239:
321:—sustainability, climate change, pollution, poverty, etc. Due to the limitations of a reductionist approach, researchers are suggesting a complementary systems thinking approach in chemistry education. A systems thinking approach involves learning concepts with a holistic perspective, allowing chemistry students to think critically about how chemistry relates to larger, societal issues. Researchers believe that a reductionist approach, complemented by a systems thinking approach, can produce global-minded chemists.
31:
277:(PER), CER tends to take the theories and methods developed in pre-college science education research, which generally takes place in Schools of Education, and applies them to understanding comparable problems in post-secondary settings (in addition to pre-college settings). Like science education researchers, CER practitioners tend to study the teaching practices of others as opposed to focusing on their own classroom practices. Chemistry education research is typically carried out
235:), posed the question of why do terms like 'chemical educator' even exist in higher education, when there is a perfectly respectable term for this activity, namely, 'chemistry professor.' One criticism of this view is that few professors bring any formal preparation in or background about education to their jobs, and so lack any professional perspective on the teaching and learning enterprise, particularly discoveries made about effective teaching and how students learn.
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229:, etc.), take on an interest in contributing suggestions, essays, observations, and other descriptive reports of practice into the public domain, through journal publications, books, and presentations. Dr. Robert L. Lichter, then-Executive Director of the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, speaking in a plenary session at the 16th Biennial Conference on Chemical Education (recent BCCE meetings:
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297:(SoTL). Although there is debate on how to best define SoTL, one of the primary practices is for mainstream faculty members (organic, inorganic, biochemistry, etc.) to develop a more informed view of their practices, how to carry out research and reflection on their own teaching, and about what constitutes deep understanding in student learning.
180:
However, since the twenty-first century, the role of laboratory courses in the chemistry curriculum has been questioned in major journals. The main argument against laboratory courses is that there is little evidence for their impact on student learning. Researchers are asking questions such as "why
64:
or discipline-based education research (DBER). Topics in chemistry education include understanding how students learn chemistry and determining the most efficient methods to teach chemistry. There is a constant need to improve chemistry curricula and learning outcomes based on findings of chemistry
281:
using human subjects from secondary and post-secondary schools. Chemistry education research utilizes both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative methods typically involve collecting data that can then be analyzed using various statistical methods. Qualitative methods
168:
started to volunteer at the laboratory. Eliot's interests in the laboratory grew, and he eventually took charge of it. Eliot was later elected as
Harvard's president in 1869. Eliot also served other powerful roles in education, which allowed him to influence the widespread adoption of laboratory
181:
do we have laboratory work in the curriculum? What is distinctive about laboratory work that cannot be met elsewhere in the curriculum?" Researchers are asking for evidence that the investment of space, time and resources in chemistry laboratories provides value to student learning.
333:
publish papers related to chemistry education. Some journals focus on particular education levels (schools vs. universities) while others cover all education levels. Journal articles range from reports on classroom and laboratory practices to educational research.
147:
plays a major role in shifting the model of lecture with demonstrations to one that includes a laboratory component. Liebig was one of the first chemists to conduct a laboratory and his methodology became widespread in the United States due to the efforts of
259:(DBER) focusing on the teaching and learning of chemistry. An overarching goal for chemistry education researchers is to help students develop 'expert-like' (coherent and useful) knowledge of chemistry. Thus, the field of CER involves investigating:
77:
Chemistry education is important because the field of chemistry is fundamental to our world. The universe is subject to the laws of chemistry, while human beings depend on the orderly progress of chemical reactions within their bodies. Described as
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The most common method of teaching chemistry is lecture with a laboratory component. Laboratory courses became a central part of the chemistry curriculum towards the end of the 19th century. The German scientist
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317:, which involves studying a complex topic as the sum of its parts. A reductionist approach is beneficial in increasing our knowledge of the natural world, however, it is insufficient in tackling
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205:, wherein the individuals who are responsible for teaching chemistry (teachers, instructors, professors) are the ones who ultimately define chemistry education by their actions.
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on
Professional Training requires students to gain 400 hours of laboratory experience, outside of introductory chemistry, to get a bachelor's degree. Similarly, the
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and providing appropriate training to chemistry instructors, within many modes, including classroom lectures, demonstrations, and laboratory activities.
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A compendium of graduate programs in chemistry that award M.S. and Ph.D. degrees for research on teaching and learning of chemistry can be found at
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376:(RSC). Publishes theoretical perspectives, literature reviews, and empirical papers, including systematic evaluations of innovative practice.
