3201:(NIOSH) has been conducting an assessment in the workplace since then regarding these drugs. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs has been linked to multiple health effects, including infertility and possible carcinogenic effects. A few cases have been reported by the NIOSH alert report, such as one in which a female pharmacist was diagnosed with papillary transitional cell carcinoma. Twelve years before the pharmacist was diagnosed with the condition, she had worked for 20 months in a hospital where she was responsible for preparing multiple antineoplastic drugs. The pharmacist did not have any other risk factor for cancer, and therefore, her cancer was attributed to the exposure to the antineoplastic drugs, although a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established in the literature. Another case happened when a malfunction in biosafety cabinetry is believed to have exposed nursing personnel to antineoplastic drugs. Investigations revealed evidence of genotoxic biomarkers two and nine months after that exposure.
3318:
individuals should receive information and training to inform them of the hazards of the drugs present in their areas of work. They should be informed and trained on operations and procedures in their work areas where they can encounter hazards, different methods used to detect the presence of hazardous drugs and how the hazards are released, and the physical and health hazards of the drugs, including their reproductive and carcinogenic hazard potential. Additionally, they should be informed and trained on the measures they should take to avoid and protect themselves from these hazards. This information ought to be provided when health care workers come into contact with the drugs, that is, perform the initial assignment in a work area with hazardous drugs. Moreover, training should also be provided when new hazards emerge as well as when new drugs, procedures, or equipment are introduced.
2246:
781:
interactions, genetics, and obesity, which have major impacts on the actual concentration of the drug in the person's bloodstream. As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration in people dosed by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than ten-fold for many drugs. In other words, if two people receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one person may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other person. This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs.
2228:
3327:
agents before and after each activity as well as at the end of their shifts. Cleaning should always be done using double protective gloves and disposable gowns. After employees finish up cleaning, they should dispose of the items used in the activity in a yellow chemotherapy waste container while still wearing protective gloves. After removing the gloves, they should thoroughly wash their hands with soap and water. Anything that comes into contact or has a trace of the antineoplastic drugs, such as needles, empty vials, syringes, gowns, and gloves, should be put in the chemotherapy waste container.
1096:
1690:
2263:
900:
3619:. They bind to the tumor antigen and are internalised, where the linker releases the drug into the cell. These specially targeted delivery vehicles vary in their stability, selectivity, and choice of target, but, in essence, they all aim to increase the maximum effective dose that can be delivered to the tumor cells. Reduced systemic toxicity means that they can also be used in people who are sicker and that they can carry new chemotherapeutic agents that would have been far too toxic to deliver via traditional systemic approaches.
757:
58:
3413:
3230:
vapors. Multiple studies have investigated inhalation as a route of exposure, and although air sampling has not shown any dangerous levels, it is still a potential route of exposure. Ingestion by hand to mouth is a route of exposure that is less likely compared to others because of the enforced hygienic standard in the health institutions. However, it is still a potential route, especially in the workplace, outside of a health institute. One can also be exposed to these hazardous drugs through injection by
785:
812:
1292:
1484:
3566:
15387:
777:, using the recipient's weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body area. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans. The study only included nine human subjects. When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option.
15408:
2916:
3733:(European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy), the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for electrochemotherapy were prepared, based on the experience of the leading European cancer centres on electrochemotherapy. Recently, new electrochemotherapy modalities have been developed for treatment of internal tumors using surgical procedures, endoscopic routes or percutaneous approaches to gain access to the treatment area.
2278:(alopecia) can be caused by chemotherapy that kills rapidly dividing cells; other medications may cause hair to thin. These are most often temporary effects: hair usually starts to regrow a few weeks after the last treatment, but sometimes with a change in color, texture, thickness or style. Sometimes hair has a tendency to curl after regrowth, resulting in "chemo curls." Severe hair loss occurs most often with drugs such as
3131:. Chemotherapeutic drugs may be used at high doses to permanently remove the recipient's bone marrow cells (myeloablative conditioning) or at lower doses that will prevent permanent bone marrow loss (non-myeloablative and reduced intensity conditioning). When used in non-cancer setting, the treatment is still called "chemotherapy", and is often done in the same treatment centers used for people with cancer.
