the like. The most famous tend to be terse and carry a strong and obvious point. They were often
3867:
Hasidim, are closer to Nusach Ashkenaz, while others, such as the Munkacz version, are closer to the old Lurianic. Many sects believe that their version reflects Luria's mystical devotions best. The Baal Shem Tov added two segments to Friday services on the eve of Sabbath: Psalm 107 before
4587:
There are more than a dozen Hasidic dynasties with a large following, and over a hundred which have small or minuscule adherence, sometimes below twenty people, with the presumptive Rebbe holding the title more as a matter of prestige. Many "courts" became completely extinct during the
3565:, and rejected financial support. Gathering a small group of devout scholars who sought to attain spiritual perfection, whom he often berated and mocked, he always stressed the importance of both somberness and totality, stating it was better to be fully wicked than only somewhat good.
4125:
Within the Hasidic world, it is possible to distinguish different Hasidic groups by subtle differences in dress. Some details of their dress are shared by non-Hasidic Haredim. Much of Hasidic dress was historically the clothing of all Eastern European Jews, influenced by the style of
4776:
to join it. Numerous Breslov communities, each led by its own rabbis, now have thousands of full-fledged followers, and far more admirers and semi-committed supporters; Marcin Wodziński estimated that the fully committed population of Breslovers may be estimated at 7,000 households.
3270:(in the double meaning of 'naught' and 'infinite'), is regarded as the highest state of elation in Hasidism. The true divine essence of man – the soul – may then ascend and return to the upper realm, where it does not possess an existence independent from God. This ideal is termed
3111:
placed on the simple, ordinary Jew in supposed contradiction with the favouring of elitist scholars beforehand; such ideas are common in ethical works far preceding Hasidism. The movement did for a few decades challenge the rabbinic establishment, which relied on the authority of
3923:
Mendel Schneerson I) goes, "Better to eat in order to pray, than to pray in order to eat", implying it is better to eat before prayer if due to the later time of prayers finishing one will be hungry and unable to properly concentrate. Another reglement is daily immersion in a
3462:
s were subject to intense hagiography, even subtly compared with Biblical figures by employing prefiguration. It was argued that since followers could not "negate themselves" sufficiently to transcend matter, they should instead "negate themselves" in submission to the Saint
3614:
were God-inspired and may be pursued. This volatile, potentially antinomian doctrine of "Transgression for the Sake of Heaven" is found also in other Hasidic writings, especially from the early period. His successors de-emphasized it in their commentaries. Leiner's disciple
3753:). In many "courts", the remnants of his meal, supposedly suffused with holiness, are handed out and even fought over. Often, a very large dish is prepared beforehand, and the Rebbe only tastes it before passing it to the crowd. Apart from the gathering at noon, the
3212:
Thus, there is a dualism between the true aspect of everything and the physical side, false but ineluctable, with each evolving into the other: as God must compress and disguise Himself, so must humans and matter in general ascend and reunite with the Omnipresence.
3128:. In their attempt to build new models of spirituality for modern Jews, they propagated a romantic, sentimental image of the movement. The "Neo-Hasidic" interpretation influenced even scholarly discourse to a great degree, but had a tenuous connection with reality.
3603:, was a disciple of the Seer of Lublin, but combined his populist inclination with a strict observance even among his most common followers, and great pluralism in matters pertaining to mysticism, as those were eventually emanating from each person's unique soul.
5391:
But it was an external threat, more than anything else, that mended relations. While traditional Jewish society remained well entrenched in backward Eastern Europe, reports of the rapid acculturation and religious laxity in the West troubled both camps. When the
3421:
corporeality, there was little hope to have the common folk truly internalize these, not as mere abstractions to pay lip service to. Ideologues exhorted them to have faith, but the true answer, which marked their rise as a distinct sect, was the concept of the
3140:
roles, and many others functioned almost solely as political leaders of large communities. As to their Hasidim, affiliation was less a matter of admiring a charismatic leader as in the early days, but rather birth into a family belonging to a specific "court".
3332:
in its early days, prayer and preparation for it consumed so much time that adherents were blamed of neglecting sufficient Torah study – Hasidic masters proved highly conservative. Unlike in other, more radical sects influenced by kabbalistic ideas, like the
5453:. He symbolized the new era, brokering peace between the small Hasidic sect in Hungary to its opponents. In that country, where modernization and assimilation were much more prevalent than in the East, the local Righteous joined forces with those now termed
5255:, who denounced his peers for becoming too institutionalized, much like the old establishment their predecessors challenged decades before, and espoused an anti-rationalist, pessimistic spiritual teaching, very different from the prevalent stress on joy.
4176:
Various symbolic and religious qualities are attributed to Hasidic dress, though they are mainly apocryphal, and the clothes' origin is cultural and historical. For example, the long overcoats are considered modest, the shtreimel is supposedly related to
3312:
exert their influence on this world, even the most simple action may, if performed correctly and with understanding, achieve the reverse effect. According to Lurianic doctrine, the netherworld was suffused with divine sparks, concealed within "husks",
3833:("influencers"). Once a title for an instructor in Chabad and Breslov only, the institutionalized nature of the established "courts" led many adherents to seek guidance and inspiration from persons who did not declare themselves new leaders, but only
3521:
dynasties mostly adhere to this philosophy. Others still focus on contemplation and achieving inner perfection. No dynasty is wholly devoted to a single approach of the above, and all offer some combination with differing emphasis on each of those.
5049:– the Righteous One, the mystic who was able to elate and achieve communion with the divine, but, unlike kabbalists past, did not practice it in secret, but as leader of the masses. He was able to bring down prosperity and guidance from the higher
5377:
also silently retreated from the overt, radical mysticism of their predecessors. While populist miracle working for the masses remained a key theme in many dynasties, a new type of "Rebbe-Rabbi" emerged, one who was both a completely traditional
5178:; the first edition in Eastern Europe was printed in 1781 and received approbation from the anti-Hasidic scholars of Brody, but the sect quickly embraced the Kabbalah-infused tome and popularized it, making it their symbol. Their rivals, named
3501:, deriving their authority much like ordinary non-Hasidic rabbis do. Such "courts" place great emphasis on strict observance and study, and are among the most meticulous in the Orthodox world in practice. Prominent examples are the House of
4266:). Some Hasidic men shave off the rest of their hair. Not every Hasidic group requires long peyos, and not all Jewish men with peyos are Hasidic, but all Hasidic groups discourage the shaving of one's beard. Most Hasidic boys receive their
5638:
of Satmar – elicited bitter recrimination. In the immediate post-war years, the entire movement seemed to teeter on the precipice of oblivion. In Israel, the United States, and Western Europe, the survivors' children were at best becoming
3577:
relegate most responsibility to the leaders. The sect emphasizes the importance of intellectually grasping the dynamics of the hidden divine aspect and how they affect the human psyche; the very acronym Chabad is for the three penultimate
3405:. The idea that, in every generation, there are righteous persons through whom the divine effluence is drawn to the material world is rooted in the kabbalistic thought, which also claims that one of them is supreme, the reincarnation of
2798:". Yet, eventually, the young sect gained such a mass following that the old connotation was sidelined. In popular discourse, at least, "Hasid" came to denote someone who follows a religious teacher from the movement. It also entered
5057:
served as a bridge between the spiritual realm and the ordinary folk, as well as a simple, understandable embodiment of the esoteric teachings of the sect, which were still beyond the reach of most just as old-style Kabbalah before.
5622:, strictly observant Jews were estimated to constitute no more than a third of the total Jewish population in Poland, the world's most Orthodox country. While the Rebbes still had a vast base of support, it was aging and declining.
5013:, "pious"; in the latter third of the 18th century, a clear differentiation arose between that sense of the word and what was at first described as "New Hasidism", propagated to a degree by the Maggid and especially his successors.
4408:
but articulate this in terms of inner psychological awareness and personal analogies. Additional to its formal, intellectual component, this study thus makes Jewish mysticism accessible and tangible, so that it inspires emotional
3467:), thus bonding with him and enabling themselves to access what he achieved in terms of spirituality. The Righteous served as a mystical bridge, drawing down effluence and elevating the prayers and petitions of his admirers.
3646:
5239:, gradually dismissed his mentor's approach as overly vulgar, and adopted a more aesthetic and scholarly approach, virtually without theurgy to the masses. The Holy Jew's "Przysucha School" was continued by his successor
5317:
Less than three generations after the Besht's death, the sect grew to encompass hundreds of thousands by 1830. As a mass movement, a clear stratification emerged between the court's functionaries and permanent residents
3336:, Worship through Corporeality was largely limited to the elite and carefully restrained. The common adherents were taught they may engage it only mildly, through small deeds like earning money to support their leaders.
4988:
Israel ben Eliezer gathered a considerable following, drawing to himself disciples from far away. They were largely of elitist background, yet adopted the populist approach of their master. The most prominent was Rabbi
4834:' demise in 1746 was a culmination of a long process which destroyed judicial independence and paved the way for the Hasidic rebbes to serve as leaders (another long-held explanation for the sect's rise advocated by
3281:, pursuing the pure spiritual aims and defying the primitive impulses of the body, one must overcome his inferior "Bestial Soul", connected with the Eyes of the Flesh. He may be able to tap into his "Divine Soul" (
5071:
or "table", in which the Righteous would hand out food scraps from their meals, considered blessed by the touch of ones imbued with godly Light during their mystical ascensions. Another potent institution was the
5094:, the movement was rapidly disseminated during the Maggid's lifetime, and after his 1772 death. Twenty or so of Dov Ber's prime disciples each brought it to a different region, and their own successors followed:
4323:
Hasidic Jews, like many other Orthodox Jews, typically produce large families; the average Hasidic family in the United States has 8 children. This is followed out of a desire to fulfill the Biblical mandate to
3445:
capacity in his lifetime. After the Sabbatean debacle, this moderate approach provided a safe outlet for the eschatological urges. At least two leaders radicalized in this sphere and caused severe controversy:
3107:, argued to the contrary that but a little was not found in much earlier tracts, and the movement's originality lay in the manner it popularized these teachings to become the ideology of a well-organized sect.
5372:
insisted on royal splendour, resided in a palace and his six sons all inherited some of his followers. With the constraints of maintaining their gains replacing the dynamism of the past, the Righteous or
2739:
after the Greek rendering of their name, who perhaps served as the model for those mentioned in the Talmud. The title continued to be applied as an honorific for the exceptionally devout. In 12th-century
5007:, the Maggid turned to greatly elaborate the Besht's rudimentary ideas and institutionalize the nascent circle into an actual movement. Ben Eliezer and his acolytes used the very old and common epithet
4870:
who opposed the established church. Hasidism rejected the existing order, decrying it as stale and overly hierarchic. They offered what they described as more spiritual, candid, and simple substitutes.
3132:
hereditary leadership. The mystical teachings formulated during the first era were by no means repudiated, and many Hasidic masters remained consummate spiritualists and original thinkers; as noted by
2708:) who would contemplate an entire hour in preparation for prayer. The phrase denoted extremely devoted individuals who not only observed the Law to its letter, but performed good deeds even beyond it.
3234:. Hasidism applied it also to the most mundane details of human existence. All Hasidic schools devoted a prominent place in their teaching, with differing accentuation, to the interchanging nature of
6724:
3761:" meal when it ends are also particularly important and an occasion for song, feasting, tales, and sermons. A central custom, which serves as a major factor in the economics of most "courts", is the
3549:. The Holy Jew and his successors did neither repudiate miracle working, nor did they eschew dramatic conduct; but they were much more restrained in general. The Przysucha School became dominant in
4763:
There are two other populous Hasidic sub-groups, which do not function as classical Rebbe-headed "courts", but as de-centralized movements, retaining some of the characteristics of early Hasidism.
3726:
just for the institutions. The rank-and-file Hasidim are also expected to consult with him on important matters, and often seek his blessing and advice. He is personally attended by aides known as
4454:
sect in a more open and mild direction; and though Hasidim from Lithuania and Belarus are popularly perceived as prone to intellectualism, David Assaf noted this notion is derived more from their
3255:
was not a strictly defined experience; many varieties were described, from the utmost ecstasy of the learned leaders to the common man's more humble yet no less significant emotion during prayer.
7255:
7127:
4458:
surroundings than their actual philosophies. Apart from those, each "court" often possesses its unique customs, including style of prayer, melodies, particular items of clothing, and the like.
6159:
5465:, while no friend to Hasidism, tolerated it as he combated the forces which sought modernization of the Jews; a generation later, in the 1860s, the Rebbes and the zealot ultra-Orthodox rabbi
4875:
noted the considerable similarity between the Hasidic conceptions and this contemporary background, rooted in the growing importance attributed to the individual's consciousness and choices.
3745:(table), a large feast for their male adherents. Together, they sing, dance, and eat, and the head of the sect shakes the hands of his followers to bless them, and often delivers a sermon. A
4823:
manner of almost all past kabbalists. The correlation between publicizing the lore and Sabbateanism did not escape the rabbinic elite, and caused vehement opposition to the new movement.
5368:
with followings of their own, each sect would command a base of rank-and-file Hasidim attached not just to the individual leader, but to the bloodline and the court's unique attributes.
3289:, on the hidden Godly dimension of all that exists. Then he could understand his surroundings with the "Eyes of the Intellect". The ideal adherent was intended to develop equanimity, or
5195:, and he was imprisoned by the Russian government for two months. Excoriatory polemics were printed and anathemas declared in the entire region. But Elijah's death in 1797 denied the
4277:. This includes long conservative skirts and sleeves past the elbow, as well as covered necklines. Also, the women wear stockings to cover their legs; in some Hasidic groups, such as
4165:, the Hasidic Rebbes traditionally wore a white bekishe. This practice has fallen into disuse among most. Many of them wear a black silk bekishe that is trimmed with velvet, known as
5329:
The most important aspect of the routinization Hasidism underwent was the adoption of dynasticism. The first to claim legitimacy by right of descent from the Besht was his grandson,
3822:
work skills or even command of the English language, and their integration into the broader society is often difficult. The segregated communities are also a comfortable setting for
5592:
even in the relatively traditional East; the more hard-line dynasties, mainly Galician and Hungarian, opposed the Aguda as "too lenient". Mass immigration to America, urbanization,
4781:, originating in the 1770s, did have hereditary leadership, but always stressed the importance of self-study, rather than reliance on the Righteous. Its seventh, and last, leader,
6983:
3906:, devotion or intention, and their services tend to be extremely long and repetitive. Some courts nearly abolished traditional specified times by which prayers must be conducted (
6578:
7589:
6889:
5659:
was the major contributor to this trend, portraying the sect as a model of a healthy folk consciousness. "Frumkinian" style was very influential, later inspiring the so-called "
5170:
and other cities. In 1781, during a second round of hostilities, the books of Jacob Joseph were burned in Vilnius. Another cause for strife emerged when the Hasidim adopted the
2669:
in the universe, the need to cleave and be one with Him at all times, the devotional aspect of religious practice, and the spiritual dimension of corporeality and mundane acts.
