1063:
741:
2907:
2797:
3055:
2818:
2696:
3027:
3168:
4608:
1079:
3148:
2727:
2080:
127:
3075:
2969:
2751:
2937:
2877:
2122:
2999:
191:
1885:
2855:
3193:
1504:
1299:
1648:
are also capable of processing solid food, and use a distinctive feeding system. Claws at the tips of their legs grab small invertebrates and pass them to a food groove that runs from between the rearmost legs to the mouth, which is on the underside of the head and faces slightly backwards. The bases
3340:
and other aquatic fossils as something other than scorpions, despite the similarities; accept that "scorpions" are not monophyletic but consist of separate aquatic and terrestrial groups; or treat scorpions as more closely related to eurypterids and possibly horseshoe crabs than to spiders and other
1689:. Ammonia is so toxic that it must be diluted rapidly with large quantities of water. Most terrestrial chelicerates cannot afford to use so much water and therefore convert nitrogenous wastes to other chemicals, which they excrete as dry matter. Extraction is by various combinations of nephridia and
1266:
The chelicerae ("claw horns") that give the sub-phylum its name normally consist of three sections, and the claw is formed by the third section and a rigid extension of the second. However, spiders' have only two sections, and the second forms a fang that folds away behind the first when not in use.
664:
rituals to attract mates. Most lay eggs that hatch as what look like miniature adults, but all scorpions and a few species of mites keep the eggs inside their bodies until the young emerge. In most chelicerate species the young have to fend for themselves, but in scorpions and some species of spider
4352:
Although well behind the insects, chelicerates are one of the most diverse groups of animals, with over 77,000 living species that have been described in scientific publications. Some estimates suggest that there may be 130,000 undescribed species of spider and nearly 500,000 undescribed species of
1282:
In basal chelicerates, the pedipalps are unspecialized and subequal to the posterior pairs of walking legs. However, in sea spider and arachnids, the pedipalps are more or less specialized for sensory or prey-catching function â for example scorpions have pincers and male spiders have bulbous tips
1836:
would block out information about the outside world, except that they are penetrated by many sensors or connections from sensors to the nervous system. In fact, spiders and other arthropods have modified their cuticles into elaborate arrays of sensors. Various touch and vibration sensors, mostly
672:
origins of chelicerates from the early arthropods have been debated for decades. Although there is considerable agreement about the relationships between most chelicerate sub-groups, the inclusion of the
Pycnogonida in this taxon has been questioned, and the exact position of scorpions is still
3295:
features of modern chelicerates and anatomical features of modern and fossil ones produced credible results for many lower-level groups, but its results for the high-level relationships between major sub-groups of chelicerates were unstable, in other words minor changes in the inputs caused
1967:, giving birth to live young (even more mites are ovoviviparous, but most are oviparous). Female pseudoscorpions carry their eggs in a brood pouch on the belly, where the growing embryos feeds on a nutritive fluid provided by the mother during development, and are therefore
5827:
Mittmann, B.; Scholtz, G. (2003). "Development of the nervous system in the "head" of
Limulus polyphemus (Chelicerata: Xiphosura): Morphological evidence for a correspondence between the segments of the chelicerae and of the (first) antennae of Mandibulata".
4724:, but only one every few years in the USA. Most of these incidents are caused by accidental human "invasions" of scorpions' nests. On the other hand, medical uses of scorpion venom are being investigated for treatment of brain cancers and bone diseases.
676:
Venom has evolved three times in the chelicerates; spiders, scorpions and pseudoscorpions, or four times if the hematophagous secretions produced by ticks are included. In addition there have been undocumented descriptions of venom glands in
Solifugae.
3405:). This work suggested it is possible that Dekatriata is synonymous with Sclerophorata as the reproductive system, the primary defining feature of sclerophorates, has not been thoroughly studied in chasmataspidids. Dekatriata is in turn part of the
1163:, with six post-ocular segments (somite 1 to 6), which all have paired appendages. It was previously thought that chelicerates had lost the antennae-bearing somite 1, but later investigations reveal that it is retained and corresponds to a pair of
1824:, which are regarded as the most basal living spiders, the ganglia of the opisthosoma and the rear part of the prosoma remain unfused, and in scorpions the ganglia of the cephalothorax are fused but the abdomen retains separate pairs of ganglia.
3413:(the only monophyletic xiphosuran group) and other stem-genera. A recent phylogenetic analysis of the chelicerates places the Xiphosura within the Arachnida as the sister group of Ricinulei., but others still retrieve a monophyletic arachnida.
2657:, suggests that chelicerates are most closely related to myriapods, while hexapods and crustaceans are each other's closest relatives. However, these results are derived from analyzing only living arthropods, and including extinct ones such as
3364:
A 2013 phylogenetic analysis (the results presented in a cladogram below) on the relationships within the
Xiphosura and the relations to other closely related groups (including the eurypterids, which were represented in the analysis by genera
740:
6085:
6710:
Moore, R.A.; Briggs, D.E.G.; Braddy, S.J.; Anderson, L.I.; Mikulic, D.G. & Kluessendorf, J. (March 2005), "A new synziphosurine (Chelicerata, Xiphosura) from the late
Llandovery (Silurian) Waukesha Lagerstaette, Wisconsin, USA",
1082:
Formation of anterior segments across arthropod taxa based on gene expression and neuroanatomical observations, Note the chelicera(Ch) and chelifore(Chf) arose from somite 1 and thus correspond to the first antenna(An/An1) of other
6653:
Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (2015), "The oldest described eurypterid: a giant Middle
Ordovician (Darriwilian) megalograptid from the Winneshiek LagerstÀtte of Iowa",
2075:
and therefore a chelicerate. If any of these was closely related to chelicerates, there is a gap of at least 43 million years in the record between true chelicerates and their nearest not-quite chelicerate relatives.
7063:
1254:
Chelicerae and pedipalps are the two pairs of appendages closest to the mouth; they vary widely in form and function and the consistent difference between them is their position in the embryo and corresponding neurons:
7602:
Gonzalo
Giribet G., Edgecombe, G.D., Wheeler, W.C., and Babbitt, C. (2002), "Phylogeny and Systematic Position of Opiliones: A Combined Analysis of Chelicerate Relationships Using Morphological and Molecular Data",
1935:
Also the sea spiders have external fertilization. The male and female release their sperm and eggs into the water where fertilization occurs. The male then collects the eggs and carries them around under his body.
527:(sea spiders), if the latter are indeed chelicerates. On the other hand, there are over 77,000 well-identified species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species.
1245:
to grow. In other words, they grow new but still soft cuticles, then cast off the old one and wait for the new one to harden. Until the new cuticle hardens the animals are defenseless and almost immobilized.
8764:
1982:'s brood cling to rough bristles on the mother's back, and females of some species respond to the "begging" behavior of their young by giving them their prey, provided it is no longer struggling, or even
1947:. Except for opiliones and some mites, where the male have a penis used for direct fertilization, fertilization in arachnids is indirect. Indirect fertilization happens in two ways; the male deposit his
5628:
Braddy, S.J.; Aldridge, R.J.; Gabbott, S.E. & Theron, J.N. (1999), "Lamellate book-gills in a late
Ordovician eurypterid from the Soom Shale, South Africa: Support for a eurypterid-scorpion clade",
6013:
704:
Although the venom of a few spider and scorpion species can be very dangerous to humans, medical researchers are investigating the use of these venoms for the treatment of disorders ranging from
3393:
but not including all descendants of this ancestor) and thus not a valid phylogenetic group. Eurypterids were recovered as closely related to arachnids instead of xiphosurans, forming the group
1797:
in other arthropods, chelicerate brains include only one pair of pre-oral ganglia instead of two. However, there is evidence that the first segment is indeed available and bears the cheliceres.
3288:) were traditionally classified as chelicerates, but some features suggest they may be representatives of the earliest arthropods from which the well-known groups such as chelicerates evolved.
8957:
Menassa, R.; Zhu, H.; Karatzas, C.N.; Lazaris, A.; Richman, A. & Brandle, J. (June 2004), "Spider dragline silk proteins in transgenic tobacco leaves: accumulation and field production",
4741:
A few of the closely related mites also infest humans, some causing intense itching by their bites, and others by burrowing into the skin. Species that normally infest other animals such as
2243:
and hence was not a true spider. Rather, it was likely sister group to the spiders, a clade which has been named
Serikodiastida. Close relatives of the group survived through to the
6761:
Rudkin, D.M.; Young, G.A. & Nowlan, G.S. (January 2008), "The Oldest
Horseshoe Crab: a New Xiphosurid from Late Ordovician Konservat-LagerstÀtten Deposits, Manitoba, Canada",
6339:"Spectacular alterations in the female reproductive system during the ovarian cycle and adaptations for matrotrophy in chernetid pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae)"
1820:
the ganglia, including those that would normally be in the opisthosoma, are fused into a single mass in the prosoma and there are no ganglia in the opisthosoma. However, in the
3291:
However, the structure of "family tree" relationships within the Chelicerata has been controversial ever since the late 19th century. An attempt in 2002 to combine analysis of
4697:
Because spider silk is both light and very strong, but large-scale harvesting from spiders is impractical, work is being done to produce it in other organisms by means of
1928:
look rather like miniature adults as they have full sets of appendages and eyes, but initially they have only two pairs of book-gills and gain three more pairs as they
610:
for touch and for information about vibrations, air currents, and chemical changes in their environment. The most active hunting spiders also have very acute eyesight.
6311:
6144:
1920:
on the beach. The female digs a depression in the wet sand, where she will release her eggs. The male, usually more than one, then releases his sperm onto them. Their
8879:
633:
can digest solid food, the guts of most modern chelicerates are too narrow for this, and they generally liquidize their food by grinding it with their chelicerae and
2108:(how the segments are grouped, especially in the head), a restudy in 2014 confirmed its phylogenetic position as the oldest chelicerate. Another fossil of the site,
1864:), mounted on the sides of the head, plus pigment-cup ocelli ("little eyes"), mounted in the middle. These median ocelli-type eyes in chelicerates are assumed to be
1951:(package of sperm) on the ground, which is then picked up by the female. Or the male store his sperm in appendages modified into sperm transfer organs, such as the
6171:
1532:
that runs most of the length of the body and through which blood flows, driven by a tubular heart that collects blood from the rear and pumps it forward. Although
8775:
8617:
6023:
574:
that appear before the mouth. In most sub-groups, they are modest pincers used to feed. However, spiders' chelicerae form fangs that most species use to inject
146:
7566:
Poschmann, M.; Dunlop, J.A. (2006), "A New Sea Spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) with a Flagelliform Telson from the Lower Devonian HunsrĂŒck Slate, Germany",
8454:
2104:, represents the oldest occurrence of a confirmed chelicerate, Middle Cambrian in age. Although its chelicerate nature has been doubted for its pattern of
1073:
Formation of anterior segments across arthropod taxa based on previous hypothesis. Note the antenna-bearing somite 1 was thought to be lost in Chelicerata.
8234:
1582:
period, has what appear to be four pairs of vertically oriented book gills whose internal structure is very similar to that of scorpions' book lungs.
9401:
7870:
Sharma, Prashant P.; Kaluziak, Stefan T.; PĂ©rez-Porro, Alicia R.; GonzĂĄlez, Vanessa L.; Hormiga, Gustavo; Wheeler, Ward C.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2014).
1868:
with the crustacean nauplius eyes and the insect ocelli. The eyes of horseshoe crabs can detect movement but not form images. At the other extreme,
8943:
8260:
7647:
7270:
6806:
5973:
5830:
4720:
stings. Scorpion stings are thought to be a significant danger in less-developed countries; for example, they cause about 1,000 deaths per year in
4629:, and used the tail spines as spear tips and the shells to bail water out of their canoes. More recent attempts to use horseshoe crabs as food for
3357:
1893:
1793:
formed by fusion of the ganglia just behind the mouth with those ahead of it. If one assume that chelicerates lose the first segment, which bears
9961:
8110:
Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Tanner, Alastair R.; Giacomelli, Mattia; Carton, Robert; Vinther, Jakob; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Pisani, Davide (2019).
6395:
2195:
273:
2259:, and fossils suggest taxa closely related to the spiders, but which were not true members of the group were also present during this Period.