1792:), or isolated infusion of chemotherapy into the liver or the lung have been used to treat some tumors. The main purpose of these approaches is to deliver a very high dose of chemotherapy to tumor sites without causing overwhelming systemic damage. These approaches can help control solitary or limited metastases, but they are by definition not systemic, and, therefore, do not treat distributed metastases or
3424:
836:
825:
3226:
is potentially exposed to hazardous drugs. Health care workers are exposed to drugs in different circumstances, such as when pharmacists and pharmacy technicians prepare and handle antineoplastic drugs and when nurses and physicians administer the drugs to patients. Additionally, those who are responsible for disposing antineoplastic drugs in health care facilities are also at risk of exposure.
3145:
2355:. Chemotherapies with high risk include procarbazine and other alkylating drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, melphalan, chlorambucil, and chlormethine. Drugs with medium risk include doxorubicin and platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin. On the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine,
3309:
directly in the yellow chemotherapy waste container with the lid closed. Protective equipment should be removed and put into a disposable chemotherapy waste container. After this has been done, one should double bag the chemotherapy waste before or after removing one's inner gloves. Moreover, one must always wash one's hands with soap and water before leaving the drug administration site.
849:
hematologic side effects were eliminated. Because of the reduced toxicity, dose-adjusted patients were able to be treated for longer periods of time. BSA-dosed people were treated for a total of 680 months while people in the dose-adjusted group were treated for a total of 791 months. Completing the course of treatment is an important factor in achieving better treatment outcomes.
2842:, a process in which multiple copies of a gene are produced by cancer cells. This overcomes the effect of drugs that reduce the expression of genes involved in replication. With more copies of the gene, the drug can not prevent all expression of the gene and therefore the cell can restore its proliferative ability. Cancer cells can also cause defects in the cellular pathways of
3243:
occasions have adverse reproductive outcomes such as spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital malformations. Moreover, studies have shown that exposure to these drugs leads to menstrual cycle irregularities. Antineoplastic drugs may also increase the risk of learning disabilities among children of health care workers who are exposed to these hazardous substances.
3749:
CDDP-resistant cells. In regard to the potential benefit that drug-resistant cells can be recruited for effective therapy by combining chemotherapy with hyperthermia, it was important to show that chemoresistance against several anticancer drugs (e.g. mitomycin C, anthracyclines, BCNU, melphalan) including CDDP could be reversed at least partially by the addition of heat.
3357:
sparingly. However, the test played a significant role in changing the use of horizontal flow cabinets to vertical flow biological safety cabinets during the preparation of antineoplastic drugs because the former exposed health care workers to high levels of drugs. This changed the handling of drugs and effectively reduced workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs.
2838:, in order to protect themselves from chemotherapeutics. Research on p-glycoprotein and other such chemotherapy efflux pumps is currently ongoing. Medications to inhibit the function of p-glycoprotein are undergoing investigation, but due to toxicities and interactions with anti-cancer drugs their development has been difficult. Another mechanism of resistance is
3288:, one should inspect gloves for physical defects before use and always wear double gloves and protective gowns. Health care workers are also required to wash their hands with water and soap before and after working with antineoplastic drugs, change gloves every 30 minutes or whenever punctured, and discard them immediately in a chemotherapy waste container.
7637:
1509:, for example, the adjacent unopened DNA winds tighter (supercoils), like opening the middle of a twisted rope. The stress caused by this effect is in part aided by the topoisomerase enzymes. They produce single- or double-strand breaks into DNA, reducing the tension in the DNA strand. This allows the normal unwinding of DNA to occur during
1235:. Fluorouracil is a nucleobase analogue that is metabolised in cells to form at least two active products; 5-fluourouridine monophosphate (FUMP) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (fdUMP). FUMP becomes incorporated into RNA and fdUMP inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase; both of which lead to cell death. Capecitabine is a
2858:, can occur which prevent the drugs from binding to the protein, leading to resistance to these types of drugs. Drugs used in chemotherapy can induce cell stress, which can kill a cancer cell; however, under certain conditions, cells stress can induce changes in gene expression that enables resistance to several types of drugs. In
1171:. These drugs exert their effect by either blocking the enzymes required for DNA synthesis or becoming incorporated into DNA or RNA. By inhibiting the enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, they prevent mitosis because the DNA cannot duplicate itself. Also, after misincorporation of the molecules into DNA,
3380:. In addition to this, there are other drugs used to measure the drugs directly in the urine, although they are rarely used. A measurement of these drugs directly in one's urine is a sign of high exposure levels and that an uptake of the drugs is happening either through inhalation or dermally.
