Shivaji - Knowledge

1923: 1931: 2834:. His strategies consistently perplexed and defeated armies sent against him. He realized that the most vulnerable point of the large, slow-moving armies of the time was supply. He utilised knowledge of the local terrain and the superior mobility of his light cavalry to cut off supplies to the enemy. Shivaji refused to confront the enemy in pitched battles. Instead, he lured the enemies into difficult hills and jungles of his own choosing, catching them at a disadvantage and routing them. Shivaji did not adhere to a particular tactic but used several methods to undermine his enemies, as required by circumstances, such as sudden raids, sweeps and ambushes, and psychological warfare. 1742: 3106: 2974: 2343:, this campaign nominally increased the size of Mughal Empire, but ended in a strategic defeat and had a ruinous effect on Mughal Empire. Aurangzeb spent 27 years in Deccan, but ultimately failed to achieve his objective of conquering the Marathas, while, draining the Mughal treasury, and almost irreparably damaging the strength and morale of the Mughal army. According to contemporary sources, about 2.5 million of Aurangzeb's army were killed during the Mughal–Maratha Wars (100,000 annually over a quarter-century), while 2 million civilians in war-torn lands died due to drought, 1860:

Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.

2232: 2711:, who is the head of Hindus. But to oppress ants and flies is not at all valour nor spirit. If you believe in Quran, God is the lord of all men and not just of Muslims only. Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of contrast. They are used by the true Divine Painter for blending the colours and filling in the outlines. If it is a mosque, the call to prayer is chanted in remembrance of God. If it is a temple, the bells are rung in yearning for God alone. To show bigotry to any man's religion and practices is to alter the words of the Holy Book. 2759: 2747: 1260: 2801: 9815: 2864: 3339: 362: 9492: 3223: 9629: 60: 1693: 1339: 1819: 1413: 2924: 3397: 1425: 9373: 665: 1575: 1474:(metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand. What transpired is not known with historical certainty, mainly Maratha legends tell the tale; however, it is agreed that the two wound up in a physical struggle that proved fatal for Khan. Khan's dagger failed to pierce Shivaji's armour, but Shivaji disembowelled him; Shivaji then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army. 3151:(1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians." 1629: 9504: 1761:

back home and asked Ram Singh to withdraw his guarantees to the emperor for the safe custody of himself and his son. He surrendered to Mughal forces. Shivaji then pretended to be ill and began sending out large baskets packed with sweets to be given to the Brahmins and poor as penance. On 17 August 1666, by putting himself in one of the large baskets and his son Sambhaji in another, Shivaji escaped and left Agra.

9480: 1890:, was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion. 2213:. Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji and also convinced her husband to distance himself from his Muslim advisors. In the end, Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of 9516: 1836:

Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service. The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier. In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and in a span of four months recovered a major portion of the territories that had been surrendered to them.

1485:'s forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed; and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan, and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner. After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food, and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly. 1757:, now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, on 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand at court alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, men he had already defeated in battle. Shivaji took offence, stormed out, and was promptly placed under house arrest. Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, guaranteed custody of Shivaji and his son. 9468: 1998:, instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmins. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins, deliberate or accidental, committed in his own lifetime. He was weighed separately against seven metals including gold, silver, and several other articles, such fine linen, camphor, salt, sugar etc. All these articles, along with a 2002:(one hundred thousand) of hun, were distributed among the Brahmins. According to Sarkar, even this failed to satisfy the greed of the Brahmins. Two of the learned Brahmins pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had killed Brahmins, cows, women, and children. He could be cleansed of these sins for a price of 1518:, and also hired some English artillerymen to assist in his bombardment of the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would retaliate by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the owners, imprisoning them until mid-1663. 2132: 3574:

Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. Over and over, he espoused tolerance and syncretism. He even called on Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had no difficulty in allying with the Muslim states which surrounded him – Bijapur,

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Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. He was tolerant of different religions and believed in syncretism. He urged Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had little trouble forming alliances with the surrounding Muslim nations, even

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Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, tried to influence Aurangzeb's decision. Meanwhile, Shivaji hatched a plan to free himself. He sent most of his men

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Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable

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As per Stewart Gordon, there is no proof for this, and Shivaji probably bribed the guards. But other Maratha Historians including A. R. Kulkarni and G. B. Mehendale disagree with Gordon. Jadunath Sarkar probed more deeply into this and put forth a large volume of evidence from Rajasthani letters and

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In the 1750s, the "frontier" extended north to Delhi. In this period, the Mughal government directly controlled little territory further than fifty miles from the capital. Even this was fiercely fought over. Jats and Rohillas disputed for the territory; factions fought for the throne, and the Afghan

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Shivaji sent a letter to Prataprao, expressing his displeasure and refusing him an audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by this rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind, and was killed in combat. Shivaji was

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In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against

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At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Mumbai, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised

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Shivaji's mother died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a tantric priest, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. This second coronation, on 24 September 1674, mollified those who still believed

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Shivaji was obliged to undergo a second coronation ceremony on 4th October 1674, on the suggestion of a well-known Tantrik priest, named Nishchal Puri Goswami, who said that Gaga Bhatta had performed the ceremony at an inauspicious hour and neglected to propitiate the spirits adored in the Tantra.

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organised what was to be an annual festival to mark the birthday of Shivaji. He portrayed Shivaji as the "opponent of the oppressor", with possible negative implications concerning the colonial government. Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government,

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Older Maratha histories asserted that Shivaji was a close follower of Ramdas, a Brahmin teacher, who guided him in an orthodox Hindu path; recent research has shown that Shivaji did not meet or know Ramdas until late in his life. Rather, Shivaji followed his own judgement throughout his remarkable

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argues that the roots of modern communalism (the antagonism between Hindu and Muslim "communities") first appeared in the decade 1677–1687, in the interplay between Shivaji and the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (though Shivaji died in 1680). During the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by

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with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji. Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and besieging Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into

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At his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions. Shivaji's reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a systematic tool of description and understanding. Shivaji's royal seal was in Sanskrit.

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As for the cause of his death, the Bombay Council's letter dated 28 April 1680 says: "We have certain news that Shivaji Rajah is dead. It is now 23 days since he deceased, it is said of a bloody flux, being sick 12 days." A contemporaneous Portuguese document states that Shivaji died of anthrax.

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that depict Shivaji as an almost divine figure, an ideal Hindu king who overthrew Muslim dominion. The current academic consensus is that while these Bakhars are important for understanding how Shivaji was viewed in his time, they must be correlated with other sources to decide historical truth.

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For the Marathas, probably the two most significant events of the whole chaotic period in Delhi were a treaty in 1752, which made them protector of the Mughal throne (and gave them the right to collect chauth in the Punjab), and the civil war of 1753, by which the Maratha nominee ended up on the

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The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670, after which Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji. Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the

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in cash and 200 horses. Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battles with his brothers over the succession to the Mughal throne,

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of the Deccan, in conquering Bijapur, in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages in his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan. Shivaji's confrontations with the

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fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender. The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to

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With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates"), as well as Muslim mercenaries. Noting the power of the

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Shivaji's and Ekoji's armies met in battle on 26 November 1677, and Ekoji was defeated. By the treaty he signed, Bangalore and the adjoining areas were given to Shivaji, who then made them over to Ekoji's wife Deepabai to be held by her, with the proviso that Ekoji had to ensure that Shahaji's

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Jadunath Sarkar after weighing all recorded evidence in this behalf, has settled the point "that Afzal Khan struck the first blow" and that "Shivaji committed.... a preventive murder. It was a case of a diamond cut diamond." The conflict between Shivaji and Bijapur was essentially political in

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On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Shaista Khan's camp. He, along with 400 men, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers. In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son and several wives, servants, and soldiers were

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The coronation was performed at first according to the Vedic rites, then according to the Tantric. Shivaji was anxious to satisfy all sections of his subjects. There was some doubt about his Kshatriya origin (see note at the end of this chapter). This was of more than academic interest to his

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On 28 May, Shivaji did penance for his and his ancestors' not observing Kshatriya rites for so long. Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatt with the sacred thread. On the insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatt omitted the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji into a modified form of the life of the

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rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families, such as forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force. Shahaji in his later years had an ambivalent attitude toward his son, and disavowed his

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Seals were a means to confer authenticity on official documents. Shahaji and Jijabai had Persian seals. But Shivaji, right from the beginning, used Sanskrit for his seal. The seal proclaims: "This seal of Shiva, son of Shah, shines forth for the welfare of the people and is meant to command

1643:, with an army numbering over 150,000, along with a powerful artillery division, in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of 581:, Shivaji entered into vassalage with the Mughal empire, assuming the role of a Mughal chief and undertaking military expeditions on behalf of the empire for a brief duration. Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a 1554:, the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad, signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660. 1769:

After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with the Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals. Between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a

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The two met in a hut in the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him, wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a

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and Fazl Khan, in 1659. In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged

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of the Golkonda sultanate, who agreed to renounce his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding. Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of

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infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced by Telangi musketeers from Karnataka) and supported by Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile form of warfare.

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assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death. Each was placed under three officers of equal status, lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The officers acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balances.

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James Grant Duff, a British administrator, published his 3-volume work on History of Marathas in 1863. This work is mostly a chronological sequence of events and more of a political history with little to no insight about other aspects of Maharashtra's history.

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Shahaji was a rebel from brief Mughal service. Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by the Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army, and Shivaji and his mother Jijabai had to move from fort to

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against Hindu powers. He also did not join forces with certain other Hindu powers fighting the Mughals, such as the Rajputs. His own army had Muslim leaders from early on. The first Pathan unit was formed in 1656. His admiral, Darya Sarang, was a Muslim.

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In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains an important figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the

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castes. Shivaji was aware of the limitations of his army. He realised that conventional warfare methods were inadequate to confront the big, well-trained cavalry of the Mughals, which was equipped with field artillery. As a result, Shivaji mastered

3836: 3170:. Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji. Likewise, although supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of 2887:

Hill forts played a key role in Shivaji's strategy. Ramchandra Amatya, one of Shivaji's ministers, describes the achievement of Shivaji by saying that his empire was created from forts. Shivaji captured important Adilshahi forts at Murambdev

1335:. The Bijapur government took note of these happenings and sought to take action. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a fellow Maratha sardar called Baji Ghorpade, under the orders of the Bijapur government, in a bid to contain Shivaji. 3565:

However, none of these sources provides sufficient details to draw a definite conclusion. The Sabhasad Chronicle states that the King died of fever, while some versions of the A.K. Chronicle state that he died of "navjvar" (possibly typhoid).

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secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During 1649–1655, Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains. Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed

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Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise of the Maratha Empire. His strategy rested on leveraging his ground forces, naval forces, and series of forts across his territory. The

2065:—over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before his mother, Jijabai, and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies. Shivaji was entitled 2904:. He also rebuilt or repaired many forts in advantageous locations. In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts, numbering 111 according to some accounts, but it is likely the actual number "did not exceed 18." The historian 3136:

but simply a celebration of a hero. These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of

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Many modern commentators have deemed Shivaji's religious policies as tolerant. While encouraging Hinduism, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments. When

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In the run-up to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders. His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited

3326:, and that his style of governance was influenced by that of the Mughal Empire. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice", and 2950:

Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.

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by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter. There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife

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missionary. 'The Frankish Padres are good men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' He spared also the house of a deceased Delale or Gentile broker, of the Dutch, because assured that he had been very charitable while

1966:(warrior class) in Hindu society. Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorised him as a Maratha, not a Kshatriya. They noted that Shivaji had never had a 2209:(Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions on the 588:

Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil administration with well-structured administrative institutions. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions, court conventions and promoted the use of the

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The Bijapur sultanate was displeased with their losses to Shivaji's forces, with their vassal Shahaji disavowing his son's actions. After a peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of the young

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Most of the great Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar.

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By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of Raigad, along with his mother Soyra Bai and his wife Janki Bai. Soyra Bai was put to death on charge of conspiracy.

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Shivaji sacked Surat for a second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from

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at court and in administration. Praised for his chivalrous treatment of women, Shivaji employed people of all castes and religions, including Muslims and Europeans, in his administration and armed forces.

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called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found that the

2560:, was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji. It consisted of eight ministers who regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters. The eight ministers were as follows: 2261:, after being sick for 12 days. In a contemporary work in Portuguese, in the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded cause of death of Shivaji is anthrax. However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of 6088:

one to establish that Shivaji belonged to the Kshatriya clan and that he could be crowned a Chhatrapati and the other to show that he was not entitled to the Vedic form of recitations at the time of the

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Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, and Italian writers. Contemporary English writers compared him with

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Will the Minister of Education, Social Welfare and Culture be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ...

1946:, with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, who were his equals. Such a title would also provide the 7029: 8632: 1283:

as Poona's administrator. Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona. Kondadeo died in 1647 and Shivaji took over its administration. One of his first acts directly challenged the Bijapuri government.

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contemporaries, especially Brahmans . Traditionally considered the highest caste in the Hindu social hierarchy. the Brahmans would submit to Shivaji, and officiate at his coronation, only if his

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In the first half of the 19th century, the British East India Company was increasing its strength in India. Charles Metcalfe, a British official and later acting governor-general, said in 1806:

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Shivaji's greatest legacy was laying the foundation for the Maratha Empire, which played a significant role in undermining the military and economic strength and prestige of the Mughal Empire.

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Golconda, and the Mughals – even against Hindu powers, such as the nayaks of the Karnatic. Further, he did not ally with other Hindu powers, such as the Rajputs, rebelling against the Mughals.

