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gives chatbot-style techniques a potentially useful role in interactive systems that need to elicit information from users, as long as that information is relatively straightforward and falls into predictable categories. Thus, for example, online help systems can usefully employ chatbot techniques to identify the area of help that users require, potentially providing a "friendlier" interface than a more formal search or menu system. This sort of usage holds the prospect of moving chatbot technology from
Weizenbaum's "shelf ... reserved for curios" to that marked "genuinely useful computational methods".
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while 6% had heard of a health chatbot and 3% had experience of using it, 67% perceived themselves as likely to use one within 12 months. The majority of participants would use a health chatbot for seeking general health information (78%), booking a medical appointment (78%), and looking for local health services (80%). However, a health chatbot was perceived as less suitable for seeking results of medical tests and seeking specialist advice such as sexual health.
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only seeking a doctor when experiencing a health problem and 65% thought that a chatbot was a good idea. 30% reported dislike about talking to computers, 41% felt it would be strange to discuss health matters with a chatbot and about half were unsure if they could trust the advice given by a chatbot. Therefore, perceived trustworthiness, individual attitudes towards bots, and dislike for talking to computers are the main barriers to health chatbots.
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1818:, an AI chatbot designed to learn from previous interaction, caused major controversy due to it being targeted by internet trolls on Twitter. Soon after its launch, the bot was exploited, and with its "repeat after me" capability, it started releasing racist, sexist, and controversial responses to Twitter users. This suggests that although the bot learned effectively from experience, adequate protection was not put in place to prevent misuse.
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responding to any input that contains the word 'MOTHER' with 'TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY'). Thus an illusion of understanding is generated, even though the processing involved has been merely superficial. ELIZA showed that such an illusion is surprisingly easy to generate because human judges are so ready to give the benefit of the doubt when conversational responses are
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The observer says to himself "I could have written that". With that thought, he moves the program in question from the shelf marked "intelligent", to that reserved for curios. The object of this paper is to cause just such a re-evaluation of the program about to be "explained". Few programs ever needed it more.
1157:â. When humans use and apply chatbot content contaminated with hallucinations, this results in âbotshitâ. Given the increasing adoption and use of chatbots for generating content, there are concerns that this technology will significantly reduce the cost it takes humans to generate, spread and consume botshit.
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reports how he was initially fooled by a chatterbot posing as an attractive girl in a personal ad he answered on a dating website. In the ad, the girl portrayed herself as being in
Southern California and then soon revealed, in poor English, that she was actually in Russia. He became suspicious after
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The analysis of attitudinal variables showed that most participants reported their preference for discussing their health with doctors (73%) and having access to reliable and accurate health information (93%). While 80% were curious about new technologies that could improve their health, 66% reported
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can pass itself off as a human instead of a chatbot, its message would be more credible. Therefore, human-seeming chatbots with well-crafted online identities could start scattering fake news that seems plausible, for instance making false claims during an election. With enough chatbots, it might be
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is an
Internet-connected version of the doll that uses a chatbot provided by the company ToyTalk, which previously used the chatbot for a range of smartphone-based characters for children. These characters' behaviors are constrained by a set of rules that in effect emulate a particular character and
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techniques can be incorporated into chatbot applications to allow them to map conversations between users and customer service agents, especially in social media. Research has shown that methods incorporating deep learning can learn writing styles from a brand and transfer them to another, promoting
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is one of the major concerns of chatbot technologies. Security threats and system vulnerabilities are weaknesses that are often exploited by malicious users. Storage of user data and past communication, that is highly valuable for training and development of chatbots, can also give rise to security
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Interface designers have come to appreciate that humans' readiness to interpret computer output as genuinely conversationalâeven when it is actually based on rather simple pattern-matchingâcan be exploited for useful purposes. Most people prefer to engage with programs that are human-like, and this
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threats. Chatbots operating on third-party networks may be subject to various security issues if owners of the third-party applications have policies regarding user data that differ from those of the chatbot. Security threats can be reduced or prevented by incorporating protective mechanisms. User
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unveiled that
Messenger would allow chatbots into the app. In large companies, like in hospitals and aviation organizations, IT architects are designing reference architectures for Intelligent Chatbots that are used to unlock and share knowledge and experience in the organization more efficiently,
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In artificial intelligence, machines are made to behave in wondrous ways, often sufficient to dazzle even the most experienced observer. But once a particular program is unmasked, once its inner workings are explained, its magic crumbles away; it stands revealed as a mere collection of procedures.
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Chatbots have been used at different levels of government departments, including local, national and regional contexts. Chatbots are used to provide services like citizenship and immigration, court administrations, financial aid, and migrantsâ rights inquiries. For example, EMMA answers more than
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Certain patient groups are still reluctant to use chatbots. A mixed-methods study showed that people are still hesitant to use chatbots for their healthcare due to poor understanding of the technological complexity, the lack of empathy, and concerns about cyber-security. The analysis showed that
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sequence. Such sequences can be triggered by user opt-in or the use of keywords within user interactions. After a trigger occurs a sequence of messages is delivered until the next anticipated user response. Each user response is used in the decision tree to help the chatbot navigate the response
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Chatbots are increasingly present in businesses and often are used to automate tasks that do not require skill-based talents. With customer service taking place via messaging apps as well as phone calls, there are growing numbers of use-cases where chatbot deployment gives organizations a clear
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Chatbots have great potential to serve as an alternate source for customer service. Many high-tech banking organizations are looking to integrate automated AI-based solutions such as chatbots into their customer service in order to provide faster and cheaper assistance to their clients who are
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ELIZA's key method of operation (copied by chatbot designers ever since) involves the recognition of clue words or phrases in the input, and the output of the corresponding pre-prepared or pre-programmed responses that can move the conversation forward in an apparently meaningful way (e.g. by
1198:, published in 1966, which seemed to be able to fool users into believing that they were conversing with a real human. However Weizenbaum himself did not claim that ELIZA was genuinely intelligent, and the introduction to his paper presented it more as a debunking exercise:
1375:. Despite criticism of its accuracy and tendency to âhallucinateââthat is, to confidently output false information and even cite non-existent sourcesâChatGPT has gained attention for its detailed responses and historical knowledge. Another example is BioGPT, developed by
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launched their chatbot called SoBot in March 2018. While 80% of users of the SoBot expressed their satisfaction after having tested it, Société Générale deputy director
Bertrand Cozzarolo stated that it will never replace the expertise provided by a human advisor.
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As it happens usually with technology-led changes in existing services, some consumers, more often than not from older generations, are uncomfortable with chatbots due to their limited understanding, making it obvious that their requests are being dealt with by
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written conversation with a human judge to the extent that the judge is unable to distinguish reliablyâon the basis of the conversational content aloneâbetween the program and a real human. The notoriety of Turing's proposed test stimulated great interest in
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Chatbots are also appearing in the healthcare industry. A study suggested that physicians in the United States believed that chatbots would be most beneficial for scheduling doctor appointments, locating health clinics, or providing medication information.