9987:
1959:
rituals are common, especially in species where the male risk being eaten before mating. Most arachnids lay eggs, but all scorpions and some
337:
7413:
Giribet G, Ribera C (2000). "A Review of Arthropod Phylogeny: New Data Based on Ribosomal DNA Sequences and Direct Character Optimization".
10079:
7128:
Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Selden, Paul A.; Spencer, Alan R. T.; Atwood, Robert C.; Vo, Nghia T.; Drakopoulos, Michael (2016).
3957:
1650:
288:
1808:
plus those of the first two opisthosomal segments, while the other opisthosomal segments retain separate pairs of ganglia. In most living
7228:
Shear, W.A., Gensel, P.G. and Jeram, A.J. (December 1996), "Fossils of large terrestrial arthropods from the Lower Devonian of Canada",
10074:
8550:
6905:
6847:
6837:
3972:
3355:
within the scorpions, based on reinterpretation of the species' breathing apparatus. This is reflected also in the reinterpretation of
3296:
significant changes in the outputs of the computer program used (POY). An analysis in 2007 using only anatomical features produced the
7286:"Stranger than a scorpion: a reassessment of Parioscorpio venator, a problematic arthropod from the Llandoverian Waukesha LagerstÀtte"
1644:
are among the minority of living chelicerates that can take solid food, and the group includes predators, herbivores and scavengers.
5669:
6484:
Wills, M.A. (2001), "How good is the fossil record of arthropods? An assessment using the stratigraphic congruence of cladograms",
5088:
Heethoff M, Koerner L, Norton RA, Raspotnig G (2011). "Tasty but protected--first evidence of chemical defense in oribatid mites".
5006:"Ecdysteroids fromPycnogonum litorale (Arthropoda, Pantopoda) act as chemical defense againstCarcinus maenas (Crustacea, Decapoda)"
2609:
The "traditional" view of the arthropod "family tree" shows chelicerates as less closely related to the other major living groups (
7284:
Anderson, Evan P.; Schiffbauer, James D.; Jacquet, Sarah M.; Lamsdell, James C.; Kluessendorf, Joanne; Mikulic, Donald G. (2021).
6440:
5923:"Differential expression of retinal determination genes in the principal and secondary eyes of Cupiennius salei Keyserling (1877)"
9974:
1159:
is formed in the embryo by fusion of the ocular somite (referred as "acron" in previous literatures), which carries the eyes and
8301:
Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado, G. Giribet. 2007. Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA.
6394:
Lourenço, W.R. (2002). "Reproduction in scorpions, with special reference to parthenogenesis". In Toft, S.; Scharff, N. (eds.).
5702:
10084:
1974:
Levels of parental care for the young range from zero to prolonged. Scorpions carry their young on their backs until the first
1841:, respond to different levels of force, from strong contact to very weak air currents. Chemical sensors provide equivalents of
9145:
9495:
9329:
9296:
9228:
8627:
8601:
8563:
8398:
7356:
6458:
6408:
6321:
6181:
6154:
5787:
5343:
4938:
4808:
6237:
4369:" webs that enable them to live under water. Like their ancestors, most living chelicerates are carnivores, mainly on small
2271:
has been classified as a scorpion, but differed significantly from modern scorpions: it appears wholly aquatic since it had
9979:
9525:
8920:
7529:
gen. et sp. nov. (Chelicerata: Chasmataspidida) from Lesmahagow, Scotland, and its implications for eurypterid phylogeny",
7456:
Jenner, R.A. (2006), "Challenging received wisdoms: Some contributions of the new microscopy to the new animal phylogeny",
7062:
Wang, Bo; Dunlop, Jason A.; Selden, Paul A.; Garwood, Russell J.; Shear, William A.; MĂŒller, Patrick; Lei, Xiaojie (2018).
6239:
Embryology and Phylogeny in Annelids and Arthropods: International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Biology Zoology
1511:
8415:
1634:
sub-groups. All the Acari have a retractable feeding assembly that consists of the chelicerae, pedipalps and parts of the
613:
Chelicerates were originally predators, but the group has diversified to use all the major feeding strategies: predation,
8112:"Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida"
4824:
Aria, CĂ©dric; Caron, Jean-Bernard (September 2019). "A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills".
1978:, and in a few semi-social species the young remain with their mother. Some spiders care for their young, for example a
1572:
had gills, but the fossil evidence was ambiguous. However, a fossil of the 45 millimetres (1.8 in) long eurypterid
9218:
8211:
6110:
4622:
1070:
7924:"A Critical Appraisal of the Placement of Xiphosura (Chelicerata) with Account of Known Sources of Phylogenetic Error"
5333:
4633:
were abandoned when it was found that this gave the meat a bad taste. Horseshoe crab blood contains a clotting agent,
8995:"High-Toughness Silk Produced by a Transgenic Silkworm Expressing Spider (Araneus ventricosus) Dragline Silk Protein"
8516:
J. A. L. Cooke (1967). "Observations on the biology of Ricinulei (Arachnida) with descriptions of two new species of
6247:
5072:
2044:
analyses that consider wider ranges of characteristics place neither as chelicerates. There is debate about whether
586:, which is the major body cavity. Marine chelicerates have gills, while the air-breathing forms generally have both
10036:
9927:
9120:
3328:. Their mouths are also completely under their heads and almost between the first pair of legs, as in the extinct
602:
fuse into large masses in the cephalothorax, but there are wide variations and this fusion is very limited in the
9992:
9940:
1693:. The tubules filter wastes out of the blood and dump them into the hindgut as solids, a system that has evolved
8493:
8473:
8261:"Adaptations to an aquatic life may be responsible for the reversed sexual size dimorphism in the water spider,
6732:
9121:"Engineering scientists use bacteria to create biosynthetic silk threads stronger and more tensile than before"
5576:
4716:
In the 20th century, there were about 100 reliably reported deaths from spider bites, compared with 1,500 from
1298:
2906:
5974:""Eight-legged cats" and how they see - a review of recent research on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)"
2239:
period, bears the earliest known silk-producing spigots, and was therefore hailed as a spider, but it lacked
1054:
641:. To conserve water, air-breathing chelicerates excrete waste as solids that are removed from their blood by
429:
2796:
132:
130:
8653:
1160:
9407:
9063:
7497:
Schultz, J.W. (2007), "A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters",
6264:
9870:
9097:
7661:
Shultz, J.W. (2007), "A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters",
1552:
These depend on individual sub-groups' environments. Modern terrestrial chelicerates generally have both
660:, air-breathing chelicerates use internal but usually indirect fertilization. Many species use elaborate
131:
17:
8279:
6821:
5988:
3026:
712:. The medical industry also uses the blood of horseshoe crabs as a test for the presence of contaminant
190:
8993:
Kojima, Katsura; Tamada, Yasushi; Nakajima, Ken-ichi; Sezutsu, Hideki; Kuwana, Yoshihiko (2014-08-27).
2283:; its mouth was completely under its head and almost between the first pair of legs, as in the extinct
606:, which are regarded as the oldest and most basal group of spiders. Most chelicerates rely on modified
1860:, as the compound eye in the other clades has been reduced to a cluster of no more than five pairs of
408:
134:
10002:
3054:
1983:
1129:
555:
8341:
6414:
2817:
1800:
There is a notable but variable trend towards fusion of other ganglia into the brain. The brains of
1536:
direct the blood to specific parts of the body, they have open ends rather than joining directly to
1241:
made mainly of chitin and chemically hardened proteins. Since this cannot stretch, the animals must
133:
10069:
10041:
9518:
8899:
7601:
6656:
6086:"Millions of horseshoe crabs spawn on the shores of Delaware Bay each year. Here's how to see them"
4635:
2695:
1214:. The abdominal appendages of modern chelicerates are missing or heavily modified â for example in
678:
8355:
5233:"Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head â A palaeobiological and developmental perspective"
4639:, which is used to test antibiotics and kidney machines to ensure that they are free of dangerous
3316:
have been classified by paleontologists as scorpions, but described as wholly aquatic as they had
1528:
restricted to small areas round the reproductive and excretory systems. The main body cavity is a
1078:
3167:
579:
176:
152:
6450:
6444:
5671:
Exploitation of the PseudomyrmexâAcacia mutualism by a predominantly vegetarian jumping spider (
4607:
10028:
9966:
9810:
9173:"The Global Epidemiology, Syndromic Classification, Management, and Prevention of Spider Bites"
8894:
5875:
4683:
2634:
1944:
1905:
1187:("little eyes") in the middle. The mouth is between somite 1 and 2 (chelicerae and pedipalps).
1097:
657:
599:
535:
401:
8854:
6951:
Selden, P.A.; Shear, W.A. (July 2008), "Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets",
6265:"Scorpion katoikogenic ovariuterus â Much more alike to apoikogenic type than it seemed to be"
5371:"Expression of homeobox genes shows chelicerate arthropods retain their deutocerebral segment"
5060:
4745:
may infest humans if their normal hosts are eliminated. Three species of mite are a threat to
4365:, the vast majority of living species are air-breathers, although a few spider species build "
3147:
2036:
have been classified as chelicerates, the latter because its appendages resemble those of the
135:
10064:
10023:
10015:
9848:
8328:
7285:
6924:
3307:
The position of scorpions is particularly controversial. Some early fossils such as the Late
2661:
causes a swing back to the "traditional" view, placing trilobites as the sister-group of the
8569:
8071:"Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura"
6928:
6263:
JÄdrzejowska, Izabela; Szymusiak, Kamil; Mazurkiewicz-Kania, Marta; Garbiec, Arnold (2016).
1279:' are tiny pincers that are used in feeding and project only slightly in front of the head.
1179:
segments (somite 4 to 6) have pairs of legs. In basal forms the ocular somite has a pair of
9896:
9857:
9008:
8123:
8041:
7988:
7872:"Phylogenomic Interrogation of Arachnida Reveals Systemic Conflicts in Phylogenetic Signal"
7828:
7702:
7575:
7297:
7237:
7075:
6960:
6866:
6770:
6720:
6665:
6603:
6548:
6493:
6350:
6276:
5775:
5640:
5382:
5244:
5184:
5097:
5017:
4833:
4691:
3390:
3325:
2280:
1694:
1557:
1457:
1046:
709:
646:
591:
7390:
7373:
3300:
on the right, but also noted that many uncertainties remain. In recent analyses the clade
8:
9511:
9503:
9374:
Jong, D.D.; Morse, R.A. & Eickwort, G.C. (January 1982), "Mite Pests of Honey Bees",
8798:
Andrade, E.; Villanova, F.; Borra, P.; et al. (June 2008), "Penile erection induced
4698:
2665:(hexapods plus myriapods) and chelicerates as least closely related to the other groups.
2135:
The eurypterids have left few good fossils and one of the earliest confirmed eurypterid,
2079:
1872:
have a very wide field of vision, and their main eyes are ten times as acute as those of
9387:
9012:
8194:
Shultz, J.W. (2001), "Chelicerata (Arachnids, Including Spiders, Mites and Scorpions)",
8127:
8045:
7992:
7832:
7706:
7579:
7301:
7241:
7079:
6964:
6870:
6774:
6724:
6669:
6607:
6552:
6497:
6354:
6280:
5887:
5779:
5679:
5644:
5386:
5248:
5188:
5101:
5021:
4837:
4734:
that can cause diseases in humans, while the saliva of a few species can directly cause
4713:
spider silk is now available as a commercial product from some biotechnology companies.
9460:
9039:
8994:
8833:
8746:
8702:
8633:
8535:
8522:
8485:
8435:
8217:
8154:
8111:
8006:
7852:
7792:
7757:
7733:
7690:
7630:
7617:
7546:
7438:
7426:
7321:
7253:
7211:
7164:
7129:
7107:
7036:
7009:
6983:
6884:
6788:
6744:
6688:
6635:
6572:
6511:
6371:
6338:
6218:
6058:
5949:
5922:
5891:
5873:
Coddington, J.A.; Levi, H.W. (1991). "Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae)".
5855:
5710:
5652:
5525:
5500:
5121:
5041:
4981:
4954:
4928:
4865:
4679:
4678:. Possible medical uses for spider venoms are being investigated, for the treatment of
2240:
1955:
in male spiders, which is inserted into the female genital openings during copulation.