1982:, and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one in need of the ceremonies befitting his rank. To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the 1543:, along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the 3206:

had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following a public outcry from Pune intellectuals,

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India contains no more than two great powers, British and Maratha, and every other state acknowledges the influence of one or the other. Every inch that we recede will be occupied by them.

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to the Mughals. Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan, as a

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Abhang, C. J. (2014). UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS OF EAST INDIA COMPANY REGARDING DESTRUCTION OF FORTS IN JUNNER REGION. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 75, 448–454.

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Persian Akhbars. With the help of this new material, Sarkar presented a graphic account of Shivajï's visit to Aurangzeb at Agra and his escape. Kulkarni agrees with Sarkar.

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After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad; Shivaji would retake Panhala in 1673.

1369:. The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into south and southwest Maharashtra. In addition to the Bhonsle and the More families, many others—including 499: 494: 2946:. Marathi chronicles state that at its height his fleet counted some 400 warships, although contemporary English chronicles counter that the number never exceeded 160. 3450:

was approved in 2016; the memorial is to be located near Mumbai on a small island in the Arabian Sea. It will be 210 metres (690 ft) tall, which will make it the

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as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji. In 1657, the sultan, or more likely his mother and regent, sent

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The preparation for a proposed coronation began in 1673. However, some controversies delayed the coronation by almost a year. One controversy erupted amongst the

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His chivalry to women and strict enforcement of morality in his camp was a wonder in that age and has extorted the admiration of hostile critics like Khafi Khan.

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Shivaji's legacy was to vary by observer and time, but nearly two centuries after his death he began to take on increased importance with the emergence of the

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after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July. Rajaram, his mother Soyarabai and wife

1723:, signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold 504: 444: 8468: 3466:

was underway. Consequently, the state public works department proposed extending the completion date by a year, from 18 October 2021 to 18 October 2022.

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Marathi book Shivkaal (Times of Shivaji) by Dr V G Khobrekar, Publisher: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, 1st. ed. 2006. Chapter 1

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In strict justice, the Jizya is not at all lawful. If you imagine piety in oppressing and terrorising the Hindus, you ought to first levy the tax on

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The Portuguese and the Marathas: Translation of Articles of the Late Dr. Pandurang S. Pissurlenkar's Portugueses E Maratas in Portuguese Language

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Scammell, G. (1992). European Exiles, Renegades and Outlaws and the Maritime Economy of Asia c. 1500–1750. Modern Asian Studies, 26(4), 641–661.

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Jasper, Daniel (2003). "Commemorating the 'golden age' of Shivaji in Maharashtra, India, and the development of Maharashtrian public politics".

5685:

On the ground that Shivaji was merely a Maratha and not a kshatriya by caste, Maharashtra's Brahmins had refused to conduct a sacred coronation.

3439:. In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building replica forts with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of 2723:

Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and all would have been circumcised.

2006:. 8,000, which Shivaji paid. The total expenditure for feeding the assemblage, general almsgiving, throne, and ornaments approached 1.5 million 7836: 5436:

Marathas And The Maratha Country: Vol. I: Medieval Maharashtra: Vol. II: Medieval Maratha Country: Vol. III: The Marathas (1600–1648) (3 Vols.)

391: 5929:. Published under the authority of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh by the Director of State Archives (Andhra Pradesh State Archives). p. 393. 2758: 9804: 8559: 7777: 3385:

upheld the lifting of the ban. This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.

3202:

As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role.

3022:

I forgot to mention that during pillage of Sourate, Seva-Gy, the Holy Seva-Gi! respected the habitation of the Reverend Father Ambrose, the

5741: 1514:

in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English at

1398:

rebellious activities. He told the Bijapuris to do whatever they wanted with Shivaji. Shahaji died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident.

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Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.

1716:

Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.

1655:

killed. The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to

10672: 7434: 4399:

Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp. 221–226.

736:

rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan, and Indapur to provide for military expenses. He was also given Fort Shivneri for his family's residence (

8227: 3210:

leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as a great nationalist.

3486:

Based on multiple committees of historians and experts, the Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his birthdate. This

2736:

friar who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Shivaji left the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."

2661:

Except the Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all other ministers held military commands, their civil duties often being performed by deputies.

1299:, and seized the large treasure he found there. In the following two years, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including 7640:

hostility from the Poona school for his sharp criticism of the "chauvinism" he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas

6232:

The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas

3393:

Shivaji's statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtra, as well as in different places across India.

1938:

Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking a formal title, he was still technically a Mughal

8527: 6068:

That was why, he said, the queen mother Jija Bai had died within twelve days of the ceremony and similar other mishaps had occurred.

3684:

Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars

2315:

In 1681, soon after Shivaji's death, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South, to capture territories held by the Marathas, the

3653: 3063:). His chivalrous treatment of enemies and women has been praised by Mughal authors, including Khafi Khan. Jadunath Sarkar writes: 8505: 5011:. Vol. 4. Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune. pp. 135–146. 2463:, acting on the authority of the Mughal emperor, recognised Marathas as rulers of Malwa and sovereign of all territories between 2365:

during the 27-year conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle with his aunt

3366: 3214:

the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.

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became one of the most significant authors in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the

2037:

in the year 1596. Gaga Bhatt officiated, pouring water from a gold vessel filled with the waters of the seven sacred rivers—

10309: 10146: 1852:

to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat; this force was defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day

1753:(though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb planned to send Shivaji to 8192: 6921: 2841:

and his generals, because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts.

2388:

In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the lords,

8309: 5952: 2817:

Shivaji maintained a small but effective standing army. The core of Shivaji's army consisted of peasants of Maratha and

1922: 8983: 4322: 1566:("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought there. 384: 17: 3076:

The earliest depictions of Shivaji by authors not affiliated with Maratha court in Maharashtra are to be found in the

2289:

After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans, with various ministers, to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson

1647:, besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls. He established his residence at Shivaji's palace of 9797: 9548: 9138: 8043: 6419: 4364: 3309:). However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overstating the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji, and his 2507:, which is considered a big setback for the Marathas. However, the Marathas soon recovered. Ten years after Panipat, 429: 7391:"New Naval Ensign: The naval prowess of Chhatrapati Shivaji that has always inspired the Indian Navy - Optimize IAS" 5274:

Politics and Religion in Eighteenth-Century India: Jaisingh II and the Rise of Public Theology in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism

2117:

that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by being a less controversial ceremony.

1930: 3805:. University of California Libraries. London, New York, Longmans, Green and co. pp. 20–30, 43, 437, 158, 163. 2953:

Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them. He built his first marine fort at

2377:(prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa 1990:, and specifically of Sisodia ancestry, may be seen as being anything from tenuous, at best, to purely inventive. 1926:

20th century depiction of the Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance by M.V. Dhurandhar

3318: 414: 5959:

About 50,000 people witnessed the coronation ceremony and arrangements were made for their boarding and lodging.

10453: 9204: 8690: 6775:

Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800

3772:

Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800

3023: 2733: 2126: 1535:

Shivaji escaped from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar

489: 320: 2989:

Shivaji was well known for his strong religious convictions, warrior code of ethics, and exemplary character.

2459:, and defeated an imperial army outside walls of Delhi. Facing defeat and starvation of his army in 1738, the 1957:

of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the

10234: 2746: 2443:'s death in 1707, Marathas started to capture Mughal dominions. By 1734, Marathas were firmly established in 377: 8908:(2011), "Resisting My Attackers; Resisting My Defenders", in Schmalz, Matthew N.; Gottschalk, Peter (eds.), 5999: 3507:

A decade earlier, Afzal Khan, in a parallel situation, had arrested a Hindu general during a truce ceremony.

1582:

Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to

10279: 10269: 9869: 9790: 8633:"Contract for Shivaji Memorial Project, PWD proposes extension of one year to firm without cost escalation" 6488: 3417: 3194:. This book portrays Shivaji as a heroic rebel and a master strategist fighting a much larger Mughal army. 2293:. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of 1848:. Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under 1327:. That fort served as the seat of his government for over a decade. After this, Shivaji turned west to the 606: 7083: 10289: 10004: 9782: 3128:. Phule's 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media. 2715:

Noting that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet

1238:

of Bijapur invaded the kingdoms to its south. The sultanate had recently become a tributary state of the

8253: 7451: 3498:

birth date from contemporary records. Other suggested dates include 6 April 1627 or dates near this day.

2369:

over the succession, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed

361: 10682: 10677: 9999: 9771: 9458: 8858: 8811: 8714: 3463: 3455: 3274: 3034:

depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "

1741: 1662:

In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji

50: 6731: 6079: 10422: 9989: 9177: 6670: 2206: 2135: 1720: 1701: 1687: 650: 8601: 1745:

20th century depiction by M.V. Dhurandhar of Raja Shivaji at the court of Mughal Badshah, Aurangzeb.

1639:

At the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle

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Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India

6140:. Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State. p. 147. 5326: 4748: 3365:

terms, a regime of "cultural policing by militant Marathas". As a result of this publication, the

1978:

of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the

10662: 10647: 10473: 10463: 10327: 10317: 9887: 3451: 2973: 2670:

Shivaji commissioned one of his officials to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and

2531: 2496: 2340: 2310: 1894:

deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son,

1632:

A 20th century depiction of Shivaji's surprise attack on Mughal general Shaista Khan in Pune by

479: 3269:

Shivaji is seen as a hero by regional political parties and also by the Maratha-caste-dominated

1444:, a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the 10667: 10657: 10458: 10402: 10372: 10332: 10304: 10284: 9979: 9897: 9074: 8367: 7496: 7178: 3454:

when completed. As of August 2021, the project has been stalled since January 2019, due to the

3382: 1493:

Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji and his army marched towards the

711: 8852: 8762: 8735: 8708: 7724: 7697: 7653: 7622: 7595: 7540: 7364: 7056: 7002: 6975: 6230: 5972: 5922: 5710: 5668: 5407: 5380: 5218: 5191: 5152: 4955: 4729: 4576: 4549: 4485: 4422: 4263: 4173: 3890: 2526:

The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British in the

2250:

for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala Fort.

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History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government

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Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near

1551: 1536: 1530: 626: 570: 434: 9198: 8574: 8060: 7110: 6948: 6812: 6616: 5870: 4123: 746:

At the time of Shivaji's birth, power in the Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates:

10637: 10632: 10489: 10204: 10154: 9859: 9645: 9277: 5751: 3409: 3171: 2508: 1983: 1515: 1478: 1445: 1441: 1407: 751: 723: 545: 509: 419: 156: 7723:

Bipan Chandra; Mridula Mukherjee; Aditya Mukherjee; K N Panikkar; Sucheta Mahajan (2016).

7722: 6466: 4082: 2867: 1295:, taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the Bijapur court due to the illness of 8: 9818: 7058:

Masters of the Battlefield: Great Commanders from the Classical Age to the Napoleonic Era

6541: 3413: 3310: 3286: 2999: 2425: 1895: 1644: 1362: 763: 549: 9088: 2257:. The cause of Shivaji's death is disputed. British records states that Shivaji died of 2190:; the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son 1464:

Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private, outside the fort, for negotiations.

1323:

under his direct control. He used the treasure found at Torna to build a new fort named

565:

Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the

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Citizenship, Community and Democracy in India: From Bombay to Maharashtra, c. 1930–1960

5606: 5038:"Mega event to mark Karnataka port town Basrur's liberation from Portuguese by Shivaji" 5012: 3976: 3800: 3551: 3491: 2882: 2500: 2460: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2316: 2166: 1986:

expected of a kshatriya. However, according to historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to

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land in the conquered territories, the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity.

10524: 10514: 10412: 10362: 10347: 10342: 10322: 10294: 10244: 9907: 9892: 9356: 9305: 9281: 9264: 9221: 9181: 9154: 9134: 9060: 9040: 9020: 9000: 8979: 8959: 8939: 8919: 8892: 8872: 8835: 8815: 8801: 8788: 8768: 8748: 8718: 8694: 8670: 8580: 8476: 8150: 8138: 8066: 8039: 7940: 7912: 7902: 7844: 7785: 7757: 7730: 7703: 7659: 7628: 7601: 7546: 7519: 7370: 7311: 7260: 7209: 7182: 7149: 7138: 7116: 7089: 7062: 7035: 7008: 6981: 6954: 6927: 6818: 6779: 6752: 6704: 6676: 6649: 6622: 6551: 6521: 6494: 6425: 6415: 6385: 6375: 6287: 6236: 6170: 6022: 5978: 5903: 5876: 5810: 5783: 5716: 5674: 5518: 5506: 5440: 5413: 5386: 5359: 5332: 5305: 5278: 5251: 5224: 5197: 5158: 5119: 4961: 4934: 4895: 4828: 4789: 4735: 4657: 4595: 4582: 4555: 4528: 4491: 4428: 4370: 4360: 4318: 4269: 4265:

A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century

4233: 4206: 4179: 4129: 4062: 4037: 4012: 3991: 3949: 3896: 3869: 3776: 3744: 3659: 3620: 3378: 3143:

One of the first commentators to reappraise the critical British view of Shivaji was

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The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated. Shivaji confined his son to

2085: 2080: 1482: 747: 699: 691: 298: 8684: 8089: 2938:

coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty

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ceremony, and did not wear the thread, such as a kshatriya would. Shivaji summoned

1962: 1899: 1869: 1795: 1619: 1437: 1374: 598: 590: 529: 484: 474: 7559: 6319: 6249: 6210: 5926:

Archival organization and records management in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India

3943: 2957:, which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy. The navy itself was a 2301:

were imprisoned, and Soyrabai was executed on charges of conspiracy that October.