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Chatbot developers create, debug, and maintain applications that automate customer services or other communication processes. Their duties include reviewing and simplifying code when needed. They may also help companies implement bots in their operations.
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Chatbots require a large amount of conversational data to train. Generative models, which are based on deep learning algorithms to generate new responses word by word based on user input, are usually trained on a large dataset of natural-language
60:. The reason given is: this article is using citations from 1970 and virtually all claims about conversational capabilities are at least ten years out of date (for example the Turing test was arguably made obsolete years ago by transformer models).
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so as to target specific tasks or applications (i.e., simulating human conversation, in the case of chatbots). Chatbots can also be designed or customized to further target even more specific situations and/or particular subject-matter domains.
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predicted that by 2021, 15% of all customer service interactions globally will be handled completely by AI. A study by
Juniper Research in 2019 estimates retail sales resulting from chatbot-based interactions will reach $ 112 billion by 2023.
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Since 2016, when
Facebook allowed businesses to deliver automated customer support, e-commerce guidance, content, and interactive experiences through chatbots, a large variety of chatbots were developed for the Facebook Messenger platform.
1701:(made by Nick Gerritsen of Touchtech) â has been developed. It is designed to share its political thoughts, for example on topics such as climate change, healthcare and education, etc. It talks to people through Facebook Messenger.
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the brand's image on social media platforms. Chatbots can create new ways of brands and user interactions, which can help improve the brand's performance and allow users to gain "social, information, and economic benefits".
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that optimize their ability to communicate based on each conversation held. Still, there is currently no general purpose conversational artificial intelligence, and some software developers focus on the practical aspect,
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1940:, the task of designing and refining prompts (inputs) leading to desired AI-generated responses has gained significant demand and popularity in recent years, with the advent of sophisticated models, notably
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Luo, Renqian; Sun, Liai; Xia, Yingce; Qin, Tao; Zhang, Sheng; Poon, Hoifung; Liu, Tie-Yan; et al. (2022). "BioGPT: generative pre-trained transformer for biomedical text generation and mining".
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In 2016, Facebook
Messenger allowed developers to place chatbots on their platform. There were 30,000 bots created for Messenger in the first six months, rising to 100,000 by September 2017.
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with spam and advertisements by mimicking human behavior and conversations or to entice people into revealing personal information, such as bank account numbers. They were commonly found on
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1279:. The program was unable to process the news items subsequent to the surprise resignation of Cyrus Vance in April 1980, and the team constructed another chatbot simulating his successor,
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Many banks, insurers, media companies, e-commerce companies, airlines, hotel chains, retailers, health care providers, government entities, and restaurant chains have used chatbots to
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becoming increasingly comfortable with technology. In particular, chatbots can efficiently conduct a dialogue, usually replacing other communication tools such as email, phone, or
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1866:, so the provided solutions, while possessing obvious advantages, have some important limitations in terms of functionalities and use cases. However, this is changing over time.
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and reduce the errors in answers from expert service desks significantly. These
Intelligent Chatbots make use of all kinds of artificial intelligence like image moderation and
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Gertner, Jon. (2023) "Knowledge's Moment of Truth: Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right â without destroying itself in the process?"
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Sajani
Senadheera, et al. (2024) Understanding Chatbot Adoption in Local Governments: A Review and Framework, Journal of Urban Technology, DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2297665
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Several studies report significant reduction in the cost of customer services, expected to lead to billions of dollars of economic savings in the next ten years. In 2019,
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Chatbots sometimes provide plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers. They can make up names, dates, historical events, and even simple math problems.
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1723:, the state government has launched a chatbot for its Aaple Sarkar platform, which provides conversational access to information regarding public services managed.
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1371:, which provides a solid foundation for the model to perform well on downstream tasks with limited amounts of task-specific data. An example of a GPT chatbot is
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mobile app to recognize the child's speech and have a conversation. Like the Hello Barbie doll, it attracted controversy due to vulnerabilities with the doll's
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Bird, Jordan J.; Ekart, Aniko; Faria, Diego R. (June 2018). "Learning from Interaction: An Intelligent Networked-Based Human-Bot and Bot-Bot Chatbot System".
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launched a chatbot called MyGov Corona Helpdesk, that worked through Whatsapp and helped people access information about the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
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2006). While ELIZA and PARRY were used exclusively to simulate typed conversation, many chatbots now include other functional features, such as games and
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In 2016, Russia-based Tochka Bank launched the world's first Facebook bot for a range of financial services, including a possibility of making payments.
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a couple of months of email exchanges, sent her an email test of gibberish, and she still replied in general terms. The dating website is not named.
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architecture, have become common to build sophisticated chatbots. The "pre-training" in its name refers to the initial training process on a large
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fields employ specialized software or programming languages created specifically for the narrow function required. For example, A.L.I.C.E. uses a
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parliamentary election, and was built by the artist collective Computer Lars. Leader Lars differed from earlier virtual politicians by leading a
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both announced their participation in the testing; both airlines had previously launched customer services on the Facebook Messenger platform.
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and by not pretending to be an objective candidate. This chatbot engaged in critical discussions on politics with users from around the world.
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4549:"A.I. chatbot is leading a Danish political party and setting its policies. Now users are grilling it for its stance on political landmines"
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techniques without any reasoning capabilities, the same technique ELIZA was using back in 1966. This is not strong AI, which would require
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1590:. In banking, their major application is related to quick customer service answering common requests, as well as transactional support.
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A 2017 study showed 4% of companies used chatbots. According to a 2016 study, 80% of businesses said they intended to have one by 2020.
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5171:"'This robot causes harm': National Eating Disorders Association's new chatbot advises people with disordering eating to lose weight"
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A chatbot's efficiency highly depends on language processing and is limited because of irregularities, such as accents and mistakes.
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the meaning of their responses, this means they can produce coherent-sounding but inaccurate or fabricated content, referred to as â
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The advantages of using chatbots for customer interactions in banking include cost reduction, financial advice, and 24/7 support.
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Dandapani, Arundati (30 April 2020). "Redesigning Conversations with Artificial Intelligence (Chapter 11)". In Sha, Mandy (ed.).
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and The Chatterbox Challenge (the latter has been offline since 2015, however, materials can still be found from web archives).
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Other companies explore ways they can use chatbots internally, for example for Customer Support, Human Resources, or even in
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4902:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 840 (1st ed.). Nottingham, UK: Springer. pp. 179â190.