1865:
1782:
1690:
1541:
1482:
1438:
1417:
1219:
642:
364:
185:
164:
9352:
8908:
7816:
2726:
1112:; heads that are composed of several segments that fuse during the development of the
10010:
9491:
9452:
9325:
9224:
9194:
9172:
9044:
9026:
8976:
8971:
8937:
8912:
8825:
8820:
8738:
8719:
Lewis, R.J.; Garcia, M.L. (October 2003), "Therapeutic potential of venom peptides",
8694:
8623:
8597:
8559:
8477:
8394:
8207:
8159:
8141:
8092:
8087:
8070:
8054:
8025:
8001:
7972:
7953:
7945:
7901:
7893:
7844:
7797:
7779:
7738:
7720:
7675:
7641:
7622:
7588:
7511:
7475:
7430:
7395:
7352:
7325:
7313:
7264:
7169:
7151:
7099:
7091:
7064:"Cretaceous arachnid Chimerarachne yingi gen. et sp. nov. illuminates spider origins"
7041:
6988:
6783:
6736:
6693:
6639:
6627:
6619:
6564:
6532:
6454:
6404:
6376:
6317:
6292:
6243:
6177:
6150:
6066:
5954:
5847:
5783:
5767:
5727:
5572:
5530:
5418:
5413:
5400:
5370:
5339:
5270:
5262:
5208:
5200:
5113:
5068:
5045:
5033:
5005:
4986:
4934:
4906:
4869:
4857:
4849:
4804:
4800:
4772:
4751:
4644:
4435:
2114:, is considered a basal chelicerate and it has the oldest known chelicerae and proto-
1956:
1794:
1009:
661:
9862:
9464:
9189:
8837:
8706:
8489:
8439:
8221:
8010:
7856:
7634:
7550:
7442:
7215:
6888:
6792:
6748:
6591:
6576:
6515:
5895:
5859:
5125:
3074:
2968:
2633:) than these other groups are to each other. Recent research since 2001, using both
1939:
Being air-breathing animals, although many mites have become secondary aquatic, the
9875:
9444:
9383:
9216:
9184:
9034:
9016:
8966:
8904:
8815:
8750:
8728:
8684:
8531:
8469:
8427:
8316:
8242:, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government, September 2005
8199:
8149:
8131:
8082:
8049:
7996:
7935:
7883:
7836:
7787:
7769:
7728:
7710:
7670:
7612:
7583:
7538:
7506:
7465:
7422:
7385:
7344:
7305:
7257:
7245:
7203:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7159:
7141:
7111:
7083:
7031:
7021:
6978:
6968:
6920:
6874:
6778:
6728:
6709:
6683:
6673:
6611:
6556:
6501:
6366:
6358:
6284:
6210:
6125:
6050:
5944:
5934:
5883:
5839:
5719:
5648:
5627:
5520:
5512:
5408:
5390:
5252:
5192:
5105:
5025:
4976:
4966:
4896:
4841:
4473:
3163:
2849:
1916:
meet outside the parents' bodies. Despite being aquatic, they spawn on land in the
1781:
Chelicerate nervous systems are based on the standard arthropod model of a pair of
1168:
170:
7758:"Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders"
7689:
Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Knecht, Brian J.; Hegna, Thomas A. (2017).
7010:"Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders"
3345:, so that either scorpions are not arachnids or "arachnids" are not monophyletic.
2936:
2750:
2019:
where conditions were exceptionally suited to preserving fairly soft tissues. The
1237:
Like all arthropods, chelicerates' bodies and appendages are covered with a tough
9481:
9427:
Osakabe, M. (2002), "Which predatory mite can control both a dominant mite pest,
9319:
9021:
7339:
Giribet G, Edgecombe G (April 2013). "The Arthropoda: A Phylogenetic Framework".
6899:
6897:
4710:
4626:
4613:
4184:
3488:
3402:
3381:
3277:
3246:
2743:
2097:
1917:
1801:
1790:
1727:
1653:
that both grind the food and push it towards the mouth. This is how the earliest
748:
725:
673:
controversial, though they were long considered the most basal of the arachnids.
393:
250:
41:
9272:
7348:
7180:
6129:
2876:
1568:
that lie in a horizontal plane. For a long time it was assumed that the extinct
9935:
9922:
9210:
8136:
6362:
4735:
3333:
3301:
3269:
2998:
2929:
2650:
2288:
2121:
2012:
1901:
1869:
1857:
1645:
1574:
1561:
1227:
519:
present by this time. The surviving marine species include the four species of
491:
479:
455:
9448:
7840:
7715:
7542:
7207:
7194:
Weygoldt, P. (February 1998), "Evolution and systematics of the Chelicerata",
7087:
6894:
6678:
6615:
6560:
6288:
6262:
5939:
5843:
5723:
5663:
5661:
5257:
5232:
5196:
5109:
4901:
4884:
4845:
2016:
1560:, which do the same without using the blood as a transport system. The living
1503:
1132:, sets of segments that serve similar functions: the foremost one, called the
10058:
9732:
9727:
9697:
9604:
9250:
9030:
8481:
8145:
8096:
7970:
7949:
7897:
7848:
7783:
7724:
7317:
7155:
7095:
6842:
6740:
6623:
5404:
5395:
5266:
5204:
4924:
4910:
4853:
4196:
4087:
4060:
3880:
3575:
3420:
3394:
2308:
2248:
2212:
2191:
2137:
2020:
1948:
1176:
1137:
1128:
circulates, driven by a tube-like heart. Chelicerates' bodies consist of two
982:
566:, except that mites have lost a visible division between these sections. The
422:
235:
77:
8203:
7940:
7923:
7888:
7871:
7374:"The phylogenetic status of arthropods, as inferred from 18S rRNA sequences"
7130:"Almost a spider: a 305-million-year-old fossil arachnid and spider origins"
6973:
6879:
6214:
5498:
1590:
The guts of most modern chelicerates are too narrow to take solid food. All
1175:
that in most sub-groups perform sensory functions, while the remaining four
1062:
9737:
9712:
9702:
9673:
9456:
9198:
9150:
9048:
8980:
8956:
8916:
8829:
8742:
8698:
8455:"The Neglected Cousins: What do we Know about the Smaller Arachnid Orders?"
8163:
7957:
7905:
7801:
7742:
7626:
7479:
7434:
7173:
7146:
7103:
7045:
6992:
6697:
6631:
6568:
6380:
6296:
6070:
5958:
5851:
5658:
5623:
5621:
5534:
5516:
5274:
5212:
5117:
5037:
4990:
4861:
4370:
4042:
3905:
3647:
3386:
2638:
2385:
2336:
2256:
1884:
1853:
1180:
486:, among many others), as well as a number of extinct lineages, such as the
7399:
5422:
4971:
2854:
582:
typical of arthropods, in which a tube-like heart pumps blood through the
9948:
9842:
9833:
9717:
9631:
9487:
9092:
8877:
7470:
7227:
4452:
4411:
4386:
4366:
4354:
4225:
4157:
3918:
3845:
3761:
3746:
3632:
3593:
3471:
3456:
3410:
3406:
3375:
3351:
3312:
3281:
3273:
3192:
3183:
2718:
2478:
2267:
2161:
2092:
2008:
1979:
1968:
1635:
1223:
1191:
1141:
626:
563:
524:
498:
483:
353:
329:
311:
52:
9888:
9220:
Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook
8311:
Gloor, Daniel; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Blick, Theo; Kropf, Christian (2017).
8023:
6853:
Dunlop, J.A. (1999), "A replacement name for the trigonotarbid arachnid
6199:"Reproduction and Parental Care in the Scorpion, Euscorpius flavicaudis"
5618:
5585:
5063:. In Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo; Machado, Glauco; Giribet, Gonzalo (eds.).
9765:
9707:
9683:
9594:
9566:
9318:
Goodman, Jesse L.; Dennis, David Tappen; Sonenshine, Daniel E. (2005),
9217:
Williamson, J.A.; Fenner, P.J.; Burnett, J.W. & Rifkin, J. (1996),
7309:
6222:
6198:
6062:
6038:
5231:
Ortega-HernĂĄndez, Javier; Janssen, Ralf; Budd, Graham E. (2017-05-01).
5029:
4702:
4675:
4560:
4518:
4511:
4487:
4170:
4130:
4020:
3933:
3793:
3671:
3535:
3435:
3398:
3329:
3304:
is reliably recovered, but other ordinal relationships remain in flux.
3285:
3070:
2901:
2792:
2491:
2455:
2364:
2326:
2284:
2252:
2244:
2223:
2180:
2168:
2147:
2142:
2115:
2110:
2072:
2046:
1964:
1821:
1753:
1641:
1579:
1569:
1272:
1268:
1203:
1152:(mites and ticks) there is no visible division between these sections.
950:
698:
686:
630:
614:
603:
567:
515:
506:
487:
451:
305:
280:
158:
97:
62:
9953:
8109:
7774:
7525:
O. Tetlie, E.; Braddy, S.J. (2003), "The first Silurian chasmataspid,
7026:
6310:
Auerbach, Paul S.; Cushing, Tracy A.; Harris, N. Stuart (2016-09-21).
442: 'horn') constitutes one of the major subdivisions of the phylum
9909:
9742:
9663:
9658:
9648:
9640:
9612:
9572:
9560:
9554:
9535:
9146:"Bacteria can be coaxed into making the toughest kind of spider silk"
8431:
7249:
5566:
5494:
5492:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5284:
4760:
4759:
worldwide. Mites cause several forms of allergic diseases, including
4756:
4746:
4717:
4674:
as they are deadly to insects but the great majority are harmless to
4671:
4655:
4630:
4588:
4574:
4532:
4501:
4459:
4382:
4378:
4358:
4209:
3865:
3811:
3733:
3689:
3346:
3321:
3297:
3265:
3249:
3142:
3021:
2991:
2871:
2812:
2772:
2690:
2662:
2658:
2630:
2626:
2610:
2604:
2553:
2525:
2513:
2444:
2398:
2301:
2292:
2276:
2230:
2202:
2174:
2153:
2152:, making it the oldest eurypterid. Until recently the earliest known
2126:
2063:
2056:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2004:
1921:
1873:
1846:
1682:
1654:
1631:
1611:
1603:
1565:
1553:
1474:
1352:
1259:
are deutocerebral and arise from somite 1, ahead of the mouth, while
1256:
1164:
1093:
1038:
1022:
993:
894:
837:
721:
717:
694:
690:
669:
634:
622:
618:
587:
571:
551:
531:
520:
510:
475:
463:
443:
435:
414:
389:
345:
296:
267:
222:
202:
115:
102:
9804:
8733:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8173:
7817:"Current views on chelicerate phylogenyâA tribute to Peter Weygoldt"
7449:
6054:
5477:
5172:
9914:
9883:
9827:
9752:
9692:
9653:
9617:
9373:
9068:
8999:
7977:(Whitfield): integrating data from Palaeozoic and recent scorpions"
6906:"The Role of Behavior in the Evolution of Spiders, Silks, and Webs"
6760:
6506:
6018:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5600:
4955:"Quo vadis venomics? A roadmap to neglected venomous invertebrates"
4776:
4731:
4706:
4659:
4640:
4374:
3505:
3342:
3308:
3257:
3235:
2622:
2614:
2538:
2349:
2296:
2263:
2236:
2216:
2208:
2187:
2157:
2105:
2068:
2051:
2025:
1952:
1940:
1889:
1813:
1809:
1786:
1767:
1740:
1702:
1666:
1627:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1533:
1529:
1495:
1276:
1267:
The relative sizes of chelicerae vary widely: those of some fossil
1260:
1199:
1172:
1121:
1030:
713:
583:
502:
467:
459:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
45:
8855:"Scientists gene-hacked bacteria to make bullet-proof spider silk"
8689:
7561:
7559:
7283:
6592:"A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills"
6336:
5667:
5489:
5281:
1194:
consists of thirteen or fewer segments, may or may not end with a
9770:
9760:
9722:
9399:
8797:
8675:
Novak, K. (2001), "Spider venom helps hearts keep their rhythm",
8170:
7869:
5965:
5631:
4930:
Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
4546:
4425:
4112:
3049:
2959:
1833:
1805:
1670:
1556:, which deliver oxygen and remove waste gases via the blood, and
1379:
1284:
1238:
1156:
1145:
1133:
1109:
1101:
682:
595:
559:
547:
539:
107:
82:
9901:
9064:"Gene editing technique allows silkworms to produce spider silk"
8030:
Lehmann, 1944 from the Lower Devonian HunsrĂŒck Slate of Germany"
8024:
G. KĂŒhl; A. Bergmann; J. Dunlop; R. J. Garwood; J. Rust (2012).
7922:
Ballesteros, JesĂșs A; Sharma, Prashant P; Halanych, Ken (2019).