1707:

The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent the

609:, as many Indian nationalists elevated him as a proto-nationalist, founder of the 10580: 10397: 10387: 10357: 10264: 10249: 10239: 10179: 10131: 10121: 9917: 9743: 9665: 9484: 9215: 9211: 9171: 9167: 9148: 9116: 9098: 9084: 9034: 9014: 8994: 8973: 8953: 8933: 8909: 8829: 8805: 8664: 8606: 8602:"India Now Boasts The World's Tallest Statue, And It's Twice Lady Liberty's Size" 7994: 7975: 7578: 7468: 7347: 7254: 6894:. State Board for Literature and Culture, Government of Maharashtra. p. 152. 6889: 6851: 6515: 6468: 6281: 6164: 6135: 6102: 6081: 6060: 5924: 5804: 5636: 5497: 5434: 5299: 5245: 5113: 5069: 4928: 4872: 4822: 4783: 4200: 4153: 3738: 3679: 3614: 3487: 3155: 3083: 2954: 2905: 2397: 2348: 2273: 2263: 2254: 1979: 1911: 1879: 1849: 1783: 1775: 1667: 1663: 1633: 1623: 1280: 683: 541: 185: 8764:

A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century

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wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the

1259: 10504: 10352: 10219: 10090: 10070: 9984: 9685: 9588: 9520: 9496: 9438: 9293: 8905: 8134: 6696: 6080:

Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch (1975).

5250:. Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) and Popular Prakashan, Mumbai. p. 263. 4578:

Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present

4525:

Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present

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award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.

3235: 3185: 3132: 3117: 2961:, focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas, and not intended for the 2779: 2708: 2421: 2417: 2382: 2210: 2024: 2014: 1947: 1841: 1779: 1449: 1063: 719: 574: 72: 9377: 7916: 7329: 7327: 6618:

Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785

4824:

Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material, Volume 2

4802: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4504: 4402: 3832: 2863: 2534:

wars (1805–1818), which left the company the dominant power in most of India.

1358: 10621: 10575: 10570: 10555: 10499: 9718: 8741: 8731: 8480: 8142: 7930: 7848: 7789: 7439:. Vol. II. London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. ltd. p. xiii. 7273: 6792: 6429: 6389: 6144: 5850: 5835: 5823: 5566: 4788:. Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma). p. 90. 4374: 3970: 3436: 3110: 3031: 3007: 2901: 2800: 2555: 2548: 2512: 2504: 2468: 2202: 2162: 2058: 1967: 1724: 1390: 1366: 1300: 1239: 759: 668: 646: 566: 449: 152: 8015:"Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests" 7869: 7414: 7285: 6115: 5957:(Volume 1 ed.). Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee. 1974. p. 13. 5554: 5542: 5465: 4709: 3917: 3683: 1666:, a wealthy Mughal trading centre. On 13 February 1665, he also conducted a 10545: 9937: 9932: 9814: 9708: 9703: 9508: 9285: 9126: 8911:

Engaging South Asian Religions: Boundaries, Appropriations, and Resistances

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as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the

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Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960

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Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding

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Renaissance State : the unwritten story of the making of maharashtra

7205:

The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles

7085:

The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles

6190:

Kulkarni, A. R. (1990). "Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom".

4317:(5th ed.). Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan Private Limited. p. 19. 3447: 3432: 3425: 3401: 3374: 3227: 2765: 2674:

terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to the production of the

2488: 2448: 2294: 2258: 2071: 1907: 1712: 1697: 1353: 1324: 1308: 1243: 1242:. It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was a chieftain in the 559: 554: 540:

19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680) was an Indian ruler and a member of the

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The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India

8391:"Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus" 8277:"Hard-liners slam state, Supreme Court decision on Laine's Shivaji book" 8062:

Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction

7655:

Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire

6470:

Veil, sceptre, and quill: profiles of eminent women, 16th–18th centuries

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published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims

2923: 2809:

increasing respect from the universe like the first phase of the moon."

2483:

Mughal throne.- (Cambridge History of India Vol. 2 Part 4 pp. 138 - 139)

2246:

in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the

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From the Death of Shivaji to the Death of Aurangzeb: The Critical Years

6414:(17th ed., rev. & enl ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand. p. 203. 5923:

Mallavarapu Venkata Siva Prasada Rau (Andhra Pradesh Archives) (1980).

5610: 4601: 4359:(17th ed., rev. & enl ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand. p. 198. 3459: 2927: 2893: 2146: 1971: 1607: 1601: 1592: 1453: 1292: 369: 97: 9200:

Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India

8996:

Sons of Sarasvati: Late Exemplars of the Indian Intellectual Tradition

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with a fellow Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims.

1818: 1412: 1246:

of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of rewards of

10550: 10085: 10080: 10065: 10030: 10025: 9947: 9844: 9758: 9733: 9713: 9608: 8972:

Deshpande, Anirudh (2015). "Introduction". In Pansare, Govind (ed.).

8730: 8362: 5524: 5512: 3327: 3247: 3038:". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as 2962: 2838: 2700: 2688: 2452: 2440: 2378: 2362: 2339:

dynasties, but he could not subdue the Marathas. Better known as the

2283: 2279: 2268: 2191: 2178: 2174: 1959: 1787: 1771: 1729: 1648: 1583: 1544: 1470: 1460: 1428: 1382: 1276: 703: 308: 272: 250: 228: 9340: 8955:

Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813

5115:

Marathas, Marauders, and State Formation in Eighteenth-century India

3424:. In 2022, the Indian prime minister unveiled the new ensign of the 3373:. Laine was even threatened with arrest, and the book was banned in 2267:, a biography of Shivaji has mentioned fever as the cause of death. 1774:

with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji, with general

10095: 10045: 10035: 9839: 9748: 9738: 9603: 9448: 9318: 6570: 6467:

Sunita Sharma, K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī (2004).

5597:

Malavika Vartak (May 1999). "Shivaji Maharaj: Growth of a Symbol".

5008:

Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute

3003: 2897: 2649: 2471:. Stewart Gordon writes regarding the northward march of Marathas: 2456: 2393: 2358: 2328: 2298: 2290: 2271:, the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed 2253:

Shivaji died around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 50, on the eve of

2235: 2154: 2142: 2098: 2050: 1943: 1939: 1887: 1754: 1671: 1540: 1498: 1394: 1316: 1304: 732: 715: 664: 638: 594: 350: 304: 129: 8850: 8682: 8502:"INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training" 7565: 6325: 6255: 6216: 5747: 5075: 4731:

The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times

4676: 4637: 3396: 1574: 1361:, a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of 10606: 10126: 10116: 10055: 10040: 9854: 9849: 9637: 9613: 9598: 9593: 9372: 9274:

Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume

9173:

Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King

8686:

The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra

6648:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. pp. 272, 276. 6354:. Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture. p. 61. 3137: 2939: 2464: 2413: 2409: 2389: 2366: 2320: 2247: 2214: 2198: 2183: 2054: 1954: 1587: 1386: 1320: 1264: 1118: 893: 695: 687: 679: 675: 340: 330: 315: 3404:

built by children on occasion of Diwali as a tribute to Shivaji.

2934:

Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the

2476:

king, Ahmad Shah Abdali, periodically descended on the capital.

1790:

also permitted Shivaji to attack Bijapur, ruled by the decaying

1424: 9967: 9879: 9728: 8469:"Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils Indian Navy's new ensign" 7345: 6605:, pp. 1, 3–4, 50–55, 59, 71–75, 114, 115–125, 133, 138–139 5066:, pp. 1, 3–4, 50–55, 59, 71–75, 114, 115–125, 133, 138–139 3892:

Spaces and Places in Western India: Formations and Delineations

3440: 3280: 3175: 3162:, hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since 3121: 3077: 2935: 2889: 2875: 2671: 2622: 2599: 2588: 2577: 2492: 2401: 2374: 2187: 2150: 2062: 2046: 2038: 1987: 1975: 1853: 1806: 1708: 1675: 1656: 1596: 1494: 1370: 1332: 1328: 1271:

In 1636, Shahaji joined in the service of Bijapur and obtained

839: 707: 642: 614: 610: 8888:

Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition

8443:"Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion" 7307:

War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849

5495: 4877:. Superintendent Government Printing, India. 1929. p. 44. 3616:

Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village

3369:, in Pune, where Laine had done research, was attacked by the 3109:

A miniature Bronze statue of Shivaji in the collection of the

653:

lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth (

9118:

New History of the Marathas: Shivaji and his line (1600–1707)

9083: 8744: 8737:

Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals

8035:

Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay

7729:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. pp. 107–. 7420: 7279: 6977:

Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls

6887: 6798: 6517:

Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls

6150: 6121: 6104:

The Making of Modern India: From A.D. 1526 to the Present Day

5939: 5856: 5844: 5829: 5642: 5617: 5572: 5471: 5382:

Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History

4874:

Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings

4859: 4847: 4808: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4613: 4408: 4282: 4178:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–221. 4175:

A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives

4109: 3639: 3125: 3093:

are considered the most reliable of all bakhars by scholars.

3041: 2943: 2851: 2818: 2696: 2692: 2611: 2444: 2405: 2158: 2042: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1845: 1248: 772: 181: 9097: 8854:

The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughal Period

7333: 7291: 6048:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 72. GGKEY:RYD56P78DL9. 5584: 5560: 5548: 5536: 5459: 5087: 2968: 9150:

The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650

8706: 8418:"Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)" 7597:

India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes

7366:

Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870

5708: 4781: 4510: 3968: 3916:

Apte, Mohan; Mahajani, Parag; Vahia, M. N. (January 2003).

3845: 3843: 3658:. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 183. 3178: 1999: 1750: 1272: 777: 727: 658: 9526: 8218:"Supreme Court lifts ban on James Laine's book on Shivaji" 8118:"The Past and its Passions: Writing History in Hard Times" 6331: 3989: 2491:, in the south, to the Sutlej river, in the north, and to 2487:

At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from modern-day

2201:(Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née 2157:(July). In November, the Maratha navy skirmished with the 544:. Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the 8302:"comments : Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat" 7699:

The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India

6849: 6045:

Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions

5712:

Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India

3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3593: 3591: 3335:

had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.

3035: 1505:, and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them, under 7958: 7956: 7515:

Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai

6903: 6901: 6831: 6261: 6058: 5764:

Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011

5690: 4755:

Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011

3840: 3655:

Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion

2699:

on 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote an admonishing letter to

1578:

Shivaji with his personal guards by Mir Muhammad c. 1672

8784:

The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective

7477: 7410:. Mittal Publications. pp. 13–. GGKEY:CCJCT3CW16S. 6814:

The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective

6672:

A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present

6436: 6309: 6307: 6001:

Chhatrapati Shivaji, Architect of Freedom: An Anthology

4229:

Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India

2617:

All matters related to relationships with other states

1700:

of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the

9133:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 8868:

India in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know

7870:"BBC Radio 4 in Four, Shivaji: An icon of Hindu pride" 7362: 3689: 3588: 2837:

Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by

1898:, to Prataprao's daughter. Prataprao was succeeded by 1678:

in present-day Karnataka, and gained a large plunder.

9456: 7953: 7837:"Rajnath Singh draws flak for 'saffronising' Shivaji" 7716: 7234: 6898: 6473:. Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library. p. 139. 5806:

Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History

5796: 5729: 5648: 5477: 3809: 2282:

had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son

8165:"'Maratha' activists vandalise Bhandarkar Institute" 6534: 6460: 6448: 6304: 5997: 5702: 5171: 5132: 5093: 4986: 4974: 4908: 4777: 4775: 4760: 4619: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4381: 4331: 4294: 4261: 4225: 2664: 2197:

Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother

1613: 1562:

meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed

9036:

Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia

6540: 6490:

Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements

6228: 6133: 6100: 3197: 2447:. By 1737 Marathas had carried out raids as far as 2305:

Aurangzeb's Campaign Against Marathas And Aftermath

1420:

of Shivaji fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan

1352:Shahaji was released in 1649, after the capture of 9320: 9297: 9093:(Second ed.), London: Longmans, Green and Co. 8274: 8116: 7170: 7137: 7135: 4232:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 44–. 3996:. The Maharashtra Publishing House. pp. 6–17. 2495:, in the east. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the 1778:, to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, 1224: 9131:Vijayanagara (The New Cambridge History of India) 7466: 6881: 6374:. India: Param Mitra Publications. p. 1147. 6192:Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 6018:Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947 4772: 4551:Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals 4036:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 211. 3915: 3422:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport 3116:In the mid–19th century, Marathi social reformer 1459:Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to 10619: 8250:"Protests over James Laine's book across Mumbai" 7939:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 65. 7620: 7505: 7403: 7004:Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE 6614: 6589:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 549, 563. 6169:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 153–190. 5916: 5872:Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji 5628:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDaniel_Jasper2003 ( 4483: 4171: 4011:. Institute of Historical Studies. p. 106. 3983: 3420:in 1996. The busiest airport in Mumbai is named 2013:On 6 June 1674, Shivaji was crowned king of the 770:of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his 762:. Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the 9104:History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources 8935:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India 8252:. webindia123.com. 10 July 2010. Archived from 7749: 7511: 7456:. The Arya Book Depot Kolhapur. pp. 11–12. 6675:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. 6052: 5775: 5666: 5596: 5220:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India 4147: 4145: 3431:Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's 2177:for a month and entered into a treaty with the 1914:, as a capital of the nascent Maratha kingdom. 1886:(commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces) and 1863: 9322:"Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire" 8599: 8058: 7678: 7614: 7583:. Indo-British Historical Society. p. 75. 7252: 6946: 6695: 6162: 6156: 6041: 5991: 5970: 5590: 5489: 4887: 4827:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 59. 4151: 3889:Sengar, Bina; McMillin, Laurie Hovell (2019). 3888: 3862:Biswas, Debajyoti; Ryan, John Charles (2021). 3612: 3549: 3490:date of that period (1 March 1630 of today's 3188:, a British civil servant in India, published 2870:, view of southern sub-plateaux, as seen from 2108: 2102: 2023:) in a lavish ceremony at Raigad fort. In the 657:). Shivaji was named after a local deity, the 649:. Scholars disagree on his date of birth; the 27:First Chhatrapati of the Marathas (r. 1674–80) 9798: 9542: 8663:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), 8012: 7658:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–. 7538: 7363:Kaushik Roy; Peter Lorge (17 December 2014). 7356: 7246: 6598: 6596: 5964: 5868: 5802: 5769: 5623: 5223:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 547. 4927:Mahmud, Sayyid Fayyaz; Mahmud, S. F. (1988). 4581:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–. 4547: 4490:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 208–. 4056: 4009:Historians and historiography in modern India 4006: 3717: 3608: 3606: 3428:, which was inspired by the seal of Shivaji. 2120: 1393:—also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with 1331:and took possession of the important town of 385: 9146: 8193:"Where The Stream Of Reason Lost Its Way..." 8059:Kaur, Raminder; Mazzarella, William (2009). 7980:. Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1952. p. 121. 7923: 7627:. Columbia University Press. pp. 136–. 7339: 7129: 6843: 6668: 6279: 6273: 6137:Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period 6127: 5902:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 42. 4926: 4602:Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence 2014 4477: 4288: 4167: 4165: 4142: 4031: 3446:A proposal to build a giant memorial called 3281:Controversies related to Shivaji's depiction 1736: 1569: 1448:, a holy site for Shivaji's family, and the 1311:. He also brought areas east of Pune around 9245:Journal of Political and Military Sociology 8992: 8662: 7999:P.E.N. All-India Centre. 1964. p. 32. 7695: 7651: 7303: 7168: 7162: 6940: 6703:. Vol. 2. Penguin Books. p. 129. 6094: 6073: 6035: 6014: 5862: 5660: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 4960:. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. 4820: 4574: 4527:. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. 4268:. Dorling Kindersley India. pp. 314–. 3743:. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. 3651: 3377:in January 2004. The ban was lifted by the 3294: 3251: 3048: 3039: 1481:, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the 9805: 9791: 9549: 9535: 8334:. Pune Mirror. 16 May 2012. Archived from 8038:. Princeton University Press. p. 22. 7901:. : Harper Collins India. pp. 69–78. 7778:"'Chatrapati Shivaji was a national hero'" 7645: 7498:A History of Marathas by Grant Duff Vol. 1 7397: 7259:. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 14. 6953:. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. 6593: 6550:. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. 6008: 5889: 5525:Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne 2000 5513:Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne 2000 5502:. Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal. p. 138. 5004: 4198: 3861: 3603: 1291:In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji captured the 1286: 1279:by the Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed 722:(1552–1597) was an influential general of 392: 378: 58: 9271: 9056:An Economic History of Early Modern India 8971: 8891:, Oxford University Press, pp. 40–, 8871:, Oxford University Press, pp. 41–, 8625: 7600:. Indiana University Press. p. 121. 7532: 6367: 6337: 6062:The History of India, 1000 A.D.–1707 A.D. 5803:Varma, Supriya; Saberwal, Satish (2005). 5297: 4541: 4219: 4192: 4162: 3815: 3652:James Laine (1996). Anne Feldhaus (ed.). 2969:Depictions and interpretations of Shivaji 2031:) of the first fortnight of the month of 1798:sued for peace and granted the rights of 1782:. Sambhaji was also granted territory in 1764: 1401: 1229: 9166: 9111: 7483: 7346:Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry (1981). 7297: 6919: 6856:. American Oriental Society. p. 476 6853:Journal of the American Oriental Society 6837: 6744: 6608: 6571:Pearson, Shivaji and Mughal decline 1976 6442: 6349: 6267: 6222: 6189: 5809:. Oxford University Press. p. 250. 5432: 5405: 5351: 5157:. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 299, 300. 5118:. Oxford University Press. p. 206. 5048: 4953: 4933:. Oxford University Press. p. 158. 4766: 4649: 4348: 4346: 4255: 4000: 3941: 3865:Nationalism in India: Texts and Contexts 3736: 3724:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting 3597: 3395: 3337: 3221: 3104: 2972: 2922: 2862: 2799: 2678:, the thesaurus of state usage in 1677. 2655:All matters related to army of the king 2331:. He was successful in obliterating the 2230: 2130: 1929: 1921: 1817: 1740: 1691: 1627: 1573: 1524: 1423: 1411: 1337: 1258: 663: 399: 9210: 9193: 8851:Haig, Wolseley; Burn, Richard (1960) , 8550:"Shivaji killas express pure reverence" 8114: 8065:. Indiana University Press. p. 1. 7929: 7702:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 431. 7566:Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya 1975 7449: 6876:Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India 6771: 6407: 6326:Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960 6286:. Eastwest Books (Madras). p. 20. 6256:Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960 6217:Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960 6166:Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India 5748:Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya 1975 5496:Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari (1973). 5324: 5076:Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960 4721: 4677:Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960 4638:Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960 4568: 4352: 3849: 3768: 3131:In 1895, the Indian nationalist leader 2992: 2729:Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India 2542: 2238:, Shivaji's elder son who succeeded him 2226: 1749:In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to 1389:, Shirke, Gharge of Nimsod, Mane, and 1365:, near the present-day hill station of 1275:as a grant. Shahaji, being deployed in 1263:Young Shivaji (right) meets his father 552:. In 1674, he was formally crowned the 218: 1640; died 1659) 14: 10620: 9242: 9072: 8999:, State University of New York Press, 8864: 8827: 8800: 8084: 8082: 8031: 7743: 7593: 7310:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 17–. 7240: 7201: 7177:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 7081: 6907: 6888:Panduronga S. S. Pissurlencar (1975). 6722: 6720: 6602: 6582: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6363: 6361: 5782:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 40–. 5735: 5709:B. S. Baviskar; D. W. Attwood (2013). 5696: 5673:. Penguin Books India. pp. 110–. 5654: 5483: 5378: 5189: 5177: 5138: 5111: 5099: 5063: 4914: 4625: 4554:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 550. 4471: 4459: 4447: 4424:India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 4387: 4337: 4312: 4300: 3798: 3794: 3792: 3367:Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 2930:provided anchorages for Shivaji's Navy 2703:criticising his tax policy. He wrote: 1456:, a major pilgrimage site for Hindus. 1020: 1016: 1006: 909: 806: 802: 9786: 9530: 9292: 9125: 8951: 8931: 8904: 8884: 8572: 8388: 7962: 7894: 7542:Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Popular Readings 7108: 7075: 7054: 7027: 6973: 6778:. Duke University Press. p. 50. 6642:Nehru, Jawaharlal (1 February 2008). 6641: 6513: 6486: 6454: 6313: 5895: 5270: 5243: 5183: 4992: 4980: 4420: 4343: 4121: 4059:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History 3918:"Possible errors in historical dates" 3775:. Duke University Press. p. 60. 3462:survey has been completed, while the 3096: 2768:. line 2 is from the time of Shivaji 2727:However, Gijs Kruijtzer, in his book 1681: 1606:following the illness of the emperor 1177: 1174: 1164: 1152: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1122: 1116: 1106: 1093: 1083: 1079: 1067: 1061: 1051: 1038: 1028: 1024: 1000: 990: 978: 968: 964: 952: 949: 939: 927: 917: 913: 897: 891: 881: 869: 859: 855: 843: 837: 827: 814: 810: 637:Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of 528: 373: 9300:Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India 9012: 8576:Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India 7426: 7230:http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158417 6810: 6635: 6004:. Chhatrapati Shivaji Smarak Samiti. 5715:. Sage Publications. pp. 395–. 5358:. Diamond Publications. p. 34. 5331:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 190. 5247:Indian History: Ancient and medieval 5150: 4782:Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni (1992). 4125:Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India 4050: 3975:. Sadashiv Mahadev Divekar. p. 3969:Kavindra Parmanand Nevaskar (1927). 3764: 3762: 3760: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3359:Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India 3241: 3217: 2786:concludes about their relationship: 2628:Managing correspondence of the king 1599:, with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 1586:, the son of the Mughal Emperor and 9052: 9032: 8332:"New Shivaji statue faces protests" 8275:Rahul Chandawarkar (10 July 2010). 8079: 7862: 7829: 7803: 7770: 7432: 7115:. Northern Book Centre. p. 7. 7000: 6717: 6621:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 6–7. 6396: 6368:Mehendale, Gajanan Bhaskar (2011). 6358: 5977:. Cosmo Publications. p. 431. 5301:The Indian Millennium, AD 1000–2000 4727: 4522: 3990:D.V Apte and M.R. Paranjpe (1927). 3948:. Diamond Publications. p. 7. 3789: 3071: 2681: 2652:/Sari Naubat or Commander-in-Chief 2553:The Council of Eight Ministers, or 2357:, a grandson of Shivaji and son of 2089:(protector of the Hindu faith) and 1488: 573:, the Sultanate of Bijapur and the 24: 10673:Infectious disease deaths in India 9235: 8600:Nina Golgowski (31 October 2018). 8415: 8090:"India seeks to arrest US scholar" 7421:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 7349:Studies in Indo-Portuguese History 7280:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 6850:American Oriental Society (1963). 6799:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 6350:Pissurlencar, Pandurang Sakharam. 6151:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 6122:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 5940:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 5857:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 5845:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 5830:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 5643:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 5573:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 5499:Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War 5472:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 4930:A Concise History of Indo-Pakistan 4860:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 4848:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 4809:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 4716:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 4704:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 4692:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 4614:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 4409:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 4155:Shivaji: The Portrait of a Patriot 4110:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 4061:. Primus Books. pp. 196–199. 