4603:
The largest sect in the world, with some 26,000 member households, which constitute 20% of all Hasidim, is Satmar, founded in 1905 in the namesake city in Hungary and based in
3095:, Talmud, and exegesis as a means to grounding itself in tradition – to convey its ideas make the isolation of a common doctrine highly challenging to researchers. As noted by
7436:
7280:
6998:
6874:
6717:
5322:, "sitters"), the devoted followers who would often visit the Righteous on Sabbath, and the large public which prayed at Sefard Rite synagogues and was minimally affiliated.
7516:
7446:
6692:
5666:
Yet, the movement proved resilient. Talented and charismatic Hasidic masters emerged, who re-invigorated their following and drew new crowds. In New York, the Satmar Rebbe
3618:
of Lublin also developed a complex philosophic system which presented a dialectic nature in history, arguing that great progress had to be preceded by crisis and calamity.
7930:
7619:
7549:
7330:
7043:
6943:
6869:
6864:
2654:– with the movement's own unique emphases – and the traditions of Eastern European Jews. Many of the latter, including various special styles of dress and the use of the
7320:
7225:
7033:
6953:
6884:
5286:
and culminated in the Righteous becoming an authority figure (either alongside or above the official rabbinate) for the entire community, overwhelmed many towns even in
1240:
7614:
7599:
7260:
6973:
4965:
successors did. While many later figures cited him as the inspiration behind the full-fledged Hasidic doctrine, the Besht himself did not practice it in his lifetime.
7559:
7554:
7461:
7275:
7023:
6710:
5406:
themselves detested Hasidism as an anti-rationalist and barbaric phenomenon, as did Western Jews of all shades, including the most right-wing Orthodox such as Rabbi
4850:
Historians discerned other influences. The formative age of Hasidism coincided with the rise of numerous religious revival movements across the world, including the
7675:
5231:", who was of a particularly populist bent and appealed to the common folk with miracle working and little strenuous spiritual demands. The Seer's senior acolyte,
3718:, even though its headquarters lay in New York, and almost all other Hasidic sects likewise – albeit some groups founded overseas were named accordingly, like the
3826:, and numerous incidents have been reported. While Hasidic leadership has often been accused of silencing the matter, awareness of it is rising within the sects.
4258:
Following a Biblical commandment not to shave the sides of one's face (Leviticus 19:27), male members of most Hasidic groups wear long, uncut sidelocks called
1818:
4716:, constitutes some 4,500 households in total, and has undergone a bitter succession strife since 2005, eventually forming the "Bobov" (3,000 households) and "
5282:
now became an important and often dominant power in most of Eastern Europe. The slow process of encroachment, which mostly begun with forming an independent
4961:
asceticism, but many of his immediate disciples reverted in part to the older doctrines, especially in disavowing sexual pleasure even in marital relations.
1473:
1168:
5326:
developed their own identity. The high mystical tension typical of a new movement subsided, and was soon replaced by more hierarchical, orderly atmosphere.
3837:. Technically, they fill the original role of Rebbes in providing for spiritual welfare; yet, they do not usurp the title, and are therefore countenanced.
2806:
anymore, observed historian David Assaf, but a Hasid of someone or some dynasty in particular. This linguistic transformation paralleled that of the word
1360:
3476:
since they linked matter with infinity, their abilities had to be associated with their own corporeal body. Therefore, it was accepted "there can be no
7265:
5482:
2568:
4936:
who taught him more; and that at the age of thirty-six, he was granted heavenly permission to reveal himself as a great kabbalist and miracle worker.
3262:, "Negation of the Existent", or of the "Corporeal". Hasidism teaches that while a superficial observance of the universe by the "eyes of the flesh" (
6148:
4621:, inspired by the legacy of Hungarian Haredi Judaism. The sect underwent a schism in 2006, and two competing factions emerged, led by rival brothers
332:
6680:
4270:
ceremonially at the age of three years (only the Skverrer Hasidim do this at their boys' second birthday). Until then, Hasidic boys have long hair.
9364:
7511:
3104:
1355:
5674:
and founded an insular, self-sufficient community which attracted many immigrants from Greater Hungary. By 1961, 40% of families were newcomers.
5553:
to protect their youth from Hasidic influence, but now, the latter faced a similar crisis. One of the most contentious issues in this respect was
3497:
In the doctrinal sphere, the dynasties may be divided along many lines. Some are characterized by Rebbes who are predominantly Torah scholars and
9754:
6910:
6405:
6206:
6059:
5809:
3319:. The glints had to be recovered and elevated to their proper place in the cosmos. "Materiality itself could be embraced and consecrated", noted
1603:
5184:, "opponents" (a generic term which acquired an independent meaning as Hasidism grew stronger), soon accused them of abandoning the traditional
5423:
4493:
now includes a dozen Rebbes. In the past, there were Religious Zionist Rebbes, mainly of the Ruzhin line, but there are virtually none today.
4375:
not the commoner may gain communion, or the meaning of wisdom. The tales were a popular, accessible medium to convey the movement's messages.
8437:
3786:
Allegiance to the dynasty and Rebbe is also sometimes a cause for tension. Notable feuds between "courts" include the 1926–1934 strife after
1857:
6116:
5690:
every week for 29 years. He halted the hemorrhage of his followers, and retrieved many Litvaks (the contemporary, less adverse epithet for
9714:
3749:, "repeater", selected for his good memory, commits the text to writing after the Sabbath (any form of writing during the Sabbath itself
3323:, and Hasidism taught that by common acts like dancing or eating, performed with intention, the sparks could be extricated and set free.
842:
805:
6129:
4826:
Another factor was the decline of the traditional authority structures. Jewish autonomy remained quite secured; later research debunked
8232:
7807:
5647:
depicted it as a medieval, malicious power, now, it was so weakened that the popular cultural image was sentimental and romantic, what
5610:, civil equality first achieved and a harsh repression of religion caused a rapid secularization. Few remaining Hasidim, especially of
5533:
4698:
3063:
1781:
5541:(in the modern, boarding school-equivalent sense) to enculturate the young and preserve their loyalty: The first was established at
8261:
7667:
3308:
metamorphosed into substance, so may it in turn be raised back to its higher state; likewise, since the machinations in the higher
2812:, "righteous", which the Hasidic leaders adopted for themselves – though they are known colloquially as Rebbes or by the honorific
2646:", is regarded as its founding father, and his disciples developed and disseminated it. Present-day Hasidism is a sub-group within
1804:
6689:
4192:
group: Chabad men often pinch their hats to form a triangle on the top, Satmar men wear an open-crown hat with rounded edges, and
9760:
1154:
6029:
The Two Faces of Religious Radicalism - Orthodox Zealotry and Holy Sinning in Nineteenth Century Hasidism in Hungary and Galicia
8860:
8314:
8059:
7644:
7383:
3806:, which culminated when he had to travel in a bulletproof car; and the 2006–present Satmar succession dispute between brothers
3546:
2561:
1731:
1666:
1548:
4028:
8855:
6644:
6617:
6568:
6275:
6256:
6092:
5349:
succeeded him. The principle was conclusively affirmed in the great dispute after Liadi's demise in 1813: his senior acolyte
3863:. Many dynasties have their own specific adaptation of Nusach Sefard; some, such as the versions of the Belzer, Bobover, and
852:
5053:, and the common people who could not attain such a state themselves would achieve it by "clinging" to and obeying him. The
4000:
1290:
140:
8764:
4154:
fabric traditionally silk. Indoors, the colorful tish bekishe is still worn. Some Hasidim wear a satin overcoat, known as
9932:
8875:
8870:
8294:
6678:
Map of the spread of Hasidism from 1730 and 1760–75, and its encroachment on the Lithuanian centre of Rabbinic opposition
3413:
into the basis of its entire system – so much that the very term gained an independent meaning within it, apart from the
3209:
cannot manifest in the Vacant Void, and must limit itself in the guise of measurable corporeality that may be perceived.
2891:
1558:
1375:
1365:
605:
4740:
dynasties, originating in Jerusalem during the 1920s and known for their unique style of dressing imitating that of the
4060:
9687:
8564:
4799:
4536:. In the United States, most Hasidim reside in New York, though there are small communities across the entire country.
4007:
1954:
1904:
1869:
1563:
1428:
1295:
7531:
5584:
Outside pressure was mounting in the early 20th century. In 1912, many Hasidic leaders partook in the creation of the
3739:
Many particular Hasidic rites surround the leader. On the Sabbath, holidays, and celebratory occasions, Rebbes hold a
8715:
8569:
8064:
5278:
The opening of the 19th century saw the Hasidic sect transformed. Once a rising force outside the establishment, the
5166:
upon them, banishing their leaders, and sending letters denouncing the movement. Further excommunication followed in
4798:
In the late 17th century, several social trends converged among the Jews who inhabited the southern periphery of the
4473:, and refuse to participate in the elections there or receive any state funding. They are mainly affiliated with the
4047:
3103:, regarded the early masters as innovators who introduced "much that was new if only by emphasis"; others, primarily
3030:
2554:
1646:
1608:
1583:
1503:
1488:
1335:
1275:
1230:
3183:
concept was derived from Lurianic discourse, but greatly expanded in the Hasidic one. In the beginning, in order to
8624:
8532:
8105:
7695:
6104:
4576:
is home to the largest Hasidic community in the country, and there are others in London and Manchester. In Canada,
4439:
4391:
3981:
3750:
3554:
1939:
1921:
1827:
1721:
1573:
1568:
1493:
1458:
1325:
7137:
7038:
3775:) filled with Hasidim surround the main floor, where the Rebbe and his relatives dine, celebrate, and perform the
3631:
3274:, "the expansion (or removal) of corporeality". It is the dialectic opposite of God's contraction into the world.
9927:
9789:
8983:
7700:
7378:
7300:
5557:; the Ruzhin dynasties were quite favourably disposed toward it, while Hungarian and Galician courts reviled it.
4014:
2457:
2356:
1911:
1894:
1847:
1746:
1656:
1593:
1543:
1523:
1518:
1438:
1412:
1387:
1265:
1255:
1245:
1225:
1220:
7192:
4237:
is worn by unmarried sons and grandsons of many Rebbes on the Sabbath. Some Rebbes don it on special occasions.
8665:
8225:
8182:
8136:
7800:
7624:
7541:
7486:
7423:
7403:
7335:
7250:
7217:
7197:
7063:
6669:
5427:
4689:'s charismatic-populist style and "rabbinic" Hasidism, it espoused hard-line positions, but broke off from the
3985:
3339:
The complementary opposite of corporeal worship, or the elation of the finite into infinite, is the concept of
3056:
1930:
1916:
1884:
1864:
1832:
1776:
1751:
1726:
1706:
1696:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1651:
1641:
1636:
1613:
1528:
1513:
1433:
1392:
1345:
1340:
1260:
1205:
5804:
5078:, the private prayer gatherings opened by adherents in every town which served as a recruiting mechanism. The
3228:
to the manner in which God progressively diminished Himself into the world through the various dimensions, or
9766:
9087:
8044:
7764:
7471:
7451:
7295:
7207:
4133:
Hasidic men most commonly wear dark overclothes. On weekdays, they wear a long, black, cloth jacket called a
3803:
2351:
1889:
1874:
1837:
1799:
1771:
1761:
1756:
1741:
1736:
1716:
1701:
1686:
1661:
1627:
1598:
1498:
1483:
1407:
1397:
1315:
1285:
1210:
1196:
3996:
3293:
in Hasidic parlance, toward all matters worldly, not ignoring them, but understanding their superficiality.
9829:
9697:
9692:
8880:
8865:
8629:
8584:
8329:
8090:
7705:
7652:
7413:
7393:
7355:
7230:
6993:
6879:
6749:
5486:
4593:
1959:
1879:
1842:
1766:
1711:
1578:
1553:
1478:
1453:
1443:
1382:
1305:
1300:
1280:
1270:
1250:
1235:
1128:
832:
596:
591:
3401:(acronym of Hebrew for "our master, teacher and Rabbi"), granted to rabbis in general, or colloquially as
9794:
9779:
8660:
8520:
8024:
7723:
7690:
7629:
7456:
7285:
7240:
7202:
7187:
7162:
7132:
7117:
7112:
7028:
6849:
6677:
5703:
5350:
5119:
4478:
4447:
4354:
4211:
on the Sabbath, once common among all wedded Eastern European Jewish males and still worn by non-Hasidic
3864:
2847:
1949:
1944:
1899:
1852:
1538:
1508:
1468:
1463:
1320:
626:
6361:
Jacques Gutwirth, The Rebirth of Hasidism: From 1945 to the Present Day, Odile Jacob, 2004. pp. 106–108.
4251:
wear black socks with their breeches on the Sabbath, as opposed to white ones on weekdays, particularly
9892:
9748:
9642:
9293:
9187:
8895:
8828:
8389:
8279:
7657:
7574:
7526:
7466:
7388:
7182:
7172:
7142:
7107:
7102:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7003:
6988:
6948:
6938:
6859:
6799:
5718:
5699:
5522:
5498:
5430:, often mocked their rivals' lack of eloquence in the language. While a considerable proportion of the
5232:
5224:
5099:
5067:
4782:
4646:
3741:
3530:
3514:
3455:
3184:
2423:
2268:
1976:
1370:
566:
556:
292:
5606:
s in which the local Jews had lived for centuries, and which were the bedrock of Hasidism. In the new
4597:
9864:
9804:
9702:
9682:
9552:
9477:
9337:
9204:
8890:
8850:
8218:
8199:
8080:
8014:
7940:
7874:
7793:
7774:
7594:
7398:
7315:
7270:
7245:
7167:
7097:
7082:
6958:
6899:
6834:
6829:
6741:
6733:
5502:
5369:
4645:, and espoused a moderate line toward Zionism and modern culture. Its origins lay in the rationalist
4428:
4097:
3927:
by males for spiritual cleansing, at a rate much higher than is customary among other Orthodox Jews.
3891:
for liturgical purposes, reflecting their Eastern European background. Wordless, emotional melodies,
3791:
3526:
3049:
2979:
2650:
and is noted for its religious conservatism and social seclusion. Its members adhere closely both to
2537:
2230:
2081:
2022:
913:
5402:, appeared in Galicia and Congress Poland in the 1810s, it was soon perceived as a dire threat. The
4984:), the first compilation of Hasidic hagiographic storytelling, was printed from manuscripts in 1815.