6807:"A trigonotarbid arachnid from the Upper Silurian of Shropshire"
5750:
5748:
5746:
5597:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
4353:
mites and ticks. While the earliest chelicerates and the living
1685:("little kidneys"), which extract other wastes for excretion as
9775:
9548:
8320:
7556:
7492:
7490:
7488:
6039:"Nest-Site Selection in the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus"
4768:
4764:
4742:
4721:
4687:
4663:
4648:
4362:
3550:
3253:
2963:
2654:
2618:
2101:
2000:
1861:
1698:
1619:
1615:
1595:
1525:
1215:
1195:
1184:
1117:
1113:
1105:
705:
650:
638:
543:
471:
212:
7531:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
5499:
Braddy, S.J.; Poschmann, M. Markus & Tetlie, O.E. (2008).
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5087:
1614:
spider species is known, and many supplement their diets with
8393:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 135.
8370:
6432:
6014:"With their eight eyes, jumping spiders are true visionaries"
5902:
5808:
5796:
5774:. New York, NY: W.W. Norton; Hutchinson Radius. p. 105.
5743:
5560:
5541:
5454:
4667:
4442:
3385:) concluded that the Xiphosura, as presently understood, was
1925:
1909:
1842:
1686:
1674:
1623:
1465:
1449:
1430:
1404:
1396:
1387:
1371:
1363:
1360:
1288:
1263:
are tritocerebral and arise from somite 2, behind the mouth.
1149:
1125:
607:
575:
9248:
8878:
Hinman, M.B., Jones J.A., and Lewis, R.W. (September 2000),
8357:
Pseudoscorpion - Penn State Entomology Department Fact Sheet
7485:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
2312:, which lived during the Silurian, in present-day Scotland.
1638:, and which forms a preoral cavity for pre-processing food.
1524:
As in all arthropods, the chelicerate body has a very small
9713:
Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
8992:
8474:
10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0357:TNCWDW]2.0.CO;2
7654:
7372:
Turbeville J, Pfeifer D, Field K, Raff R (September 1991).
6733:
10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0242:ANSCXF>2.0.CO;2
6337:
Garbiec, A.; ChristophoryovĂĄ, J.; JÄdrzejowska, I. (2022).
5772:
Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History
5703:"Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) that feed on nectar"
5429:
5230:
4727:
3317:
3261:
3187:
2272:
2215:
and segmented abdomen, as well as eight legs and a pair of
1975:
1960:
1929:
1913:
1838:
1678:
1537:
1446:
1242:
1231:
9533:
8103:
7971:
Jason A. Dunlop; O. Erik Tetlie; Lorenzo Prendini (2008).
7371:
7127:
5971:
5872:
5137:
5135:
4701:. Spider silk proteins have been successfully produced in
1602:
that "pre-process" food in preoral cavities formed by the
523:(horseshoe crabs), and possibly the 1,300 species of
7921:
7565:
7524:
5668:
Meehan, C.J.; Olson, E.J.; Curry, R.L. (21 August 2008).
5369:
Telford, Maximilian J.; Thomas, Richard H. (1998-09-01).
5306:
4952:
3292:
2646:
2642:
1673:
and dump it via their gills, and excrete other wastes as
720:
in humans, transmit several diseases to humans and their
9738:
Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
7917:
7915:
7688:
6903:
5335:
Invertebrate Relationships: Patterns in animal evolution
5331:
4795:
Barnes, R. S. K.; Calow, P. P.; Olive, P. J. W. (2009).
3245:
It is generally agreed that the Chelicerata contain the
1519:
1275:
form large claws that extended ahead of the body, while
9317:
8718:
7134:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
7061:
6950:
6652:
5826:
5567:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004).
5132:
4885:"Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty"
8765:"Venom Peptides and their Mimetics as Potential Drugs"
8312:
8310:
8258:
4917:
2649:) and detailed examination of how various arthropods'
2315:
2087:, the oldest known arthropod with confirmed chelicerae
7912:
6309:
4730:
are parasitic, and some transmit micro-organisms and
2306:. The oldest species of scorpion found as of 2021 is
1291:
into the females' reproductive openings when mating.
8236:
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World
7123:
7121:
6913:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
5920:
4670:
may be a less polluting alternative to conventional
4883:Garwood, Russell J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2011).
4876:
2156:fossil dated from the Late Llandovery stage of the
9480:Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S.; Barnes, R. D. (2004),
8655:Spider Venom Could Yield Eco-Friendly Insecticides
7863:
5866:
4779:mites may be useful in controlling some of these.
4775:. Mites are also significant crop pests, although
9177:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
7749:
7682:
7118:
7057:
7055:
5760:
5571:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 571â584.
4755:, has become the largest single problem faced by
2015:and hence their fossils are rare except in a few
10056:
9479:
8376:
7338:
5908:
5814:
5802:
5754:
5612:
5591:
5554:
5483:
5471:
5448:
5319:
5300:
5141:
4923:
4882:
4794:
1167:or chelifores, small appendages that often form
9357:, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture
8658:, National Science Foundation (USA), 3 May 2004
6143:Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (2003-04-04).
5501:"Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod"
5375:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4953:von Reumont BM, Campbell LI, Jenner RA (2014).
129:
8802:by a purified toxin from the Brazilian spider
8515:
7052:
7008:Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A. (2014).
6393:
5170:
2061:, was a chelicerate. Another Cambrian fossil,
1630:, but there are many predatory, herbivore and
570:, which give the group its name, are the only
9519:
9087:
9085:
7755:
7496:
7412:
7007:
6036:
5700:
5368:
5171:Dunlop, Jason A.; Lamsdell, James C. (2017).
4738:if they are not removed within a day or two.
3336:. This presents a difficult choice: classify
2166:, but in 2008 an older specimen described as
9618:Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
8942:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8848:
8846:
8452:
8413:
8193:
7660:
7646:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7455:
7269:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7193:
6904:Vollrath, F.; Selden, P.A. (December 2007),
6852:
6841:but was renamed when it was realized that a
6804:
6438:
6169:
5058:
4933:(third ed.), W.H. Freeman and Company,
3234:Shultz (2007)'s evolutionary family tree of
2255:, a basal group now represented only by the
1100:bodies with jointed limbs, all covered in a
538:bodies with jointed limbs, all covered in a
9426:
9400:Klenerman, Paul; Lipworth, Brian; authors,
9249:Cheng, D.; Dattaro, J.A. & Yakobi, R.,
9093:"Spider Silk | Kraig Biocraft Laboratories"
8596:, Lonely Planet Publications, p. 308,
7973:"Reinterpretation of the Silurian scorpion
7808:
7756:Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason (2014).
6483:
6403:. Aarhus University Press. pp. 71â85.
6111:"Larval stages of two deep sea pycnogonids"
5766:
5694:
5338:. Cambridge University Press. p. 275.
3280:may be a sub-group within Eurypterida. The
1876:, able to see in both colors and UV-light.
1249:
1087:
9526:
9512:
9170:
9082:
6590:Aria, CĂ©dric; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2019).
6316:(7th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
6170:Watling, Les; Thiel, Martin (2013-01-16).
5173:"Segmentation and tagmosis in Chelicerata"
4602:
4361:are marine animals that breathe dissolved
2637:(the application of cladistic analysis to
2603: A "traditional" view of chelicerate
1999:There are large gaps in the chelicerates'
1712:
1502:
1061:
665:the females protect and feed their young.
9188:
9118:
9038:
9020:
8970:
8898:
8852:
8843:
8819:
8762:
8732:
8688:
8674:
8548:
8388:
8382:
8153:
8135:
8086:
8075:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
8053:
8000:
7939:
7887:
7791:
7773:
7732:
7714:
7674:
7663:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
7616:
7587:
7510:
7499:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
7469:
7389:
7163:
7145:
7035:
7025:
6982:
6972:
6878:
6782:
6687:
6677:
6589:
6505:
6370:
6142:
6108:
6037:Penn, Dustin; Brockmann, H. Jane (1994).
5948:
5938:
5678:. 93rd ESA Annual Meeting. Archived from
5524:
5412:
5394:
5256:
5067:. Harvard University Press. p. 382.
5059:Gnaspini, Pedro; Hara, Marcos R. (2007).
5003:
4980:
4970:
4900:
4823:
1206:the opisthosoma divided into two groups,
656:While the marine horseshoe crabs rely on
9350:
8880:"Synthetic spider silk: a modular fiber"
8808:British Journal of Urology International
8615:
8068:
6925:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110221
6235:
5921:Samadi L, Schmid A, Eriksson BJ (2015).
4606:
4394:
2291:. Fossils of terrestrial scorpions with
2120:
2078:
1883:
1832:As with other arthropods, chelicerates'
1585:
1077:
8591:
7814:
7003:
7001:
6449:. Oxford University Press US. pp.
1989:
1540:, and chelicerates therefore have open
14:
10057:
8407:
7691:"The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders"
6537:: the oldest chelicerate (Arthropoda)"
6526:
6524:
6479:
6477:
6196:
4666:Indians of southern Venezuela. Spider
3276:(sea scorpions, extinct). The extinct
1719:Cephalothorax ganglia fused into brain
1547:
1487:
1471:
1454:
1435:
1422:
1409:
1393:
1376:
1357:
1333:
1320:
1312:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1006:
939:
934:
929:
924:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
830:
825:
820:
9809:
9808:
9718:Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)
9507:
9061:
7391:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040677
6313:Auerbach's Wilderness Medicine E-Book
6269:Arthropod Structure & Development
6083:
5972:Harland, D.P.; Jackson, R.R. (2000).
5364:
5362:
5237:Arthropod Structure & Development
5226:
5224:
5222:
5177:Arthropod Structure & Development
5166:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
4658:spiders are considered a delicacy in
1520:Body cavities and circulatory systems
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
783:
778:
10003:45764f8f-d718-4afd-820f-1c6560f60a2c
9941:1966e97d-65e6-4b4d-8078-4e7e6f873dc1
9437:Experimental & Applied Acarology
9143:
8026:"Redescription and palaeobiology of
6998:
6530:
5065:Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones
4468:Carnivorous, herbivore, detritivore
1626:(ticks and mites) are blood-sucking
1492:
1479:
1462:
1443:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1384:
1368:
1349:
1341:
1325:
1304:
1003:= nephridia lost during development
998:
987:
976:
971:
963:
960:= segments contributing to the head
955:
944:
892:
835:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
10080:Extant Ordovician first appearances
9388:10.1146/annurev.en.27.010182.001305
8416:"Behavioral ecology of amblypygids"
7458:Integrative and Comparative Biology
6521:
6474:
6236:Anderson, D. T. (22 October 2013).
6173:Functional Morphology and Diversity
5888:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025
5701:Jackson, R.R.; et al. (2001),
5332:Willmer, P.; Willmer, P.G. (1990).
4451:Carnivorous, parasitic, herbivore,
2668:
2443: A recent view of chelicerate
2316:Relationships with other arthropods
1722:Abdominal ganglia fused into brain
1140:, and the rear tagma is called the
788:
746:
24:
9771:Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
9273:"'Scorpion venom' attacks tumours"
8536:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb02864.x
7618:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2002.tb00140.x
7427:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00353.x
7196:Experimental and Applied Acarology
6646:
5653:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00582.x
5359:
5219:
5147:
2067:, was originally classified as an
1183:on the sides and four pigment-cup
125:
25:
10096:
10075:Late Ordovician first appearances
9733:Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
9119:Jefferson, Brandie (2018-08-21).
8259:SchĂŒtz, D.; Taborsky, M. (2003),
8069:Lamsdell, James C. (2013-01-01).