3640:Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920 3408:The headquarters in Mumbai of the 2977:An early-20th-century painting by 2812: 2511:in North India during the rule of 1416:An early-20th-century painting by 726:, and was awarded the epithet of " 25: 10694: 9365: 8558:. 29 October 2010. Archived from 7726:India's Struggle for Independence 7473:. K. P. Bagchi. pp. 14, 139. 7407:Indian Ocean and India's Security 7334:Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920 7292:Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920 7253:M. S. Naravane (1 January 1995). 7028:Barua, Pradeep (1 January 2005). 6065:Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 701. 6059:Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1964). 5875:. Juggernaut Books. p. xvi. 5585:Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920 5561:Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920 5549:Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920 5537:Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920 5460:Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920 5439:. Books & Books. p. 70. 5216: 5193:A History of Jaipur: c. 1503–1938 5088:Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920 4894:. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 69. 4734:. Orient Blackswan. p. 124. 3757: 3708: 3678:Dates are given according to the 3388: 2942:from the Portuguese shipyards of 2665:Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit 2633:Panditrao or Ecclesiastical Head 2625:or Shurn Nawis or Home Secretary 1614:Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat 9813: 9627: 9514: 9502: 9490: 9478: 9466: 9371: 9304:. Oxford University Press, USA. 9073:Pagadi, Setumadhava Rao (1983), 8958:, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 8938:, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 8593: 8566: 8542: 8520: 8494: 8461: 8435: 8409: 8382: 8350: 8324: 8294: 8268: 8242: 8210: 8185: 8157: 8108: 8052: 8025: 8013:Krishna Kumar (20 August 2015). 8006: 7987: 7968: 7888: 7689: 7672: 7587: 7571: 7489: 7460: 7443: 7383: 7222: 7208:. Popular Prakashan. p. 9. 7195: 7102: 7048: 7034:. University of Nebraska Press. 7021: 6994: 6967: 6913: 6878:(Leiden University Press, 2009). 6868: 6804: 6765: 6738: 6689: 6662: 6586:The New Cambridge Modern History 6576: 6507: 6480: 6343: 6183: 6107:. Orient Longmans. p. 223. 5945: 4785:The Struggle for Hindu supremacy 4511:Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur 2015 3568: 3558: 3539: 3530: 3198:During the independence movement 2757: 2745: 2373:, and later his descendants, as 1595:. This was followed by raids in 360: 188:(present-day Maharashtra, India) 8993:Ravishankar, Chinya V. (2018), 8707:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2015), 8655: 8530:. Indianpost.com. 21 April 1980 8416:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 8366:. 29 April 2003. Archived from 8115:Vajpeyi, Ananya (August 2004). 7811:"Appropriating a national hero" 7144:. Penguin Books India. p. 6583:Potter, George Richard (1967). 5426: 5399: 5372: 5345: 5318: 5291: 5264: 5237: 5210: 5144: 5105: 5030: 4998: 4947: 4920: 4881: 4865: 4814: 4643: 4516: 4414: 4393: 4306: 4246: 4205:. ABD Publishers. p. 278. 4115: 4075: 4025: 3962: 3935: 3909: 3882: 3855: 3821: 3718:Govind Ranade, Mahadev (1900). 3520: 3510: 3501: 3480: 3353:In 2003, the American academic 3342:Statue of Shivaji opposite the 1225:Conflict with Bijapur Sultanate 548:that formed the genesis of the 281: 259: 237: 215: 10454:Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years 9272:Apte, B. K., ed. (1974–1975). 9217:Communal Rage In Secular India 9205:University of California Press 9153:, Cambridge University Press, 8834:. Cambridge University Press. 8761:Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011), 8691:University of California Press 8669:, Cambridge University Press, 8358:"Kalam unveils Shivaji statue" 7470:Foreign Biographies of Shivaji 7436:Foreign Biographies of Shivaji 7031:The State at War in South Asia 6283:Bangalore: the story of a city 6086:. Orient Longman. p. 61. 6021:. APH Publishing. p. 92. 5899:The State at War in South Asia 5304:. Penguin Books. p. 235. 3730: 3672: 3645: 3381:in 2007, and in July 2010 the 2778:Shivaji was a contemporary of 2145:(October), capturing Bijapuri 2083:"). He also took the title of 530:[ʃiˈʋaːdʑiːˈbʱos(ə)le] 13: 1: 9401: 9147:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2002), 9107:, Longmans, Green and Company 8528:"Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj" 8504:. Indian Navy. Archived from 8226:. 9 July 2010. Archived from 7936:India: A Wounded Civilization 7545:. Primus Books. p. 101. 7304:Kaushik Roy (30 March 2011). 6920:Kulkarni, A. R. (July 2008). 6352:Portuguese-Mahratta Relations 5998:Narayan H. Kulkarnee (1975). 5599:Economic and Political Weekly 5409:India: The Definitive History 4262:Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). 4226:Kalyani Devaki Menon (2011). 3581: 2858: 2537: 1934:Portrait of Shivaji I c. 1675 1917: 1826: 1813: 1664:sacked the port city of Surat 1343: 737: 620: 534: 65: 10643:17th-century Indian monarchs 9079:, National Book Trust, India 8932:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2009) , 8422:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 8032:Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001). 7369:. Routledge. pp. 183–. 7055:Davis, Paul (25 July 2013). 7001:Roy, Kaushik (3 June 2015). 6235:. McFarland. pp. 201–. 6229:Everett Jenkins Jr. (2010). 6134:Maharashtra (India) (1967). 6101:Shripad Rama Sharma (1951). 3418:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus 3181:Chandrao More and his clan. 3111:Shri Bhavani Museum of Aundh 2594:Maintaining public accounts 1864:Battles of Umrani and Nesari 607:Indian independence movement 7: 10005:Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi 9556: 8952:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005), 8767:, Pearson Education India, 8683:Cashman, Richard I (1975), 8579:. Oxford University Press. 8389:Times, Maharashtra (2017). 7173:South Asia: A Short History 7136:Stanley A. Wolpert (1994). 5154:The India They Saw (Vol. 3) 4891:Shivaji the Great Liberator 4427:. Penguin UK. p. 198. 4128:. Oxford University Press. 2844: 2752:Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji 2644:Civil and military justice 2641:Nyayadhis or Chief Justice 2509:Marathas regained influence 2127:Shivaji's Southern Campaign 1825:painting depicting Shivaji 783: 718:. His paternal grandfather 524:(Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, 10: 10699: 10000:Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi 8859:Cambridge University Press 8812:Cambridge University Press 8781:Gier, Nicholas F. (2014), 8715:Princeton University Press 8135:10.1177/025764300402000207 7467:Surendra Nath Sen (1977). 6811:Gier, Nicholas F. (2014). 6371:Shivaji his life and times 5974:Shivaji, the Great Maratha 5670:Revenge and Reconciliation 4954:Richards, John F. (1993). 4728:Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996). 4421:Eaton, Richard M. (2019). 3737:Richards, John F. (1993). 3619:. Macmillan. p. 140. 3469: 3414:UNESCO World Heritage Site 3285:In the late 20th century, 3275:Nationalist Congress Party 3168:A History of the Mahrattas 2916: 2880: 2605:Maintaining court records 2546: 2308: 2124: 2121:Conquest in southern India 2069:("founder of an era") and 1867: 1685: 1617: 1528: 1405: 1018: 903: 804: 630: 624: 108:24 September 1674 (second) 29: 10599: 10533: 10482: 10446: 10145: 10109: 10013: 9990:Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi 9966: 9878: 9825: 9767: 9694: 9636: 9625: 9581: 9564: 9445: 9432: 9423: 9418: 9386: 9178:Stanford University Press 9113:Sardesai, Govind Sakharam 7621:Prachi Deshpande (2007). 7404:Raj Narain Misra (1986). 6980:. Penguin Books Limited. 6772:Pollock, Sheldon (2011). 6615:Sailendra N. Sen (1994). 6520:. Penguin Books Limited. 6299:Memorial was well tended. 5379:Gandhi, Rajmohan (2000). 5328:History of Medieval India 5277:. Routledge. p. 40. 5190:Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). 5005:Shejwalkar, T.S. (1942). 4484:John F. Richards (1995). 4313:Sarkar, Jadunath (1952). 4202:History of medieval India 4172:Richard M. Eaton (2005). 3868:. Routledge. p. 32. 3833:10.1017/S0026749X00010003 3799:Sarkar, Jadunath (1920). 3769:Pollock, Sheldon (2011). 3720:Rise of the Maratha Power 3548:is sometimes also termed 3517:nature, and not communal. 3149:Rise of the Maratha Power 2773: 2431: 2107:meaning the 'head of the 1942:or the son of a Bijapuri 1844:, who was returning from 1737:Arrest in Agra and escape 1688:Treaty of Purandar (1665) 1570:Conflict with the Mughals 1297:Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah 1158: 1140: 1136: 1128: 1100: 1081: 1073: 1045: 1026: 1022: 984: 966: 958: 933: 915: 911: 875: 857: 849: 821: 808: 651:Government of Maharashtra 410: 356: 346: 336: 326: 314: 297: 192: 167: 139: 135: 125: 115: 96: 88: 79: 57: 46: 41: 10469:Second Anglo-Maratha War 9328:Journal of Asian Studies 9319:Pearson, M. N. (1976b). 9053:Roy, Tirthankar (2013), 8885:Knipe, David M. (2015), 8828:Gordon, Stewart (2007). 8573:Laine, James W. (2003). 7750:Donald V. Kurtz (1993). 7594:McLain, Karline (2009). 7518:. Zubaan. pp. 79–. 7512:Uma Chakravarti (2014). 7140:An Introduction to India 6926:. Diamond Publications. 6923:Medieval Maratha Country 6751:. Diamond Publications. 6745:Kulkarni, A. R. (2008). 5776:Oliver Godsmark (2018). 5667:Rajmohan Gandhi (1999). 5433:Kulkarni, A. R. (1996). 5406:SarDesai, D. R. (2018). 5352:Kulkarni, A. R. (2008). 5298:Sabharwal, Gopa (2000). 5271:Patel, Sachi K. (2021). 5151:Jain, Meenakshi (2011). 5112:Gordon, Stewart (1994). 4656:. Diamond Publications. 4650:Kulkarni, A. R. (2008). 4122:Laine, James W. (2003). 3942:Kulkarni, A. R. (2007). 3895:. Taylor & Francis. 3474: 3443:, in memory of Shivaji. 3271:Indian National Congress 3058:the infidel went to Hell 2136:Tanjavur Maratha Kingdom 1786:for revenue collection. 710:claiming descent from a 682:clan. Shivaji's father, 575:European colonial powers 92:6 June 1674–3 April 1680 32:Shivaji (disambiguation) 10474:Third Anglo-Maratha War 10464:First Anglo-Maratha War 9888:Moropant Trimbak Pingle 7756:. Brill. pp. 63–. 7679:Dennis Kincaid (1937). 6974:Eraly, Abraham (2007). 6947:Stewart Gordon (2007). 6732:Encyclopædia Britannica 6514:Eraly, Abraham (2007). 6487:White, Matthew (2011). 6408:Mahajan, V. D. (2000). 6163:Gijs Kruijtzer (2009). 6042:Tej Ram Sharma (1978). 5971:H. S. Sardesai (2002). 5896:Barua, Pradeep (2005). 5325:Mahajan, V. D. (2007). 4888:Aanand Aadeesh (2011). 4353:Mahajan, V. D. (2000). 4152:V. B. Kulkarni (1963). 3945:Jedhe Shakavali Kareena 3613:Satish Chandra (1982). 3016:Travels in Mughal India 3010:. The French traveller 2912: 2795: 2583:General administration 2497:Third Battle of Panipat 2361:, was kept prisoner by 2086:Haindava Dharmodhhaarak 1287:Independent generalship 690:general who served the 9980:Ramchandra Pant Amatya 9898:Ramchandra Pant Amatya 9376:Quotations related to 9121:, Phoenix Publications 8831:The Marathas 1600–1818 8807:The Marathas 1600–1818 7895:Kuber, Girish (2021). 7539:Biswamoy Pati (2011). 7433:Sen, Surendra (1928). 7202:Kantak, M. R. (1993). 7082:Kantak, M. R. (1993). 6950:The Marathas 1600–1818 5869:Manu S Pillai (2018). 5244:Datta, Nonica (2003). 4548:Abraham Eraly (2000). 4057:Sailendra Sen (2013). 4007:Siba Pada Sen (1973). 3550: 3452:world's tallest statue 3405: 3383:Supreme Court of India 3350: 3230: 3158:published the seminal 3113: 3069: 3029: 2986: 2931: 2878: 2826:which became known as 2805: 2793: 2725: 2713: 2524: 2485: 2239: 2138: 2109: 2103: 1935: 1927: 1832: 1794:; the weakened Sultan 1765:Peace with the Mughals 1746: 1704: 1636: 1579: 1432: 1421: 1402:Combat with Afzal Khan 1349: 1342:Map of Southern India 1268: 1230:Background and context 674:Shivaji belonged to a 671: 526:Marathi pronunciation: 84:of the Maratha Kingdom 51:Haindava Dharmoddharak 9220:, Popular Prakashan, 9090:Shivaji and His Times 9033:Roy, Kaushik (2015), 8865:Kamdar, Mira (2018), 7450:Krishna, Bal (1940). 7109:Bhave, Y. G. (2000). 7088:. Popular Prakashan. 6669:Jeremy Black (2006). 6280:Maya Jayapal (1997). 4523:Roy, Kaushik (2012). 4315:Shivaji and his times 4032:N. Jayapalan (2001). 3993:Birth-Date of Shivaji 3802:Shivaji and his times 3494:) corresponds to the 3435:station and numerous 3399: 3341: 3226:Statue of Shivaji at 3225: 3160:Shivaji and His Times 3108: 3065: 3020: 2976: 2926: 2866: 2804:Royal seal of Shivaji 2803: 2788: 2721: 2705: 2614:or Foreign Secretary 2564:Ashta Pradhan Mandal 2520: 2473: 2381:and grandson, Peshwa 2234: 2134: 2027:it was the 13th day ( 1933: 1925: 1821: 1744: 1695: 1631: 1577: 1552:Battle of Pavan Khind 1537:Baji Prabhu Deshpande 1531:Battle of Pavan Khind 1525:Battle of Pavan Khind 1427: 1415: 1341: 1262: 667: 633:Bhonsle § origin 627:Early life of Shivaji 597:languages, replacing 571:Sultanate of Golconda 64:Portrait of Shivaji ( 9278:University of Bombay 9013:Robb, Peter (2011), 8918:, pp. 153–172, 8475:. 2 September 2022. 8370:on 28 September 2013 8338:on 28 September 2013 8256:on 29 September 2013 7784:. 19 February 2015. 7696:Girja Kumar (1997). 7652:C. A. Bayly (2011). 7256:Forts of Maharashtra 7169:Hugh Tinker (1990). 6083:Shivaji and swarajya 6015:U. B. Singh (1998). 5196:. Orient Blackswan. 4821:S.R. Sharma (1999). 4575:Kaushik Roy (2012). 