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Hasal, Martin; NowakovĂĄ, Jana; Ahmed Saghair, Khalifa; Abdulla, Hussam; SnĂĄĆĄel, VĂĄclav; Ogiela, Lidia (10 October 2021).
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protocols. There has also been a published report of a chatbot used in a fake personal ad on a dating service's website.
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2457:(January 1966), "ELIZA â A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine",
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Chatbots are unable to deal with multiple questions at the same time and so conversation opportunities are limited.
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3549:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11193. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 194â208.
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the dialogue from the ICCC, which took place 24â26 October 1972, whereas this session is from 18 September 1972.)
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Mauldin, Michael (1994), "ChatterBots, TinyMuds, and the Turing Test: Entering the Loebner Prize Competition",
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Chatbots have difficulty managing non-linear conversations that must go back and forth on a topic with a user.
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4222:"Acceptability of artificial intelligence (AI)-led chatbot services in healthcare: A mixed-methods study"
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As the input/output database is fixed and limited, chatbots can fail while dealing with an unsaved query.
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is able to answer user queries related to health promotion and disease prevention such as screening and
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3693:"Chatbot Interactions to Reach 22 Billion by 2023, as AS AI Offers Compelling New Engagement Solutions"
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staff with a chatbot but had to take it offline after users reported receiving harmful advice from it.
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Chatbot competitions focus on the Turing test or more specific goals. Two such annual contests are the
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Parts of this article (those related to everything, particularly sections after the intro) need to be
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1487:'s virtual customer service agent which launched in 2011. The newer generation of chatbots includes
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5090:; Jacques, Richard (2019), "Chatbots, Humbots, and the Quest for Artificial General Intelligence",
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Palanica, Adam; Flaschner, Peter; Thommandram, Anirudh; Li, Michael; Fossat, Yan (3 January 2019).
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1850:, and self-destructing messages are some effective solutions to resist potential security threats.
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Chatbots have also been incorporated into devices not primarily meant for computing, such as toys.
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The bots usually appear as one of the user's contacts, but can sometimes act as participants in a
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questions. In November 2023, Amazon announced a new chatbot, called Q, for people to use at work.
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and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use
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4579:"Maharashtra government launches Aaple Sarkar chatbot to provide info on 1,400 public services"
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Kolodner, Janet L. (1 October 1983). "Maintaining organization in a dynamic long-term memory".
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4189:"In focus: Mumbai-based Haptik which developed India's official WhatsApp chatbot for Covid-19"
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4869:"Automation, Algorithms, and Politics| Talking to Bots: Symbiotic Agency and the Case of Tay"
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1464:, for promotion, and to offer additional ways to order from them. Chatbots are also used in
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3835:"Gagner du Temps avec le Chatbot Bancaire pour Gagner en Intelligence avec les Conseillers"
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2013:
1944:âs GPT series (which still contain notable flaws and limitations, as previously outlined).
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The creation and implementation of chatbots is still a developing area, heavily related to
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Since September 2017, this has also been as part of a pilot program on WhatsApp. Airlines
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1934:(June 2017) predicted that 25% of all jobs would be impacted by AI technologies by 2019.
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500,000 inquiries monthly, regarding services on citizenship and immigration in the US.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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3601:. CHI '17. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 3506â3510.
3543:"What Makes Users Trust a Chatbot for Customer Service? An Exploratory Interview Study"
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1524:, for one, has reportedly launched a chatbot named Mila to automate certain simple yet
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Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems â CHI '19
3993:"Physicians' Perceptions of Chatbots in Health Care: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey"
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Previous generations of chatbots were present on company websites, e.g. Ask Jenn from
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4718:"Using Toy-talk Technology, New Hello Barbie Will Have Real Conversations With Kids"
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has been used as the basis for chatbot-based educational toys for companies such as
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2329:"2017 Messenger Bot Landscape, a Public Spreadsheet Gathering 1000+ Messenger Bots"
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3120:"Podrås hacer 'check in' y consultar tu vuelo con Aeroméxico a través de WhatsApp"
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4826:"From Russia With Love: How I got fooled (and somewhat humiliated) by a computer"
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FĂžlstad, AsbjĂžrn; Nordheim, Cecilie Bertinussen; BjĂžrkli, Cato Alexander (2018).
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4795:"Elemental's smart connected toy taps IBM's Watson supercomputer for its brains"
4452:[Danes want to enter the political scene with artificial intelligence].
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2315:"GPT-4 takes the world by storm - List of companies that integrated the chatbot"
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Nadarzynski, Tom; Miles, Oliver; Cowie, Aimee; Ridge, Damien (1 January 2019).
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2273:"History Of ChatGPT: A Timeline Of The Meteoric Rise Of Generative AI Chatbots"
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also launched a Facebook chatbot, making it the first bank to do so in Africa.
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1260:
1103:. Such examples reflect the recent practice of basing such products upon broad
1045:
897:
428:
165:
5407:
5336:
5244:
6172:
6081:
5893:
5873:
5654:
5397:
5370:
5223:
5155:
5037:
4884:
4646:
4237:
4161:
4070:
4046:
3593:
Xu, Anbang; Liu, Zhe; Guo, Yufan; Sinha, Vibha; Akkiraju, Rama (2 May 2017).
2791:
2706:
2401:
2375:
2356:"Beware of botshit: How to manage the epistemic risks of generative chatbots"
1838:
1593:
1521:
1504:
1345:
1280:
1245:
1065:
816:
745:
627:
358:
243:
5099:
4126:"India's Coronavirus Chatbot on WhatsApp Crosses 1.7 Crore Users in 10 Days"
3606:
3599:
Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
3403:"Rare Carat's Watson-powered chatbot will help you put a diamond ring on it"
1443:
1138:. Companies spanning a wide range of industries have begun using the latest
6061:
5679:
5197:"Eating disorder helpline fires AI for harmful advice after sacking humans"
4255:
4078:
4028:
2848:
2078:
2048:
1827:
1709:
1545:
1178:
1049:
3594:
2840:
2473:
2112:
Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence
1256:(though the program as released would not have been capable of doing so).
6018:
5898:
5611:
5504:
5452:
5316:
3563:
2422:
2204:
2177:
1915:
1653:
1553:
1495:
company Rare Carat to provide information to prospective diamond buyers.
1491:-powered "Rocky", introduced in February 2017 by the New York City-based
1368:
1264:
1233:
1174:
1166:
622:
116:
5028:
3804:
1302:, and has since been adopted by various other developers of, so-called,
5621:
5212:"US eating disorder helpline takes down AI chatbot over harmful advice"
3210:"Better believe the bot boom is blowing up big for B2B, B2C businesses"
2354:
Hannigan, Timothy R.; McCarthy, Ian P.; Spicer, André (20 March 2024).