3732:
Clinical electrochemotherapy has been successfully used for treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors irrespective of their histological origin. The method has been reported as safe, simple and highly effective in all reports on clinical use of electrochemotherapy. According to the ESOPE project
792:
The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among people is that many people do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some people are overdosed while others are underdosed. For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators
3335:
A written policy needs to be in place in case of a spill of antineoplastic products. The policy should address the possibility of various sizes of spills as well as the procedure and personal protective equipment required for each size. A trained worker should handle a large spill and always dispose
2882:
are often less severe than that seen of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, life-threatening effects can occur. Initially, the targeted therapeutics were supposed to be solely selective for one protein. Now it is clear that there is often a range of protein targets that the drug can bind. An example target
807:
Several clinical studies have demonstrated that when chemotherapy dosing is individualized to achieve optimal systemic drug exposure, treatment outcomes are improved and toxic side effects are reduced. In the 5-FU clinical study cited above, people whose dose was adjusted to achieve a pre-determined
12328:
Mir LM, Gehl J, Sersa G, Collins CG, Garbay JR, Billard V, Geertsen PF, Rudolf Z, O'Sullivan GC, Marty M (2006). "Standard operating procedures of the electrochemotherapy: Instructions for the use of bleomycin or cisplatin administered either systemically or locally and electric pulses delivered by
12300:
Marty M, Sersa G, Garbay JR, Gehl J, Collins CG, Snoj M, Billard V, Geertsen PF, Larkin JO, Miklavcic D, Pavlovic I, Paulin-Kosir SM, Cemazar M, Morsli N, Soden DM, Rudolf Z, Robert C, O'Sullivan GC, Mir LM (2006). "Electrochemotherapy – An easy, highly effective and safe treatment of cutaneous and
3676:
drugs. Nanoparticles can be targeted passively or actively. Passive targeting exploits the difference between tumor blood vessels and normal blood vessels. Blood vessels in tumors are "leaky" because they have gaps from 200 to 2000 nm, which allow nanoparticles to escape into the tumor. Active
3308:
Hospital workers should never remove tubing from an IV bag that contains an antineoplastic drug, and when disconnecting the tubing in the system, they should make sure the tubing has been thoroughly flushed. After removing the IV bag, the workers should place it together with other disposable items
3229:
Dermal exposure is thought to be the main route of exposure due to the fact that significant amounts of the antineoplastic agents have been found in the gloves worn by healthcare workers who prepare, handle, and administer the agents. Another noteworthy route of exposure is inhalation of the drugs'
3225:
administration. In most cases, before the medication is administered to the patient, it needs to be prepared and handled by several workers. Any worker who is involved in handling, preparing, or administering the drugs, or with cleaning objects that have come into contact with antineoplastic drugs,
2833:
is a major cause of treatment failure in chemotherapeutic drugs. There are a few possible causes of resistance in cancer, one of which is the presence of small pumps on the surface of cancer cells that actively move chemotherapy from inside the cell to the outside. Cancer cells produce high amounts
2218:
have been developed and commercialized, becoming a nearly universal standard in chemotherapy regimens, and helping to successfully manage these symptoms in many people. Effective mediation of these unpleasant and sometimes debilitating symptoms results in increased quality of life for the recipient
2213:
are two of the most feared cancer treatment-related side-effects for people with cancer and their families. In 1983, Coates et al. found that people receiving chemotherapy ranked nausea and vomiting as the first and second most severe side-effects, respectively. Up to 20% of people receiving highly
848:
In the same study, investigators compared the incidence of common 5-FU-associated grade 3/4 toxicities between the dose-adjusted people and people dosed per BSA. The incidence of debilitating grades of diarrhea was reduced from 18% in the BSA-dosed group to 4% in the dose-adjusted group and serious
3748:
Hyperthermia has also been shown to help prevent or reverse "chemo-resistance." Chemotherapy resistance sometimes develops over time as the tumors adapt and can overcome the toxicity of the chemo medication. "Overcoming chemoresistance has been extensively studied within the past, especially using
3356:
Urinary mutagenicity is a marker of exposure to antineoplastic drugs that was first used by Falck and colleagues in 1979 and uses bacterial mutagenicity assays. Apart from being nonspecific, the test can be influenced by extraneous factors such as dietary intake and smoking and is, therefore, used
3250:
effects. In the past five decades, multiple studies have shown the carcinogenic effects of exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Similarly, there have been research studies that linked alkylating agents with humans developing leukemias. Studies have reported elevated risk of breast cancer, nonmelanoma