4889:Evolution: Education and Outreach
4395:Diversity of living chelicerates
1708:
9420:
9393:
9367:
9344:
9311:
9289:
9265:
9242:
9164:
9137:
9112:
9055:
8986:
8972:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2004.00087.x
8950:
8871:
8821:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07762.x
8791:
8088:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x
8055:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01152.x
8002:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x
7676:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x
7589:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00583.x
7512:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x
6845:arachnid had already been named
6835:The fossil was originally named
6784:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00746.x
4373:. However, many species feed as
3401:(composed of sclerophorates and
3191:
3166:
3146:
3073:
3053:
3025:
2997:
2967:
2935:
2905:
2875:
2853:
2816:
2795:
2749:
2725:
2694:
1994:
1297:
739:
189:
50:
9473:
9298:Scorpion venom blocks bone loss
9190:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.2.0700239
8756:
8712:
8668:
8646:
8609:
8585:
8558:, University of South Florida,
8542:
8509:
8446:
8414:Chapin, KJ; Hebets, EA (2016).
8360:, Pennsylvania State University
8348:
8304:
8295:
8252:
8227:
8198:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.,
8062:
8017:
7964:
7876:Molecular Biology and Evolution
7595:
7518:
7406:
7378:Molecular Biology and Evolution
7365:
7341:Arthropod Biology and Evolution
7332:
7277:
7221:
6944:
6805:Dunlop, J.A. (September 1996),
6798:
6754:
6703:
6583:
6387:
6330:
6303:
6256:
6229:
6190:
6163:
6136:
6102:
6077:
6030:
6006:
5914:
5820:
5325:
4357:(if they are chelicerates) and
1879:
1804:include all the ganglia of the
724:, and are serious agricultural
637:and flooding it with digestive
9223:, UNSW Press, pp. 65â68,
8377:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
7068:Nature Ecology & Evolution
5909:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5815:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5803:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5755:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5613:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5592:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5555:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5484:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5472:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5449:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5320:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5301:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5142:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5081:
5052:
4997:
4946:
4817:
4797:The Invertebrates: A Synthesis
4788:
1852:Living chelicerates have both
1544:as is typical for arthropods.
1218:the remaining appendages form
731:
627:eating decaying organic matter
144:Left to right, top to bottom:
13:
1:
10085:Taxa named by Richard Heymons
9321:Tick-borne diseases of humans
9171:Diaz, J.H. (August 1, 2004),
8909:10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01481-5
8853:Robitzski, Dan (2019-04-02).
8721:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
8272:Evolutionary Ecology Research
8196:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
5239:. Evolution of Segmentation.
4782:
4705:goats' milk, tobacco leaves,
2211:period, and had a triangular
1610:. However, one predominantly
578:into prey. The group has the
9022:10.1371/journal.pone.0105325
8278:(1): 105â117, archived from
6820:(3): 605â614, archived from
6022:. 2012-10-17. Archived from
4927:; Schwartz, Karlene (1998),
4347:
2251:spiders were members of the
2040:(horseshoe crabs). However,
1816:if they are true arachnids,
1764:
1751:
1738:
1725:
1660:
973:x = lost during development
7:
9703:Pentastomida (tongue worms)
9613:Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
9406:, NetDoctor, archived from
9376:Annual Review of Entomology
9144:Rehm, Jeremy (2019-05-01).
9098:Kraig Biocraft Laboratories
8959:Plant Biotechnology Journal
7349:10.1007/978-3-642-36160-9_2
6130:10.15298/invertzool.12.2.05
6109:Fornshell, John A. (2015).
6084:Brown, David (2018-05-02).
5010:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2641:, especially to organisms'
1849:, often by means of setae.
10:
10101:
9431:, and a latent mite pest,
9324:, ASM Press, p. 114,
8137:10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7
6363:10.1038/s41598-022-10283-z
2138:Pentecopterus decorahensis
2100:from the Burgess Shale of
1897:carrying its young (white)
428:
407:
9817:
9792:
9751:
9681:
9672:
9639:
9630:
9603:
9595:Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
9590:
9581:
9543:
9354:Parasitic Mites of Humans
9062:Yirka, Bob (2018-08-07).
8763:Bogin, O. (Spring 2005),
7841:10.1016/j.jcz.2018.01.004
7815:Giribet, Gonzalo (2018).
7716:10.1186/s12862-017-0931-1
7543:10.1017/S0263593300000638
7088:10.1038/s41559-017-0449-3
6679:10.1186/s12862-015-0443-9
6616:10.1038/s41586-019-1525-4
6561:10.1007/s00114-014-1245-4
6470:– via Google Books.
6397:European Arachnology 2000
6289:10.1016/j.asd.2016.09.001
5987:: 231â240. Archived from
5940:10.1186/s13227-015-0010-x
5844:10.1007/s00427-002-0285-5
5724:10.1017/S095283690100108X
5355:– via Google Books.
5258:10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.011
5197:10.1016/j.asd.2016.05.002
5110:10.1007/s10886-011-0009-2
4902:10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y
4846:10.1038/s41586-019-1525-4
4222:
4207:
4200:
4181:
4174:
4153:
4126:
4108:
4101:
4083:
4056:
4038:
4031:
4024:
3970:
3954:
3947:
3929:
3922:
3901:
3894:
3876:
3869:
3859:
3841:
3834:
3807:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3757:
3750:
3729:
3722:
3685:
3668:
3661:
3643:
3636:
3626:
3589:
3571:
3564:
3546:
3539:
3528:
3501:
3485:
3467:
3460:
3449:
3431:
3424:
3361:as a terrestrial animal.
3181:
3161:
3140:
3133:
3068:
3047:
3040:
3019:
3012:
2989:
2982:
2957:
2950:
2927:
2920:
2899:
2869:
2847:
2840:
2810:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2741:
2716:
2709:
2688:
2681:
2551:
2536:
2529:
2511:
2504:
2489:
2482:
2466:
2459:
2411:
2396:
2389:
2362:
2347:
2340:
2330:
2309:Dolichophonus loudonensis
2295:have been found in Early
2003:record because, like all
1827:
1657:are thought to have fed.
1649:of the legs form toothed
1317:Digestive & excretory
1171:. Somite 2 has a pair of
687:shorttailed whipscorpions
375:Schram and Hedgpeth, 1978
370:
363:
263:
258:
186:Scientific classification
184:
143:
124:
34:
9766:Collembola (springtails)
9693:Ostracoda (seed shrimps)
8028:Palaeoscorpius devonicus
7695:BMC Evolutionary Biology
6657:BMC Evolutionary Biology
5396:10.1073/pnas.95.18.10671
4636:limulus amebocyte lysate
3409:, a group including the
3349:analyses have recovered
2172:was reported from about
2141:, appears in the Middle
2085:Mollisonia plenovenatrix
1735:First two segments only
1665:Horseshoe crabs convert
1395: 6 Digestive
1250:Chelicerae and pedipalps
1088:Segmentation and cuticle
598:of living chelicerates'
497:Chelicerata split from
9797:are paraphyletic groups
9449:10.1023/A:1021116121604
9433:Eotetranychus asiaticus
9403:House dust mite allergy
8887:Trends in Biotechnology
8389:Beccaloni, Jan (2009).
8204:10.1038/npg.els.0001605
7208:10.1023/A:1006037525704
6974:10.1073/pnas.0809174106
6880:10.1111/1475-4983.00068
6713:Journal of Paleontology
6531:Legg, David A. (2014).
6215:10.1163/156853991X00102
6146:Encyclopedia of Insects
5004:Tomaschko, K-H (1994).
4603:Interaction with humans
2635:molecular phylogenetics
2304: million years ago
2233: million years ago
2205: million years ago
2177: million years ago
2150: million years ago
2096:, member of the family
2059: million years ago
2034: million years ago
1198:. In some taxa such as
645:, structures that also
600:central nervous systems
580:open circulatory system
177:Trombidium holosericeum
27:Subphylum of arthropods
9708:Branchiura (fish lice)
9664:Diplopoda (millipedes)
9649:Chilopoda (centipedes)
8804:Phoneutria nigriventer
8594:Lonely Planet Cambodia
8462:Journal of Arachnology
8420:Journal of Arachnology
8336:Cite journal requires
8313:"World Spider Catalog"
7527:Loganamaraspis dunlopi
7147:10.1098/rspb.2016.0125
6197:Benton, T. G. (1991).
5876:Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
5517:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0491
4618:
4563:(micro whipscorpions)
4521:(small whipscorpions)
2904:(microwhip scorpions)
2132:
2088:
1945:internal fertilization
1906:external fertilization
1898:
1701:and several groups of
1386: 5 Forward
1378: 4 Pumping
1084:
658:external fertilization
138:
10024:Paleobiology Database
8453:Harvey, M.S. (2002),
8116:Nature Communications
7941:10.1093/sysbio/syz011
7889:10.1093/molbev/msu235
7821:Zoologischer Anzeiger
6439:Foelix, R.F. (1996).
4972:10.3390/toxins6123488
4801:John Wiley & Sons
4771:, and they aggravate
4610:
3242:marks extinct groups.
3145:(hooded tickspiders)
2124:
2082:
1887:
1606:and the bases of the
1586:Feeding and digestion
1564:are aquatic and have
1081:
647:evolved independently
137:
9936:Fauna Europaea (new)
9538:classes by subphylum
9483:Invertebrate Zoology
9301:, Harvard University
8774:(19), archived from
6118:Invertebrate Zoology
5994:on 28 September 2006
5569:Invertebrate Zoology
5061:"Defense Mechanisms"
4709:, and bacteria, and
4692:erectile dysfunction
3391:last common ancestor
2162:436 to 428
2071:but may have been a
2050:from earlier in the
1990:Evolutionary history
1758:First two pairs only
1514:Spider's main organs
1411: 8 Midgut
1092:The Chelicerata are
710:erectile dysfunction
534:, chelicerates have
490:(sea scorpions) and
147:Ammothea hilgendorfi
9761:Protura (coneheads)
9435:, on strawberry?",
9429:Tetranychus urticae
9013:2014PLoSO...9j5325K
8263:Argyroneta aquatica
8128:2019NatCo..10.2295L
8046:2012Palgy..55..775K
7993:2008Palgy..51..303D
7975:Proscorpius osborni
7833:2018ZooAn.273....7G
7707:2017BMCEE..17..105G
7580:2006Palgy..49..983P
7302:2021Palgy..64..429A
7242:1996Natur.384..555S
7080:2018NatEE...2..614W
6965:2008PNAS..10520781S
6871:1999Palgy..42..191D
6775:2008Palgy..51....1R
6725:2005JPal...79..242M
6670:2015BMCEE..15..169L
6608:2019Natur.573..586A
6553:2014NW....101.1065L
6541:Naturwissenschaften
6498:2001GeolJ..36..187W
6355:2022NatSR..12.6447G
6281:2016ArtSD..45..488J
6043:Biological Bulletin
5780:1989wlbs.book.....G
5645:1999Letha..32...72B
5387:1998PNAS...9510671T
5381:(18): 10671â10675.
5249:2017ArtSD..46..354O
5189:2017ArtSD..46..395D
5102:2011JCEco..37.1037H
5022:1994JCEco..20.1445T
4838:2019Natur.573..586A
4699:genetic engineering
4684:Alzheimer's disease
4611:A microscopic mite
3389:(a group sharing a
1789:per segment, and a
1548:Respiratory systems
1542:circulatory systems
1424:10 Stercoral pocket
1346:Reproductive system
8549:Heard, W. (2008),
8523:Journal of Zoology
8379:, pp. 586â588
7928:Systematic Biology
7471:10.1093/icb/icj014
7343:. pp. 17â40.
7310:10.1111/pala.12534
7140:(1827): 20160125.