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391:. Covers all areas of chemical education. (EiC is the RSC's educational magazine, whereas CERP is a peer-reviewed research journal).
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Additionally, colleges and universities offer chemistry degrees with a specialization in chemistry education. Some examples are:
217:, faculty members and instructors who, as opposed to declaring their primary interest in a typical area of laboratory research (
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164:. The school was modeled after Liebig's methodology and established the first chemistry laboratory course. Two years later,
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how CER findings can inform curriculum design, e.g. by suggesting certain learning objectives and instructional approaches;
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how students construct their understanding of chemical phenomena and develop practical skills relevant to the discipline;
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include interviews, observations, document analysis, journaling, and other methods common to social science research.
144:
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753:"From Justus von Liebig to Charles W. Eliot: The Establishment of Laboratory Work in U.S. High Schools and Colleges"
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Discipline-Based
Education Research: Understanding and Improving Learning in Undergraduate Science and Engineering
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careers. Chemistry also provides students with many transferable skills that can be applied to any career.
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156:. After working in Liebig's laboratory, Horsford returned to the United States and helped establish the
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Taber, K.S. (2012). "Recognising quality in reports of chemistry education research and practice".
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984:"Chemistry Education Research—From Personal Empiricism to Evidence, Theory, and Informed Practice"
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Children mix chemicals in test tubes as part of a hands-on chemistry education program in
8:
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requires students to gain 300 hours of laboratory experience to get a bachelor's degree.
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Disciplinary styles in the scholarship of teaching and learning: exploring common ground
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In 2017, the
Systems Thinking Into Chemistry Education (STICE) project proposed a
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130:. Teaching chemistry to students at a young age can increase student interest in
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https://sites.google.com/miamioh.edu/bretzsl/cer-resources/cer-graduate-programs
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August 20, Posted on; Outreach, 2018-Community; Uncategorized (2018-08-20).
313:
in general chemistry education. Chemistry education has largely relied on a
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1989:
1965:
1955:
1947:
1848:
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students who are interested in chemistry can major in the following areas:
447:
Research in chemistry education is also published in journals in the wider
314:
226:
3081:
1189:
1060:
1034:
65:
education research (CER). Chemistry education can be improved by changing
4171:
2938:
1622:
110:, and other areas. Learning chemistry allows students to learn about the
1445:
1262:
1215:"Introduction to Systems Thinking for the Chemistry Education Community"
2911:
2248:
1354:
1131:
1106:
957:
918:
805:"Establishing the Laboratory as the Place to Learn How to Do Chemistry"
776:
238:
3149:
2712:
2455:
2310:
1612:
1477:
1417:"Chemistry Education Research Graduate Programs in the United States"
1369:"B.S. Specialization in Chemical Education | Department of Chemistry"
642:
526:
57:
406:. Covers philosophical and historical aspects of chemical education.
2587:
2332:
1393:"Joint MA/TEP Program | Department of Chemistry - UC Santa Barbara"
99:
54:
50:
285:
233:
193:
that describe how the work in chemistry education is carried out.
2782:
2352:
1213:
Orgill, MaryKay; York, Sarah; MacKellar, Jennifer (2019-12-10).
1434:
1182:"IOCD: Systems Thinking in Chemistry Education - STICE Project"
1148:"Is the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning New to Chemistry?"
35:
687:
213:
A second perspective is defined by a self-identified group of
2424:
2327:
903:"The laboratory in science education: the state of the art"
564:
Advancing
Chemistry by Enhancing Learning in the Laboratory
131:
436:
from 1996 to 2002. Covers all areas of chemical education.
2337:
497:
in
Chemistry with Specialization in Chemical Education -
1292:"Info. about the WWW Lib. Server for Chem. Edu. J.(CEJ)"
1075:
1076:
Heady, J.E.; Coppola, B.P.; Titterington, L.C. (2001).
1156:. American Association for Higher Education. pp.
506:
in
Chemistry with an Emphasis in Chemical Education -
942:"The role of laboratory work in university chemistry"
900:
246:
417:
Published by the
Chemical Education Division of the
208:
1212:
1082:
College pathways to the science education standards
1065:. American Chemical Society Symposium Series. 2014.
901:Hofstein, Avi; Mamlok-Naaman, Rachel (2007-04-01).