3242:
Hazardous drugs expose health care workers to serious health risks. Many studies show that antineoplastic drugs could have many side effects on the reproductive system, such as fetal loss, congenital malformation, and infertility. Health care workers who are exposed to antineoplastic drugs on many
2877:
are a relatively new class of cancer drugs that can overcome many of the issues seen with the use of cytotoxics. They are divided into two groups: small molecule and antibodies. The massive toxicity seen with the use of cytotoxics is due to the lack of cell specificity of the drugs. They will kill
2101:
can result when the recipient does not eat or drink enough, or when the person vomits frequently, because of gastrointestinal damage. This can result in rapid weight loss, or occasionally in weight gain, if the person eats too much in an effort to allay nausea or heartburn. Weight gain can also be
1975:
before any fever or sign of infection appears. Quinolones show effective prophylaxis mainly with hematological cancer. However, in general, for every five people who are immunosuppressed following chemotherapy who take an antibiotic, one fever can be prevented; for every 34 who take an antibiotic,
780:
The validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned because the formula only takes into account the individual's weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, sex, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug
3728:
Electrochemotherapy is the combined treatment in which injection of a chemotherapeutic drug is followed by application of high-voltage electric pulses locally to the tumor. The treatment enables the chemotherapeutic drugs, which otherwise cannot or hardly go through the membrane of cells (such as
3482:
to prepare for possible retaliation in the event of German use of chemical warfare. The survivors were later found to have very low white blood cell counts. After WWII was over and the reports declassified, the experiences converged and led researchers to look for other substances that might have
2523:
are affected. CIPN often follows the first chemotherapy dose and increases in severity as treatment continues, but this progression usually levels off at completion of treatment. The platinum-based drugs are the exception; with these drugs, sensation may continue to deteriorate for several months
864:
One approach that can help clinicians individualize chemotherapy dosing is to measure the drug levels in blood plasma over time and adjust dose according to a formula or algorithm to achieve optimal exposure. With an established target exposure for optimized treatment effectiveness with minimized
2384:
of semen, ovarian tissue, oocytes, or embryos. As more than half of cancer patients are elderly, this adverse effect is only relevant for a minority of patients. A study in France between 1999 and 2011 came to the result that embryo freezing before administration of gonadotoxic agents to females
7522:
Rodgers GM, Becker PS, Bennett CL, Cella D, Chanan-Khan A, Chesney C, Cleeland C, Coccia PF, Djulbegovic B, Garst JL, Gilreath JA, Kraut EH, Lin WC, Matulonis U, Millenson M, Reinke D, Rosenthal J, Sabbatini P, Schwartz RN, Stein RS, Vij R (July 2008). "Cancer- and chemotherapy-induced anemia".
3326:
When performing cleaning and decontaminating the work area where antineoplastic drugs are used, one should make sure that there is sufficient ventilation to prevent the buildup of airborne drug concentrations. When cleaning the work surface, hospital workers should use deactivation and cleaning
3317:
All employees whose jobs in health care facilities expose them to hazardous drugs must receive training. Training should include shipping and receiving personnel, housekeepers, pharmacists, assistants, and all individuals involved in the transportation and storage of antineoplastic drugs. These
3283:
that is designed to decrease worker exposure. Additionally, it recommends training of all staff, the use of cabinets, implementing an initial evaluation of the technique of the safety program, and wearing protective gloves and gowns when opening drug packaging, handling vials, or labeling. When
3304:
Drugs should only be administered using protective medical devices such as needle lists and closed systems and techniques such as priming of IV tubing by pharmacy personnel inside a ventilated cabinet. Workers should always wear personal protective equipment such as double gloves, goggles, and
10814:
Montaudié H, Sbidian E, Paul C, Maza A, Gallini A, Aractingi S, Aubin F, Bachelez H, Cribier B, Joly P, Jullien D, Le Maître M, Misery L, Richard MA, Ortonne JP (May 2011). "Methotrexate in psoriasis: a systematic review of treatment modalities, incidence, risk factors and monitoring of liver
2818:). To counteract this they then signal for new blood vessels to grow. The newly formed tumor vasculature is poorly formed and does not deliver an adequate blood supply to all areas of the tumor. This leads to issues with drug delivery because many drugs will be delivered to the tumor by the
2417:
in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a study of people conditioned with cyclophosphamide alone for severe aplastic anemia came to the result that ovarian recovery occurred in all women younger than 26 years at time of transplantation, but only in five of 16 women older than 26 years.