3087:
The lengthy history of Hasidism, the numerous schools of thought therein, and its definitive use of
2839:
9922:
9784:
9615:
8914:
8789:
8049:
8039:
7869:
7769:
7685:
7569:
7521:
7491:
7481:
7476:
7431:
7408:
7310:
7305:
7157:
7018:
7013:
7008:
6978:
6814:
6804:
6764:
6054:
5307:
5268:
5244:
5107:
4466:
4312:
4248:
3823:
3799:
3719:
3558:
3506:
3133:
2240:
2220:
1330:
810:
351:
17:
2774:
that, "One who wishes to tap the hidden wisdom, must conduct himself in the manner of the Pious."
9737:
9726:
9320:
9241:
8946:
8845:
8784:
8670:
8643:
8034:
7978:
7848:
7748:
7728:
7604:
7584:
7579:
7564:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7441:
7363:
7345:
7340:
7325:
7235:
7152:
7122:
7092:
7087:
6968:
6928:
6918:
6894:
6769:
5726:
5518:
5338:
5111:
5000:
4764:
4749:
4549:
4532:. There is considerable presence in other specifically Orthodox municipalities or enclaves, like
4395:
3974:
3880:
3795:
3694:
2381:
2371:
2336:
2215:
2205:
1988:
1159:
1101:
935:
614:
571:
286:
4629:. The second-largest "court" worldwide, with some 11,600 households (or 9% of all Hasidism), is
4350:
4130:. Furthermore, Hasidim have attributed religious origins to specific Hasidic items of clothing.
2724:, having fasted for 130 years." The first to adopt the epithet collectively were apparently the
9773:
9743:
8806:
7988:
7864:
7634:
7609:
7177:
6963:
6923:
6759:
5652:
5577:
5569:
5510:
5494:
5192:
5103:
4670:
4604:
4581:
4545:
4541:
4490:
4252:
4065:
3674:
3606:
3594:
3573:
3510:
3218:
2873:
2763:
2594:
2500:
2235:
2149:
1215:
767:
386:
356:
6663:
3779:. This is a festive dance with the bride: Both parties hold one end of a long sash, a Hasidic
9799:
9720:
9502:
9209:
9092:
8833:
8823:
8816:
8801:
8687:
8167:
6779:
5745:
5679:
5546:
5478:
5200:
5123:
5017:
4928:, passed in his illustrious family for centuries; that the Besht later spent a decade in the
4872:
4851:
4831:
4773:
4630:
4241:
4228:
4093:
4021:
2786:
was at first referred to as "New Hasidism" by outsiders (as recalled in the autobiography of
2391:
2386:
2331:
2119:
1034:
762:
749:
644:
361:
122:
4999:(preacher). He succeeded the former upon his death, though other important acolytes, mainly
4221:, which is seen especially among Galician and Hungarian sects like Satmar or Belz. A taller
4185:, and Sabbath shoes are laceless in order not to have to tie a knot, a prohibited action. A
9834:
9824:
9327:
8299:
8100:
7961:
6270:
Buber, Martin, Tales of the Hasidim: The Early Masters (1948) New York, NY, Schocken Books
6187:
5829:
5585:
5399:
5330:
5216:
5095:
4990:
4933:
4929:
4839:
4613:
4533:
4521:
4486:
3636:
2729:
2462:
2414:
2154:
2012:
825:
690:
679:
637:
6400:
8:
9482:
9450:
9376:
9285:
9231:
8838:
8638:
8372:
8337:
5474:
5466:
5407:
5334:
4084:, as according to Jewish law, she is forbidden to show her hair to anyone after marriage.
3561:. Adopting an elitist, hard-line attitude, he openly denounced the folky nature of other
2908:
2515:
2210:
888:
755:
658:
651:
581:
469:
344:
6251:
Schacter-Shalomi, Zalman, Wrapped in a Holy Flame (2003) San Francisco CA, Jossey-Bass,
5337:
as jester and demanded the other Righteous acknowledge his supremacy. Upon the death of
4552:, has an especially large population. Another large population resides in the hamlet of
4497:
9814:
9809:
9620:
9342:
9219:
9214:
9199:
9169:
9122:
9045:
8951:
8811:
8384:
8289:
8256:
8177:
8157:
6174:
6154:
5695:
5671:
5252:
4948:
spiritual sphere and may serve to hasten the achievement of communion with the divine (
4897:
4768:
4654:
4435:
4399:
4379:
3787:
3587:
3447:
3442:
3115:
acumen, but affirmed the centrality of study very soon. Concurrently, the image of its
3077:
2918:
2904:
2778:
2639:
2366:
2316:
2263:
2258:
2172:
2042:
1310:
1139:
898:
818:
672:
238:
192:
9097:
8973:
5698:
whose parents were Gerrer Hasidim before the war. Chaim Meir Hager similarly restored
5294:
and the vast majority in Podolia, Volhynia and Galicia. It began to make inroads into
3488:
s' families maintain endogamy and marry almost solely with scions of other dynasties.
9598:
9529:
9411:
9396:
9179:
9050:
9015:
8304:
8162:
7993:
7715:
6640:
6623:
6613:
6590:
6564:
6271:
6252:
6175:דמוקרטיזציה מול הקצנה, פתיחות מול הסתגרות – ראיון עם ד"ר בנימין בראון על החברה החרדית
6088:
5913:
5850:
5597:
5415:
5346:
5205:
5143:
5131:
4626:
3811:
3372:
3300:
Another implication of this dualism is the notion of "Worship through Corporeality",
2989:
2938:
2790:), to separate it from the old one, and its enemies derisively mocked its members as
2755:
2662:
2510:
2452:
2432:
2249:
1809:
1448:
908:
779:
709:
586:
499:
366:
151:
97:
39:
4724:, divided into a New York and Israeli branches, presides over 3,800 households. The
4378:
Additional to these tales, Hasidim study the numerous mystical / spiritual works of
9664:
9632:
9593:
9564:
9547:
9497:
9298:
9107:
9040:
8993:
8941:
8909:
8900:
8885:
8759:
8734:
8710:
8594:
8525:
8442:
8309:
8054:
8029:
8019:
7822:
7733:
5909:
5901:
5846:
5741:
5714:
5589:
5454:
5442:
5303:
5220:
5139:
5127:
4778:
4721:
4690:
4622:
4553:
4525:
4474:
4451:
4402:, additional to his "tales".) These works draw on the earlier esoteric theology of
4337:
4325:
4308:
4247:
long black socks into which the trousers are tucked. Some Hasidic men from Eastern
3807:
3685:
3484:". Virtually all modern sects maintain this hereditary principle. For example, the
2956:
2831:
2655:
2651:
2480:
2361:
2321:
2285:
1983:
1533:
1044:
800:
704:
619:
509:
301:
115:
107:
6201:
4634:
3091:
literature and sermons – comprising numerous references to earlier sources in the
9574:
9569:
9381:
9141:
9112:
9035:
9025:
8988:
8963:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8754:
8749:
8739:
8724:
8515:
8432:
8399:
8357:
8347:
8126:
7983:
6854:
6789:
6696:
6684:
5667:
5640:
5635:
5354:
5291:
5185:
5163:
5154:
4803:
4682:
4650:
4470:
4383:
4364:
4138:
3884:
3873:
3754:
3711:
3665:
3557:. One extreme and renowned philosopher who emerged from the Przysucha School was
3550:
3166:
3017:
2886:
2713:
2674:
2617:
2585:
2442:
2401:
2396:
2376:
2298:
2292:
2225:
2177:
2017:
1149:
790:
773:
317:
204:
55:
5565:
5542:
4912:: "Besht"), is considered the founder of Hasidism. Supposedly born south of the
2820:
became synonymous with the often hereditary master heading a sect of followers.
9906:
9878:
9853:
9674:
9581:
9539:
9519:
9507:
9487:
9401:
9391:
9359:
9352:
9332:
9303:
9275:
9270:
9236:
9146:
9070:
9060:
8998:
8796:
8744:
8655:
8650:
8412:
8407:
8342:
8271:
8121:
8095:
7966:
7935:
7838:
6609:
6489:
5631:
5573:
5506:
5228:
5043:
4835:
4686:
3818:
3758:
3471:
characterizes Hasidic sects, though prolonged routinization in many turned the
2928:
2787:
2771:
2647:
2621:
2542:
2341:
2196:
2076:
2055:
2032:
2027:
2005:
1993:
1588:
1069:
1003:
968:
946:
883:
721:
699:
561:
540:
516:
282:
264:
163:
84:
5016:
Doctrine coalesced as Jacob Joseph, Dov Ber, and the latter's disciple, Rabbi
4842:
effected economic impoverishment and despair, was also refuted). However, the
4416:
4088:
3914:
for one, is controversial in many dynasties, which do follow the specifics of
9916:
9647:
9492:
9419:
9226:
9160:
9133:
9082:
9030:
9003:
8978:
8968:
8729:
8675:
8609:
8589:
8579:
8574:
8547:
8493:
8422:
8367:
8152:
7971:
7743:
7738:
7074:
5734:
5675:
5175:
4981:
4884:
4867:
4815:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4584:
Hasidim, and there are more adherents of other sects in and around Montreal.
4573:
4557:
4509:
4387:
4282:
4267:
3847:
3776:
3615:
3180:
3154:
2799:
2643:
2633:
2490:
2485:
1691:
1618:
1144:
993:
988:
983:
973:
951:
903:
665:
504:
409:
371:
322:
159:
6586:
6130:'Off the Path' Memoirs of ex-Hasidic Jews Shine Light on Faigy Mayer’s World
5872:
Hasidism Without Romanticism: Mendel Piekarz's Path in the study of Hasidism
5263:
4315:, women may wear two headcoverings – a wig and a scarf, or a wig and a hat.
3170:
9627:
9424:
9386:
9347:
8936:
8680:
8619:
8599:
8559:
8542:
8510:
8498:
8459:
8377:
8352:
8172:
6597:
6379:
6049:
5660:
5656:
5619:
5607:
5240:
5135:
5020:, composed the three magna opera of early Hasidism, respectively: the 1780
4827:
4713:
4529:
4443:
3654:
3430:
3320:
3214:
3125:
3100:
2690:
2613:
2520:
2346:
2187:
2182:
2140:
2093:
1187:
1054:
1039:
998:
963:
576:
418:
6228:
5917:
5614:, continued to practice underground for decades. In the new states of the
4461:
On the political scale, "courts" are mainly divided on their relations to
2750:
in Jewish parlance, another prominent school of ascetics named themselves
2665:, and, to an extent, is a popularization of it. Teachings emphasize God's
69:
9637:
9152:
9077:
9055:
8958:
8552:
8481:
8476:
8464:
8454:
7920:
7890:
6605:
6417:
5854:
5615:
5593:
5458:
5419:
4855:
4608:
4577:
4565:
3860:
3553:, while populist Hasidism resembling the Lublin ethos often prevailed in
3518:
3121:
2816:. Originally denoting an observant, moral person, in Hasidic literature,
2767:
2505:
2447:
2112:
1018:
1013:
1008:
978:
30:
This article is about the modern movement. For the Jewish honorific, see
7785:
4336:
Most Hasidim speak the language of their countries of residence but use
9731:
9438:
9020:
8614:
8362:
8284:
6527:
6494:
Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer and the Creation of a Modern Jewish Orthodoxy
6477:
5737:'s 1810 death. Its complex, existentialist philosophy drew many to it.
5648:
5588:
party, a political instrument intended to safeguard what was now named
5299:
5004:
4940:
4741:
4662:
4561:
4505:
4363:
Sculpture of the Hasidic movement's celebration of spirituality on the
3988: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3915:
3572:
school, limited to its namesake dynasty, but prominent, was founded by
3426:
3333:
3328:
3137:
3096:
2999:
2863:
2717:
2163:
1177:
1106:
1064:
893:
873:
432:
339:
259:
5721:, adopted a modern (he and his disciples ceased wearing the customary
4611:. Satmar is known for its extreme conservatism and opposition to both
4150:(Yiddish; lit., satin caftan), a similarly long, black jacket, but of
2754:; to distinguish them from the rest, later research employed the term
9652:
9117:
9008:
8919:
8537:
8471:
6839:
6824:
6784:
6774:
6662:
6290:
5722:
5651:
termed "Frumkinian Hasidism", for it began with the short stories of
5626:
5462:
5364:
By the 1860s, virtually all courts were dynastic. Rather than single
5342:
5236:
5211:
The turn of the century saw several prominent new, fourth generation
5180:
5115:
4921:
4863:
4811:
4600:, which numbered tens of thousands in 1939, and barely exists today.
4589:
4513:
4501:
4455:
4217:
4208:
4069:
3852:
3534:
3433:, "marked Hasidism's evolution into a full-fledged social movement."
3162:
3116:
3088:
2741:
2736:
2700:, meaning "pietist" and "piety", have a long history in Judaism. The
2666:
2326:
2311:
1401:
1349:
1111:
1059:
1049:
730:
726:
716:
631:
391:
214:
35:
8488:
6702:
6463:
6316:
6028:
5871:
5497:'s descendants each pursued a mystical approach in the dynasties of
5162:
wardens launched a systematic campaign against the sect, placing an
3963:
3935:
Hasidism developed a unique emphasis on the spirituality of melody (
1079:
9371:
9313:
9258:
9253:
8924:
8210:
7998:
7905:
7900:
7680:
7290:
6933:
6754:
6149:"Sexual Abuse Questions Swirl Around Yeshiva Leader in Kiryas Joel"
5906:
Masuʼot : meḥḳarim be-sifrut ha-ḳabalah ube-maḥshevet Yiśraʼel
5514:
5394:
5380:
5302:
and the westernmost frontier of autochthonic pre-WWII Hasidism, in
5295:
5171:
5091:
5034:
4917:
4843:
4717:
4666:
4658:
4537:
4517:
4404:
4303:
4212:
4178:
4127:
3947:
3942:
3856:
3579:
3367:
3315:
3230:
3223:
3189:
2951:
2759:
2746:
2495:
2105:
2037:
868:
376:
327:
218:
111:
6637:
The Pious Ones: The World of Hasidim and Their Battle with America
6451:. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. pp. 203–207.
6117:
Belzer Rebbe Under Heavy Security Guard Due to Threats on His Life
4889:
78:
of the Boyan Hasidic dynasty in Jerusalem, holiday of Sukkot, 2009
9586:
9470:
9465:
9455:
9443:
9263:
9248:
9192:
9127:
9102:
9065:
8929:
8604:
8503:
8427:
8319:
8245:
8131:
7915:
7910:
6844:
6819:
6133:
5707:
5554:
5538:
5272:
5153:
The spread of Hasidism also incurred organized opposition. Rabbi
5147:
5087:
5074:
5009:
4973:
4953:
4944:
4909:
4859:
4819:
4744:, have over 3,000 families, almost all in the larger "courts" of
4705:
4618:
4462:
4411:
4371:
transmitted orally, though the earliest compendium is from 1815.