6535:Sanctacaris uncata
6486:Geological Journal
6446:Biology of Spiders
6343:Scientific Reports
5911:, pp. 532â537
5817:, pp. 531â532
5805:, pp. 529â530
5757:, pp. 588â590
5711:Journal of Zoology
5682:on 1 December 2019
5615:, pp. 559â564
5594:, pp. 527â528
5557:, pp. 565â569
5486:, pp. 521â525
5474:, pp. 555â559
5451:, pp. 571â584
5322:, pp. 591â595
5303:, pp. 554â555
5144:, pp. 518â522
5030:10.1007/BF02059872
4749:and one of these,
4680:cardiac arrhythmia
4619:
4577:(horseshoe crabs)
4476:(false scorpions)
4445:(mites and ticks)
2693:(horseshoe crabs)
2133:
2089:
2083:Reconstruction of
1899:
1691:Malpighian tubules
1418:Malphigian tubules
1344:
1338:Respiratory system
1336:
1330:Circulatory system
1328:
1315:
1307:
1148:. However, in the
1124:through which the
1085:
990:
979:
966:
958:
947:
716:. Mites can cause
681:has been found in
643:Malpighian tubules
594:. In general, the
550:. The chelicerate
509:chelicerates like
505:, as evidenced by
165:Araneus diadematus
159:Eurypterus remipes
153:Limulus polyphemus
139:
10052:
10051:
10011:Open Tree of Life
9811:Taxon identifiers
9802:
9801:
9788:
9787:
9784:
9783:
9776:Insecta (insects)
9626:
9625:
9497:978-0-03-025982-1
9331:978-1-55581-238-6
9230:978-0-86840-279-6
9101:. 13 October 2014
8629:978-0-452-28700-6
8616:Weil, C. (2006),
8603:978-1-74059-111-9
8565:978-1-59874-147-6
8400:978-0-520-26140-2
7882:(11): 2963â2984.
7775:10.7717/peerj.641
7358:978-3-642-36159-3
7236:(6609): 555â557,
7027:10.7717/peerj.641
6602:(7775): 586â589.
6547:(12): 1065â1073.
6460:978-0-19-509594-4
6420:on 3 October 2008
6410:978-87-7934-001-5
6323:978-0-323-39609-7
6183:978-0-19-539803-8
6156:978-0-08-054605-6
6026:on June 29, 2013.
5789:978-0-09-174271-3
5673:Bagheera kiplingi
5345:978-0-521-33712-0
4940:978-0-7167-3027-9
4832:(7775): 586â589.
4810:978-1-4443-1233-1
4773:atopic dermatitis
4752:Varroa destructor
4645:spinal meningitis
4625:ate the flesh of
4600:
4599:
4403:Described species
4344:
4343:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4298:
4290:
4289:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4253:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4235:
4142:
4141:
4072:
4071:
4010:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3983:
3982:
3823:
3822:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3700:
3614:
3613:
3605:
3604:
3517:
3516:
3397:within the clade
3231:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3052:(whip scorpions)
2888:
2887:
2829:
2828:
2762:
2761:
2625:, which includes
2617:, which includes
2600:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2375:
2374:
2299:rocks from about
2186:The oldest known
2169:Lunataspis aurora
2164:million years ago
2130:Lunataspis aurora
1779:
1778:
1681:. They also have
1230:(Xiphosura) form
1226:, while those of
1116:; a much reduced
382:
381:
376:
254:
119:
16:(Redirected from
10092:
10045:
10044:
10032:
10031:
10019:
10018:
10006:
10005:
9996:
9995:
9983:
9982:
9970:
9969:
9957:
9956:
9944:
9943:
9931:
9930:
9918:
9917:
9905:
9904:
9892:
9891:
9879:
9878:
9866:
9865:
9853:
9852:
9851:
9838:
9837:
9836:
9806:
9805:
9679:
9678:
9637:
9636:
9588:
9587:
9528:
9521:
9514:
9505:
9504:
9500:
9486:(7th ed.),
9468:
9467:
9443:(3â4): 219â230,
9424:
9418:
9417:
9416:
9415:
9397:
9391:
9390:
9371:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9362:
9348:
9342:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9293:
9287:
9286:
9285:
9284:
9269:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9260:
9246:
9240:
9239:
9238:
9237:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9206:
9205:
9192:
9168:
9162:
9161:
9159:
9158:
9141:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9131:
9116:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9089:
9080:
9079:
9077:
9076:
9059:
9053:
9052:
9042:
9024:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8974:
8954:
8948:
8947:
8941:
8933:
8932:
8931:
8925:
8919:, archived from
8902:
8884:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8866:
8865:
8850:
8841:
8840:
8823:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8786:
8780:
8769:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8736:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8692:
8672:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8663:
8650:
8644:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8632:, archived from
8613:
8607:
8606:
8592:Ray, N. (2002),
8589:
8583:
8582:
8581:
8580:
8574:
8568:, archived from
8557:
8546:
8540:
8539:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8505:
8504:
8498:
8492:, archived from
8459:
8450:
8444:
8443:
8432:10.1636/V15-62.1
8411:
8405:
8404:
8386:
8380:
8374:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8339:
8334:
8332:
8324:
8308:
8302:
8299:
8293:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8284:
8269:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8248:
8247:
8241:
8231:
8225:
8224:
8191:
8168:
8167:
8157:
8139:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8090:
8066:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8021:
8015:
8014:
8004:
7968:
7962:
7961:
7943:
7919:
7910:
7909:
7891:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7795:
7777:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7736:
7718:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7658:
7652:
7651:
7645:
7637:
7620:
7599:
7593:
7592:
7591:
7563:
7554:
7553:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7494:
7483:
7482:
7473:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7410:
7404:
7403:
7393:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7268:
7260:
7250:10.1038/384555a0
7225:
7219:
7218:
7191:
7178:
7177:
7167:
7149:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7059:
7050:
7049:
7039:
7029:
7005:
6996:
6995:
6986:
6976:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6933:
6927:, archived from
6910:
6901:
6892:
6891:
6882:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6826:
6811:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6786:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6691:
6681:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6528:
6519:
6518:
6509:
6492:(3â4): 187â210,
6481:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6419:
6413:. Archived from
6402:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6374:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6115:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5993:
5978:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5952:
5942:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5732:
5726:, archived from
5707:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5625:
5616:
5610:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5496:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5452:
5446:
5427:
5426:
5416:
5398:
5366:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5304:
5298:
5279:
5278:
5260:
5228:
5217:
5216:
5168:
5145:
5139:
5130:
5129:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5016:(7): 1445â1455.
5001:
4995:
4994:
4984:
4974:
4965:(12): 3488â551.
4950:
4944:
4943:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4904:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4799:(3rd ed.).
4792:
4643:, and to detect
4623:Native Americans
4549:(whipscorpions)
4474:Pseudoscorpiones
4392:
4391:
4203:
4202:
4177:
4176:
4104:
4103:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4026:
3950:
3949:
3925:
3924:
3897:
3896:
3872:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3837:
3836:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3753:
3752:
3725:
3724:
3664:
3663:
3639:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3567:
3566:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3530:
3463:
3462:
3452:
3451:
3427:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3195:
3170:
3164:Anactinotrichida
3150:
3136:
3135:
3077:
3057:
3043:
3042:
3029:
3015:
3014:
3001:
2985:
2984:
2971:
2953:
2952:
2939:
2923:
2922:
2909:
2879:
2858:
2857:
2850:Pseudoscorpiones
2843:
2842:
2820:
2799:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2753:
2730:
2729:
2712:
2711:
2698:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2675:
2669:Major sub-groups
2532:
2531:
2507:
2506:
2485:
2484:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2392:
2391:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2305:
2247:Period. Several
2234:
2206:
2178:
2165:
2151:
2125:Holotype of the
2060:
2035:
1837:bristles called
1713:
1578:, from the Late
1506:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1460:
1452:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1004:
1002:
996:
991:
985:
980:
974:
969:
968:= body segments
967:
961:
959:
953:
948:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
743:
679:Chemical defense
554:consists of two
439:
432:
418:
411:
374:
373:Cheliceriformes
249:
194:
193:
171:Buthus occitanus
128:
113:
112:
49:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
10100:
10099:
10095:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10070:Animal subphyla
10055:
10054:
10053:
10048:
10040:
10035:
10027:
10022:
10014:
10009:
10001:
9999:
9991:
9986:
9978:
9973:
9965:
9960:
9952:
9947:
9939:
9934:
9926:
9921:
9913:
9908:
9900:
9895:
9887:
9882:
9874:
9869:
9861:
9856:
9847:
9846:
9841:
9832:
9831:
9826:
9813:
9803:
9798:
9780:
9747:
9668:
9622:
9599:
9577:
9539:
9532:
9498:
9476:
9471:
9425:
9421:
9413:
9411:
9398:
9394:
9372:
9368:
9360:
9358:
9349:
9345:
9336:
9334:
9332:
9316:
9312:
9304:
9302:
9295:
9294:
9290:
9282:
9280:
9271:
9270:
9266:
9258:
9256:
9247:
9243:
9235:
9233:
9231:
9215:
9211:
9203:
9201:
9169:
9165:
9156:
9154:
9142:
9138:
9129:
9127:
9117:
9113:
9104:
9102:
9091:
9090:
9083:
9074:
9072:
9060:
9056:
8991:
8987:
8955:
8951:
8935:
8934:
8929:
8927:
8923:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8863:
8861:
8851:
8844:
8796:
8792:
8784:
8782:
8778:
8767:
8761:
8757:
8734:10.1038/nrd1197
8727:(10): 790â802,
8717:
8713:
8677:Nature Medicine
8673:
8669:
8661:
8659:
8652:
8651:
8647:
8639:
8637:
8630:
8614:
8610:
8604:
8590:
8586:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8566:
8555:
8547:
8543:
8514:
8510:
8502:
8500:
8496:
8457:
8451:
8447:
8412:
8408:
8401:
8387:
8383:
8375:
8371:
8363:
8361:
8354:
8353:
8349:
8337:
8335:
8326:
8325:
8309:
8305:
8300:
8296:
8288:
8286:
8282:
8267:
8257:
8253:
8245:
8243:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8228:
8214:
8192:
8171:
8108:
8104:
8067:
8063:
8022:
8018:
7969:
7965:
7920:
7913:
7868:
7864:
7813:
7809:
7754:
7750:
7687:
7683:
7659:
7655:
7639:
7638:
7600:
7596:
7564:
7557:
7523:
7519:
7495:
7486:
7454:
7450:
7411:
7407:
7370:
7366:
7359:
7337:
7333:
7282:
7278:
7262:
7261:
7226:
7222:
7192:
7181:
7126:
7119:
7060:
7053:
7006:
6999:
6959:(52): 20781â5,
6949:
6945:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6908:
6902:
6895:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6809:
6803:
6799:
6759:
6755:
6708:
6704:
6651:
6647:
6588:
6584:
6529:
6522:
6482:
6475:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6400:
6392:
6388:
6335:
6331:
6324:
6308:
6304:
6261:
6257:
6250:
6234:
6230:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6168:
6164:
6157:
6141:
6137:
6113:
6107:
6103:
6094:
6092:
6090:Washington Post
6082:
6078:
6055:10.2307/1542294
6035:
6031:
6012:
6011:
6007:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5976:
5970:
5966:
5919:
5915:
5907:
5903:
5871:
5867:
5825:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5765:
5761:
5753:
5744:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5705:
5699:
5695:
5685:
5683:
5666:
5659:
5626:
5619:
5611:
5598:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5565:
5561:
5553:
5542:
5505:Biology Letters
5497:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5470:
5455:
5447:
5430:
5367:
5360:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5330:
5326:
5318:
5307:
5299:
5282:
5229:
5220:
5169:
5148:
5140:
5133:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5057:
5053:
5002:
4998:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4922:
4918:
4881:
4877:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4803:. p. 174.