3410:Western Railway zone 2993:Contemporaneous view 2591:or Finance Minister 2543:Ashta Pradhan Mandal 2424:, thus creating the 2227:Death and succession 2091:Kshatriya Kulavantas 1479:Battle of Pratapgarh 1446:Tulja Bhavani Temple 1408:Battle of Pratapgarh 1236:Adil Shahi sultanate 1175:7. Mahalsabai Jadhav 792:Ancestors of Shivaji 780:and his small army. 724:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 546:Sultanate of Bijapur 157:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 120:Position established 30:For other uses, see 10290:Invasions of Bengal 10110:Maratha Confederacy 9819:Maratha Confederacy 9582:Ancestry and family 9195:Wolpert, Stanley A. 8787:, Lexington Books, 8666:India Before Europe 8562:on 4 November 2012. 7580:Indo-British Review 7393:. 3 September 2022. 6817:. Lexington Books. 6542:John Clark Marshman 6493:. Canongate Books. 5645:, pp. 239–240. 5587:, pp. 230–233. 5539:, pp. 173–174. 5044:. 15 February 2021. 4513:, pp. 183–184. 4199:Arun Metha (2004). 3705:, pp. 103–104. 3464:geotechnical survey 3357:published his book 3311:Maharashtra Bhushan 3287:Babasaheb Purandare 2565: 2532:Third Anglo-Maratha 2426:Maratha Confederacy 2341:Mughal–Maratha Wars 2311:Mughal–Maratha Wars 2097:being the varna of 1910:was newly built by 766:of Ahmadnagar, the 706:, a Mughal-aligned 550:Maratha Confederacy 105:6 June 1674 (first) 10520:Nizam of Hyderabad 10459:Maratha–Mysore War 10137:Patwardhan dynasty 10127:Scindia of Gwalior 9772:In popular culture 9016:A History of India 8555:The Times of India 8397:. No. 30 June 8312:on 6 November 2012 8306:The Indian Express 8223:The Times of India 8170:The Times of India 8123:Studies in History 8019:The Economic Times 7843:. 28 August 2021. 6701:A History of India 6645:Discovery of India 5624:Daniel Jasper 2003 5042:New Indian Express 4090:maharashtra.gov.in 3552:Varnashrama Dharma 3492:Gregorian calendar 3406: 3351: 3333:Illustrated Weekly 3319:Illustrated Weekly 3231: 3114: 3097:Nineteenth century 2987: 2932: 2879: 2806: 2636:Religious matters 2580:or Prime Minister 2563: 2501:Ahmed Shah Durrani 2461:Nizam of Hyderabad 2240: 2139: 1936: 1928: 1833: 1792:Adil Shahi dynasty 1747: 1721:Treaty of Purandar 1705: 1702:Treaty of Purandar 1682:Treaty of Purandar 1637: 1580: 1433: 1422: 1418:Sawlaram Haldankar 1350: 1269: 698:, the daughter of 672: 645:, which is now in 613:, and hero of the 579:Battle of Purandar 18:Chatrapati Shivaji 10683:Founding monarchs 10678:Age controversies 10615: 10614: 10515:Portuguese Empire 10122:Gaekwad of Baroda 10117:Bhonsle of Nagpur 9908:Balaji Vishwanath 9893:Moreshvar Pingale 9780: 9779: 9455: 9454: 9446:Succeeded by 9311:978-0-19-514126-9 9227:978-81-7991-070-2 9187:978-1-5036-0259-5 9160:978-0-521-89226-1 9066:978-1-135-04787-0 9046:978-1-317-32128-6 9026:978-0-230-34424-2 9006:978-1-4384-7185-3 8965:978-1-932705-54-6 8945:978-81-207-1015-3 8925:978-1-4384-3323-3 8898:978-0-19-026673-8 8878:978-0-19-997360-6 8841:978-0-521-03316-9 8821:978-0-521-26883-7 8794:978-0-7391-9223-8 8774:978-81-317-3202-1 8754:978-0-14-100143-2 8724:978-1-4008-6815-5 8700:978-0-520-02407-6 8676:978-0-521-80904-7 8637:indianexpress.com 8586:978-0-19-972643-1 8447:Business Standard 8230:on 11 August 2011 8198:. 12 January 2004 8196:Financial Express 8072:978-0-253-35335-1 7996:The Indian P.E.N. 7977:Lok Sabha Debates 7946:978-0-307-78934-1 7908:978-93-90327-39-3 7763:978-90-04-09828-2 7736:978-81-8475-183-3 7709:978-81-241-0525-2 7665:978-1-139-50518-5 7634:978-0-231-12486-7 7607:978-0-253-22052-3 7552:978-93-80607-18-4 7525:978-93-83074-63-1 7453:Shivaji The Great 7376:978-1-317-58710-1 7352:. IBH Prakashana. 7317:978-1-136-79087-4 7266:978-81-7024-696-1 7215:978-81-7154-696-1 7188:978-0-8248-1287-4 7155:978-0-14-016870-9 7122:978-81-7211-100-7 7095:978-81-7154-696-1 7068:978-0-19-534235-2 7041:978-0-8032-1344-9 7014:978-1-317-58691-3 6987:978-93-5118-093-7 6960:978-0-521-03316-9 6933:978-81-8483-072-9 6824:978-0-7391-9223-8 6785:978-0-8223-4904-4 6758:978-81-8483-073-6 6710:978-0-14-013836-8 6682:978-0-275-99039-8 6655:978-93-85990-05-2 6628:978-81-7154-578-0 6557:978-1-108-02104-3 6527:978-93-5118-093-7 6500:978-0-85786-125-2 6381:978-93-80875-17-0 6293:978-81-86852-09-5 6242:978-1-4766-0889-1 6176:978-90-8728-068-0 6028:978-81-7024-928-3 5984:978-81-7755-286-7 5909:978-0-8032-1344-9 5882:978-93-86228-73-4 5816:978-0-19-566915-2 5789:978-1-351-18821-0 5722:978-81-321-1865-7 5680:978-0-14-029045-5 5605:(19): 1126–1134. 5446:978-81-85016-51-1 5419:978-0-429-97950-7 5392:978-81-8475-318-9 5365:978-81-8483-073-6 5338:978-81-219-0364-6 5311:978-0-14-029521-4 5284:978-1-00-045142-9 5257:978-81-7991-067-2 5230:978-81-207-1015-3 5203:978-81-250-0333-5 5164:978-81-8430-108-3 5125:978-0-19-563386-3 4967:978-0-521-56603-2 4957:The Mughal Empire 4940:978-0-19-577385-9 4901:978-81-8430-102-1 4834:978-81-7156-818-5 4811:, pp. 55–56. 4795:978-81-900113-5-8 4741:978-81-250-0485-1 4663:978-81-8483-073-6 4588:978-1-139-57684-0 4561:978-93-5118-128-6 4534:978-1-139-57684-0 4497:978-0-521-56603-2 4487:The Mughal Empire 4434:978-0-14-196655-7 4411:, pp. 41–42. 4291:, pp. 33–35. 4289:Subrahmanyam 2002 4275:978-81-317-3202-1 4239:978-0-8122-0279-3 4212:978-81-85771-95-3 4185:978-0-521-25484-7 4158:. Orient Longman. 4135:978-0-19-972643-1 4083:"Public Holidays" 4068:978-9-38060-734-4 4043:978-81-7156-928-1 4018:978-81-208-0900-0 3955:978-81-89959-35-7 3902:978-1-000-69155-9 3875:978-1-00-045282-2 3852:, pp. 79–81. 3782:978-0-8223-4904-4 3750:978-0-521-56603-2 3740:The Mughal Empire 3665:978-0-7914-2837-5 3626:978-0-333-90396-4 3456:COVID-19 pandemic 3379:Bombay High Court 3242:Political parties 3218:Post independence 2676:Rājavyavahārakośa 2659: 2658: 2371:Balaji Vishwanath 1483:Bijapur Sultanate 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216: 700:Lakhuji Jadhavrao 694:. His mother was 692:Deccan Sultanates 518: 517: 368: 367: 16:(Redirected from 10690: 10333:Capture of Delhi 10310:North-west India 10280:2nd Trichinopoly 10270:1st Trichinopoly 10132:Holkar of Indore 10101:Tulsi Bai Holkar 10021:Ahilyabai Holkar 9923:Madhavrao Ballal 9903:Bahiroji Pingale 9817: 9807: 9800: 9793: 9784: 9783: 9631: 9576: 9570: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9528: 9527: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9495: 9494: 9493: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9462: 9429:new state formed 9414: 9407: 9406: 9405: 1627/1630 9403: 9393:House of Bhonsle 9384: 9383: 9375: 9360: 9324: 9315: 9303: 9289: 9268: 9230: 9207: 9190: 9168:Truschke, Audrey 9163: 9143: 9122: 9108: 9099:Sarkar, Jadunath 9094: 9085:Sarkar, Jadunath 9080: 9069: 9049: 9029: 9009: 8989: 8975:Who Was Shivaji? 8968: 8948: 8928: 8901: 8881: 8861: 8845: 8824: 8797: 8777: 8757: 8727: 8703: 8679: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8639:. 23 August 2021 8629: 8623: 8622: 8616: 8614: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8308:. Archived from 8298: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8173:. 6 January 2004 8161: 8155: 8154: 8120: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8086: 8077: 8076: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8010: 8004: 8003: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7951: 7950: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7322: 7321: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7176: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7143: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7025: 7019: 7018: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6896: 6895: 6885: 6879: 6874:Gijs Kruijtzer, 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6742: 6736: 6724: 6715: 6714: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6591: 6590: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6411:India since 1526 6405: 6394: 6393: 6365: 6356: 6355: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5706: 5700: 5699:, p. 87-88. 5694: 5688: 5687: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5046: 5045: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4779: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4356:India since 1526 4350: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4087: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4034:History of India 4029: 4023: 4022: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3796: 3787: 3786: 3766: 3755: 3754: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3715: 3706: 3700: 3687: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3484: 3371:Sambhaji Brigade 3344:Gateway of India 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3204:Jawaharlal Nehru 3164:James Grant Duff 3090:91 Kalami Bakhar 3072:Early depictions 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3044:bi jahannum raft 3012:Francois Bernier 2979:M. V. Dhurandhar 2832:Marathi language 2824:guerilla tactics 2761: 2749: 2682:Religious policy 2566: 2562: 2153:(mid-year), and 2112: 2106: 1900:Hambirrao Mohite 1874:Battle of Nesari 1870:Battle of Umrani 1831: 1828: 1796:Ali Adil Shah II 1772:Mughal mansabdar 1620:Battle of Chakan 1489:Siege of Panhala 1438:Ali Adil Shah II 1348: 1345: 798: 797: 789: 788: 742: 739: 730:". He was given 714:royal family of 577:. Following the 558:of his realm at 539: 536: 532: 527: 405: 394: 387: 380: 371: 370: 364: 285: 283: 263: 261: 241: 239: 219: 217: 174: 150:19 February 1630 149: 147: 70: 67: 62: 39: 38: 21: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10653:Indian warriors 10618: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10595: 10529: 10478: 10442: 10141: 10105: 10009: 9962: 9938:Sawai Madhavrao 9918:Balaji Baji Rao 9874: 9821: 9811: 9781: 9776: 9763: 9690: 9632: 9623: 9577: 9572: 9566: 9560: 9555: 9525: 9515: 9513: 9503: 9501: 9491: 9489: 9479: 9477: 9467: 9465: 9457: 9451: 9442: 9430: 9427: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9396: 9389: 9368: 9363: 9341:10.2307/2053980 9312: 9294:Laine, James W. 9238: 9236:Further reading 9233: 9228: 9188: 9161: 9141: 9067: 9047: 9027: 9007: 8986: 8966: 8946: 8926: 8906:Laine, James W. 8899: 8879: 8842: 8822: 8802:Gordon, Stewart 8795: 8775: 8755: 8725: 8701: 8677: 8658: 8653: 8652: 8642: 8640: 8631: 8630: 8626: 8612: 8610: 8607:Huffington Post 8598: 8594: 8587: 8571: 8567: 8548: 8547: 8543: 8533: 8531: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8511: 8509: 8508:on 18 July 2012 8500: 8499: 8495: 8485: 8483: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8452: 8450: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8426: 8424: 8414: 8410: 8400: 8398: 8387: 8383: 8373: 8371: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8341: 8339: 8330: 8329: 8325: 8315: 8313: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8285: 8283: 8273: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8248: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8231: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8191: 8190: 8186: 8176: 8174: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8097: 8096:. 23 March 2004 8088: 8087: 8080: 8073: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8030: 8026: 8011: 8007: 7993: 7992: 7988: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7954: 7947: 7928: 7924: 7909: 7893: 7889: 7879: 7877: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7853: 7851: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7820: 7818: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7748: 7744: 7737: 7721: 7717: 7710: 7694: 7690: 7682:The Grand Rebel 7677: 7673: 7666: 7650: 7646: 7635: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7592: 7588: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7553: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7510: 7506: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7465: 7461: 7448: 7444: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7402: 7398: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7377: 7361: 7357: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7302: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7080: 7076: 7069: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7026: 7022: 7015: 6999: 6995: 6988: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6899: 6886: 6882: 6873: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6809: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6770: 6766: 6759: 6743: 6739: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6694: 6690: 6683: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6594: 6581: 6577: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6485: 6481: 6465: 6461: 6453: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6422: 6406: 6397: 6382: 6366: 6359: 6348: 6344: 6340:, p. 1147. 6336: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6305: 6294: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6227: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6132: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6099: 6095: 6078: 6074: 6057: 6053: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6013: 6009: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5062: 5049: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4886: 4882: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4780: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4367: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4170: 4163: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4005: 4001: 3988: 3984: 3972:Shri Shivbharat 3967: 3963: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3925:Current Science 3920: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3841: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3767: 3758: 3751: 3735: 3731: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3690: 3680:Julian calendar 3677: 3673: 3666: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3488:Julian calendar 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3391: 3306: 3304:Bard of Shivaji 3303: 3300: 3297: 3283: 3263: 3261:Army of Shivaji 3260: 3257: 3254: 3244: 3220: 3200: 3191:The Grand Rebel 3099: 3084:Sabhasad Bakhar 3074: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 2995: 2981:of Shivaji and 2971: 2921: 2915: 2906:Jadunath Sarkar 2885: 2883:Shivaji's forts 2861: 2847: 2815: 2813:Mode of warfare 2798: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2753: 2750: 2684: 2667: 2551: 2545: 2540: 2434: 2313: 2307: 2286:on the throne. 