4291:
4286:
4274:
4162:
4142:
4118:
4114:
4081:
4073:
3937:
3902:
3888:
3715:
3247:
3195:
3176:
2808:
2609:
2471:
2437:
2306:
2100:
1089:
1084:
956:
847:
742:
738:
734:
483:
478:
455:
437:
312:
307:
297:
275:
250:
177:
7817:
6627:
6247:
6245:
5441:
The most distinguished Hasidic leader in Galicia in the era was
3714:
in 1905 at Transylvania remained known after its namesake town,
3397:, the Righteous One – often also known by the general honorific
3285:), which craves communion, by employing constant contemplation,
3161:
The most fundamental theme underlying all Hasidic theory is the
2802:
as such, meaning "adherent" or "disciple". One was not merely a
9657:
9524:
9460:
8085:
7925:
7373:
7368:
7147:
5682:
created robust institutions, fortified his court's standing in
5611:
5602:
5358:
5311:
4995:
4729:
4709:
4638:
4434:
unique combination. Thus, while most dynasties from the former
4297:
4278:
4233:
4223:
4201:
4187:
4109:
4102:
3924:
3919:
3911:
3910:), to prepare and concentrate. This practice, still enacted in
3869:
3780:
3767:
3728:
3664:
The Hasidic community is organized in a sect known as "court" (
3658:
3650:
3640:
3610:
3599:
3569:
3414:
3393:
3383:
3375:, a great promulgator of Hasidism in Poland, blessing acolytes
2701:
2629:
2131:
2126:
2086:
2071:
1182:
1074:
494:
460:
446:
381:
181:
167:
155:
93:
5786:
Founder of Hasidism: A Quest for the Historical Ba'al Shem Tov
4939:
By the 1740s, it is verified that he relocated to the town of
4240:
There are many other distinct items of clothing. Such are the
2624:. Today, most of those affiliated with the movement, known as
9608:
9603:
9557:
9512:
9433:
9428:
8692:
8447:
8417:
7895:
6809:
6794:
6579:
Hasidism: A Mystical Movement Within Eastern European Judaism
6291:חסידות פולין" או "החסידות בפולין": לבעיית הגיאוגרפיה החסידית'
6242:
5446:
5167:
4925:
4757:
4725:
4569:
4568:
are rapidly growing all-Hasidic enclaves, one founded by the
4259:
4151:
4134:
4077:
3893:
3639:, Holocaust survivor, inspiring his court on the festival of
3498:
3458:, whom many of his followers believed to be the Messiah. The
3406:
3112:
3092:
2969:
2732:
2678:
1094:
523:
427:
396:
128:
89:
31:
5549:
in 1881. These institutions were originally utilized by the
5445:, who combined Talmudic erudition and the status of a major
4359:
4204:) hats are worn by many Galician and Hungarian Hasidic men.
2658:, are nowadays associated almost exclusively with Hasidism.
9707:
8241:
7956:
5770:
The Regal Way: The Life and Times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin
5490:
5489:. In Galicia and Hungary, apart from Halberstam's House of
5047:(our master, teacher, and rabbi) or by the colloquial Rebbe
4913:
4806:. These enabled the emergence and flourishing of Hasidism.
4733:
4678:
4674:
4182:
3542:
3502:
2709:
246:
6384:
Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society
5744:
on the part of surrounding society, and the great wave of
5580:, who was hidden from the Nazis and smuggled out of Europe
5410:. In Galicia especially, hostility towards it defined the
5384:
authority as well as a spiritualist. The tension with the
5157:, one of the greatest authorities of the generation and a
4932:
as a hermit, where he was visited by the Biblical prophet
4273:
Hasidic women wear clothing adhering to the principles of
3149:
6582:
5618:
era, the process was only somewhat slower. On the eve of
5191:
In 1798, Opponents made accusations of espionage against
5003:, did not accept his leadership. Establishing himself in
4957:
3245:
One major derivative of this philosophy is the notion of
3165:
of God in the universe, often expressed in a phrase from
5414:
to a large extent, from the staunchly observant Rabbi
3583:, associated with the cerebral side of consciousness.
2704:
and other old sources refer to the "Pietists of Old" (
9890:
6266:
6264:
5042:– later designated by the general rabbinic honorific
4311:, a hat, or a beret. In some Hasidic groups, such as
4145:
3699:
3391:
sacral literature, this person is referred to as the
6480:, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1980
4952:). He was known to pray ecstatically and with great
3679:
3415:
original which denoted God-fearing, highly observant
3200:
2599:
2110:
2091:
514:
5788:. University of California Press (1996). pp. 37–38.
3798:of Belz; the 1980–2012 Satmar-Belz collision after
3437:
through communion. The "descent of the Righteous" (
3343:, "drawing down" or "absorbing", and specifically,
2677:, each headed by its own hereditary male leader, a
6577:Balog, Yeshayahu P./Morgenstern, Matthias (2010),
6507:Jews and the Communist Movement in Interwar Poland
6261:
6147:
4756:, which rose already in the 1760s in a quarter of
2762:spread, the title also became associated with it.
6323:, Israeli Democracy Institute, 2015. pp. 234–236.
4289:, married women cover their hair, using either a
3829:Another related phenomenon is the recent rise of
9914:
6608:(Paperback: 2 volumes in 1 ed.). New York:
6422:The Lust for Asceticism in the Ha-sidic Movement
6352:, Princeton University Press, 2018. pp. 192–205.
5772:, Stanford University Press (2002). pp. 101–104.
5438:s goals, the Rebbes were unremittingly hostile.
4422:
4382:. (Chabad Hasidim, for example, daily study the
4285:, the stockings must be opaque. In keeping with
3586:Another famous philosophy is that formulated by
2675:independent sects known as "courts" or dynasties
6406:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
6207:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
6199:
6060:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
5810:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
5740:High fertility rates, increasing tolerance and
5038:. But the most important was the notion of the
3918:on praying earlier, and not eating beforehand.
6511:Dark Times, Dire Decisions: Jews and Communism
6074:, Encyclopedia Judaica, Volume 8, pp. 398–399.
5333:, appointed 1782. He held a lavish court with
3626:
2673:, the adherents of Hasidism, are organized in
8226:
8060:Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations (UOHC)
7801:
6718:
5713:The most explosive growth was experienced in
4572:dynasty and the other by Satmar. In Britain,
3897:, are particularly common in their services.
3859:liturgies, based on the innovations of Rabbi
3765:, "Ransom", better known by its Yiddish name
3545:supposedly lost when he ate the fruit of the
3057:
2562:
6428:. Oxford University Press (1995). pp. 53-55.
6332:Brown, היהדות החרדית והמדינה. pp. 1–14, etc.
5174:prayer rite, which they revised somewhat to
4774:newcomers to Orthodox Judaism ("repentants")
4641:. For decades, it was the dominant power in
3705:
3238:, both infinite and imperceptible, becoming
9715:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
6496:. University of Alabama Press, 1990. p. 44.
6467:, Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook 6 (2007).
6386:, Oxford University Press (2006). pp. 3–23.
6190:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
6105:Chassidic Feud Leads to Split in Community.
5560:
5247:. The most controversial fourth generation
4810:influence behind the rise of the heretical
4355:Rabbinic literature § Hasidic thought
4173:, and in Hungarian ones, gold-embroidered.
806:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
8233:
8219:
7808:
7794:
6725:
6711:
6563:. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization.
6542:Satmar: Two Generations of an Urban Island
6478:Hasidism and the Routinization of Charisma
3064:
3050:
2569:
2555:
7815:
6531:, Modern Judaism, Volume 11, pp. 175–193.
5702:. Moses Isaac Gewirtzman founded the new
5146:, establishing a Hasidic presence in the
4442:are inclined to extreme conservatism and
4215:in Jerusalem. The most ubiquitous is the
4207:Married Hasidic men don a variety of fur
4048:Learn how and when to remove this message
8262:Index of Jewish history-related articles
6513:. Oxford University Press (2005). p. 36.
6348:All numbers are from: Marcin Wodziński,
6085:Hasidic People: A Place in the New World
5764:
5762:
5564:
5434:were not averse to at least some of the
5290:stronghold of Lithuania, far more so in
5262:
5142:later led a small group of followers to
4972:
4888:
4661:, a charismatic sect founded in 1854 at
4560:region of New York; in the same region,
4358:
4108:
4087:
4059:
3645:
3630:
3409:. Hasidism elaborated the notion of the
3366:
3148:
9761:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
8398:
8065:International Rabbinic Fellowship (IRF)
6604:. translated by Olga Marx; foreword by
6394:
6392:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6338:
5969:The entire section is based on: Elior,
5243:, and especially the reclusive, morose
4956:, in order to provide channels for the
4080:. The woman is wearing a wig, called a
3621:
3525:In 1812, a schism occurred between the
14:
9915:
6634:
6521:
6519:
6285:
6283:
6145:
6128:Cf., for example: Judy Bolton-Fasman,
6023:
6021:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5271:, known for its "royal" mannerism, in
4580:is a settlement populated entirely by
4417:spiritual element in daily Jewish life
4227:is donned by Polish dynasties such as
2712:himself is honored with the title, in
8214:
7789:
6732:
6706:
6596:
6558:
5998:
5996:
5894:
5780:
5778:
5759:
4943:and became recognized and popular in
4878:
4158:. Most Hasidim do not wear neckties.
3491:
3450:, who declared himself the only true
2823:
2781:in the 18th century adopted the term
8240:
6464:Hasidism – Traditional Modernization
6446:
6389:
6370:Brown, היהדות החרדית והמדינה. p. 86.
6335:
6002:Elior, pp. 66–68; Dynner, pp. 20–21.
5422:to the radical anti-Talmudists like
4540:, particularly the neighborhoods of
4415:(cleaving to God) and embeds a deep
4117:Rebbe in his traditional rabbinical
3986:adding citations to reliable sources
3957:
3179:: "no site is devoid of Him"). This
2620:before spreading rapidly throughout
2612:that arose in the 18th century as a
27:Religious subgroup of modern Judaism
8045:Rabbinical Council of America (RCA)
6516:
6280:
6018:
5902:יש ואין - דפוסי יסוד במחשבה החסידית
5791:
5729:, which remained without an acting
5670:formulated a fiercely anti-Zionist
5457:against the rising liberals. Rabbi
4772:modern scholars, and that led many
3845:Most Hasidim use some variation of
3689:
3669:
3653:requests for blessing piled on the
2589:
59:
24:
9708:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
9688:American Jewish Historical Society
6551:
5993:
5870:See, for example, Benjamin Brown,
5805:Hasidism: Teachings and Literature
5775:
5532:was always a minor force, but the
5106:were the emissaries to the former
4767:rose under its charismatic leader
4465:. The right-wing, identified with
4390:, and the voluminous works of the
4351:Hasidic philosophy § Writings
4181:and keeps one warm, without using
3258:Closely linked with the former is
25:
9944:
6655:
5663:", and also utterly ahistorical.
3900:Hasidim lend great importance to
3277:To be enlightened and capable of
2661:Hasidic thought draws heavily on
597:Historical population comparisons
9900:
9872:
9859:
9858:
8194:
8193:
8178:Rabbinic authority / Da'as Torah
7816:
6561:The Mystical Origins of Hasidism
6426:Jewish Explorations of Sexuality
6162:from the original on 2022-01-03.
5359:retained the title for 181 years
5258:
5215:. Upon Elimelech's death in the
5199:their powerful leader. In 1804,
4968:
3962:
3362:
2838:
1241:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1155:Historical population by country
68:
6534:
6499:
6483:
6470:
6455:
6440:
6431:
6411:
6373:
6364:
6355:
6326:
6309:
6300:
6229:"Jews and the Jewish Birthrate"
6221:
6193:
6181:
6166:
6146:Berger, Joseph (May 17, 2016).
6139:
6122:
6110:
6098:
6077:
6065:
6043:
6034:
6005:
5984:
5963:
5950:
5941:
5932:
5643:. While a century earlier, the
4673:, established 1817 in namesake
4657:. The third-largest dynasty is
4512:, et cetera – in the cities of
4485:, represented in Israel by the
4481:. The great majority belong to
3973:needs additional citations for
3082:
2608:is a religious movement within
9780:Relations with other religions
6670:New International Encyclopedia
6295:גלעד: מאסף לתולדות יהדות פולין
5923:
5877:
5864:
5835:
5814:
5204:resistance, as exemplified by
4920:, he earned a reputation as a
4916:, in the northern frontier of
4900:(ca. 1698–1760), known as the
4893:Israel ben Eliezer's autograph
4800:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
4760:, encompasses 2,200 families.
4697:in 1979. Belz is led by Rebbe
4685:dynasty drawing both from the
4496:In 2016, a study conducted by
3350:Yet another reflection of the
3327:had a clear, if not implicit,
13:
1:
9767:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
7765:Veretzky (Rabbinical dynasty)
6699:photo-series by Suzanne Stein
6589:, retrieved: March 25, 2021 (
6587:Institute of European History
6583:EGO - European History Online
6449:Stampfer, Why Hasidism Spreaf
6072:Hasidism: Hasidic Way of Life
5752:
5746:newcomers to Orthodox Judaism
4802:, especially in contemporary
4793:
4728:sect, established in 1848 in
4423:Organization and demographics
4344:
3953:
3872:, and Psalm 23 at the end of
3804:Orthodox Council of Jerusalem
3376:
3124:" writers and thinkers, like
812:Christianity and Judaism
9698:Leo Baeck Institute New York
9693:American Sephardi Federation
6528:A Bow to Frumkinian Hasidism
6461:For example: Murray Rosman,
6350:Historical Atlas of Hasidism
6087:. Harvard University Press.
5887:, pp. 49–55, 63–67; Dynner,
5306:, where the Seer's disciple
4720:" (1,500 households) sects.
4594:Aleksander (Hasidic dynasty)
4331:
3529:and his prime disciple, the
3171:
3144:
2758:. In the 16th century, when
2684:
38:. For the medieval one, see
7:
8521:Constantinopolitan Karaites
8025:Central Rabbinical Congress
6690:Satmar Hasidic Williamsburg
6200:Goldberg-Mulkiewicz, Olga.