860:
The FOLFOX study also demonstrated an improvement in treatment outcomes. Positive response increased from 46% in the BSA-dosed group to 70% in the dose-adjusted group. Median progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) both improved by six months in the dose adjusted group.
3744:
is heat treatment for cancer that can be a powerful tool when used in combination with chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy) or radiation for the control of a variety of cancers. The heat can be applied locally to the tumor site, which will dilate blood vessels to the tumor, allowing more
687:
involves treating a person with a number of different drugs simultaneously. The drugs differ in their mechanism and side-effects. The biggest advantage is minimising the chances of resistance developing to any one agent. Also, the drugs can often be used at lower doses, reducing
951:
is the primary cause for their anti-cancer effects. DNA is made of two strands and the molecules may either bind twice to one strand of DNA (intrastrand crosslink) or may bind once to both strands (interstrand crosslink). If the cell tries to replicate crosslinked DNA during
3291:
The gowns used should be disposable gowns made of polyethylene-coated polypropylene. When wearing gowns, individuals should make sure that the gowns are closed and have long sleeves. When preparation is done, the final product should be completely sealed in a plastic bag.
10668:
Pfirschke C, Engblom C, Rickelt S, Cortez-Retamozo V, Garris C, Pucci F, Yamazaki T, Poirier-Colame V, Newton A, Redouane Y, Lin YJ, Wojtkiewicz G, Iwamoto Y, Mino-Kenudson M, Huynh TG, Hynes RO, Freeman GJ, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ (February 2016).
6686:
O'Grady, Naomi P.; Alexander, Mary; Burns, Lillian A.; Dellinger, E. Patchen; Garland, Jeffrey; Heard, Stephen O.; Lipsett, Pamela A.; Masur, Henry; Mermel, Leonard A.; Pearson, Michele L.; Raad, Issam I.; Randolph, Adrienne G.; Rupp, Mark E.; Saint, Sanjay (1 May 2011).
2106:
drugs. Low-certainty evidence also suggests that probiotics may have a preventative and treatment effect of diarrhoea related to chemotherapy alone and with radiotherapy. However, a high index of suspicion is appropriate, since diarrhoea and bloating are also symptoms of
4898:
Capitain O, Asevoaia A, Boisdron-Celle M, Poirier AL, Morel A, Gamelin E (December 2012). "Individual fluorouracil dose adjustment in FOLFOX based on pharmacokinetic follow-up compared with conventional body-area-surface dosing: a phase II, proof-of-concept study".
4849:
Saam J, Critchfield GC, Hamilton SA, Roa BB, Wenstrup RJ, Kaldate RR (September 2011). "Body surface area-based dosing of 5-fluoruracil results in extensive interindividual variability in 5-fluorouracil exposure in colorectal cancer patients on FOLFOX regimens".