854:"Evidence for the Importance of Laboratory Courses"
459:The U.S. offers chemistry education degrees at the
1317:"The Chemical Education Journal (CEJ) Front Cover"
982:Cooper, Melanie M.; Stowe, Ryan L. (2018-06-27).
270:and developing instruments to measure the above.
5171:
750:
1263:"Journal of Chemical Education | Vol 96, No 12"
454:
286:The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL)
27:Study of the teaching and learning of chemistry
5003:
4558:
751:Sheppard, Keith; Horowitz, Gail (April 2006).
421:. Covers both school and university education.
352:. Covers both school and university education.
2440:
1461:
1145:
1036:Nuts and Bolts of Chemical Education Research
290:There is also an emergent perspective called
196:
5108:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
341:Australian Journal of Education in Chemistry
300:
1080:. In Siebert, E.D.; McIntosh, W.J. (eds.).
981:
712:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
690:"The Importance of Teaching Kids Chemistry"
467:levels. The following degrees are offered:
2447:
2433:
1468:
1454:
1475:
1343:Chemistry Education Research and Practice
1238:
1130:
999:
946:Chemistry Education Research and Practice
907:Chemistry Education Research and Practice
877:
828:
367:Chemistry Education Research and Practice
4810:
940:Reid, Norman; Shah, Iqbal (2007-04-01).
939:
441:List of scientific journals in chemistry
237:
184:
29:
4185:
3413:
3402:
1150:. In Huber, M.T.; Morreale, S. (eds.).
1104:
361:Covers all areas of chemical education.
14:
5172:
728:"Chemistry | University Career Center"
616:
508:University of California Santa Barbara
137:
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4184:
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1062:Tools of Chemistry Education Research
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1027:
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851:
802:
2383:
798:
796:
794:
586:
584:
324:
294:Scholarship of Teaching and Learning
5154:
2407:
1039:. American Chemical Society. 2008.
852:Bretz, Stacey Lowery (2019-02-12).
617:Munroe, Charles E. (January 1925).
569:Constructivism in science education
350:Royal Australian Chemical Institute
257:discipline-based education research
201:The first is what one might call a
24:
1203:
1146:Coppola, B.P.; Jacobs, D. (2002).
1024:
972:
619:"Importance of teaching chemistry"
596:. National Academies Press. 2012.
247:Chemistry education research (CER)
242:Demonstration in a chemistry class
25:
5191:
1427:
791:
581:
209:Perspective of chemical educators
5153:
5144:
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4672:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4166:
4157:
4156:
3714:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3484:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3378:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2371:
2370:
1433:
803:Seery, Michael K. (2020-06-09).
94:. Chemistry has applications in
1409:
1385:
1361:
1334:
1309:
1284:
1273:from the original on 2020-01-29
1255:
1174:
1139:
1098:
1069:
1053:
933:
4829:Federated States of Micronesia
4124:British Indian Ocean Territory
1107:"The Most Beautiful Theories…"
1084:. NSTA Press. pp. 57–63.
894:
845:
744:
720:
681:
657:
610:
13:
1:
2454:
1735:Interface and colloid science
1489:Glossary of chemical formulae
1219:Journal of Chemical Education
1111:Journal of Chemical Education
858:Journal of Chemical Education
809:Journal of Chemical Education
757:Journal of Chemical Education
623:Journal of Chemical Education
574:
412:Journal of Chemical Education
72:
4797:United States Virgin Islands
2467:
1319:. 2015-05-05. Archived from
1294:. 2015-05-05. Archived from
455:Degrees offered in chemistry
253:chemistry education research
189:There are several different
7:
4559:Education in North America
2012:Bioorganometallic chemistry
1499:List of inorganic compounds
1240:10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00169
1001:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00020
879:10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00874
830:10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00764
557:
10:
5196:
5004:Education in South America
3104:
1938:Dynamic covalent chemistry
1909:Enantioselective synthesis
1889:Physical organic chemistry
1842:Organolanthanide chemistry
389:Royal Society of Chemistry
374:Royal Society of Chemistry
357:Chemical Education Journal
275:physics education research
203:practitioner's perspective
197:Practitioner's Perspective
191:philosophical perspectives
175:Royal Society of Chemistry
158:Lawrence Scientific School
5125:
5082:
5009:
4920:
4897:
4816:
4772:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
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3119:Early childhood education
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2030:
1946:
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1527:Electroanalytical methods
1512:
1484:
1373:chemistry.as.virginia.edu
1078:"3. Assessment Standards"
669:American Chemical Society
419:American Chemical Society
301:Systems thinking approach
273:Following the example of
171:American Chemical Society
4975:Northern Mariana Islands
4792:Turks and Caicos Islands
3873:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3469:Central African Republic
2282:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2198:Supramolecular chemistry
1837:Organometallic chemistry
397:Foundations of Chemistry
255:(CER). CER is a type of
4940:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4134:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2220:Combinatorial chemistry
2131:Food physical chemistry
2094:Environmental chemistry
1978:Bioorthogonal chemistry
1904:Retrosynthetic analysis
1725:Chemical thermodynamics
1708:Spectroelectrochemistry
1651:Computational chemistry
542:Environmental Chemistry
251:A third perspective is
4722:British Virgin Islands
4236:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2292:of element discoveries
2138:Agricultural chemistry
2126:Carbohydrate chemistry
2017:Bioinorganic chemistry
1882:Alkane stereochemistry
1827:Coordination chemistry
1656:Mathematical chemistry
1522:Instrumental chemistry
1105:Coppola, B.P. (2007).