2264:Sabhasad Bakhar 2255:Hanuman Jayanti 2229: 2169:in April 1676. 2129: 2123: 1920: 1912:Hiroji Indulkar 1880:Prataprao Gujar 1876: 1868:Main articles: 1866: 1829: 1816: 1780:Prince Mu'azzam 1776:Prataprao Gujar 1767: 1739: 1690: 1684: 1634:M.V. Dhurandhar 1626: 1624:Battle of Surat 1618:Main articles: 1616: 1572: 1550:In the ensuing 1533: 1527: 1491: 1477:In the ensuing 1410: 1404: 1359:Chandrarao More 1346: 1289: 1281:Dadoji Kondadeo 1244:Maratha uplands 1232: 1227: 1222: 786: 740: 684:Shahaji Bhonsle 655:Shivaji Jayanti 635: 629: 623: 611:Swaraj movement 542:Bhonsle dynasty 537: 525: 519: 514: 406: 400: 398: 293: 290:Kashibai Jadhav 287: 284: 1656) 279: 275: 265: 262: 1653) 257: 253: 243: 240: 1650) 235: 231: 221: 213: 209: 206: 186:Maratha Kingdom 176: 172: 151: 145: 143: 111: 75: 68: 49: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10696: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10663:Hindu monarchs 10660: 10655: 10650: 10648:Marathi people 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10609: 10603: 10601: 10597: 10596: 10594: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10510:British Empire 10507: 10505:Durrani Empire 10502: 10497: 10492: 10486: 10484: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10450: 10448: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10215:Raigarh (1689) 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10151: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10113: 10111: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10091:Umabai Dabhade 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9987: 9985:Pralhad Niraji 9982: 9976: 9974: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9884: 9882: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9831: 9829: 9823: 9822: 9810: 9809: 9802: 9795: 9787: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9774: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9700: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9642: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9589:Maloji Bhosale 9585: 9583: 9579: 9578: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9554: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9531: 9524: 9523: 9511: 9499: 9487: 9475: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9444: 9439:Maratha Empire 9431: 9428: 9421: 9420: 9419:Regnal titles 9416: 9415: 9390: 9387: 9382: 9381: 9367: 9366:External links 9364: 9362: 9361: 9335:(2): 221–235. 9316: 9310: 9290: 9269: 9251:(2): 215–230. 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9212:Zakaria, Rafiq 9208: 9191: 9186: 9164: 9159: 9144: 9139: 9123: 9109: 9095: 9081: 9070: 9065: 9050: 9045: 9030: 9025: 9010: 9005: 8990: 8985:978-9380118130 8984: 8969: 8964: 8949: 8944: 8929: 8924: 8902: 8897: 8882: 8877: 8862: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8840: 8820: 8798: 8793: 8778: 8773: 8758: 8753: 8732:Eraly, Abraham 8728: 8723: 8704: 8699: 8680: 8675: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8624: 8592: 8585: 8565: 8541: 8519: 8493: 8460: 8449:. 25 June 2011 8434: 8408: 8395:Times of India 8381: 8349: 8323: 8293: 8267: 8241: 8209: 8184: 8156: 8129:(2): 317–329. 8107: 8078: 8071: 8051: 8044: 8024: 8005: 7986: 7967: 7965:, p. 164. 7952: 7945: 7931:Naipaul, V. S. 7922: 7907: 7887: 7861: 7828: 7802: 7769: 7762: 7742: 7735: 7715: 7708: 7688: 7671: 7664: 7644: 7633: 7613: 7606: 7586: 7570: 7568:, p. 107. 7558: 7551: 7531: 7524: 7504: 7488: 7476: 7459: 7442: 7425: 7413: 7396: 7382: 7375: 7355: 7338: 7323: 7316: 7296: 7294:, p. 414. 7284: 7282:, p. 408. 7272: 7265: 7245: 7233: 7221: 7214: 7194: 7187: 7161: 7154: 7128: 7121: 7101: 7094: 7074: 7067: 7047: 7040: 7020: 7013: 6993: 6986: 6966: 6959: 6939: 6932: 6912: 6897: 6880: 6867: 6842: 6840:, p. 250. 6830: 6823: 6803: 6801:, p. 421. 6791: 6784: 6764: 6757: 6737: 6716: 6709: 6697:Percival Spear 6688: 6681: 6661: 6654: 6634: 6627: 6607: 6592: 6575: 6573:, p. 226. 6563: 6556: 6533: 6526: 6506: 6499: 6479: 6459: 6447: 6435: 6420: 6395: 6380: 6357: 6342: 6338:Mehendale 2011 6330: 6328:, p. 278. 6318: 6303: 6292: 6272: 6270:, p. 251. 6260: 6258:, p. 290. 6248: 6241: 6221: 6219:, p. 276. 6209: 6182: 6175: 6155: 6153:, p. 258. 6143: 6126: 6114: 6093: 6072: 6051: 6034: 6027: 6007: 5990: 5983: 5963: 5944: 5932: 5915: 5908: 5888: 5881: 5861: 5859:, p. 252. 5849: 5847:, p. 245. 5834: 5832:, p. 244. 5822: 5815: 5795: 5788: 5768: 5766:, p. 321. 5756: 5740: 5728: 5721: 5701: 5689: 5679: 5659: 5647: 5635: 5626:, p. 215. 5616: 5589: 5577: 5575:, p. 393. 5565: 5563:, p. 189. 5553: 5551:, p. 175. 5541: 5529: 5527:, p. 461. 5517: 5515:, p. 460. 5505: 5488: 5486:, p. 231. 5476: 5474:, p. 185. 5464: 5452: 5445: 5425: 5418: 5398: 5391: 5385:. Penguin UK. 5371: 5364: 5344: 5337: 5317: 5310: 5290: 5283: 5263: 5256: 5236: 5229: 5209: 5202: 5182: 5170: 5163: 5143: 5131: 5124: 5104: 5092: 5080: 5078:, p. 258. 5068: 5047: 5029: 4997: 4995:, p. 491. 4985: 4983:, p. 543. 4973: 4966: 4946: 4939: 4919: 4907: 4900: 4880: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4833: 4813: 4801: 4794: 4771: 4759: 4757:, p. 283. 4747: 4740: 4720: 4718:, p. 266. 4708: 4696: 4681: 4669: 4662: 4642: 4630: 4618: 4606: 4594: 4587: 4567: 4560: 4540: 4533: 4515: 4503: 4496: 4476: 4464: 4452: 4440: 4433: 4413: 4401: 4392: 4380: 4365: 4342: 4330: 4324:978-8125040262 4323: 4305: 4293: 4281: 4274: 4254: 4245: 4238: 4218: 4211: 4191: 4184: 4161: 4141: 4134: 4114: 4102: 4074: 4067: 4049: 4042: 4024: 4017: 3999: 3982: 3961: 3954: 3934: 3908: 3901: 3881: 3874: 3854: 3839: 3820: 3816:Deshpande 2015 3808: 3788: 3781: 3756: 3749: 3729: 3707: 3688: 3671: 3664: 3644: 3642:, p. 260. 3632: 3625: 3602: 3600:, p. 222. 3586: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3567: 3557: 3538: 3529: 3519: 3509: 3500: 3496:Hindu calendar 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3437:postage stamps 3416:, was renamed 3390: 3389:Commemorations 3387: 3363:Ananya Vajpeyi 3355:James W. Laine 3282: 3279: 3243: 3240: 3236:Marathi people 3219: 3216: 3199: 3196: 3186:Dennis Kincaid 3133:Lokmanya Tilak 3118:Jyotirao Phule 3098: 3095: 3073: 3070: 2994: 2991: 2985:at Pawan Khind 2970: 2967: 2928:Sindudurg Fort 2917:Main article: 2914: 2911: 2881:Main article: 2860: 2857: 2846: 2843: 2814: 2811: 2797: 2794: 2784:Stewart Gordon 2780:Samarth Ramdas 2775: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2744: 2683: 2680: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2602:or Chronicler 2596: 2595: 2592: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2547:Main article: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2433: 2430: 2383:Balaji Bajirao 2306: 2303: 2228: 2225: 2211:Mysore plateau 2149:(April 1675), 2125:Main article: 2122: 2119: 2025:Hindu calendar 2020:Hindavi Swaraj 2015:Maratha Empire 1948:Hindu Marathis 1919: 1916: 1865: 1862: 1842:Mawara-un-Nahr 1815: 1812: 1766: 1763: 1738: 1735: 1686:Main article: 1683: 1680: 1615: 1612: 1571: 1568: 1529:Main article: 1526: 1523: 1490: 1487: 1450:Vithoba temple 1403: 1400: 1377:, Ghorpade of 1288: 1285: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1064:Lakhuji Jadhav 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1005: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 989: 986: 985: 983: 980: 979: 977: 974: 973: 970: 969: 967: 965: 963: 960: 959: 957: 954: 953: 951: 948: 945: 944: 941: 940: 938: 935: 934: 932: 929: 928: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 916: 914: 912: 910: 908: 905: 904: 902: 899: 898: 896: 890: 887: 886: 883: 882: 880: 877: 876: 874: 871: 870: 868: 865: 864: 861: 860: 858: 856: 854: 851: 850: 848: 845: 844: 842: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 826: 823: 822: 820: 817: 816: 813: 811: 809: 807: 805: 803: 801: 794: 793: 787: 785: 782: 678:family of the 625:Main article: 622: 619: 516: 515: 513: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 411: 408: 407: 397: 396: 389: 382: 374: 366: 365: 358: 354: 353: 348: 344: 343: 338: 334: 333: 328: 324: 323: 318: 312: 311: 309:Rajaram I 301: 295: 294: 292: 291: 277: 271: 270: 269: 268: 255: 249: 248: 247: 246: 233: 227: 226: 225: 224: 211: 207: 202: 201: 200: 199: 196: 194: 190: 189: 175:(aged 50) 169: 165: 164: 141: 137: 136: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 110: 109: 106: 102: 100: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 77: 76: 73:British Museum 63: 55: 54: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10695: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10668:Maratha kings 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10658:Indian Hindus 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10608: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10598: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10571:Shaniwar Wada 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10500:Mughal Empire 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10445: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10373:Bahadur Benda 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10328:Rakshasbhuvan 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10144: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10012: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9877: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9808: 9803: 9801: 9796: 9794: 9789: 9788: 9785: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9766: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9635: 9630: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9559: 9552: 9547: 9545: 9540: 9538: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9522: 9512: 9510: 9500: 9498: 9488: 9486: 9476: 9474: 9464: 9463: 9460: 9450: 9441: 9440: 9436: 9426: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9400: 9395: 9394: 9385: 9379: 9374: 9370: 9369: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9302: 9301: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9241: 9240: 9229: 9223: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9196: 9192: 9189: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9145: 9142: 9140:0-521-26693-9 9136: 9132: 9128: 9127:Stein, Burton 9124: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9077: 9071: 9068: 9062: 9059:, Routledge, 9058: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9042: 9039:, Routledge, 9038: 9037: 9031: 9028: 9022: 9019:, Macmillan, 9018: 9017: 9011: 9008: 9002: 8998: 8997: 8991: 8987: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8970: 8967: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8950: 8947: 8941: 8937: 8936: 8930: 8927: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8912: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8883: 8880: 8874: 8870: 8869: 8863: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8790: 8786: 8785: 8779: 8776: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8759: 8756: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8742:Penguin Books 8739: 8738: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8711: 8705: 8702: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8681: 8678: 8672: 8668: 8667: 8661: 8660: 8638: 8634: 8628: 8620: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8596: 8588: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8545: 8529: 8523: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8448: 8444: 8438: 8423: 8419: 8412: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8353: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8282: 8278: 8271: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8213: 8197: 8194: 8188: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8119: 8111: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8083: 8074: 8068: 8064: 8063: 8055: 8047: 8045:0-691-08840-3 8041: 8037: 8036: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7979: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7957: 7948: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7891: 7876:. 3 June 2015 7875: 7871: 7865: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7817:. 22 May 2003 7816: 7812: 7806: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7765: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7746: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7719: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7692: 7684: 7683: 7675: 7667: 7661: 7657: 7656: 7648: 7641: 7636: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7617: 7609: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7590: 7582: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7554: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7535: 7527: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7508: 7500: 7499: 7492: 7486:, p. 54. 7485: 7484:Truschke 2017 7480: 7472: 7471: 7463: 7455: 7454: 7446: 7438: 7437: 7429: 7423:, p. 74. 7422: 7417: 7409: 7408: 7400: 7392: 7386: 7378: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7359: 7351: 7350: 7342: 7336:, p. 59. 7335: 7330: 7328: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7300: 7293: 7288: 7281: 7276: 7268: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7249: 7243:, p. 21. 7242: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7198: 7190: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7174: 7165: 7157: 7151: 7147: 7142: 7141: 7132: 7124: 7118: 7114: 7113: 7105: 7097: 7091: 7087: 7086: 7078: 7070: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7051: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7024: 7016: 7010: 7007:. Routledge. 7006: 7005: 6997: 6989: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6970: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6943: 6935: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6916: 6910:, p. 81. 6909: 6904: 6902: 6893: 6892: 6884: 6877: 6871: 6855: 6854: 6846: 6839: 6838:Sardesai 1957 6834: 6826: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6807: 6800: 6795: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6768: 6760: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6741: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6727:Ashta Pradhan 6723: 6721: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6684: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6665: 6657: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6638: 6630: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6597: 6588: 6587: 6579: 6572: 6567: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6529: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6510: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6483: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6463: 6457:, p. 48. 