2116:
2088:
2068:
1793:
1492:
1488:
1380:
771:
467:
393:
1541:
1503:
Used by marketers to script sequences of messages, very similar to an
1060:
systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in
5489:
5019:
4611:"Government of Maharashtra launches Aaple Sarkar chatbot with Haptik"
4583:
4487:
4483:"Can an AI-led Danish party usher in an age of algorithmic politics?"
3934:
2615:
1822:
1815:
1770:
1757:
doll was marketed as a line of 18-inch (46 cm) dolls which uses
1704:
In 2022, the chatbot "Leader Lars" or "Leder Lars" was nominated for
1450:
1376:
1088:
930:
711:
91:
2596:
1969:
1528:
processes when requesting sick leave. Other large companies such as
5964:
5944:
5929:
5908:
5878:
5823:
5788:
5669:
2864:"BioGPT is a Microsoft language model trained for biomedical tasks"
2831:
2194:
1955:
1902:
1657:
1557:
1329:
1311:
1303:
5004:"Chatbots: Security, privacy, data protection, and social aspects"
4009:
3632:"How Chatbots are Transforming Wall Street and Main Street Banks?"
2570:<nettime> Important Documents from the Early Internet (1972)
2254:"ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base - analyst note"
1052:
through text or voice interactions. Modern chatbots are typically
5959:
5939:
5813:
5557:
5472:
5001:
4754:
4450:"Danskere vil ind pÄ den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens"
4362:"Talk with the first-ever robot politician on Facebook Messenger"
4094:"How WhatsApp chatbots are helping in the fight against Covid-19"
2298:"ChatGPT vs. Bing vs. Google Bard: Which AI is the Most Helpful?"
1664:(WHO) to make a chatbot service that answers users' questions on
1649:
1601:
1537:
1484:
1386:
1372:
1332:. Some more recent chatbots also combine real-time learning with
1084:
1076:
706:
35:
31:
4422:
1142:
technologies to power more advanced developments in such areas.
5467:
5462:
5385:
1941:
1745:
1552:
chatbot business ecosystem has been steadily growing since the
1253:
1096:
1080:
1075:
Although chatbots have existed since the late 1960s, the field
1053:
457:
3990:
6157:
5793:
4687:"Conversational Toys â The Latest Trend in Speech Technology"
2176:
Caldarini, Guendalina; Jaf, Sardar; McGarry, Kenneth (2022).
1918:
workers may be particularly at risk from AI-driven chatbots.
1784:
intended to interact with children for educational purposes.
1773:
stack and its use of data collected from the child's speech.
1720:
1225:
1195:
1111:
1048:
application or web interface that is designed to mimic human
701:
696:
423:
96:
2919:
2632:â Transcript of a session between Parry and Eliza. (This is
1259:
From 1978 to some time after 1983, the CYRUS project led by
1525:
1275:, and updated its database daily by parsing wire news from
1241:
1224:
Among the most notable early chatbots are ELIZA (1966) and
4219:
3063:"KLM claims airline first with WhatsApp Business Platform"
2667:
Memory organization for natural language data-base inquiry
5954:
1766:
1587:
1439:
1429:
1425:
3779:"Absa launches 'world-first' Facebook Messenger banking"
989:
List of datasets in computer vision and image processing
5275:"How chatbots are killing jobs (and creating new ones)"
4299:
Wellington, Victoria University of (15 December 2017).
3962:"AI chatbots have a future in healthcare, with caveats"
2532:
1474:
1173:" was published, which proposed what is now called the
3662:"How to Manage Customer Service Technology Innovation"
3540:
2353:
1321:
Jabberwacky learns new responses and context based on
1126:
A major area where chatbots have long been used is in
5058:"Meet 11 of the Most Interesting Chatbots in Banking"
4157:"COVID-19: Govt of India launches a WhatsApp chatbot"
3866:"Meet 11 of the Most Interesting Chatbots in Banking"
2734:
Dennett, Daniel C. (2004), Teuscher, Christof (ed.),
2594:
2218:
1544:
are now using automated online assistants instead of
5008:
Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience
3719:"Facebook launches Messenger platform with chatbots"
3595:"A New Chatbot for Customer Service on Social Media"
2178:"A Literature Survey of Recent Advances in Chatbots"
1951:
1306:. Nevertheless, A.L.I.C.E. is still purely based on
1298:
called AIML, which is specific to its function as a
5353:
Designing bots: Creating conversational experiences
4680:
4678:
3486:"Facebook opens its Messenger platform to chatbots"
2495:GĂŒzeldere, GĂŒven; Franchi, Stefano (24 July 1995),
2175:
1548:with humans to provide a first point of contact. A
1508:sequences to deliver the correct response message.
5355:(First ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media.
5245:"How talking machines are taking call center jobs"
3094:"Aeroméxico te atenderå por WhatsApp durante 2018"
2895:"Amazon announces Q, an AI chatbot for businesses"
2742:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 295â316,
4941:"How Twitter bots get people to spread fake news"
4332:"This virtual politician wants to run for office"
3242:The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research
2861:
2221:"Chatbots: History, technology, and applications"
2219:Adamopoulou, Eleni; Moussiades, Lefteris (2020).
1072:, but simpler chatbots have existed for decades.
6170:
5640:
4675:
2494:
2425:(1950), "Computing Machinery and Intelligence",
1622:The France's third-largest bank by total assets
1252:was published, allegedly written by the chatbot
5437:
4823:
2740:Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker
2390:"Transcript: Ezra Klein Interviews Gary Marcus"
1792:Malicious chatbots are frequently used to fill
5080:
4938:
4900:Advances in Computational Intelligence Systems
4897:
3857:
3749:"Đ ĐŸŃŃĐžĐčŃĐșĐžĐč Đ±Đ°ĐœĐș Đ·Đ°ĐżŃŃŃОл ŃĐ°Ń-Đ±ĐŸŃĐ° ĐČ Facebook"
3456:"Chatbots Are Your Newest, Dumbest Co-Workers"
3429:"10 ways you may have already used IBM Watson"
3337:
3335:
3180:"She is the company's most effective employee"
2309:
2307:
1869:The most common limitations are listed below:
1077:gained widespread attention in the early 2020s
984:List of datasets for machine-learning research
5423:
5086:
4747:Oren Jacob, the co-founder and CEO of ToyTalk
4516:"This Danish Political Party Is Led by an AI"
3930:"Baidu is bringing AI chatbots to healthcare"
3629:
3592:
3343:"A Virtual Travel Agent With All the Answers"
2719:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
2449:
2447:
1693:Government by algorithm § AI politicians
1511:
1228:(1972). More recent notable programs include
1181:. This criterion depends on the ability of a
1017:
4972:"Five Potential Malicious Uses For Chatbots"
3275:
3091:
2816:
2810:
1697:In New Zealand, the chatbot SAM â short for
4867:Neff, Gina; Nagy, Peter (12 October 2016).