5843:Ben ideʼologyah li-metsiʼut
5704:Pshevorsk (Hasidic dynasty)
5351:Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye
5120:Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev
4866:in Arabia, and the Russian
4479:Central Rabbinical Congress
4448:Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam
4318:
4146:
3700:
3680:
3201:
2848:History of Jewish mysticism
2600:
2111:
2092:
1819:Latin America and Caribbean
515:
34:. For the Judean sect, see
10:
9949:
9933:Jewish religious movements
9749:National Library of Israel
8390:Zionism, race and genetics
7962:United Torah Judaism (UTJ)
5719:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
5630:exterminated – especially
5537:the foundation of Hasidic
5509:became the first Rebbe of
5225:Menachem Mendel of Rimanov
5100:Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk
5086:From its original base in
4882:
4788:
4783:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
4426:
4348:
4275:modest dress in Jewish law
4128:Polish–Lithuanian nobility
3840:
3783:, for reasons of modesty.
3456:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
3382:. Hasidism gave the elite
3120:perceptions to so-called "
3075:
2424:Jewish political movements
2121:Conversion to Judaism
29:
9847:
9703:Yeshiva University Museum
9683:Center for Jewish History
9673:
9538:
9410:
9284:
9178:
8709:
8328:
8270:
8252:
8191:
8145:
8114:
8081:Agudath Israel of America
8073:
8007:
7949:
7883:
7857:
7831:
7775:Vien (Rabbinical dynasty)
7757:
7714:
7666:
7643:
7540:
7422:
7354:
7216:
7072:
6908:
6740:
6083:Mintz, Jerome R. (1992).
5832:, 2007. Volume 8, p. 408.
5534:Jewish national movements
5370:Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn
5353:was defeated by his son,
5026:Maggid d'varav le-Ya'akov
4736:, constitutes 3,300. The
4708:dynasty, founded 1881 in
4633:, established in 1859 at
4429:List of Hasidic dynasties
3930:
3199:, leaving a Vacant Void (
3153:Rebuilt synagogue of the
2913:c. 100 BCE – 1000 CE
2616:movement in contemporary
827:Hinduism and Judaism
228:130,000 households (2016)
224:
210:
198:
188:
173:
147:
134:
121:
103:
83:
67:
52:
47:
8295:Ancient Israel and Judah
8040:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah
7941:Orthodox Jewish outreach
7770:Vien (Hasidic community)
6424:, in: Jonathan Magonet,
5576:(depicted 1934), of the
5561:Calamity and renaissance
5388:subsided significantly.
5245:Menachem Mendel of Kotzk
5134:established the sect in
5110:in the far north, while
4326:be fruitful and multiply
3824:sexual abuse of children
3814:, which saw mass riots.
3800:Yissachar Dov Rokeach II
3559:Menachem Mendel of Kotzk
3505:and its scions, such as
3272:Hitpashtut ha-Gashmi'yut
3193:) His omnipresence, the
2777:The movement founded by
2652:Orthodox Jewish practice
653:Temple in Jerusalem
346:Bar and bat mitzvah
8671:North African Sephardim
8644:Jewish tribes of Arabia
8035:Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah
7749:Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok
6635:Berger, Joseph (2014).
6544:. P. Lang (1997). p. 42
6107:JTA, February 10, 1927.
6095:. pp. 58, 135–136, etc.
6055:Hasidism: Everyday Life
5981:, Judaica, pp. 410–412.
5857:. pp. 151–152; Dynner,
5822:Basic Ideas of Hasidism
5525:was the largest court.
5505:and so forth. In 1817,
5426:. The Enlightened, who
5339:Menachem Nachum Twersky
5112:Menachem Nachum Twersky
5001:Jacob Joseph of Polonne
4818:, who declared himself
4750:Toldos Avraham Yitzchak
4653:. The current Rebbe is
4398:study the teachings of
4068:. The man is wearing a
3881:Ashkenazi pronunciation
3796:Yissachar Dov Rokeach I
3386:a social mystical role.
2964:c. 1175 – 1500s CE
2766:wrote in his glossa on
615:Twelve Tribes of Israel
9928:18th century in Poland
9774:Holocaust Encyclopedia
9744:Jewish Virtual Library
7989:Noam (political party)
6559:Elior, Rachel (2006).
6437:Dynner, pp. 34-39, 42.
5947:Elior, pp. 55, 62–-63.
5653:Michael Levi Rodkinson
5581:
5495:Tzvi Hirsh of Zidichov
5428:revived Hebrew grammar
5275:
5251:was the Podolia-based
5233:Jacob Isaac Rabinovitz
5217:now-partitioned Poland
5193:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
5104:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
4985:
4894:
4605:Williamsburg, Brooklyn
4491:Council of Torah Sages
4367:
4122:
4106:
4085:
4066:Borough Park, Brooklyn
3941:) as a means to reach
3720:Boston Hasidic Dynasty
3706:
3661:
3643:
3607:Mordechai Yosef Leiner
3595:Tzvi Hirsh of Zidichov
3574:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
3387:
3219:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
3158:
3004:1665 – c. 1800 CE
2943:c. 1150 – 1250 CE
2874:Apocalyptic literature
2764:Jacob ben Hayyim Zemah
9721:Encyclopaedia Judaica
9503:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
8688:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
8438:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
8168:Torah im Derech Eretz
7356:Lithuania and Belarus
6317:היהדות החרדית והמדינה
6119:. JTA, March 5, 1981.
5733:since the rebellious
5596:, and the subsequent
5568:
5547:Shlomo Halberstam (I)
5481:in 1859, and in 1876
5449:with his function as
5266:
5201:Alexander I of Russia
5124:Elimelech of Lizhensk
5018:Elimelech of Lizhensk
4976:
4892:
4873:Gershon David Hundert
4852:First Great Awakening
4832:Council of Four Lands
4699:Yissachar Dov Rokeach
4522:West Bank settlements
4469:, are hostile to the
4362:
4112:
4094:Moshe Leib Rabinovich
4091:
4063:
3649:
3634:
3370:
3152:
3035:c. 1920s – today
3025:1730s CE – today
1361:São Tomé and Príncipe
1356:Republic of the Congo
750:Second Temple Judaism
621:Kingdom of Judah
592:Modern historiography
8300:Second Temple period
8101:World Agudath Israel
6639:. Harper Perennial.
6602:Tales of the Hasidim
5830:Encyclopedia Judaica
5578:Belz Hasidic dynasty
5517:, the Hager line of
5331:Boruch of Medzhybizh
5308:Moses Teitelbaum (I)
5304:northeastern Hungary
5235:, the "Holy Jew" of
5096:Aharon of Karlin (I)
5061:The various Hasidic
5022:Toldot Ya'akov Yosef
4934:Ahijah the Shilonite
4930:Carpathian Mountains
4840:Khmelnytsky Uprising
4534:Kiryat Sanz, Netanya
4487:United Torah Judaism
3982:improve this article
3794:cursed the deceased
3757:on Sabbath and the "
3622:Practice and culture
3513:. Other sects, like
3465:Hitbatlut la-Tzaddiq
3221:, in his commentary
3172:Leit atar panuy miné
2994:1570 CE – today
2980:Cordoverian Kabbalah
2892:Rabbinic esotericism
2730:Second Temple period
2720:: "Adam was a great
2463:World Agudath Israel
1604:United Arab Emirates
691:Second Temple period
681:Babylonian captivity
9738:Jewish Encyclopedia
9483:Hekhalot literature
9294:Religious movements
8829:Judeo-Tripolitanian
7979:National Union (NU)
6321:כשיהדות פוגשת מדינה
5475:Yitzchak Meir Alter
5467:Hillel Lichtenstein
5408:Azriel Hildesheimer
5335:Hershel of Ostropol
4844:magnates and nobles
3597:, a major Galician
3345:Hamshachat ha-Shefa
3325:Avodah be-Gashmiyut
3302:Avodah be-Gashmiyut
756:Hellenistic Judaism
334:Land of Israel
293:Principles of faith
127:Dynastic, led by a
9879:Judaism portal
9815:Jews and Halloween
9810:Jews and Christmas
9200:Rabbinic authority
8952:Judaeo-Piedmontese
8385:Xueta Christianity
8290:Origins of Judaism
8257:Outline of Judaism
6695:2022-01-13 at the
6683:2009-09-15 at the
6600:(July 23, 1991) .
6306:Dynner, pp. 29–30.
6155:The New York Times
6040:Dynner, pp. 29–31.
5696:Religious Zionists
5672:Holocaust theology
5582:
5357:, whose offspring
5276:
5253:Nachman of Breslov
4986:
4898:Israel ben Eliezer
4895:
4879:Israel ben Eliezer
4830:'s claim that the
4769:Nachman of Breslov
4655:Yaakov Aryeh Alter
4598:Aleksandrów Łódzki
4380:Hasidic philosophy
4368:
4123:
4107:
4086:
4064:Hasidic family in
3788:Chaim Elazar Spira
3662:
3659:Lubavitcher Rebbes
3644:
3588:Nachman of Breslov
3492:Schools of thought
3448:Nachman of Breslov
3439:Yeridat ha-Tzaddiq
3388:
3187:, God contracted (
3159:
3078:Hasidic philosophy
2923:early CE–modernity
2919:Practical Kabbalah
2899:c. 1 – 200 CE
2824:Hasidic philosophy
2779:Israel Ben Eliezer
2770:'s version of the
2706:Hasidim haRishonim
2640:Israel Ben Eliezer
2317:Jewish Koine Greek
1859:Dominican Republic
1140:Judaism by country
819:Jews and Christmas
674:Assyrian captivity
9888:
9887:
9854:extinct languages
9755:YIVO Encyclopedia
9530:Hebrew literature
9498:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
9338:Reconstructionist
9016:Judaeo-Portuguese
8705:
8704:
8661:Eastern Sephardim
8305:Synagogal Judaism
8208:
8207:
8163:Religious Zionism
8050:Agudas HaRabbonim
7994:Jerusalem Faction
7875:Hasidic dynasties
7783:
7782:
6734:Hasidic dynasties
6646:978-0-06-212334-3
6619:978-0-8052-0995-2
6570:978-1-904113-04-1
6447:Stampfer, Shaul.
6276:978-0-8052-0995-2
6257:978-0-7879-6573-0
6136:, 11 August 2015.
6093:978-0-674-38116-2
5938:Elior, pp. 60–61.
5598:Russian Civil War
5416:Zvi Hirsch Chajes
5347:Mordechai Twersky
5310:was appointed in
5206:Chaim of Volozhin
5155:Elijah of Vilnius
5144:Ottoman Palestine
5132:Yisroel Hopsztajn
5122:remained nearby.
5118:in the east, and
4814:movement, led by
4627:Zalman Teitelbaum
4100:Rebbe, wearing a
4058:
4057:
4050:
4032:
3997:"Hasidic Judaism"
3812:Zalman Teitelbaum
3698:
3678:
3627:Rebbe and "court"
3480:but the son of a
3373:Yisroel Hopsztajn
3074:
3073:
3039:
3038:
2990:Lurianic Kabbalah
2957:Ecstatic Kabbalah
2952:Medieval Kabbalah
2939:Ashkenazi Hasidim
2756:Ashkenazi Hasidim
2663:Lurianic Kabbalah
2614:spiritual revival
2598:
2579:
2578:
2528:
2527:
2276:
2275:
2023:Reconstructionist
1967:
1966:
1119:
1118:
926:
925:
763:Jewish–Roman wars
711:Hasmonean dynasty
627:Kingdom of Israel
531:
530:
232:
231:
184:, local languages
98:Kabbalistic texts
40:Ashkenazi Hasidim
16:(Redirected from
9940:
9905:
9904:
9903:
9896:
9877:
9876:
9875:
9862:
9861:
8994:Judeo-Golpaygani
8595:Palestinian Jews
8570:Alexandrian Jews
8526:Crimean Karaites
8443:Unterlander Jews
8396:
8395:
8310:Rabbinic Judaism
8235:
8228:
8221:
8212:
8211:
8202:
8197:
8196:
8055:United Synagogue
8030:Iggud HaRabbonim
8020:Edah HaChareidis
7825:
7824:Orthodox Judaism
7820:
7810:
7803:
7796:
7787:
7786:
7734:Mishkenos HoRoim
7369:Chabad-Lubavitch
6727:
6720:
6713:
6704:
6703:
6674:
6666:
6664:"Chasidim"
6650:
6631:
6574:
6545:
6538:
6532:
6523:
6514:
6503:
6497:
6487:
6481:
6476:Stephen Sharot,
6474:
6468:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6429:
6415:
6409:
6396:
6387:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6362:
6359:
6353:
6346:
6333:
6330:
6324:
6315:Benjamin Brown,
6313:
6307:
6304:
6298:
6287:
6278:
6268:
6259:
6249:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6151:
6143:
6137:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6096:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6032:
6027:Benjamin Brown,
6025:
6016:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5991:
5988:
5982:
5967:
5961:
5954:
5948:
5945:
5939:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5921:
5910:Bialik Institute
5898:
5892:
5881:
5875:
5868:
5862:
5847:Bialik Institute
5841:Mendel Piekarz,
5839:
5833:
5818:
5812:
5800:
5789:
5782:
5773:
5766:
5742:multiculturalism
5715:Chabad-Lubavitch
5590:Orthodox Judaism
5483:Jechiel Danziger
5473:school thrived:
5469:allied closely.