732:careercenter.umich.edu
499:University of Virginia
486:in Chemistry Education
480:in Chemistry Education
474:in Chemistry Education
382:Education in Chemistry
243:
60:. It is one subset of
39:
4923:and other territories
4662:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3629:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3489:Republic of the Congo
2287:Timeline of chemistry
2184:Post-mortem chemistry
2169:Clandestine chemistry
2099:Atmospheric chemistry
2022:Biophysical chemistry
1854:Solid-state chemistry
1804:Equilibrium chemistry
1713:Photoelectrochemistry
427:The Chemical Educator
315:reductionist approach
241:
185:Theories of education
82:, chemistry connects
33:
4811:Education in Oceania
4187:Education in Europe
4048:United Arab Emirates
3415:Education in Africa
2638:Instructional design
2277:History of chemistry
2232:Chemical engineering
2007:Bioorganic chemistry
1757:Structural chemistry
1494:List of biomolecules
1442:at Wikimedia Commons
665:"Areas of Chemistry"
547:Analytical chemistry
532:Chemical engineering
309:approach for (post)-
169:methods. Today, the
5180:Chemistry education
4677:Trinidad and Tobago
4572:Antigua and Barbuda
4452:States with limited
4075:limited recognition
3704:States with limited
3403:Education by region
3129:Secondary education
3041:Teaching philosophy
2944:Pedagogical pattern
2887:21st century skills
2866:Religious education
2509:Aims and objectives
2300:The central science
2254:Ceramic engineering
2179:Forensic toxicology
2152:Chemistry education
2050:Radiation chemistry
2032:Interdisciplinarity
1985:Medicinal chemistry
1923:Fullerene chemistry
1799:Microwave chemistry
1668:Molecular mechanics
1663:Molecular modelling
1440:Chemistry education
1231:2019JChEd..96.2720O
1123:2007JChEd..84.1902C
870:2019JChEd..96..193B
821:2020JChEd..97.1511S
769:2006JChEd..83..566S
635:1925JChEd...2...67M
495:Bachelor of Science
472:Bachelor of Science
311:secondary education
138:Teaching strategies
120:deductive reasoning
114:and gain skills in
80:the central science
43:Chemistry education
5138:Schools portal
4612:Dominican Republic
3807:Education in Asia
3134:Tertiary education
3072:Learning resources
2563:Education sciences
2343:Chemical substance
2205:Chemical synthesis
2174:Forensic chemistry
2055:Actinide chemistry
1997:Clinical chemistry
1678:Molecular geometry
1673:Molecular dynamics
1628:Elemental analysis
1581:Separation process
1355:10.1039/C1RP90058G
1132:10.1021/ed084p1902
958:10.1039/B5RP90026C
919:10.1039/B7RP90003A
552:Forensic Chemistry
244:
215:chemical educators
162:Harvard University
49:) is the study of
47:chemical education
40:
18:Chemical education
5167:
5166:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5089:other territories
4998:
4997:
4990:Wallis and Futuna
4898:Associated states
4805:
4804:
4694:other territories
4553:
4552:
4180:
4179:
4117:other territories
3800:
3799:
3731:other territories
3504:Equatorial Guinea
3393:
3392:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3124:Primary education
3095:
3094:
2984:Dialogic learning
2954:Teacher retention
2907:Critical thinking
2902:Class arrangement
2871:Special education
2546:Standardized test
2529:Course evaluation
2422:
2421:
2358:Quantum mechanics
2323:Chemical compound
2306:Chemical reaction
2244:Materials science
2162:General chemistry
2157:Amateur chemistry
2085:Photogeochemistry
2070:Stellar chemistry
2040:Nuclear chemistry
1961:Molecular biology
1928:Polymer chemistry
1899:Organic synthesis
1894:Organic reactions
1859:Ceramic chemistry
1849:Cluster chemistry
1779:Chemical kinetics
1767:Molecular physics
1646:Quantum chemistry
1559:Mass spectrometry
1438:Media related to
1397:www.chem.ucsb.edu
1225:(12): 2720–2729.