4642:"Maharashtra launches Aaple Sarkar chatbot"
4301:"Meet the world's first virtual politician"
3893:
3891:
3332:
2304:
5430:
5416:
4393:"AI-Politicians: A Revolution In Politics"
4298:
3805:"The Biggest French Banks by Total Assets"
3690:
3453:
2670:. Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1978.
2453:
2444:
1853:
1024:
1010:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5027:
4792:
4447:
4245:
4018:
4008:
3562:
3308:"80% of businesses want chatbots by 2020"
3250:
3238:
3150:"Building for People, and Now Businesses"
2950:"Meet the DBpedia Chatbot | DBpedia"
2830:
2696:
2646:The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed
2614:
2488:
2472:
2236:
2203:
2193:
1328:, rather than being driven from a static
1250:The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed
5168:
4969:
4866:
4639:
3888:
2682:
2566:
2560:
90:
78:
5209:
4546:
4480:
4390:
4091:
3623:
2733:
2588:
2526:
2108:
1999:Applications of artificial intelligence
1432:customer service, sales and marketing.
34:. For bots on Internet Relay Chat, see
14:
6171:
5350:
5315:
5194:
5129:
5055:
5044:
4873:International Journal of Communication
4329:
4044:
3927:
3863:
3043:from the original on 22 September 2017
3037:"Facebook Messenger Hits 100,000 bots"
3004:
2597:"RFC 439, PARRY Encounters the DOCTOR"
2421:
2415:
2102:
1286:One pertinent field of AI research is
5411:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4978:from the original on 24 February 2023
4951:from the original on 27 November 2018
4774:from the original on 12 December 2021
4768:"Artificial intelligence script tool"
4621:from the original on 16 December 2020
4559:from the original on 22 December 2022
4513:
4342:from the original on 1 September 2019
4280:from the original on 1 September 2019
4154:
4040:
4038:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3055:
2986:from the original on 2 September 2019
2960:from the original on 2 September 2019
2930:from the original on 8 September 2019
2892:
2862:Bastian, Matthias (29 January 2023).
2678:
2676:
2623:from the original on 20 February 2008
2270:
2134:
2123:from the original on 13 December 2007
1899:National Eating Disorders Association
1640:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
5889:Simple Knowledge Organization System
4842:from the original on 19 October 2010
4793:Takahashi, Dean (23 February 2015).
4715:
4528:from the original on 13 October 2022
3997:Journal of Medical Internet Research
3729:from the original on 26 October 2019
3522:from the original on 15 January 2019
3160:from the original on 9 February 2018
3073:from the original on 5 February 2020
2874:from the original on 7 February 2023
2335:from the original on 2 February 2019
2171:
2169:
2167:
2152:from the original on 2 November 2010
1908:
1826:even possible to achieve artificial
1498:
1475:As part of company apps and websites
1393:of 2017. It can communicate through
1171:Computing Machinery and Intelligence
42:
4939:Temming, Maria (20 November 2018).
4684:
4495:from the original on 22 August 2022
4403:from the original on 10 August 2019
4311:from the original on 3 January 2020
4047:"Role of Chat GPT in Public Health"
3942:from the original on 3 January 2020
3699:from the original on 2 January 2020
3545:. In Bodrunova, Svetlana S. (ed.).
3435:from the original on 22 August 2017
3409:from the original on 22 August 2017
3373:"Chatbot vendor directory released"
2655:. everything2.com. 13 November 1999
1580:
1468:to collect short survey responses.
1361:generative pre-trained transformers
1087:, followed by alternatives such as
979:Glossary of artificial intelligence
30:For the bot-creation software, see
27:Program that simulates conversation
24:
5297:
5094:, ACM CHI 2020, pp. 209â219,
4990:
4728:from the original on 15 March 2015
4547:Hearing, Alice (14 October 2022).
4391:Prakash, Abishur (8 August 2018).
4372:from the original on 4 August 2019
4092:Ahaskar, Abhijit (27 March 2020).
4035:
3972:from the original on 23 March 2023
3928:Larson, Selena (11 October 2016).
3581:
3454:Greenfield, Rebecca (5 May 2016).
3383:from the original on 23 April 2017
3365:
3220:from the original on 3 August 2017
3190:from the original on 23 March 2023
2893:Novet, Jordan (28 November 2023).
2673:
2251:
2225:Machine Learning with Applications
2034:Generative artificial intelligence
1761:technology in conjunction with an
1248:abilities. In 1984, a book called
1140:generative artificial intelligence
1058:generative artificial intelligence
25:
6205:
5904:Thesaurus (information retrieval)
5378:
5281:from the original on 1 April 2019
5255:from the original on 1 April 2019
5136:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5130:Stover, Dawn (3 September 2023).
5068:from the original on 1 April 2019
4654:from the original on 23 July 2020
4591:from the original on 23 July 2020
4462:from the original on 20 June 2022
4448:Sternberg, Sarah (20 June 2022).
4305:Victoria University of Wellington
4201:from the original on 23 July 2020
4169:from the original on 23 July 2020
4136:from the original on 21 June 2020
4106:from the original on 23 July 2020
3909:from the original on 1 April 2019
3876:from the original on 1 April 2019
3845:from the original on 1 April 2019
3785:from the original on 1 April 2019
3759:from the original on 1 April 2019
3642:from the original on 1 April 2019
3496:from the original on 23 June 2017
3466:from the original on 6 April 2017
3353:from the original on 15 June 2017
3320:from the original on 8 March 2018
3288:from the original on 8 March 2018
3126:. 27 October 2017. Archived from
2164:
1990:Humanâcomputer interaction portal
1415:
1263:constructed a chatbot simulating
5396:
5384:
5267:
5237:
5169:Crimmins, Tricia (30 May 2023).
4824:Epstein, Robert (October 2007).
4805:from the original on 20 May 2015
4640:Aggarwal, Varun (5 March 2019).
4514:Xiang, Chloe (13 October 2022).
4481:Diwakar, Amar (22 August 2022).
4429:from the original on 11 May 2021
4330:Wagner, Meg (23 November 2017).
4051:Annals of Biomedical Engineering
3815:from the original on 9 July 2017
3516:"Chatbot Reference Architecture"
3405:. TechCrunch. 15 February 2017.
3278:"The AI Revolution is Underway!"
3276:Capan, Faruk (18 October 2017).
3100:from the original on 2 July 2018
3092:Forbes Staff (26 October 2017).
2533:Computer History Museum (2006),
2029:Friendly artificial intelligence
1982:
1968:
1954:
1833:
1787:
1420:Many companies' chatbots run on
1269:United States Secretary of State
1238:Agence Nationale de la Recherche
47:
5210:Aratani, Lauren (31 May 2023).