5443:Chaim Halberstam
5221:Habsburg Galicia
5140:Abraham Kalisker
5128:Zusha of Hanipol
4980:(Praises of the
4978:Shivchei HaBesht
4904:("Master of the
4779:Chabad-Lubavitch
4722:Sanz-Klausenburg
4691:Edah HaChareidis
4683:Eastern Galician
4647:Przysucha School
4623:Aaron Teitelbaum
4498:Marcin Wodziński
4475:Edah HaChareidis
4452:Sanz-Klausenburg
4392:Rebbes of Chabad
4149:
4139:Jewish Holy Days
4053:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4033:
4031:
3990:
3966:
3958:
3879:Hasidim use the
3870:afternoon prayer
3808:Aaron Teitelbaum
3709:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3547:Lignum Scientiae
3381:
3378:
3204:
3185:create the world
3174:
3066:
3059:
3052:
2860:
2859:
2842:
2832:Jewish mysticism
2828:
2827:
2656:Yiddish language
2603:
2593:
2591:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2420:
2419:
2301:
2122:
2116:
2097:
2061:
2060:
2008:
1955:New Zealand
1907:
1870:El Salvador
1860:
1792:Northern America
1784:
1378:
1134:
1133:
1045:Crimean Karaites
941:
940:
919:
917:
838:
836:
828:
822:
813:
801:Rabbinic Judaism
782:
776:
770:
758:
746:
712:
705:Maccabean Revolt
682:
675:
669:
661:
654:
648:
640:
622:
546:
545:
520:
415:
414:
347:
335:
234:
233:
116:Orthodox Judaism
108:Jewish mysticism
72:
63:
61:
45:
44:
21:
9948:
9947:
9943:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9938:
9937:
9923:Hasidic Judaism
9913:
9912:
9911:
9901:
9899:
9891:
9889:
9884:
9873:
9871:
9843:
9669:
9534:
9406:
9280:
9174:
8989:Judeo-Borujerdi
8964:Judeo-Malayalam
8910:Judeo-Aragonese
8881:Lishanid Noshan
8713:
8701:
8433:Oberlander Jews
8394:
8324:
8266:
8248:
8239:
8209:
8204:
8200:
8187:
8141:
8127:Mishnah Berurah
8110:
8069:
8003:
7984:The Jewish Home
7945:
7879:
7853:
7827:
7823:
7814:
7784:
7779:
7753:
7710:
7662:
7639:
7536:
7418:
7350:
7256:Kaminka–Miropol
7212:
7128:Istrik–Litovisk
7068:
6904:
6736:
6731:
6697:Wayback Machine
6685:Wayback Machine
6661:
6658:
6653:
6647:
6620:
6571:
6554:
6552:Further reading
6549:
6548:
6539:
6535:
6524:
6517:
6504:
6500:
6488:
6484:
6475:
6471:
6460:
6456:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6416:
6412:
6397:
6390:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6365:
6360:
6356:
6347:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6314:
6310:
6305:
6301:
6288:
6281:
6269:
6262:
6250:
6243:
6234:
6232:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6212:
6210:
6198:
6194:
6188:Hasidism: Music
6186:
6182:
6172:Tomer Persico,
6171:
6167:
6144:
6140:
6127:
6123:
6115:
6111:
6103:
6099:
6082:
6078:
6070:
6066:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6026:
6019:
6010:
6006:
6001:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5968:
5964:
5955:
5951:
5946:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5899:
5895:
5882:
5878:
5869:
5865:
5840:
5836:
5819:
5815:
5801:
5792:
5783:
5776:
5767:
5760:
5755:
5668:Joel Teitelbaum
5641:Modern Orthodox
5636:Joel Teitelbaum
5563:
5355:Dovber Schneuri
5292:Congress Poland
5261:
5223:was assumed by
5219:, his place in
5186:Nusach Ashkenaz
5030:No'am Elimelekh
5028:, and the 1788
4971:
4887:
4881:
4804:Western Ukraine
4796:
4791:
4471:State of Israel
4436:Greater Hungary
4431:
4425:
4365:Knesset Menorah
4357:
4347:
4334:
4321:
4301:(headscarf), a
4072:, and either a
4054:
4043:
4037:
4034:
3991:
3989:
3979:
3967:
3956:
3933:
3874:evening service
3843:
3802:broke with the
3751:being forbidden
3712:Joel Teitelbaum
3707:Hof/Gerichtshof
3629:
3624:
3494:
3379:
3365:
3167:Tikunei haZohar
3147:
3085:
3080:
3070:
3041:
3040:
3022:
3018:Hasidic schools
3000:Sabbatean sects
2961:
2896:
2857:
2826:
2714:tractate Eruvin
2687:
2618:Western Ukraine
2606:Hasidic Judaism
2575:
2530:
2529:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2397:Judeo-Malayalam
2377:Judaeo-Georgian
2297:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2178:Yiddish theatre
2120:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2006:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1905:
1858:
1782:
1376:
1160:Genetic studies
1131:
1121:
1120:
938:
928:
927:
915:
914:
834:
833:
826:
816:
811:
793:and Middle Ages
791:Rabbinic period
778:
772:
765:
753:
724:
710:
680:
673:
664:
656:
652:
643:
638:in Judaism
635:
620:
543:
533:
532:
412:
402:
401:
345:
333:
278:
205:Western Ukraine
203:
135:Major dynasties
79:
53:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9946:
9936:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9910:
9909:
9886:
9885:
9883:
9882:
9868:
9848:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9841:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9821:non-Christian
9819:
9818:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9777:
9770:
9763:
9758:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9717:
9712:
9711:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9679:
9677:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9655:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9624:
9623:
9613:
9612:
9611:
9606:
9596:
9591:
9590:
9589:
9579:
9578:
9577:
9567:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9555:
9544:
9542:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9520:Shulchan Aruch
9517:
9516:
9515:
9510:
9508:Sefer Yetzirah
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9488:Pardes Rimonim
9485:
9478:Kabbalah texts
9475:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9448:
9447:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9422:
9416:
9414:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9368:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9356:
9355:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9324:
9323:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9311:
9290:
9288:
9282:
9281:
9279:
9278:
9273:
9271:Land of Israel
9268:
9267:
9266:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9245:
9244:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9223:
9222:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9196:
9195:
9184:
9182:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9172:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9164:
9163:
9158:
9157:
9156:
9149:
9147:Judeo-Alsatian
9139:
9138:
9137:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9068:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9012:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8999:Judeo-Hamedani
8996:
8991:
8986:
8976:
8974:Judaeo-Occitan
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8955:
8954:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8915:Jewish English
8912:
8907:
8906:
8905:
8904:
8903:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8846:Judaeo-Aramaic
8843:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8834:Judeo-Tunisian
8831:
8826:
8824:Judeo-Moroccan
8821:
8820:
8819:
8817:Judeo-Baghdadi
8804:
8799:
8794:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8721:
8719:
8707:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8696:
8695:
8685:
8684:
8683:
8673:
8668:
8666:Livornese Jews
8663:
8653:
8648:
8647:
8646:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8557:
8556:
8555:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8529:
8528:
8523:
8513:
8508:
8507:
8506:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8485:
8484:
8479:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8462:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8413:Afrikaner-Jode
8404:
8402:
8393:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8334:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8276:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8259:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8238:
8237:
8230:
8223:
8215:
8206:
8205:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8149:
8147:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8122:Shulchan Aruch
8118:
8116:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8096:Orthodox Union
8093:
8088:
8083:
8077:
8075:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8011:
8009:
8005:
8004:
8002:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7969:
7967:Agudat Yisrael
7959:
7953:
7951:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7936:Chinuch Atzmai
7933:
7931:Torah Umesorah
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7887:
7885:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7861:
7859:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7835:
7833:
7829:
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7812:
7805:
7798:
7790:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7772:
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7761:
7759:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7720:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7672:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7655:
7649:
7647:
7645:Czech Republic
7641:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7546:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7532:Seret-Vizhnitz
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7428:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7360:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7222:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7079:
7077:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
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6915:
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6906:
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6903:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6730:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6687:
6675:
6657:
6656:External links
6654:
6652:
6651:
6645:
6632:
6618:
6610:Schocken Books
6594:
6575:
6569:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6540:Israel Rubin.
6533:
6515:
6498:
6490:David Ellenson
6482:
6469:
6454:
6439:
6430:
6410:
6401:Ba‘al Shem Tov
6398:Moshe Rosman,
6388:
6372:
6363:
6354:
6334:
6325:
6308:
6299:
6279:
6260:
6241:
6220:
6192:
6180:
6165:
6138:
6121:
6109:
6097:
6076:
6064:
6042:
6033:
6017:
6015:, pp. 108–110.
6004:
5992:
5983:
5962:
5949:
5940:
5931:
5922:
5900:Rachel Elior,
5893:
5891:, pp. 117–121.
5876:
5874:. pp. 455-456.
5863:
5834:
5820:Louis Jacobs,
5813:
5790:
5784:Moshe Rosman,
5774:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5717:, whose head,
5632:Aharon Rokeach
5574:Aharon Rokeach
5562:
5559:
5507:Sholom Rokeach
5269:Ruzhin dynasty
5267:Palace of the
5260:
5257:
5229:Seer of Lublin
5138:. Vitebsk and
5126:, his brother
4970:
4967:
4883:Main article:
4880:
4877:
4836:Raphael Mahler
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4687:Seer of Lublin
4651:Central Poland
4427:Main article:
4424:
4421:
4346:
4343:
4333:
4330:
4320:
4317:
4268:first haircuts
4147:zaydene kapote
4056:
4055:
3970:
3968:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3932:
3929:
3842:
3839:
3759:Melaveh Malkah
3704:; from German
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3551:Central Poland
3527:Seer of Lublin
3493:
3490:
3429:phase", noted
3364:
3361:
3264:Einei ha-Basar
3146:
3143:
3134:Benjamin Brown
3105:Mendel Piekarz
3084:
3081:
3076:Main article:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:Academic study
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2974:1280s–1400s CE
2972:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2929:Sefer Yetzirah
2925:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2822:
2788:Salomon Maimon
2772:Shulchan Aruch
2686:
2683:
2648:Haredi Judaism
2622:Eastern Europe
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2458:Territorialism
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:Judaeo-Spanish
2339:
2337:Judaeo-Iranian
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:United Kingdom
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1216:Bilad-el-Sudan
1213:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1169:Land of Israel
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1027:Related groups
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
960:
959:
954:
939:
934:
933:
930:
929:
924:
923:
922:
921:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
884:Jewish atheism
881:
876:
871:
863:
862:
858:
857:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:Islamic–Jewish
830:
823:
808:
803:
795:
794:
787:
786:
785:
784:
760:
747:
719:
714:
707:
702:
700:Yehud Medinata
694:
693:
687:
686:
685:
684:
677:
670:
662:
649:
641:
629:
624:
617:
609:
608:
606:Ancient Israel
602:
601:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
562:Land of Israel
559:
551:
550:
544:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
528:
527:
526:
521:
517:Shulchan Aruch
512:
507:
502:
497:
489:
488:
487:
486:
481:
473:
472:
466:
465:
464:
463:
458:
450:
449:
443:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
422:
421:
413:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
342:
337:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
295:
290:
283:God in Judaism
279:
274:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
262:
254:
253:
243:
242:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
212:
208:
207:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
175:
171:
170:
164:United Kingdom
149:
145:
144:
136:
132:
131:
125:
119:
118:
105:
101:
100:
87:
81:
80:
73:
65:
64:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9945:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9908:
9898:
9897:
9894:
9881:
9880:
9869:
9867:
9866:
9857:
9856:
9855:
9851:
9846:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9805:Protestantism
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9786:
9783:
9782:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9775:
9771:
9769:
9768:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9756:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9739:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9722:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9685:
9684:
9681:
9680:
9678:
9676:
9672:
9666:
9663:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9650:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9622:
9619:
9618:
9617:
9614:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9601:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9588:
9585:
9584:
9583:
9580:
9576:
9573:
9572:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9549:
9546:
9545:
9543:
9541:
9537:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9493:Sefer HaBahir
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9479:
9476:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9453:
9452:
9449:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9420:Sifrei Kodesh
9418:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9409:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9354:
9351:
9350:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9322:
9319:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9306:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9300:
9297:
9296:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9287:
9283:
9277:
9276:Who is a Jew?
9274:
9272:
9269:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9243:
9240:
9239:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9221:
9218:
9217:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9205:Chosen people
9203:
9201:
9198:
9194:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9177:
9171:
9168:
9162:
9161:Scots-Yiddish
9159:
9155:
9154:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9140:
9136:
9135:
9134:Klezmer-loshn
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9109:
9106:
9105:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9004:Judeo-Shirazi
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8979:Judeo-Persian
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8969:Judeo-Marathi
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8953:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8947:Judeo-Italian
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8844:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8818:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8802:Judeo-Amazigh
8800:
8798:
8795:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8712:
8708:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8686:
8682:
8679:
8678:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8640:
8637:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8625:Hadhrami Jews
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8590:Mountain Jews
8588:
8586:
8585:Egyptian Jews
8583:
8581:
8580:Bukharan Jews
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8558:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8518:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8456:
8453:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8401:
8397:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8379:
8376:
8375:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8368:Lists of Jews
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8273:
8269:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8236:
8231:
8229:
8224:
8222:
8217:
8216:
8213:
8203:
8190:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8153:Torah Judaism
8151:
8150:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8113:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8074:Organizations
8072:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8006:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7973:
7972:Degel HaTorah
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7948:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7882:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7865:Orthodox Jews
7863:
7862:
7860:
7856:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7819:
7811:
7806:
7804:
7799:
7797:
7792:
7791:
7788:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7744:Toldos Aharon
7742:
7740:
7739:Shomer Emunim
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7717:
7713:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7668:United States
7665:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7539:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7421:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7379:Karlin-Stolin
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7301:Rachmastrivka
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7071:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6907:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6728:
6723:
6721:
6716:
6714:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6665:
6660:
6659:
6648:
6642:
6638:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6598:Buber, Martin
6595:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6562:
6557:
6556:
6543:
6537:
6530:
6529:
6522:
6520:
6512:
6508:
6505:Jaff Schatz,
6502:
6495:
6491:
6486:
6479:
6473:
6466:
6465:
6458:
6450:
6443:
6434:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6395:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6376:
6367:
6358:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6329:
6322:
6318:
6312:
6303:
6296:
6292:
6289:David Assaf,
6286:
6284:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6265:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6246:
6230:
6224:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6184:
6177:
6176:
6169:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6150:
6142:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6118:
6113:
6106:
6101:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6073:
6068:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6037:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6014:
6008:
5999:
5997:
5990:Elior, p. 65.
5987:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5966:
5959:
5953:
5944:
5935:
5929:Elior, p. 56.