1167:978-1-56377-052-4
1091:978-0-87355-193-9
994:(12): 6053–6087.
777:10.1021/ed083p566
603:978-0-309-25411-3
478:Master of Science
449:science education
387:Published by the
372:Published by the
348:Published by the
325:Academic journals
145:Justus von Liebig
116:critical thinking
112:scientific method
84:physical sciences
16:(Redirected from
5187:
5157:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5109:
5097:Falkland Islands
5011:Sovereign states
5000:
4999:
4980:Pitcairn Islands
4950:French Polynesia
4935:Christmas Island
4864:Papua New Guinea
4844:Marshall Islands
4817:Sovereign states
4807:
4806:
4762:Saint Barthélemy
4692:Dependencies and
4565:Sovereign states
4555:
4554:
4490:Dependencies and
4194:Sovereign states
4182:
4181:
4170:
4160:
4159:
4129:Christmas Island
3815:Sovereign states
3802:
3801:
3792:
3791:(United Kingdom)
3787:Tristan da Cunha
3783:Ascension Island
3775:
3762:
3753:
3729:Dependencies and
3422:Sovereign states
3410:
3409:
3399:
3398:
3382:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3300:Higher education
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3241:Secondary school
3237:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3115:
3114:
3101:
3100:
3029:Student-centered
3014:Phenomenon-based
3004:Peer instruction
2969:Blended learning
2892:Bloom's taxonomy
2856:Gifted education
2851:Education reform
2683:Computer science
2464:
2463:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2410:
2409:
2398:
2386:
2385:
2374:
2373:
2318:Chemical element
1973:Chemical biology
1832:Magnetochemistry
1809:Mechanochemistry
1762:Chemical physics
1703:Electrochemistry
1608:Characterization
1470:
1463:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1188:. Archived from
1178:
1172:
1171:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1003:
988:Chemical Reviews
979:
970:
969:
937:
931:
930:
898:
892:
891:
881:
849:
843:
842:
832:
815:(6): 1511–1514.
800:
789:
788:
748:
742:
741:
739:
738:
724:
718:
717:
711:
703:
701:
700:
685:
679:
678:
676:
675:
661:
655:
654:
643:10.1021/ed002p67
614:
608:
607:
588:
307:systems thinking
166:Charles W. Eliot
154:Charles W. Eliot
92:applied sciences
67:teaching methods
21:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5132:
5130:
5113:
5107:
5090:
5088:
5078:
5005:
4994:
4922:
4916:
4899:
4893:
4874:Solomon Islands
4812:
4801:
4695:
4693:
4686:
4560:
4549:
4533:
4491:
4485:
4471:Northern Cyprus
4453:
4447:
4368:North Macedonia
4189:
4176:
4148:
4116:
4107:
4088:Northern Cyprus
4074:
4067:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3773:
3760:
3751:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3707:
3705:
3698:
3417:
3404:
3389:
3388:
3369:
3360:
3351:
3343:
3336:
3314:
3302:
3283:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3243:
3224:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3186:
3167:
3159:
3152:
3108:
3091:
3045:
2964:Active learning
2959:Teaching method
2934:Learning theory
2875:
2841:Autodidacticism
2836:Adult education
2822:
2763:Performing arts
2644:
2551:Teacher quality
2541:Standards-based
2497:
2469:
2458:
2453:
2423:
2418:
2362:
2265:
2259:Polymer science
2215:Click chemistry
2210:Green chemistry
2104:Ocean chemistry
2080:Biogeochemistry
2026:
1942:
1914:Total synthesis
1877:Stereochemistry
1863:
1813:
1730:Surface science
1720:Thermochemistry
1689:
1632:
1603:Crystallography
1508:
1480:
1474:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1144:
1140:
1117:(12): 1902–11.