5203:
5188:
5162:
5123:
4963:
4932:
4891:
4860:
4817:
4786:
4760:
4740:
4716:Nagy, Evie (13 February 2015).
4709:
4666:
4633:
4603:
4571:
4540:
4507:
4474:
4441:
4415:
4384:
4354:
4323:
4292:
4262:
4213:
4181:
4155:Kurup, Rajesh (21 March 2020).
4148:
4118:
4085:
3984:
3954:
3921:
3827:
3797:
3771:
3741:
3711:
3684:
3654:
3534:
3508:
3478:
3447:
3421:
3395:
3300:
3269:
3245:. RTI Press. pp. 221â230.
3232:
3202:
3172:
3142:
3112:
3085:
3029:
3017:from the original on 3 May 2019
2998:
2982:. dbpedia.org. 22 August 2018.
2972:
2942:
2912:
2886:
2855:
2792:"What is ChatGPT? - MagicBuddy"
2784:
2770:
2727:
2658:
2639:
2602:Internet Engineering Task Force
2382:
2347:
2252:Hu, Krystal (2 February 2023).
5485:Natural language understanding
5195:Knight, Taylor (31 May 2023).
3431:. VentureBeat. 10 March 2017.
2778:"Chat Robots Simiulate People"
2595:Network Working Group (1973),
2321:
2290:
2264:
2245:
2212:
1567:natural-language understanding
1404:
1219:
399:Relevance vector machine (RVM)
13:
1:
6009:Optical character recognition
5325:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
5148:10.1080/00963402.2023.2245247
5056:Marous, Jim (14 March 2018).
4270:"Sam, the virtual politician"
4045:Biswas, Som S. (1 May 2023).
3864:Marous, Jim (14 March 2018).
3252:10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004
2698:10.1016/S0364-0213(83)80001-9
2573:, nettime.org, archived from
2271:Hines, Kristi (4 June 2023).
2095:
2009:Conversational user interface
1726:
1633:
1389:created a chatbot during the
1379:, which focuses on answering
1160:
888:Computational learning theory
452:Expectationâmaximization (EM)
5702:Multi-document summarization
5321:"Minds, Brains and Programs"
4908:10.1007/978-3-319-97982-3_15
3555:10.1007/978-3-030-01437-7_16
3005:Beaver, Laurie (July 2016).
2748:10.1007/978-3-662-05642-4_12
2368:10.1016/j.bushor.2024.03.001
1210:capable of being interpreted
1185:to impersonate a human in a
845:Coefficient of determination
692:Convolutional neural network
404:Support vector machine (SVM)
7:
6032:Latent Dirichlet allocation
6004:Natural language generation
5869:Machine-readable dictionary
5864:Linguistic Linked Open Data
5439:Natural language processing
4749:interviewed on the TV show
2535:"Internet History â 1970's"
2497:"Constructions of the Mind"
2064:Natural language processing
1947:
1686:
1571:natural-language generation
1288:natural-language processing
1070:natural language processing
996:Outline of machine learning
893:Empirical risk minimization
10:
6210:
5784:Explicit semantic analysis
5533:Deep linguistic processing
4063:10.1007/s10439-023-03172-7
2980:"Meet the DBpedia Chatbot"
2701:(inactive 29 March 2024).
2501:Stanford Humanities Review
2238:10.1016/j.mlwa.2020.100006
1690:
1637:
1512:Company internal platforms
1408:
1353:artificial neural networks
1277:United Press International
633:Feedforward neural network
384:Artificial neural networks
29:
6135:
6090:
6045:
6017:
5977:
5922:
5844:
5832:
5763:
5720:
5692:
5627:Word-sense disambiguation
5503:
5480:Computational linguistics
5445:
5337:10.1017/S0140525X00005756
4833:Scientific American: Mind
3899:"Chatbots: Boon or Bane?"
3691:Smith, Sam (8 May 2019).
3377:www.hypergridbusiness.com
2567:Sondheim, Alan J (1997),
2460:Communications of the ACM
2039:Hybrid intelligent system
1699:Semantic Analysis Machine
1662:World Health Organization
1483:which debuted in 2008 or
1079:due to the popularity of
616:Artificial neural network
6194:Natural language parsing
6153:Natural Language Toolkit
6077:Pronunciation assessment
5979:Automatic identification
5809:Latent semantic analysis
5765:Distributional semantics
5650:Compound-term processing
5548:Named-entity recognition
5132:"Will AI make us crazy?"
4970:Epp, Len (11 May 2016).
4685:Amy (23 February 2015).
4238:10.1177/2055207619871808
3007:"The Chatbots Explainer"
2439:10.1093/mind/lix.236.433
1134:, with various sorts of
925:Journals and conferences
872:Mathematical foundations
782:Temporal difference (TD)
638:Recurrent neural network
558:Conditional random field
481:Dimensionality reduction
229:Dimensionality reduction
191:Quantum machine learning
186:Neuromorphic engineering
146:Self-supervised learning
141:Semi-supervised learning
6057:Automated essay scoring
6027:Document classification
5694:Automatic summarization
5305:New York Times Magazine
5100:10.1145/3290605.3300439
3607:10.1145/3025453.3025496
2651:4 February 2010 at the
2543:Computer History Museum
1860:artificial intelligence
1854:Limitations of chatbots
1735:
1660:has teamed up with the
1458:answer simple questions
1334:evolutionary algorithms
334:Apprenticeship learning
5914:Universal Dependencies
5607:Terminology extraction
5590:Semantic decomposition
5585:Semantic role labeling
5575:Part-of-speech tagging
5543:Information extraction
5528:Coreference resolution
5518:Collocation extraction
3809:Banks around the World
1914:return on investment.
1802:Windows Live Messenger
1534:Royal Bank of Scotland
1205:
1149:responses rather than
883:Biasâvariance tradeoff
765:Reinforcement learning
741:Spiking neural network
151:Reinforcement learning
100:
88:
6189:Interactive narrative
5675:Sentence segmentation
5351:Shevat, Amir (2017).
2736:"Can Machines Think?"
2474:10.1145/365153.365168
2277:Search Engine Journal
1848:End-to-end encryption
1806:AOL Instant Messenger
1750:produce a storyline.
1673:The Indian Government
1399:Master of Code Global
1363:(GPT), which use the
1339:information retrieval
1200:
1116:Gemini language model
1108:large language models
719:Neural radiance field
541:Structured prediction
264:Structured prediction
136:Unsupervised learning
94:
82:
6127:Voice user interface
5838:datasets and corpora
5779:Document-term matrix
5632:Word-sense induction
5393:at Wikimedia Commons
4368:. 25 November 2017.
4232:: 2055207619871808.
3695:. Juniper Research.