5926:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5873:
5867:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5771:
5768:David Assaf,
5765:
5763:
5758:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5736:
5735:Rebbe Nachman
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5684:Agudas Israel
5681:
5677:
5676:Yisrael Alter
5673:
5669:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5600:uprooted the
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5586:Agudas Israel
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5400:Enlightenment
5398:, the Jewish
5397:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5259:Routinization
5256:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5176:Nusach Sefard
5173:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5136:Poland proper
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4983:
4982:Baal Shem Tov
4979:
4975:
4969:Consolidation
4966:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4902:Baal Shem Tov
4899:
4891:
4886:
4885:Baal Shem Tov
4876:
4874:
4869:
4868:Old Believers
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4816:Sabbatai Zevi
4813:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:Karlin Stolin
4751:
4747:
4746:Toldos Aharon
4743:
4739:
4738:Shomer Emunim
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4635:Góra Kalwaria
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4614:Agudas Israel
4610:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4574:Stamford Hill
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4558:Hudson Valley
4555:
4551:
4550:Crown Heights
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4526:Modi'in Illit
4523:
4520:, and in the
4519:
4515:
4511:
4510:Batei Ungarin
4507:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4483:Agudas Israel
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4400:Rabbi Nachman
4397:
4393:
4389:
4388:Likutei Torah
4385:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4283:Toldot Aharon
4280:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4052:
4049:
4041:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999: –
3998:
3994:
3993:Find sources:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3971:This section
3969:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3949:
3946:according to
3944:
3940:
3939:
3928:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:, a blend of
3850:
3849:
3848:Nusach Sefard
3838:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:Mitzvah tantz
3774:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3667:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3637:Kaliver Rebbe
3633:
3619:
3617:
3616:Zadok HaKohen
3612:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3374:
3369:
3363:Righteous One
3360:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3283:Nefesh Elohit
3280:
3279:Bitul ha-Yesh
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3260:Bitul ha-Yesh
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3181:panentheistic
3178:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3155:Baal Shem Tov
3151:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3079:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2800:Modern Hebrew
2797:
2794:, " pretend
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:Baal Shem Tov
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:United States
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Judeo-Aramaic
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Judeo-Italian
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Ghardaïa Sign
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:Denominations
1973:
1972:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:United States
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:Guinea-Bissau
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Lists of Jews
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
944:
943:
942:
937:
932:
931:
920:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:The Holocaust
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
864:
860:
859:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
831:
829:
824:
820:
814:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:
792:
789:
788:
781:
775:
769:
764:
761:
757:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
695:
692:
689:
688:
683:
678:
676:
671:
667:
663:
660:
655:
650:
646:
642:
639:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
607:
604:
603:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
552:
548:
547:
542:
537:
536:
525:
522:
519:
518:
513:
511:
508:
506:
505:Mishneh Torah
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
491:
490:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
471:
468:
467:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
448:
445:
444:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
420:
417:
416:
411:
406:
405:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
343:
341:
338:
336:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
288:
284:
281:
280:
277:
272:
271:
266:
265:Who is a Jew?
263:
261:
258:
257:
256:
255:
252:
248:
245:
244:
240:
236:
235:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:18th century
201:
197:
194:
193:Baal Shem Tov
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
160:United States
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
142:
137:
133:
130:
126:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
88:
86:
82:
77:
71:
66:
62:
57:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
9870:
9863:
9849:
9772:
9765:
9753:
9736:
9719:
9553:perspectives
9387:Samaritanism
9348:Neo-Hasidism
9328:Conservative
9308:
9242:Names of God
9151:
9132:
8942:Judaeo-Greek
8937:Judeo-Gascon
8876:Lishán Didán
8871:Lishana Deni
8839:Judeo-Yemeni
8807:Judeo-Arabic
8681:Meshuchrarim
8600:Persian Jews
8533:Kurdish Jews
8511:Kaifeng Jews
8460:Beta Abraham
8423:Galitzianers
8378:Antisemitism
8353:Israeli Jews
8338:Assimilation
8198:
8173:Torah Umadda
8146:Philosophies
8106:Young Israel
7843:
7821:
7404:Pinsk-Karlin
7251:Hornosteipel
6984:Monastritshe
6668:
6636:
6601:
6560:
6541:
6536:
6526:
6525:Joseph Dan,
6510:
6506:
6501:
6493:
6485:
6472:
6462:
6457:
6448:
6442:
6433:
6425:
6421:
6413:
6399:
6383:
6380:Glenn Dynner
6375:
6366:
6357:
6349:
6328:
6320:
6311:
6302:
6294:
6233:. Retrieved
6223:
6211:. Retrieved
6205:
6195:
6183:
6173:
6168:
6153:
6141:
6124:
6112:
6100:
6084:
6079:
6071:
6067:
6053:
6050:Louis Jacobs
6045:
6036:
6012:
6007:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5960:, pp. 32–33.
5957:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5925:
5920:. pp. 53–54.
5905:
5896:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5866:
5858:
5842:
5837:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5803:
5802:Joseph Dan,
5785:
5769:
5739:
5730:
5712:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5665:
5661:Neo-Hasidism
5657:Martin Buber
5644:
5634:of Belz and
5624:
5620:World War II
5608:Soviet Union
5601:
5583:
5550:
5543:Nowy Wiśnicz
5529:
5527:
5485:established
5479:court of Ger
5477:founded the
5471:
5450:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5424:Osias Schorr
5411:
5403:
5393:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5374:
5365:
5363:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5316:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5248:
5241:Simcha Bunim
5212:
5210:
5196:
5190:
5179:
5158:
5152:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5066:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5008:
4994:
4987:
4977:
4963:
4958:divine light
4949:
4938:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4849:
4828:Simon Dubnow
4825:
4808:
4797:
4762:
4714:West Galicia
4703:
4694:
4642:
4612:
4602:
4586:
4546:Williamsburg
4542:Borough Park
4530:Beitar Illit
4504:– including
4495:
4482:
4460:
4444:anti-Zionism
4432:
4410:
4403:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4335:
4322:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4272:
4263:
4257:
4244:
4239:
4232:
4222:
4216:
4206:
4197:
4196:(velvet) or
4193:
4186:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4155:
4132:
4124:
4101:
4044:
4035:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3992:
3980:Please help
3975:verification
3972:
3936:
3934:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3892:
3878:
3846:
3844:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3817:As in other
3816:
3785:
3772:
3766:
3762:
3755:third repast
3746:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3663:
3657:of the last
3605:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3578:
3567:
3562:
3538:
3524:
3495:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3451:
3438:
3435:
3431:Glenn Dynner
3422:
3419:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3324:
3321:Glenn Dynner
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3222:
3215:Rachel Elior
3211:
3206:
3202:Chalal panuy
3194:
3188:
3160:
3130:
3126:Martin Buber
3109:
3101:Louis Jacobs
3086:
3083:Distinctions
3012:
2868:800–400s BCE
2817:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2776:
2751:
2745:
2725:
2721:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2670:
2660:
2638:
2628:, reside in
2625:
2605:
2581:
2580:
2521:Post-Zionism
2392:Judeo-Berber
2387:Judeo-Arabic
2347:Judeo-Gascon
2094:Pidyon haben
2013:Conservative
1998:
1559:Saudi Arabia
1377:South Africa
1366:Sierra Leone
1188:Israeli Jews
1102:Mosaic Arabs
1055:Kaifeng Jews
916:Arab–Israeli
889:Emancipation
878:
768:Great Revolt
577:Anti-Judaism
572:Antisemitism
567:Name "Judea"
362:Baal teshuva
154:, primarily
139:
75:
54:
9795:Catholicism
9377:Hellenistic
9215:Eschatology
9153:Lachoudisch
9078:Lotegorisch
9056:Lachoudisch
9046:Koiné Greek
8959:Judeo-Latin
8896:Palestinian
8790:Palestinian
8639:Mustaʿravim
8565:Afghan Jews
8553:Berber Jews
8477:Bene Israel
8465:Falash Mura
8455:Beta Israel
8373:Persecution
8315:Middle Ages
7921:Bais Yaakov
7891:Torah study
7590:Mattersdorf
7502:Ujhel-Siget
7472:Shtefanesht
7452:Klausenburg
7296:Monistritch
6964:Kopyczynitz
6890:Tshenstkhov
6606:Chaim Potok
6418:David Biale
6213:20 February
5958:Men of Silk
5889:Men of Silk
5859:Men of Silk
5686:, and held
5655:(Frumkin).
5616:Interbellum
5594:World War I
5459:Moses Sofer
5420:Joseph Perl
5024:, the 1781
4856:New England
4838:, that the
4693:and joined
4677:, north of
4609:Kiryas Joel
4592:, like the
4578:Kiryas Tosh
4566:Kiryas Joel
4489:party. Its
4245:hoyznzokn –
4209:headdresses
4163:the Sabbath
3925:ritual bath
3861:Isaac Luria
3519:Ziditchover
3380: 1800
3122:Neo-Hasidic
2878:300–100 BCE
2768:Isaac Luria
2735:, known as
2632:and in the
2516:Revisionist
2506:Neo-Zionism
2113:Zeved habat
1906:Puerto Rico
1732:Netherlands
1564:South Korea
1549:Philippines
1429:Afghanistan
1296:Ivory Coast
1070:Crypto-Jews
1035:Bnei Anusim
1014:Bene Israel
979:Beta Israel
936:Communities
843:Middle Ages
582:Persecution
357:Bereavement
211:Separations
9917:Categories
9790:Anabaptism
9732:Jew (word)
9599:Leadership
9412:Literature
9397:Secularism
9343:Humanistic
9210:Conversion
9180:Philosophy
9021:Judeo-Urdu
8785:Babylonian
8630:Saada Jews
8615:Adeni Jews
8408:Ashkenazim
8363:Samaritans
8330:Population
8285:Israelites
8008:Rabbinates
7706:Pittsburgh
7653:Nikolsburg
7437:Chernovitz
7414:Strashelye
7394:Lechovitch
7281:Shepetivka
7183:Shendishov
7039:Strozhnitz
6999:Radomishel
6994:Premishlan
6880:Sochatchov
6875:Shidlovtza
6235:2009-05-05
6231:. Aish.com
5753:References
5649:Joseph Dan
5345:, his son
5300:Bessarabia
5114:headed to
5005:Mezhirichi
4941:Medzhybizh
4794:Background
4742:Old Yishuv
4663:Vyzhnytsia
4562:New Square
4506:Ramot Alon
4396:Breslovers
4349:See also:
4345:Literature
4287:Jewish law
4038:April 2024
4008:newspapers
3954:Appearance
3950:theology.
3916:Jewish Law
3773:Parentches
3427:theurgical
3334:Sabbateans
3329:antinomian
3287:Hitbonenut
3138:theurgical
3097:Joseph Dan
2933:200–600 CE
2718:Rabbi Meir
2501:Maximalism
2453:Secularism
2433:Autonomism
2250:Literature
2043:Humanistic
1647:Azerbaijan
1609:Uzbekistan
1584:Tajikistan
1504:Kyrgyzstan
1489:Kazakhstan
1336:Mozambique
1311:Madagascar
1231:Cape Verde
1183:New Yishuv
1178:Old Yishuv
1129:Population
1107:Subbotniks
1065:Samaritans
1004:Romanyotim
947:Ashkenazim
894:Old Yishuv
874:Sabbateans
861:Modern era
853:Golden Age
780:Bar Kokhba
500:Beit Yosef
367:Philosophy
9852:indicate
9800:Mormonism
9785:Christian
9665:Symbolism
9653:Synagogue
9633:Mythology
9594:Education
9565:Astronomy
9548:Astrology
9365:relations
9170:Zarphatic
9118:Galitzish
8920:Yeshivish
8797:Catalanic
8760:Samaritan
8735:Ashkenazi
8716:Diasporic
8711:Languages
8656:Sephardim
8651:Romaniote
8538:Krymchaks
8472:Desi Jews
8348:Buddhists
8183:Anarchism
7884:Education
7724:Dushinsky
7696:Milwaukee
7691:Cleveland
7676:Baltimore
7517:Temishvar
7457:Kretshnif
7447:Faltichan
7286:Machnovka
7241:Chernobyl
7231:Berdychiv
7163:Pshevorsk
7138:Kolbashov
7029:Stanislov
6850:Radoshitz
6840:Peshischa
6825:Novominsk
6785:Grodzhisk
6775:Chentshin
6750:Alexander
6585:, Mainz:
6013:Regal Way
5975:Teachings
5918:221873939
5885:Regal Way
5723:Shtreimel
5692:Misnagdim
5627:Holocaust
5551:Misnagdim
5545:by Rabbi
5487:Alexander
5463:Pressburg
5432:Misnagdim
5386:Misnagdim
5366:tzaddiqim
5343:Chernobyl
5288:Misnagdic
5280:tzaddiqim
5237:Przysucha
5213:tzaddiqim
5197:Misnagdim
5181:Misnagdim
5116:Chernobyl
5108:Lithuania
5063:Tzaddiqim
4954:intention
4922:Baal Shem
4864:Wahhabism
4858:, German
4812:Sabbatean
4590:Holocaust
4514:Bnei Brak
4502:Jerusalem
4332:Languages
4295:(wig), a
4255:Hasidim.
4218:shtreimel
4156:rezhvolke
4137:, and on
4098:Munkacser
4070:shtreimel
3865:Dushinsky
3853:Ashkenazi
3835:Mashpi'im
3831:Mashpi'im
3695:romanized
3675:romanized
3563:Tzaddiqim
3535:Przysucha
3443:Messianic
3341:Hamshacha
3304:. As the
3291:Hishtavut
3163:immanence
3145:Immanence
3117:Opponents
3089:homiletic
2792:Mithasdim
2742:Rhineland
2737:Hasideans
2685:Etymology
2667:immanence
2595:romanized
2511:Religious
2367:Zarphatic
2357:Bukharian
2327:Judeo-Tat
2312:Yeshivish
2286:Languages
2241:Sephardic
2231:Israelite
2221:Ethiopian
2211:Ashkenazi
2150:Religious
1940:Australia
1922:Venezuela
1828:Argentina
1810:Greenland
1722:Lithuania
1574:Sri Lanka
1569:Singapore
1494:Kurdistan
1459:Indonesia
1449:Hong Kong
1402:Abayudaya
1326:Mauritius
1060:Igbo Jews
1050:Krymchaks
969:Sephardim
837:relations
731:Sadducees
727:Pharisees
717:Sanhedrin
632:Jerusalem
392:Synagogue
260:Etymology
215:Misnagdim
152:Worldwide
85:Scripture
36:Hasideans
9865:Category
9835:Hinduism
9825:Buddhism
9727:Genetics
9643:Politics
9616:Marriage
9575:Holidays
9570:Calendar
9451:Rabbinic
9427:/Hebrew
9372:Haymanot
9299:Orthodox
9286:Branches
9259:Kabbalah
9254:Haskalah
9232:Holiness
9108:dialects
9088:Shassagh
9051:Krymchak
9031:Kayliñña
8925:Yinglish
8901:Galilean
8891:Talmudic
8886:Biblical
8861:Betanure
8780:Biblical
8775:Mishnaic
8770:Medieval
8755:Tiberian
8750:Yemenite
8740:Sephardi
8676:Paradesi
8620:Ḥabbanim
8610:Teimanim
8575:Baghdadi
8548:Maghrebi
8516:Karaites
8494:Gruzínim
8482:Kochinim
8400:Diaspora
8358:Karaites
8343:Atheists
8280:Timeline
8201:Category
8158:Hasidism
8137:Responsa
8091:Mizrachi
8015:Rabbanut
7999:Sikrikim
7950:Politics
7906:Chavurah
7901:Chavrusa
7832:Branches
7681:Bobov-45
7630:Stropkov
7625:Sasregen
7620:Ratzfert
7595:Munkatch
7575:Kerestir
7550:Beregsaz
7527:Vizhnitz
7389:Koidanov
7331:Sudylkiv
7291:Mezhbizh
7246:Hannopil
7208:Zhmigrod
7203:Tshokava
7193:Stitshin
7173:Ropshitz
7143:Lizhensk
7073:Western
7059:Zlotchiv
7049:Zidichov
7044:Yeruslav
7004:Sadigura
6989:Nadvorna
6949:Husiatyn
6944:Drubitsh
6939:Chortkov
6934:Burshtin
6909:Eastern
6870:Shenitza
6865:Shedlitz
6860:Radzymin
6800:Kozhnitz
6790:Izhbitza
6755:Amshinov
6693:Archived
6681:Archived
6628:90052921
6160:Archived
5979:Hasidism
5977:, YIVO;
5956:Dynner,
5912:(1994),
5861:, p. 27.