4793:
4789:
4785:
4627:horseshoe crabs
4614:Lorryia formosa
4605:
4434:Carnivorous; 1
4350:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4185:Chasmataspidida
4143:
4073:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3984:
3824:
3711:
3702:
3615:
3606:
3518:
3489:Trilobitomorpha
3403:chasmataspidids
3382:Stoermeropterus
3334:horseshoe crabs
3278:Chasmataspidida
3270:horseshoe crabs
3243:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3087:
3024:(whip spiders)
2889:
2852:
2830:
2763:
2744:Chasmataspidida
2724:
2671:
2653:develop in the
2651:nervous systems
2607:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2376:
2318:
2300:
2289:horseshoe crabs
2229:
2201:
2173:
2160:
2146:
2098:Sanctacarididae
2055:
2030:
1997:
1992:
1918:intertidal zone
1902:Horseshoe crabs
1882:
1870:jumping spiders
1858:horseshoe crabs
1830:
1802:horseshoe crabs
1728:Horseshoe crabs
1711:
1663:
1646:Horseshoe crabs
1594:and almost all
1588:
1562:horseshoe crabs
1550:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1252:
1228:horseshoe crabs
1090:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1000:
999:
997:
989:
988:
986:
978:
977:
975:
972:
970:
965:
964:
962:
957:
956:
954:
946:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:Trilobitomorpha
747:
744:
734:
492:chasmataspidids
456:horseshoe crabs
248:
188:
162:(Eurypterida),
150:(Pycnogonida),
136:
126:
120:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
42:Middle Cambrian
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10098:
10088:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10050:
10049:
10047:
10046:
10033:
10020:
10007:
9997:
9984:
9971:
9958:
9945:
9932:
9923:Fauna Europaea
9919:
9906:
9893:
9880:
9867:
9854:
9839:
9823:
9821:
9815:
9814:
9800:
9799:
9793:
9790:
9789:
9786:
9785:
9782:
9781:
9779:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9757:
9755:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9689:
9687:
9676:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9645:
9643:
9634:
9628:
9627:
9624:
9623:
9621:
9620:
9615:
9609:
9607:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9597:
9591:
9585:
9579:
9578:
9576:
9575:
9569:
9563:
9557:
9551:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9531:
9530:
9523:
9516:
9508:
9502:
9501:
9496:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9469:
9419:
9392:
9366:
9351:Potter, M.F.,
9343:
9330:
9310:
9288:
9264:
9252:Scorpion Sting
9241:
9229:
9209:
9183:(2): 239â250,
9163:
9136:
9111:
9081:
9054:
9007:(8): e105325.
8985:
8965:(5): 431â438,
8949:
8900:10.1.1.682.313
8893:(9): 374â379,
8870:
8842:
8814:(7): 835â837,
8790:
8755:
8711:
8667:
8645:
8628:
8608:
8602:
8584:
8564:
8541:
8508:
8468:(2): 357â372,
8445:
8406:
8399:
8381:
8369:
8347:
8338:|journal=
8303:
8294:
8251:
8226:
8213:978-0470016176
8212:
8169:
8102:
8061:
8040:(4): 775â787.
8016:
7987:(2): 303â320.
7963:
7934:(6): 896â917.
7911:
7862:
7807:
7748:
7681:
7669:(2): 221â265,
7653:
7594:
7574:(5): 983â989,
7555:
7537:(3): 227â234,
7517:
7505:(2): 221â265,
7484:
7448:
7421:(2): 204â231.
7405:
7384:(5): 669â686.
7364:
7357:
7331:
7296:(3): 429â474.
7276:
7220:
7179:
7117:
7074:(4): 614â622.
7051:
6997:
6943:
6893:
6797:
6753:
6719:(2): 242â250,
6702:
6645:
6582:
6520:
6507:10.1002/gj.882
6473:
6459:
6441:"Reproduction"
6431:
6409:
6386:
6329:
6322:
6302:
6275:(5): 488â495.
6255:
6248:
6228:
6209:(1/2): 20â28.
6189:
6182:
6162:
6155:
6135:
6124:(2): 197â205.
6101:
6076:
6049:(3): 373â384.
6029:
6005:
5964:
5913:
5901:
5865:
5831:Dev Genes Evol
5819:
5807:
5795:
5788:
5759:
5742:
5693:
5657:
5617:
5596:
5584:
5577:
5559:
5540:
5511:(1): 106â109.
5488:
5476:
5453:
5428:
5358:
5344:
5324:
5305:
5280:
5243:(3): 354â379.
5218:
5183:(3): 395â418.
5146:
5131:
5096:(9): 1037â43.
5080:
5073:
5051:
4996:
4959:Toxins (Basel)
4945:
4939:
4925:Margulis, Lynn
4916:
4895:(3): 489â501.
4875:
4816:
4809:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4736:tick paralysis
4604:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4535:(whipspiders)
4529:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4456:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4414:(sea-spiders)
4408:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3720:Euchelicerata
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3415:
3371:Parastylonurus
3358:Palaeoscorpius
3302:Tetrapulmonata
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2930:Trigonotarbida
2926:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2874:(sun spiders)
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2054:period, about
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1894:Vaejovis cashi
1881:
1878:
1829:
1826:
1785:, each with a
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1709:Nervous system
1707:
1662:
1659:
1622:. Many of the
1587:
1584:
1575:Onychopterella
1549:
1546:
1521:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1416: 9
1403: 7
1370: 3
1359: 2
1351: 1
1309:Nervous system
1303:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1251:
1248:
1096:as they have:
1089:
1086:
1069:
1068:
1060:
745:
738:
737:
736:
735:
733:
730:
683:whip scorpions
425:' and
384:The subphylum
380:
379:
378:
377:
368:
367:
361:
360:
359:
358:
357:
356:
351:
350:
349:
341:
333:
314:
309:
302:
301:
300:
292:
284:
270:
261:
260:
256:
255:
243:
239:
238:
233:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
182:
181:
174:(Scorpiones),
141:
140:
122:
121:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10097:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10043:
10038:
10034:
10030:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10012:
10008:
10004:
9998:
9994:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9976:
9972:
9968:
9963:
9959:
9955:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9859:
9855:
9850:
9844:
9840:
9835:
9829:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9807:
9796:
9791:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9756:
9754:
9750:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9728:Tantulocarida
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9698:Mystacocarida
9696:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9685:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9671:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9642:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9629:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9610:
9608:
9606:
9605:Euchelicerata
9602:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9580:
9574:
9570:
9568:
9564:
9562:
9558:
9556:
9552:
9550:
9546:
9545:
9542:
9537:
9529:
9524:
9522:
9517:
9515:
9510:
9509:
9506:
9499:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9423:
9410:on 2008-02-11
9409:
9405:
9404:
9396:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9370:
9356:
9355:
9347:
9333:
9327:
9323:
9322:
9314:
9300:
9299:
9292:
9278:
9274:
9268:
9254:
9253:
9245:
9232:
9226:
9222:
9221:
9213:
9200:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9167:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9140:
9126:
9122:
9115:
9100:
9099:
9094:
9088:
9086:
9071:
9070:
9065:
9058:
9050:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9002:
9001:
8996:
8989:
8982:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8953:
8945:
8939:
8926:on 2008-12-16
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8881:
8874:
8860:
8856:
8849:
8847:
8839:
8835:
8831:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8794:
8781:on 2008-12-09
8777:
8773:
8766:
8759:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8715:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8691:
8690:10.1038/84588
8686:
8682:
8678:
8671:
8657:
8656:
8649:
8636:on 2011-05-11
8635:
8631:
8625:
8621:
8620:
8612:
8605:
8599:
8595:
8588:
8575:on 2017-02-19
8571:
8567:
8561:
8554:
8553:
8545:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8524:
8519:
8512:
8499:on 2010-12-13
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8410:
8402:
8396:
8392:
8385:
8378:
8373:
8359:
8358:
8351:
8343:
8330:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8307:
8298:
8285:on 2008-12-16
8281:
8277:
8273:
8266:
8264:
8255:
8238:
8237:
8230:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8165:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8106:
8098:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8065:
8056:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8034:Palaeontology
8031:
8029:
8020:
8012:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7981:Palaeontology
7978:
7976:
7967:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7918:
7916:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7866:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7811:
7803:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7752:
7744:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7685:
7677:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7657:
7649:
7643:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7598:
7590:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7568:Palaeontology
7562:
7560:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7513:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7481:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7464:(2): 93â103,
7463:
7459:
7452:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7409:
7401:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7368:
7360:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7335:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7290:Palaeontology
7287:
7280:
7272:
7266:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7224:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7175:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7124:
7122:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7058:
7056:
7047:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7004:
7002:
6994:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6947:
6934:on 2008-12-09
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6898:
6890:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6859:Palaeontology
6856:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6843:Carboniferous
6840:
6839:
6827:on 2008-12-16
6823:
6819:
6815:
6814:Palaeontology
6808:
6801:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6763:Palaeontology
6757:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6706:
6699:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6649:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6586:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6527:
6525:
6517:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6480:
6478:
6462:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6435:
6416:
6412:
6406:
6399:
6398:
6390:
6382:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6333:
6325:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6306:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6259:
6251:
6249:9781483187020
6245:
6241:
6240:
6232:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6185:
6179:
6175:
6174:
6166:
6158:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6139:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6091:
6087:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6009:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5905:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5823:
5816:
5811:
5804:
5799:
5791:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5756:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5733:on 2009-03-18
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5704:
5697:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5664:
5662:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5624:
5622:
5614:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5593:
5588:
5580:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5493:
5485:
5480:
5473:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5450:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5365:
5363:
5347:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5328:
5321:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5302:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5143:
5138:
5136:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5074:9780674023437
5070:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4662:, and by the
4661:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4621:In the past,
4616:
4615:
4609:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4510:Carnivorous,
4509:
4506:
4504:(sunspiders)
4503:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4462:(harvestmen)
4461:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4371:invertebrates
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4340:
4339:
4331:
4330:
4322:
4321:
4313:
4312:
4304:
4303:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4258:
4250:
4249:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4197:Sclerophorata
4195:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4106:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4088:Pasternakevia
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4061:Cyamocephalus
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4006:
4005:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3987:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:Kasibelinurus
3874:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3576:Alalcomenaeus
3569:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3421:Arachnomorpha
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:Sclerophorata
3392:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2815:(harvestmen)
2814:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:Carboniferous
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:cephalothorax
2210:
2204:
2200:, from about
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:trigonotarbid
2189:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2023:animals like
2022:
2021:Burgess shale
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:Fossil record
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:spermatophore
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:compound eyes
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:independently
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1484:
1476:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1398:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1362:
1354:
1300:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:that extrude
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:compound eyes
1178:
1177:cephalothorax
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:cephalothorax
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1080:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1011:
995:
984:
952:
896:
839:
792:
750:
742:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
674:
671:
666:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
431:
427:
424:
421: 'claw,
420:
417:
410:
406:
403:
402:Ancient Greek
399:
395:
391:
387:
372:
371:
369:
366:
362:
355:
352:
348:
347:
342:
340:
339:
334:
332:
331:
326:
325:
324:
320:
319:
318:
317:Euchelicerata
315:
313:
310:
307:
303:
299:
298:
293:
291:
290:
285:
283:
282:
277:
276:
275:
271:
269:
265:
264:
262:
257:
252:
247:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:Arachnomorpha
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
192:
187:
183:
179:
178:
173:
172:
167:
166:
161:
160:
156:(Xiphosura),
155:
154:
149:
148:
142:
123:
117:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
47:
43:
33:
30:
19:
10065:Chelicerates
9818:
9794:
9682:
9674:Pancrustacea
9582:
9571:Superphylum
9482:
9474:Bibliography
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9422:
9412:, retrieved
9408:the original
9402:
9395:
9379:
9375:
9369:
9359:, retrieved
9353:
9346:
9335:, retrieved
9320:
9313:
9303:, retrieved
9297:
9291:
9281:, retrieved
9279:, 2006-07-30
9276:
9267:
9257:, retrieved
9251:
9244:
9234:, retrieved
9219:
9212:
9202:, retrieved
9180:
9176:
9166:
9155:. Retrieved
9151:Science News
9149:
9139:
9128:. Retrieved
9124:
9114:
9103:. Retrieved
9096:
9073:. Retrieved
9067:
9057:
9004:
8998:
8988:
8962:
8958:
8952:
8928:, retrieved
8921:the original
8890:
8886:
8873:
8862:. Retrieved
8859:futurism.com
8858:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8793:
8783:, retrieved
8776:the original
8771:
8758:
8724:
8720:
8714:
8683:(155): 155,
8680:
8676:
8670:
8660:, retrieved
8654:
8648:
8638:, retrieved
8634:the original
8618:
8611:
8593:
8587:
8577:, retrieved
8570:the original
8551:
8544:
8530:(1): 31â42.