6456: 6451: 6445:, p. 53. 6444: 6443:Truschke 2017 6439: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6421:81-219-1145-1 6417: 6413: 6412: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6364: 6362: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6334: 6327: 6322: 6316:, p. 47. 6315: 6310: 6308: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6276: 6269: 6268:Sardesai 1957 6264: 6257: 6252: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6139: 6138: 6130: 6124:, p. 17. 6123: 6118: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6076: 6069: 6064: 6063: 6055: 6047: 6046: 6038: 6030: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6011: 6003: 6002: 5994: 5986: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5936: 5928: 5927: 5919: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5892: 5884: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5839: 5831: 5826: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5807: 5799: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5738:, p. 88. 5737: 5732: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5657:, p. 87. 5656: 5651: 5644: 5639: 5631: 5625: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5514: 5509: 5501: 5500: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5462:, p. 98. 5461: 5456: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5429: 5421: 5415: 5412:. Routledge. 5411: 5410: 5402: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5375: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5348: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5321: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5294: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5267: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5240: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5213: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5180:, p. 76. 5179: 5174: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5147: 5141:, p. 78. 5140: 5135: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5102:, p. 74. 5101: 5096: 5090:, p. 77. 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4950: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4923: 4917:, p. 71. 4916: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4884: 4876: 4875: 4868: 4862:, p. 60. 4861: 4856: 4850:, p. 57. 4849: 4844: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4767:Sardesai 1957 4763: 4756: 4751: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4706:, p. 78. 4705: 4700: 4694:, p. 75. 4693: 4688: 4686: 4678: 4673: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4646: 4640:, p. 22. 4639: 4634: 4628:, p. 67. 4627: 4622: 4616:, p. 70. 4615: 4610: 4604:, p. 17. 4603: 4598: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4544: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4480: 4474:, p. 66. 4473: 4468: 4462:, p. 69. 4461: 4456: 4450:, p. 85. 4449: 4444: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4396: 4390:, p. 61. 4389: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4366:81-219-1145-1 4362: 4358: 4357: 4349: 4347: 4340:, p. 61. 4339: 4334: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4303:, p. 59. 4302: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4258: 4249: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4168: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4146: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4112:, p. 19. 4111: 4106: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3994: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3885: 3877: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3858: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3804: 3803: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3712: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3609: 3607: 3599: 3598:Sardesai 1957 3594: 3592: 3587: 3571: 3561: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3542: 3533: 3523: 3513: 3504: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3400:A replica of 3398: 3394: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3316:In 1993, the 3314: 3312: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3249: 3246:In 1966, the 3239: 3237: 3229: 3224: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3079: 3068: 3064: 3045: 3043: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3017: 3014:wrote in his 3013: 3009: 3008:Julius Caesar 3005: 3001: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2856: 2853: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2810: 2802: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2662: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2556:Ashta Pradhan 2550: 2549:Ashta Pradhan 2535: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2513:Madhav Rao II 2510: 2506: 2505:Afghan Empire 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2205:), who ruled 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:sacred thread 1965: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1932: 1924: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902:, as the new 1901: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1837: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1576: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1426: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:Mahabaleshwar 1364: 1360: 1355: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1240:Mughal empire 1237: 1234:In 1636, the 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1004: 998: 997: 994: 993: 988: 987: 982: 981: 976: 975: 972: 971: 962: 961: 956: 955: 947: 946: 943: 942: 937: 936: 931: 930: 925: 924: 921: 920: 907: 906: 901: 900: 895: 889: 888: 885: 884: 879: 878: 873: 872: 867: 866: 863: 862: 853: 852: 847: 846: 841: 835: 834: 831: 830: 825: 824: 819: 818: 812: 800: 799: 796: 795: 791: 790: 781: 779: 776:(fiefdom) at 775: 774: 769: 765: 761: 760:Mughal Empire 757: 753: 749: 744: 735: 734: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 670: 669:Shivneri Fort 666: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 647:Pune district 644: 640: 634: 628: 618: 616: 612: 608: 603: 600: 596: 592: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 567:Mughal Empire 563: 561: 557: 556: 551: 547: 543: 531: 523: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 409: 404: 401:Campaigns of 395: 390: 388: 383: 381: 376: 375: 372: 363: 359: 355: 352: 349: 345: 342: 339: 335: 332: 329: 325: 322: 319: 317: 313: 310: 306: 303:8, including 302: 300: 296: 289: 288: 274: 267: 266: 252: 245: 244: 230: 223: 222: 205: 198: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 170: 166: 162: 159:(present-day 158: 154: 153:Shivneri Fort 142: 138: 134: 131: 128: 124: 121: 118: 114: 107: 104: 103: 101: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 78: 74: 61: 56: 53: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 9993: 9933:Raghunathrao 9870:Pratap Singh 9834: 9827:Chhatrapatis 9704:Karnala Fort 9557: 9433: 9424: 9413:3 April 1680 9410: 9398: 9391: 9380:at Wikiquote 9332: 9326: 9299: 9273: 9248: 9244: 9216: 9199: 9172: 9149: 9130: 9117: 9103: 9089: 9075: 9055: 9035: 9015: 8995: 8978:. LeftWord. 8974: 8954: 8934: 8910: 8887: 8867: 8853: 8830: 8806: 8783: 8763: 8736: 8709: 8685: 8665: 8656:Bibliography 8641:. Retrieved 8636: 8627: 8617:– via 8611:. Retrieved 8605: 8595: 8575: 8568: 8560:the original 8553: 8544: 8534:17 September 8532:. Retrieved 8522: 8512:17 September 8510:. Retrieved 8506:the original 8496: 8484:. Retrieved 8472: 8463: 8451:. Retrieved 8446: 8437: 8425:. Retrieved 8421: 8411: 8399:. Retrieved 8394: 8384: 8374:17 September 8372:. Retrieved 8368:the original 8361: 8352: 8342:17 September 8340:. Retrieved 8336:the original 8326: 8316:17 September 8314:. Retrieved 8310:the original 8305: 8296: 8286:25 September 8284:. Retrieved 8280: 8270: 8260:25 September 8258:. Retrieved 8254:the original 8244: 8234:25 September 8232:. Retrieved 8228:the original 8221: 8212: 8200:. Retrieved 8195: 8187: 8175:. Retrieved 8168: 8159: 8126: 8122: 8110: 8100:25 September 8098:. Retrieved 8093: 8061: 8054: 8034: 8027: 8018: 8008: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7981: 7976: 7970: 7935: 7925: 7897: 7890: 7878:. Retrieved 7873: 7864: 7852:. Retrieved 7840: 7831: 7819:. Retrieved 7814: 7805: 7793:. Retrieved 7781: 7772: 7752: 7745: 7725: 7718: 7698: 7691: 7681: 7674: 7654: 7647: 7638: 7623: 7616: 7596: 7589: 7579: 7573: 7561: 7541: 7534: 7514: 7507: 7497: 7491: 7479: 7469: 7462: 7452: 7445: 7435: 7428: 7416: 7406: 7399: 7385: 7365: 7358: 7348: 7341: 7306: 7299: 7287: 7275: 7255: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7204: 7197: 7172: 7164: 7139: 7131: 7111: 7104: 7084: 7077: 7057: 7050: 7030: 7023: 7003: 6996: 6976: 6969: 6949: 6942: 6922: 6915: 6890: 6883: 6875: 6870: 6860:27 September 6858:. Retrieved 6852: 6845: 6833: 6813: 6806: 6794: 6774: 6767: 6748:The Marathas 6747: 6740: 6730: 6700: 6691: 6671: 6664: 6644: 6637: 6617: 6610: 6585: 6578: 6566: 6546: 6536: 6516: 6509: 6489: 6482: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6450: 6438: 6410: 6370: 6351: 6345: 6333: 6321: 6297: 6282: 6275: 6263: 6251: 6231: 6224: 6212: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6165: 6158: 6146: 6136: 6129: 6117: 6108: 6103: 6096: 6087: 6082: 6075: 6066: 6061: 6054: 6044: 6037: 6017: 6010: 6000: 5993: 5973: 5966: 5958: 5954:Yuva Bharati 5953: 5947: 5935: 5925: 5918: 5898: 5891: 5871: 5864: 5852: 5825: 5805: 5798: 5778: 5771: 5759: 5743: 5731: 5711: 5704: 5692: 5684: 5669: 5662: 5650: 5638: 5619: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5580: 5568: 5556: 5544: 5532: 5520: 5508: 5498: 5491: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5435: 5428: 5408: 5401: 5381: 5374: 5355:The Marathas 5354: 5347: 5327: 5320: 5300: 5293: 5273: 5266: 5246: 5239: 5219: 5212: 5192: 5185: 5173: 5153: 5146: 5134: 5114: 5107: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5041: 5032: 5020:. Retrieved 5007: 5000: 4988: 4976: 4956: 4949: 4929: 4922: 4910: 4890: 4883: 4873: 4867: 4855: 4843: 4823: 4816: 4804: 4784: 4762: 4750: 4730: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4672: 4653:The Marathas 4652: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4577: 4570: 4550: 4543: 4524: 4518: 4506: 4486: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4423: 4416: 4404: 4395: 4383: 4355: 4333: 4314: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4264: 4257: 4248: 4228: 4221: 4201: 4194: 4174: 4154: 4124: 4117: 4105: 4093:. Retrieved 4089: 4077: 4058: 4052: 4033: 4027: 4008: 4002: 3992: 3985: 3971: 3964: 3944: 3937: 3928: 3924: 3911: 3891: 3884: 3864: 3857: 3850:Wolpert 1962 3823: 3811: 3801: 3771: 3739: 3732: 3719: 3674: 3654: 3647: 3635: 3615: 3570: 3560: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3522: 3512: 3503: 3482: 3445: 3430: 3407: 3392: 3358: 3352: 3348:South Mumbai 3332: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3290: 3284: 3268: 3245: 3232: 3212: 3201: 3189: 3183: 3167: 3159: 3153: 3148: 3145:M. G. Ranade 3142: 3130: 3115: 3100: 3088: 3082: 3075: 3066: 3040: 3030: 3021: 3015: 2996: 2988: 2959:coastal navy 2952: 2948: 2933: 2919:Maratha Navy 2896:, Kondhana ( 2886: 2868:Suvela Machi 2848: 2836: 2827: 2816: 2807: 2789: 2782:. Historian 2777: 2764:Writings of 2738: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2717:Kavi Bhushan 2714: 2706: 2691:imposed the 2685: 2675: 2668: 2660: 2554: 2552: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2438: 2435: 2387: 2353: 2314: 2288: 2272: 2262: 2252: 2244:Panhala Fort 2241: 2219: 2196: 2171: 2140: 2115: 2113:, or clan'. 2094: 2090: 2084: 2070: 2066: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2012: 1992: 1958: 1952: 1937: 1903: 1892: 1883: 1877: 1858: 1838: 1834: 1810:to Shivaji. 1805: 1801:sardeshmukhi 1799: 1768: 1759: 1748: 1728: 1718: 1706: 1661: 1653: 1641:Shaista Khan 1638: 1600: 1581: 1564:Paavan Khind 1563: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1534: 1520: 1507:Rustam Zaman 1503:Panhala fort 1492: 1476: 1469: 1466: 1458: 1434: 1351: 1290: 1270: 1254: 1247: 1233: 1002: 771: 745: 731: 673: 661:Shivai Devi. 636: 604: 587: 583:Maratha navy 564: 553: 521: 520: 470:Vani-Dindori 402: 204:Sai Bhonsale 173:(1680-04-03) 171:3 April 1680 119: 69: 1680s 47: 36: 10638:1680 deaths 10633:1630 births 10483:Adversaries 10418:Farrukhabad 10368:Gajendragad 10318:3rd Panipat 10285:Katwa (2nd) 10275:Katwa (1st) 10165:Pavan Khind 9958:Bhat family 9943:Baji Rao II 9928:Narayan Rao 9656:Pavan Khind 9435:Chhatrapati 8619:Yahoo! News 7241:Pagadi 1983 7061:. OUP USA. 6908:Gordon 2007 6603:Gordon 1993 6198:: 221–226. 5736:Gordon 1993 5697:Gordon 1993 5655:Gordon 1993 5484:Gordon 1993 5217:Mehta, Jl. 5178:Gordon 2007 5139:Gordon 1993 5100:Gordon 1993 5064:Gordon 1993 4915:Gordon 2007 4626:Gordon 2007 4472:Gordon 1993 4460:Gordon 1993 4448:Gordon 2007 4388:Gordon 1993 4338:Gordon 2007 4301:Gordon 2007 3458:. Only the 3448:Shiv Smarak 3433:INS Shivaji 3426:Indian Navy 3402:Raigad Fort 3375:Maharashtra 3291:Shiv-Shahir 3228:Raigad Fort 2983:Baji Prabhu 2828:Ganimi Kawa 2766:Modi Script 2732:Ambrose, a 2709:Raj Singh I 2697:non-Muslims 2610:Summant or 2489:Maharashtra 2449:Bundelkhand 2439:Soon after 2295:Raigad Fort 2259:bloody flux 2072:Chhatrapati 1984:Vedic rites 1908:Raigad Fort 1830: 1680 1713:Jai Singh I 1347: 1605 758:, and the 741: 1590 560:Raigad Fort 555:Chhatrapati 435:Pavan Khind 178:Raigad Fort 161:Maharashtra 116:Predecessor 82:Chhatrapati 10622:Categories 10581:Sindhudurg 10495:Qutb Shahi 10490:Adil Shahi 10205:Bhupalgarh 10170:Umberkhind 10155:Pratapgarh 10061:Parvatibai 10051:Lakshmibai 9994:hereditary 9972:Pratinidhi 9953:Nana Sahib 9913:Baji Rao I 9860:Rajaram II 9744:Sindhudurg 9646:Pratapgarh 9574:Early life 9443:1674–1680 9276:. 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