3316:. 15 December 2016.
2205:10.3390/info13010041
2142:"What is a chatbot?"
2014:Dead Internet theory
1530:Lloyds Banking Group
1428:. They are used for
1300:conversational agent
1273:case-based reasoning
1145:As chatbots work by
908:Statistical learning
806:Learning with humans
598:Local outlier factor
6107:Interactive fiction
6037:Pachinko allocation
5994:Speech segmentation
5950:Google Ngram Viewer
5722:Machine translation
5712:Text simplification
5707:Sentence extraction
5595:Semantic similarity
5402:Conversational bots
5062:The Financial Brand
4697:on 21 February 2018
3870:The Financial Brand
3672:on 11 December 2019
3630:Hingrajia, Mirant.
3282:www.PM360online.com
3013:. BI Intelligence.
2841:10.1093/bib/bbac409
2664:Kolodner, Janet L.
2549:on 21 February 2008
2509:Stanford University
1901:replaced its human
1706:The Synthetic Party
1577:and deep learning.
1462:customer engagement
1169:'s famous article "
751:Electrochemical RAM
658:reservoir computing
389:Logistic regression
308:Supervised learning
294:Multimodal learning
269:Feature engineering
214:Generative modeling
176:Rule-based learning
171:Curriculum learning
131:Supervised learning
106:Part of a series on
6117:Question answering
5989:Speech recognition
5854:Corpus linguistics
5834:Language resources
5617:Textual entailment
5600:Sentiment analysis
5251:. 23 August 2018.
4835:. pp. 16â17.
4691:Virtual Agent Chat
4615:The Economic Times
3905:. 9 January 2018.
3518:. 1 January 2019.
3347:The New York Times
3186:. September 2017.
3067:www.phocuswire.com
2956:. 22 August 2018.
2780:. 11 October 2015.
2455:Weizenbaum, Joseph
2396:. 6 January 2023.
2394:The New York Times
2059:Multi-agent system
1976:Programming portal
1962:Linguistics portal
1938:Prompt Engineering
1897:In 2023, US-based
1821:If a text-sending
1759:speech recognition
1518:Internet-of-Things
1395:Facebook Messenger
1212:as "intelligent".
1177:as a criterion of
1136:virtual assistants
319: •
234:Density estimation
101:
89:
6184:Instant messaging
6166:
6165:
6122:Virtual assistant
6047:Computer-assisted
5973:
5972:
5730:Computer-assisted
5688:
5687:
5680:Word segmentation
5642:Text segmentation
5580:Semantic analysis
5568:Syntactic parsing
5553:Ontology learning
5389:Media related to
5362:978-1-4919-7482-7
5109:978-1-4503-5970-2
4917:978-3-319-97982-3
4521:Vice: Motherboard
3725:. 12 April 2016.
3616:978-1-4503-4655-9
3574:978-3-030-01437-7
3492:. 12 April 2016.
3262:978-1-934831-24-3
3039:. 18 April 2017.
2920:"DBpedia Chatbot"
2757:978-3-662-05642-4
2685:Cognitive Science
2360:Business Horizons
2084:Stochastic parrot
2044:Intelligent agent
1909:Chatbots and jobs
1810:instant messaging
1499:Chatbot sequences
1411:Virtual assistant
1351:Chatbots may use
1326:user interactions
1316:logical reasoning
1192:Joseph Weizenbaum
1034:
1033:
839:Model diagnostics
822:Human-in-the-loop
665:Boltzmann machine
578:Anomaly detection
374:Linear regression
289:Ontology learning
284:Grammar induction
259:Semantic analysis
254:Association rules
239:Anomaly detection
181:Neuro-symbolic AI
85:virtual assistant
77:
76:
16:(Redirected from
6201:
6143:Formal semantics
6092:Natural language
5999:Speech synthesis
5981:and data capture
5884:Semantic network
5859:Lexical resource
5842:
5841:
5660:Lexical analysis
5638:
5637:
5563:Semantic parsing
5432:
5425:
5418:
5409:
5408:
5400:
5388:
5374:
5347:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5277:. 18 June 2017.
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5088:Grudin, Jonathan
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5053:
5042:
5041:
5031:
5020:10.1002/cpe.6426
4999:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4864:
4858:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4830:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4764:
4758:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4693:. Archived from
4682:
4673:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4587:. 5 March 2019.
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4197:. 7 April 2020.
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4130:NDTV Gadgets 360
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4012:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3966:AI in Healthcare
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3895:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3841:. 19 June 2018.
3839:Marketing Client
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3781:. 19 July 2016.
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3755:. 13 July 2016.
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3668:. Archived from
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3590:
3579:
3578:
3566:
3547:Internet Science
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3379:. October 2011.
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3349:. 4 March 2008.
3339:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3313:Business Insider
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3216:. 24 July 2016.
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3130:on 10 March 2018
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3011:Business Insider
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2954:wiki.dbpedia.org
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2924:chat.dbpedia.org
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2834:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2710:
2700:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2656:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2618:
2616:10.17487/RFC0439
2607:Internet Society
2592:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2545:, archived from
2530:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2511:, archived from
2492:
2486:
2485:
2476:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2433:(236): 433â460,
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2317:. 21 March 2023.
2311:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2197:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2106:
2054:List of chatbots
2004:Autonomous agent
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1864:machine learning
1798:Yahoo! Messenger
1648:The GPT chatbot
1624:Société Générale
1581:Customer service
1575:machine learning
1556:Conference when
1520:(IoT) projects.
1308:pattern matching
1183:computer program
1128:customer service
1062:natural language
1026:
1019:
1012:
973:Related articles
850:Confusion matrix
603:Isolation forest
548:Graphical models
327:
326:
279:Learning to rank
274:Feature learning
112:Machine learning
103:
102:
72:
69:
63:
51:
50:
43:
21:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6131:
6111:Syntax guessing
6093:
6086:
6072:Predictive text
6067:Grammar checker
6048:
6041:
6013:
5980:
5969:
5935:Bank of English
5918:
5846:
5837:
5828:
5759:
5716:
5684:
5636:
5538:Distant reading
5513:Argument mining
5499:
5495:Text processing
5441:
5436:
5381:
5363:
5307:(18 July 2023)
5300:
5298:Further reading
5295:
5294:
5284:
5282:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5226:
5208:
5204:
5193:
5189:
5179:
5177:
5167:
5163:
5128:
5124:
5110:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5069:
5054:
5045:
5000:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4968:
4964:
4954:
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4933:
4918:
4896:
4892:
4865:
4861:
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4839:
4828:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4806:
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4745:
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4710:
4700:
4698:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4655:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4455:Jyllands-Posten
4446:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4389:
4385:
4375:
4373:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4297:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4274:Tuia Innovation
4268:
4267:
4263:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4194:Hindustan Times
4187:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4090:
4086:
4043:
4036:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3666:www.gartner.com
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3591:
3582:
3575:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3124:Huffington Post
3118:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2860:
2856:
2819:Brief Bioinform
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2732:
2728:
2712:
2711:
2681:
2674:
2663:
2659:
2653:Wayback Machine
2644:
2640:
2626:
2624:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2577:on 13 June 2008
2565:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2515:on 11 July 2007
2493:
2489:
2452:
2445:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2269:
2265:
2250:
2246:
2217:
2213:
2188:(1). MDPI: 41.