5855:31267606
5849:(1994),
5826:Hasidism
5700:Vizhnitz
5645:Haskalah
5539:yeshivas
5530:Haskalah
5523:Vizhnitz
5515:Bukovina
5499:Zidichov
5455:Orthodox
5436:Haskala'
5412:Haskalah
5404:maskilim
5395:Haskalah
5381:halakhic
5296:Bukovina
5172:Lurianic
5164:anathema
5092:Volhynia
5051:Sephirot
5035:Sephirot
4918:Moldavia
4718:Bobov-45
4667:Bukovina
4659:Vizhnitz
4538:Brooklyn
4477:and the
4450:led the
4446:, Rebbe
4405:Kabbalah
4319:Families
4304:shpitzel
4213:Perushim
4179:shaatnez
4167:stro-kes
3948:Lurianic
3943:Deveikut
3857:Sephardi
3792:Munkatch
3580:Sephirot
3531:Holy Jew
3515:Vizhnitz
3499:decisors
3417:people.
3316:qlippoth
3310:Sephirot
3231:Sephirot
3224:Torah Or
3190:Tzimtzum
3013:Hasidism
2984:1500s CE
2909:Hekhalot
2905:Merkabah
2864:Prophets
2760:Kabbalah
2747:Ashkenaz
2626:hassidim
2582:Hasidism
2538:Category
2496:Kahanism
2443:Feminism
2415:Politics
2299:Biblical
2269:American
2216:Bukharan
2206:American
2106:Shidduch
2082:Clothing
2038:Haymanot
1984:Orthodox
1912:Suriname
1895:Paraguay
1848:Colombia
1747:Portugal
1657:Bulgaria
1594:Thailand
1544:Pakistan
1524:Mongolia
1519:Malaysia
1439:Cambodia
1413:Zimbabwe
1388:Tanzania
1266:Eswatini
1256:Ethiopia
1246:Djibouti
1226:Cameroon
1221:Botswana
1150:Diaspora
1112:Noahides
1085:Marranos
1009:Cochinim
994:Bukharim
984:Gruzinim
974:Teimanim
964:Mizrahim
952:Galician
918:conflict
879:Hasidism
869:Haskalah
774:Diaspora
645:timeline
557:Timeline
470:Rabbinic
377:Kabbalah
352:Marriage
328:Tzedakah
318:Holidays
276:Religion
239:a series
237:Part of
219:Haskalah
174:Language
112:Kabbalah
104:Theology
48:Hasidism
18:Chasidic
9907:Judaism
9850:Italics
9675:Studies
9621:Divorce
9587:Kashrut
9582:Cuisine
9540:Culture
9471:Midrash
9466:Tosefta
9456:Mishnah
9444:Ketuvim
9439:Nevi'im
9402:Schisms
9392:Science
9382:Karaite
9353:Renewal
9314:Litvaks
9309:Hasidic
9264:Sefirot
9249:Halakha
9220:Messiah
9193:Mitzvah
9188:Beliefs
9142:Western
9128:Poylish
9123:Litvish
9113:Eastern
9103:Yiddish
9098:Shuadit
9083:Qwareña
9071:Tetuani
9066:Haketia
9041:Knaanic
9036:Kivruli
8984:Bukhori
8930:Heblish
8866:Hulaulá
8856:Barzani
8812:Yahudic
8745:Mizrahi
8605:Urfalim
8560:Mizrahi
8504:Neofiti
8499:Italkim
8428:Lita'im
8320:Zionism
8272:History
8246:Judaism
8132:Halakha
7916:Mesivta
7911:Yeshiva
7844:Hasidic
7701:Mosholu
7542:Hungary
7467:Ribnitz
7424:Romania
7399:Niezhin
7321:Slavuta
7316:Shpikov
7271:Makarov
7236:Breslov
7226:Avritch
7218:Ukraine
7198:Strizov
7188:Shinova
7168:Rimanov
7133:Kshanov
7113:Gorlitz
7098:Dombrov
7083:Bluzhev
7075:Galicia
7064:Zutchke
7034:Stretin
6959:Komarno
6954:Kaminka
6911:Galicia
6900:Zychlin
6885:Strikov
6845:Radomsk
6835:Porisov
6830:Ozharov
6820:Modzitz
6673:. 1905.
6202:"Dress"
6134:Haaretz
6011:Assaf,
5973:; Dan,
5971:יש ואין
5883:Assaf,
5731:Tzaddiq
5727:Breslov
5708:Antwerp
5555:Zionism
5503:Komarno
5451:tzaddiq
5447:decisor
5375:Admorim
5373:Rebbes/
5320:yoshvim
5284:Shtibel
5273:Sadhora
5249:tzaddiq
5148:Galilee
5088:Podolia
5080:Shtibel
5075:Shtibel
5055:Tzaddiq
5040:Tzaddiq
5010:Hasidim
4991:Dov Ber
4950:devekut
4945:Podolia
4910:acronym
4908:Name",
4860:Pietism
4820:Messiah
4789:History
4765:Breslov
4732:, near
4706:Bobover
4637:, near
4619:Zionism
4556:in the
4463:Zionism
4440:Galicia
4412:dveikus
4338:Yiddish
4292:sheitel
4249:Galicia
4143:bekishe
4119:Sabbath
4115:Dorohoi
4082:sheitel
4074:bekishe
4022:scholar
3938:Nigunim
3908:zemanim
3894:nigunim
3889:Aramaic
3841:Liturgy
3734:Mashbak
3716:Sathmar
3697::
3686:Yiddish
3681:chatzer
3677::
3555:Galicia
3539:Tzaddiq
3482:Tzaddiq
3478:Tzaddiq
3452:Tzaddiq
3423:Tzaddiq
3411:Tzaddiq
3394:Tzaddiq
3306:Ein Sof
3253:Devekut
3248:devekut
3217:quoted
3207:Ein Sof
3196:Ein Sof
3177:Aramaic
2818:tzaddik
2809:tzaddik
2796:hasidim
2783:hasidim
2752:hasidim
2726:hasidim
2716:18b by
2698:hasidut
2671:Hasidim
2642:, the "
2610:Judaism
2601:Ḥăsīdus
2597::
2481:General
2472:Zionism
2448:Leftism
2438:Bundism
2362:Knaanic
2322:Yevanic
2307:Yiddish
2264:Yiddish
2259:Israeli
2236:Mizrahi
2226:Israeli
2197:Cuisine
2173:Ancient
2155:Secular
2101:Kashrut
2077:Wedding
2064:Customs
2056:Culture
2033:Science
2028:Renewal
2018:Karaite
1999:Hasidic
1931:Oceania
1917:Uruguay
1885:Jamaica
1865:Ecuador
1833:Bolivia
1777:Ukraine
1752:Romania
1727:Moldova
1707:Hungary
1697:Germany
1692:Georgia
1682:Finland
1677:Estonia
1672:Denmark
1667:Czechia
1652:Belarus
1642:Austria
1637:Armenia
1614:Vietnam
1529:Myanmar
1514:Lebanon
1434:Bahrain
1393:Tunisia
1371:Somalia
1346:Nigeria
1341:Namibia
1331:Morocco
1261:Eritrea
1206:Algeria
1090:Neofiti
999:Italkim
989:Juhurim
899:Zionism
848:Khazars
743:Sicarii
739:Zealots
735:Essenes
722:Schisms
587:Leaders
549:General
541:History
484:Tosefta
479:Midrash
456:Mishnah
438:Ketuvim
433:Nevi'im
382:Customs
313:Shabbat
308:Halakha
300: (
298:Mitzvot
285: (
251:Judaism
225:Members
189:Founder
178:Yiddish
9893:Portal
9658:Hazzan
9648:Prayer
9525:Siddur
9461:Talmud
9425:Tanakh
9360:Neolog
9333:Reform
9321:Modern
9304:Haredi
9227:Ethics
9093:Shassi
9061:Ladino
9026:Karaim
9009:Juhuri
8851:Targum
8765:Signed
8730:Modern
8725:Hebrew
8693:Xuetes
8489:Dönmeh
8448:Yekkes
8086:Dirshu
7926:Kollel
7870:Rabbis
7858:People
7849:Modern
7839:Haredi
7716:Israel
7686:Boston
7658:Prague
7615:Rachev
7600:Muzhay
7570:Kashou
7522:Vasloi
7492:Satmar
7487:Sulitz
7482:Spinka
7477:Skulen
7462:Nassod
7432:Bohush
7409:Slonim
7384:Kobrin
7374:Kopust
7311:Savran
7306:Ruzhin
7266:Loitsk
7261:Korets
7158:Pilzno
7148:Melitz
7118:Grybov
7108:Glogov
7103:Dzikov
7054:Zinkov
7019:Skolye
7014:Sassov
7009:Sambur
6979:Makova
6974:Kozlov
6855:Radzin
6815:Lublin
6805:Kuzmir
6765:Ashlag
6742:Poland
6643:
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6616:
6567:
6509:, in:
6319:, in:
6293:, in:
6274:
6255:
6091:
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5904:, in:
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5824:, in:
5694:) and
5612:Chabad
5603:shtetl
5572:Rebbe
5570:Belzer
5312:Ujhely
5130:, and
5102:, and
4996:Maggid
4730:Skvyra
4710:Bobowa
4695:Agudas
4643:Agudas
4639:Warsaw
4607:, and
4554:Monsey
4548:, and
4467:Satmar
4456:Litvak
4386:, the
4353:, and
4313:Satmar
4298:tichel
4279:Satmar
4253:Belzer
4242:Gerrer
4234:kolpik
4224:spodik
4202:beaver
4188:gartel
4141:, the
4103:kolpik
4092:Rabbi
4024:
4017:
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3995:
3931:Melody
3920:Chabad
3912:Chabad
3903:kavana
3885:Hebrew
3819:Haredi
3781:gartel
3768:Kvitel
3763:Pidyon
3747:Chozer
3729:Gabbai
3666:Hebrew
3655:graves
3651:Kvitel
3641:Sukkot
3611:Izbica
3600:Tzadik
3570:Chabad
3507:Satmar
3473:Rebbes
3454:, and
3384:Tzadik
3371:Rebbe
2887:Pardes
2702:Talmud
2691:terms
2630:Israel
2590:חסידות
2586:Hebrew
2543:Portal
2402:Domari
2332:Shassi
2293:Hebrew
2188:Humour
2132:Hiloni
2127:Aliyah
2087:Niddah
2072:Minyan
2007:Reform
1994:Haredi
1989:Modern
1890:Mexico
1875:Guyana
1838:Brazil
1800:Canada
1772:Sweden
1762:Serbia
1757:Russia
1742:Poland
1737:Norway
1717:Latvia
1702:Greece
1687:France
1662:Cyprus
1628:Europe
1599:Turkey
1589:Taiwan
1499:Kuwait
1484:Jordan
1474:Israel
1408:Zambia
1398:Uganda
1316:Malawi
1286:Guinea
1276:Gambia
1211:Angola
1197:Africa
1080:Dönmeh
1075:Anusim
1019:Berber
957:Litvak
909:Israel
815:
752:
666:Second
634:
495:Targum
461:Gemara
447:Talmud
419:Tanakh
372:Ethics
323:Prayer
199:Origin
182:Hebrew
168:Canada
166:, and
156:Israel
148:Region
141:Italic
123:Polity
94:Talmud
60:חסידות
56:Hebrew
9830:Islam
9638:Names
9628:Music
9609:Rebbe
9604:Rabbi
9558:Monen
9513:Zohar
9434:Torah
9429:Bible
8543:Lemba
8418:Chuts
7896:Shiur
7758:Other
7729:Erlau
7605:Nitra
7585:Liska
7580:Koson
7565:Kaliv
7560:Dorog
7555:Chust
7512:Krula
7507:Shotz
7497:Seret
7442:Deyzh
7364:Amdur
7346:Zvhil
7341:Trisk
7336:Tolne
7326:Skver
7153:Narol
7123:Linsk
7093:Dinov
7088:Bobov
7024:Skula
6969:Kosov
6929:Boyan
6919:Alesk
6895:Vurka
6810:Lelov
6795:Kotzk
6770:Biala
5688:tisch
5519:Kosov
5513:. At
5168:Brody
5159:hasid
5068:Tisch
5045:Admor
4926:Torah
4758:Pinsk
4726:Skver
4681:. An
4596:from
4570:Skver
4518:El'ad
4384:Tanya
4309:snood
4264:peyes
4260:payot
4198:biber
4194:Samet
4171:samet
4152:satin
4135:rekel
4078:rekel
4076:or a
4029:JSTOR
4015:books
3742:Tisch
3509:, or
3486:Rebbe
3460:Rebbe
3407:Moses
3403:Rebbe
3399:Admor
3113:Torah
3093:Torah
2970:Zohar
2856:Forms
2814:Admor
2804:Hasid
2744:, or
2733:Judea
2722:hasid
2693:hasid
2679:Rebbe
2604:) or
2491:Labor
2486:Green
2183:Dance
2141:Music
1960:Palau
1880:Haiti
1843:Chile
1767:Spain
1712:Italy
1619:Yemen
1579:Syria
1554:Qatar
1534:Nepal
1479:Japan
1454:India
1444:China
1383:Sudan
1306:Libya
1301:Kenya
1281:Ghana
1271:Gabon
1251:Egypt
1236:Benin
1095:Xueta
1040:Lemba
659:First
524:Zohar
428:Torah
410:Texts
397:Rabbi
387:Rites
287:names
129:Rebbe
90:Torah
32:Hasid
8244:and
8242:Jews
8115:Laws
7957:Shas
7635:Tosh
7610:Pupa
7276:Olik
7178:Sanz
6924:Belz
6641:ISBN
6624:LCCN
6614:ISBN
6565:ISBN
6272:ISBN
6253:ISBN
6215:2014
6089:ISBN
5914:OCLC
5851:OCLC
5625:The
5528:The
5511:Belz
5491:Sanz
5418:and
5090:and
4993:the
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4906:Good
4748:and
4734:Kyiv
4704:The
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4625:and
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1900:Peru
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