1103:
1099:
1092:
1074:
1070:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1033:
1032:
1025:
980:
973:
938:
934:
899:
895:
850:
846:
801:
792:
749:
745:
736:
734:
726:
725:
721:
705:
704:
698:
696:
686:
682:
673:
671:
663:
662:
658:
615:
611:
604:
590:
589:
582:
577:
560:
457:
434:Springer-Verlag
327:
303:
288:
249:
211:
199:
187:
140:
124:problem-solving
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5193:
5183:
5182:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
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5123:
5122:
5119:
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5083:
5080:
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5013:
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5006:
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4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4970:Norfolk Island
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4930:American Samoa
4926:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4900:of New Zealand
4895:
4894:
4892:
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4886:
4881:
4876:
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4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
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4820:
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4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
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4782:Sint Eustatius
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4727:Cayman Islands
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
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4629:
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4604:
4599:
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4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
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4566:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4545:European Union
4541:
4539:
4538:Other entities
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4492:other entities
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4443:United Kingdom
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
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4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:Czech Republic
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
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4177:
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4174:
4164:
4153:
4150:
4149:
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4120:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
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4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
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3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
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3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3776:
3763:
3754:
3740:Canary Islands
3736:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3328:
3321:
3320:
3309:
3304:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3196:
3189:
3188:
3184:Primary school
3178:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3144:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2897:Cognitive load
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Evidence-based
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2502:By perspective
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2143:Soil chemistry
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2121:Food chemistry
2118:
2116:Carbochemistry
2113:
2111:Clay chemistry
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2072:
2066:Astrochemistry
2062:Cosmochemistry
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2045:Radiochemistry
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2002:Neurochemistry
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1933:Petrochemistry
1930:
1925:
1920:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1794:Spin chemistry
1791:
1789:Photochemistry
1786:
1781:
1776:
1774:Femtochemistry
1771:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
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1710:
1699:
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1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1659:
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1648:
1642:
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1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1586:Chromatography
1583:
1578:
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1576:
1571:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1510:
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1507:
1506:
1504:Periodic table
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1429:
1428:External links
1426:
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1384:
1360:
1333:
1308:
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1254:
1202:
1173:
1166:
1138:
1097:
1090:
1068:
1052:
1045:
1023:
971:
952:(2): 172–185.
932:
913:(2): 105–107.
893:
864:(2): 193–195.
844:
790:
743:
719:
680:
656:
609:
602:
579:
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504:Masters of Art
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62:STEM education
26:
9:
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2:
5192:
5181:
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5160:
5152:
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5102:French Guiana
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4988:
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4973:
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4968:
4966:
4965:New Caledonia
4963:
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4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4945:Easter Island
4943:
4941:
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4908:
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4708:
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4697:
4689:
4683:
4682:United States
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
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4660:
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4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
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4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Faroe Islands
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4476:South Ossetia
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4444:
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4399:
4396:
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4391:
4389:
4386:
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4379:
4376:
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4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Liechtenstein
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
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4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
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4264:
4262:
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4257:
4254:
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4209:
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4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
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4192:
4188:
4183:
4173:
4169:
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4137:
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4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:South Ossetia
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
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3989:
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3808:
3803:
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3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Guinea-Bissau
3542:
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3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
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3500:
3497:
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3400:
3396:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3334:Undergraduate
3332:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3259:Middle school
3257:
3256:
3251:
3248:
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3242:
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3211:
3205:
3200:
3199:
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3176:
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3158:
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3142:
3139:
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3130:
3127:
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3120:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3088:
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3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
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3027:
3025:
3024:Project-based
3022:
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3019:Problem-based
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3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
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2990:
2987:
2985:
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2980:
2979:Demonstration
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2974:Contemplative
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2861:Homeschooling
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2708:Environmental
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2633:Instructional
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2237:Stoichiometry
2235:
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2216:
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2193:Nanochemistry
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2020:
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1918:Semisynthesis
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1752:Sonochemistry
1750:
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1747:Cryochemistry
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1740:Micromeritics
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1618:Wet chemistry
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1348:
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1337:
1323:on 2015-05-05
1322:
1318:
1312:
1298:on 2015-05-05
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1192:on 2021-04-19
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