2061:
and is often fatal unless promptly recognized and aggressively treated. Successful treatment hinges on early diagnosis provided by a high index of suspicion and the use of CT scanning, nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated cases, and sometimes elective right
2919:
The four phases of the cell cycle. G1 – the initial growth phase. S – the phase in which DNA is synthesised. G2 – the second growth phase in preparation for cell division. M – mitosis; where the cell divides to produce two daughter cells that continue the cell
760:
Dose response relationship of cell killing by chemotherapeutic drugs on normal and cancer cells. At high doses the percentage of normal and cancer cells killed is very similar. For this reason, doses are chosen where anti-tumour activity exceeds normal cell
3470:(cancers of the lymphatic system and lymph nodes) were given the drug by vein, rather than by breathing the irritating gas. Their improvement, although temporary, was remarkable. Concurrently, during a military operation in World War II, following a German
700:
is given after a local treatment (radiotherapy or surgery). It can be used when there is little evidence of cancer present, but there is risk of recurrence. It is also useful in killing any cancerous cells that have spread to other parts of the body. These
2878:
any rapidly dividing cell, tumor or normal. Targeted therapies are designed to affect cellular proteins or processes that are utilised by the cancer cells. This allows a high dose to cancer tissues with a relatively low dose to other tissues. Although the
1534:. Drugs that target topoisomerase II can be divided into two groups. The topoisomerase II poisons cause increased levels enzymes bound to DNA. This prevents DNA replication and transcription, causes DNA strand breaks, and leads to programmed cell death (
11506:
DeJoy DM, Smith TD, Woldu H, Dyal MA, Steege AL, Boiano JM (July 2017). "Effects of organizational safety practices and perceived safety climate on PPE usage, engineering controls, and adverse events involving liquid antineoplastic drugs among nurses".
3295:
The health care worker should also wipe all waste containers inside the ventilated cabinet before removing them from the cabinet. Finally, workers should remove all protective wear and put them in a bag for their disposal inside the ventilated cabinet.
2495:(CIPN), a progressive, enduring, and often irreversible condition, causing pain, tingling, numbness and sensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes progressing to the arms and legs. Chemotherapy drugs associated with CIPN include
2442:
usually is recommended if pregnancy in this period is found during chemotherapy. Second- and third-trimester exposure does not usually increase the teratogenic risk and adverse effects on cognitive development, but it may increase the risk of various
12293:
7720:
Berger AM, Abernethy AP, Atkinson A, Barsevick AM, Breitbart WS, Cella D, Cimprich B, Cleeland C, Eisenberger MA, Escalante CP, Jacobsen PB, Kaldor P, Ligibel JA, Murphy BA, O'Connor T, Pirl WF, Rodler E, Rugo HS, Thomas J, Wagner LI (August 2010).
960:. Alkylating agents will work at any point in the cell cycle and thus are known as cell cycle-independent drugs. For this reason, the effect on the cell is dose dependent; the fraction of cells that die is directly proportional to the dose of drug.
12356:
Soden DM, Larkin JO, Collins CG, Tangney M, Aarons S, Piggott J, Morrissey A, Dunne C, O'Sullivan GC (February 2006). "Successful application of targeted electrochemotherapy using novel flexible electrodes and low dose bleomycin to solid tumours".
2974:. They prevent mitosis by various mechanisms including damaging DNA and inhibition of the cellular machinery involved in cell division. One theory as to why these drugs kill cancer cells is that they induce a programmed form of cell death known as
1218:
and purine production, which are both essential for DNA synthesis and cell division. Pemetrexed is another anti-metabolite that affects purine and pyrimidine production, and therefore also inhibits DNA synthesis. It primarily inhibits the enzyme
234:
by means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. To a large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death if
3487:. Since then, many other drugs have been developed to treat cancer, and drug development has exploded into a multibillion-dollar industry, although the principles and limitations of chemotherapy discovered by the early researchers still apply.
2317:. It is usually associated with systemic treatment due to the high mitotic rate of hair follicles, and more reversible than androgenic hair loss, although permanent cases can occur. Chemotherapy induces hair loss in women more often than men.
7673:"Comparison of different platelet count thresholds to guide administration of prophylactic platelet transfusion for preventing bleeding in people with haematological disorders after myelosuppressive chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation"
11179:
903:
Two DNA bases that are cross-linked by a nitrogen mustard. Different nitrogen mustards will have different chemical groups (R). The nitrogen mustards most commonly alkylate the N7 nitrogen of guanine (as shown here) but other atoms can be
2214:
emetogenic agents in this era postponed, or even refused potentially curative treatments. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are common with many treatments and some forms of cancer. Since the 1990s, several novel classes of
5146:
Bartelink IH, Bredius RG, Belitser SV, Suttorp MM, Bierings M, Knibbe CA, et al. (2014). "Association
Between Busulfan Exposure and Outcome in Children Receiving Intravenous Busulfan Before Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation".