2174:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2024:Eugene Goostman
2019:Dialogue system
1988:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1911:
1856:
1836:
1790:
1778:Watson computer
1755:My Friend Cayla
1738:
1729:
1714:political party
1695:
1689:
1642:
1636:
1617:Barclays Africa
1583:
1562:Mark Zuckerberg
1514:
1501:
1481:Alaska Airlines
1477:
1466:market research
1418:
1413:
1407:
1359:. For example,
1296:markup language
1222:
1163:
1030:
1001:
1000:
974:
966:
965:
926:
918:
917:
878:Kernel machines
873:
865:
864:
840:
832:
831:
812:Active learning
807:
799:
798:
767:
757:
756:
682:Diffusion model
618:
608:
607:
580:
570:
569:
543:
533:
532:
488:Factor analysis
483:
473:
472:
456:
419:
409:
408:
329:
328:
312:
311:
310:
299:
298:
204:
196:
195:
161:Online learning
126:
114:
73:
67:
64:
61:
52:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6207:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6104:
6098:
6096:
6094:user interface
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5839:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5819:Word embedding
5816:
5811:
5806:
5799:Language model
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5770:
5768:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5750:Transfer-based
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5523:Concept mining
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5460:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5435:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5394:
5380:
5379:External links
5377:
5376:
5375:
5361:
5348:
5331:(3): 417â457,
5312:
5311:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5266:
5236:
5202:
5187:
5161:
5142:(5): 299â303.
5122:
5108:
5079:
5043:
4989:
4962:
4931:
4916:
4890:
4859:
4854:Robert Epstein
4816:
4785:
4759:
4739:
4708:
4674:
4665:
4632:
4602:
4570:
4539:
4506:
4473:
4440:
4414:
4383:
4353:
4322:
4291:
4261:
4226:Digital Health
4212:
4180:
4147:
4132:. April 2020.
4117:
4084:
4057:(5): 868â869.
4034:
3983:
3953:
3920:
3887:
3856:
3826:
3796:
3770:
3740:
3710:
3683:
3653:
3622:
3615:
3580:
3573:
3533:
3507:
3477:
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3420:
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3201:
3171:
3141:
3111:
3084:
3054:
3028:
2997:
2971:
2941:
2911:
2885:
2854:
2809:
2783:
2769:
2756:
2726:
2691:(4): 243â280.
2672:
2657:
2638:
2587:
2559:
2525:
2487:
2443:
2414:
2381:
2346:
2331:. 3 May 2017.
2320:
2303:
2289:
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2244:
2211:
2163:
2146:techtarget.com
2133:
2100:
2099:
2097:
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2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:Software agent
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1979:
1965:
1949:
1946:
1910:
1907:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1855:
1852:
1844:authentication
1835:
1832:
1789:
1786:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1708:to run in the
1688:
1685:
1635:
1632:
1615:In July 2016,
1582:
1579:
1526:time-consuming
1513:
1510:
1500:
1497:
1476:
1473:
1424:or simply via
1422:messaging apps
1417:
1416:Messaging apps
1414:
1406:
1403:
1357:language model
1261:Janet Kolodner
1221:
1218:
1162:
1159:
1155:hallucinations
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
993:
992:
991:
981:
975:
972:
971:
968:
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964:
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953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
898:Occam learning
895:
890:
885:
880:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
857:
855:Learning curve
852:
847:
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837:
834:
833:
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829:
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363:
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341:
339:Decision trees
336:
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316:classification
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209:Classification
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166:Batch learning
163:
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108:
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75:
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26:
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3:
2:
6206:
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6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:Hallucination
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6082:Spell checker
6080:
6078:
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6068:
6065:
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5925:
5921:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5894:Speech corpus
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5874:Parallel text
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
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5851:
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5843:
5840:
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5807:
5804:
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5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5735:Example-based
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5665:Text chunking
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5655:Lemmatisation
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5639:
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5623:
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5608:
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5604:
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5598:
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5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5556:
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5549:
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5541:
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5536:
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5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5505:Text analysis
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:General terms
5444:
5440:
5433:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5419:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5403:
5399:
5395:
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5387:
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5382:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5354:
5349:
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5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
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5310:
5306:
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5280:
5276:
5270:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5198:
5191:
5176:
5175:The Daily Dot
5172:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5105:
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5097:
5093:
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5083:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5050:
5048:
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5030:
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5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4852:Psychologist
4838:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4756:
4752:
4751:Triangulation
4748:
4743:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4679:
4669:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4647:Business Line
4643:
4636:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4590:
4586:
4585:
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4574:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4510:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4477:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4444:
4428:
4424:
4423:"SAM website"
4418:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4162:Business Line
4158:
4151:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4039:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4010:10.2196/12887
4006:
4003:(4): e12887.
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3570:
3565:
3564:11250/2571164
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3465:
3461:
3460:Bloomberg.com
3457:
3450:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3319:
3315:
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3309:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2873:
2869:
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2858:
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2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
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2813:
2797:
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2737:
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2722:
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2708:
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2679:
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2647:
2642:
2635:
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2598:
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2548:
2544:
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2536:
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2514:
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2502:
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2491:
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2440:
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2428:
2424:
2418:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
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2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2334:
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2316:
2310:
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2299:
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2278:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2090:
2087:
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2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1839:Data security
1834:Data security
1831:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:Malicious use
1785:
1783:
1779:
1774:
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1768:
1764:
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1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1594:Deep learning
1591:
1589:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
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1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:Overstock.com
1519:
1509:
1506:
1505:autoresponder
1496:
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1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
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1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1346:Loebner Prize
1342:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1281:Edmund Muskie
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:web searching
1243:
1239:
1236:and D.U.D.E (
1235:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1197:
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1188:
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1129:
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1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:deep learning
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
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1022:
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1013:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
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986:
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851:
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836:
835:
828:
825:
823:
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817:Crowdsourcing
815:
813:
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802:
793:
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778:
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769:
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746:Memtransistor
744:
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734:
730:
727:
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631:
629:
628:Deep learning
626:
624:
621:
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612:
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604:
601:
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583:
582:
579:
574:
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563:Hidden Markov
561:
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550:
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