8527:
8521:
8518:Cryptocellus
8517:
8511:
8501:, retrieved
8494:the original
8465:
8461:
8448:
8423:
8419:
8409:
8390:
8384:
8372:
8362:, retrieved
8356:
8350:
8329:cite journal
8306:
8297:
8287:, retrieved
8280:the original
8275:
8271:
8262:
8254:
8244:, retrieved
8235:
8229:
8195:
8119:
8115:
8105:
8078:
8074:
8064:
8037:
8033:
8027:
8019:
7984:
7980:
7974:
7966:
7931:
7927:
7879:
7875:
7865:
7824:
7820:
7810:
7765:
7761:
7751:
7698:
7694:
7684:
7666:
7662:
7656:
7608:
7604:
7597:
7571:
7567:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7502:
7498:
7461:
7457:
7451:
7418:
7414:
7408:
7381:
7377:
7367:
7340:
7334:
7293:
7289:
7279:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7202:(2): 63â79,
7199:
7195:
7137:
7133:
7071:
7067:
7017:
7013:
6956:
6952:
6946:
6936:, retrieved
6929:the original
6916:
6912:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6846:
6836:
6829:, retrieved
6822:the original
6817:
6813:
6800:
6766:
6762:
6756:
6716:
6712:
6705:
6661:
6655:
6648:
6599:
6595:
6585:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6489:
6485:
6464:. Retrieved
6445:
6434:
6424:28 September
6422:. Retrieved
6415:the original
6396:
6389:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6312:
6305:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6242:. Elsevier.
6238:
6231:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6172:
6165:
6149:. Elsevier.
6145:
6138:
6121:
6117:
6104:
6093:. Retrieved
6089:
6079:
6046:
6042:
6032:
6024:the original
6017:
6008:
5996:. Retrieved
5989:the original
5984:
5980:
5967:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5904:
5879:
5874:
5868:
5835:
5829:
5822:
5810:
5798:
5771:
5762:
5735:, retrieved
5728:the original
5715:
5709:
5696:
5684:. Retrieved
5680:the original
5674:
5670:
5639:(1): 72â74,
5636:
5630:
5587:
5568:
5562:
5508:
5504:
5479:
5378:
5374:
5349:. Retrieved
5334:
5327:
5240:
5236:
5180:
5176:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5064:
5054:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4929:
4919:
4892:
4888:
4878:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4796:
4790:
4750:
4740:
4726:
4715:
4696:
4653:
4634:
4620:
4612:
4596:Carnivorous
4583:Carnivorous
4555:Carnivorous
4541:Carnivorous
4527:Carnivorous
4496:Carnivorous
4490:(scorpions)
4482:Carnivorous
4420:Carnivorous
4387:detritivores
4351:
4223:
4208:
4182:
4156:
4154:
4129:
4127:
4111:
4109:
4086:
4084:
4059:
4057:
4043:Pseudoniscus
4041:
4039:
3971:
3955:
3932:
3930:
3906:Willwerathia
3904:
3902:
3879:
3877:
3844:
3842:
3810:
3808:
3792:
3790:
3760:
3758:
3732:
3730:
3688:
3686:
3670:
3669:
3648:Palaeoisopus
3646:
3644:
3624:Chelicerata
3592:
3590:
3574:
3572:
3549:
3547:
3504:
3502:
3486:
3470:
3468:
3434:
3432:
3387:paraphyletic
3380:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3356:
3350:
3337:
3320:rather than
3311:
3306:
3290:
3244:
3239:
3182:
3162:
3141:
3069:
3048:
3020:
2994:
2990:
2958:
2932:
2928:
2900:
2870:
2848:
2811:
2791:
2746:
2742:
2721:
2717:
2689:
2679:Chelicerata
2639:biochemistry
2608:
2552:
2537:
2512:
2490:
2468:Chelicerata
2467:
2413:Chelicerata
2412:
2397:
2386:Paradoxopoda
2363:
2348:
2337:Pancrustacea
2307:
2275:rather than
2266:
2261:
2257:Liphistiidae
2226:fimbriunguis
2222:
2221:
2196:Palaeotarbus
2194:
2185:
2179:in the Late
2167:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2109:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2062:
2045:
2024:
2017:lagerstÀtten
2009:exoskeletons
1998:
1973:
1969:matrotrophic
1938:
1934:
1900:
1892:
1880:Reproduction
1851:
1831:
1817:
1799:
1780:
1664:
1640:
1589:
1573:
1551:
1523:
1283:that act as
1281:
1265:
1253:
1236:
1211:
1207:
1189:
1154:
1091:
790:
703:
695:beetle mites
675:
670:evolutionary
667:
655:
612:
529:
514:
496:
450:include the
448:Chelicerates
447:
436:
433:
426:
415:
412:
405:
397:
385:
383:
344:
336:
328:
322:
316:
295:
287:
279:
274:Mollisoniida
245:
229:
175:
169:
163:
157:
151:
145:
29:
9949:iNaturalist
9876:Chelicerata
9863:Chelicerata
9849:Chelicerata
9843:Wikispecies
9819:Chelicerata
9632:Mandibulata
9583:Chelicerata
9567:Protostomia
9565:(unranked)
9559:(unranked)
9553:Subkingdom
9488:Brooks/Cole
9382:: 229â252,
8619:Fierce Food
8426:(1): 1â14.
8122:(1): 2295.
8081:(1): 1â27.
7611:(1): 5â70,
6919:: 819â846,
6349:(1): 6447.
6176:. OUP USA.
5882:: 565â592.
5838:(1): 9â17.
5768:Gould, S.J.
5090:J Chem Ecol
4711:recombinant
4676:vertebrates
4453:detritivore
4412:Pycnogonida
4367:diving bell
4355:Pycnogonida
4226:Eurypterida
4158:Bembicosoma
3919:Xiphosurida
3846:Legrandella
3762:Weinbergina
3747:Prosomapoda
3633:Pycnogonida
3594:Leanchoilia
3472:Emeraldella
3457:Antennulata
3411:Xiphosurida
3407:Prosomapoda
3376:Rhenopterus
3352:Proscorpius
3338:Proscorpius
3332:and living
3330:eurypterids
3313:Proscorpius
3286:sea spiders
3282:Pycnogonida
3274:Eurypterida
3184:Acariformes
2719:Eurypterida
2611:crustaceans
2479:Mandibulata
2287:and living
2285:eurypterids
2268:Proscorpius
2093:Sanctacaris
2029:from about
1984:regurgitate
1980:wolf spider
1874:dragonflies
1783:nerve cords
1667:nitrogenous
1651:gnathobases
1636:exoskeleton
1570:eurypterids
1271:and modern
1269:eurypterids
1192:opisthosoma
1142:opisthosoma
1083:arthropods.
791:Chelicerata
732:Description
699:sea spiders
629:. Although
564:opisthosoma
525:pycnogonids
521:xiphosurans
501:by the mid-
499:Mandibulata
488:eurypterids
462:(including
452:sea spiders
400:, from
392:, from
386:Chelicerata
354:Prosomapoda
338:Setapedites
330:Dibasterium
323:Offacolidae
312:Pycnogonida
246:Chelicerata
242:Subphylum:
168:(Araneae),
48:, 508â0 Mya
35:Chelicerata
18:Chelicerate
10059:Categories
9536:Arthropoda
9414:2008-02-20
9361:2008-10-25
9305:2008-10-25
9283:2008-10-25
9259:2008-10-25
9236:2008-10-03
9204:2008-10-11
9157:2019-06-08
9130:2019-06-08
9105:2019-06-08
9075:2019-06-08
8930:2008-10-19
8864:2019-06-08
8785:2008-10-11
8662:2008-10-11
8640:2008-10-03
8579:2008-08-25
8503:2008-10-26
8364:2008-10-26
8321:10.24436/2
8289:2008-10-11
8246:2010-03-29
7701:(1): 105.
7605:Cladistics
7415:Cladistics
6938:2008-10-12
6865:(1): 191,
6831:2008-10-12
6769:(1): 1â9,
6664:(1): 169,
6095:2023-07-15
5998:11 October
5981:Cimbebasia
5737:2008-10-23
5686:10 October
5578:0030259827
5351:14 October
4783:References
4757:beekeepers
4747:honey bees
4703:transgenic
4672:pesticides
4561:Palpigradi
4519:Schizomida
4512:omnivorous
4488:Scorpiones
4428:(spiders)
4383:scavengers
4379:herbivores
4171:Dekatriata
4131:Limuloides
4021:Planaterga
3958:Belinurina
3934:Lunataspis
3794:Venustulus
3672:Pycnogonum
3536:Megacheira
3436:Fuxianhuia
3399:Dekatriata
3367:Eurypterus
3322:book lungs
3071:Schizomida
2902:Palpigradi
2793:Scorpiones
2659:trilobites
2631:millipedes
2627:centipedes
2456:Arthropoda
2327:Arthropoda
2293:book lungs
2277:book lungs
2253:Mesothelae
2245:Cretaceous
2241:spinnerets
2224:Attercopus
2181:Ordovician
2154:xiphosuran
2143:Ordovician
2127:xiphosuran
2116:book gills
2111:Mollisonia
2073:eurypterid
2047:Fuxianhuia
2005:arthropods
1965:viviparous
1866:homologous
1822:Mesothelae
1754:Mesothelae
1669:wastes to
1655:arthropods
1642:Harvestmen
1604:chelicerae
1580:Ordovician
1566:book gills
1554:book lungs
1483:Nerve cord
1287:to inject
1273:harvestmen
1257:chelicerae
1220:spinnerets
1204:eurypterid
1165:chelicerae
1094:arthropods
691:harvestmen
631:harvestmen
623:scavenging
615:parasitism
604:Mesothelae
588:book lungs
572:appendages
568:chelicerae
532:arthropods
516:Mollisonia
507:stem-group
464:harvestmen
444:Arthropoda
306:Megacheira
289:Corcorania
281:Mollisonia
223:Arthropoda
9743:Remipedia
9684:Crustacea
9659:Pauropoda
9641:Myriapoda
9573:Ecdysozoa
9561:Bilateria
9555:Eumetazoa
9031:1932-6203
8895:CiteSeerX
8772:Modulator
8622:, Plume,
8482:0161-8202
8391:Arachnids
8146:2041-1723
8097:0024-4082
7950:1063-5157
7898:1537-1719
7849:0044-5231
7784:2167-8359
7725:1471-2148
7326:234812878
7318:1475-4983
7156:0962-8452
7096:2397-334X
6857:Dunlop",
6741:0022-3360
6640:256819092
6624:1476-4687
6466:8 October
6203:Behaviour
5718:: 25â29,
5405:0027-8424
5267:1467-8039
5205:1467-8039
5046:196623820
4911:1936-6426
4870:202550431
4854:0028-0836
4777:predatory
4761:hay fever
4732:parasites
4718:jellyfish
4707:silkworms
4656:tarantula
4647:and some
4631:livestock
4589:Ricinulei
4575:Xiphosura
4533:Amblypygi
4502:Solifugae
4460:Opiliones
4436:herbivore
4375:parasites
4359:Xiphosura
4348:Diversity
4210:Arachnida
3866:Xiphosura
3812:Camanchia
3734:Offacolus
3690:Haliestes
3347:Cladistic
3343:arachnids
3298:cladogram
3266:Xiphosura
3264:, etc.),
3258:scorpions
3250:Arachnida
3236:arachnids
3143:Ricinulei
3022:Amblypygi
2992:Haptopoda
2872:Solifugae
2813:Opiliones
2773:Arachnida
2691:Xiphosura
2663:Tracheata
2623:myriapods
2605:phylogeny
2554:Myriapoda
2526:Tracheata
2514:Trilobita
2492:Crustacea
2445:phylogeny
2399:Myriapoda
2365:Crustacea
2262:The Late
2217:pedipalps
2064:Kodymirus
2042:cladistic
2038:Xiphosura
1957:Courtship
1953:pedipalps
1941:arachnids
1922:trilobite
1856:(only in
1814:scorpions
1812:, except
1810:arachnids
1768:arachnids
1741:Scorpions
1703:arachnids
1683:nephridia
1661:Excretion
1632:scavenger
1628:parasites
1612:herbivore
1608:pedipalps
1600:predators
1592:scorpions
1475:Book lung
1439:Spinneret
1353:Chelicera
1277:scorpions
1261:pedipalps
1173:pedipalps
1098:segmented
1039:Chilarium
1023:Chelicera
994:nephridia
895:Tracheata
838:Crustacea
722:livestock
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