7045:
Elad S, Zadik Y, Hewson I, Hovan A, Correa ME, Logan R, Elting LS, Spijkervet FK, Brennan MT (August 2010). "A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on
Herpesviridea".
2846:(programmed cell death). As most chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells in this manner, defective apoptosis allows survival of these cells, making them resistant. Many chemotherapy drugs also cause DNA damage, which can be repaired by
2773:
Chemotherapy does not always work, and even when it is useful, it may not completely destroy the cancer. People frequently fail to understand its limitations. In one study of people who had been newly diagnosed with incurable,
3595:
Specially targeted delivery vehicles aim to increase effective levels of chemotherapy for tumor cells while reducing effective levels for other cells. This should result in an increased tumor kill or reduced toxicity or both.
1942:
Although people receiving chemotherapy are encouraged to wash their hands, avoid sick people, and take other infection-reducing steps, about 85% of infections are due to naturally occurring microorganisms in the person's own
1321:. They are hollow, rod-shaped structures that are required for cell division, among other cellular functions. Microtubules are dynamic structures, which means that they are permanently in a state of assembly and disassembly.
3348:
program must be established. In case of exposure, occupational health professionals need to ask for a detailed history and do a thorough physical exam. They should test the urine of the potentially exposed worker by doing a
865:
toxicities, dosing can be personalized to achieve target exposure and optimal results for each person. Such an algorithm was used in the clinical trials cited above and resulted in significantly improved treatment outcomes.
3127:). Conditioning regimens are used to suppress the recipient's immune system in order to allow a transplant to engraft. Cyclophosphamide is a common cytotoxic drug used in this manner and is often used in conjunction with
1830:
of the body, such as blood cells and the cells lining the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Chemotherapy-related toxicities can occur acutely after administration, within hours or days, or chronically, from weeks to years.
267:(hair loss). Because of the effect on immune cells (especially lymphocytes), chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self (so-called
728:), repeated doses must be administered to continue to reduce the size of the tumor. Current chemotherapy regimens apply drug treatment in cycles, with the frequency and duration of treatments limited by toxicity.
678:
Consolidation chemotherapy is given after remission in order to prolong the overall disease-free time and improve overall survival. The drug that is administered is the same as the drug that achieved remission.
1554:. The second group, catalytic inhibitors, are drugs that block the activity of topoisomerase II, and therefore prevent DNA synthesis and translation because the DNA cannot unwind properly. This group includes
711:
Salvage chemotherapy or palliative chemotherapy is given without curative intent, but simply to decrease tumor load and increase life expectancy. For these regimens, in general, a better toxicity profile is
793:
found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard—68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed.
2576:
are found in the blood. High levels of phosphate induce secondary hypoparathyroidism, resulting in low levels of calcium in the blood. This causes kidney damage and the high levels of potassium can cause
3705:
and magnetic particles. Nanoparticles made of magnetic material can also be used to concentrate agents at tumor sites using an externally applied magnetic field. They have emerged as a useful vehicle in
856:
regimen. The incidence of serious diarrhea was reduced from 12% in the BSA-dosed group of patients to 1.7% in the dose-adjusted group, and the incidence of severe mucositis was reduced from 15% to 0.8%.
2461:
In males previously having undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy, there appears to be no increase in genetic defects or congenital malformations in their children conceived after therapy. The use of
1762:
basis. For continuous, frequent or prolonged intravenous chemotherapy administration, various systems may be surgically inserted into the vasculature to maintain access. Commonly used systems are the
4802:"Individual fluorouracil dose adjustment based on pharmacokinetic follow-up compared with conventional dosage: results of a multicenter randomized trial of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer"
11187:
724:
is often used as a measure to determine whether a person can receive chemotherapy, or whether dose reduction is required. Because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die with each treatment (
8456:
Courbiere B, Decanter C, Bringer-Deutsch S, Rives N, Mirallié S, Pech JC, De
Ziegler D, Carré-Pigeon F, May-Panloup P, Sifer C, Amice V, Schweitzer T, Porcu-Buisson G, Poirot C (September 2013).
2761:
Nutritional problems are also frequently seen in cancer patients at diagnosis and through chemotherapy treatment. Research suggests that in children and young people undergoing cancer treatment,
9151:"Platinum-induced ototoxicity in children: a consensus review on mechanisms, predisposition, and protection, including a new International Society of Pediatric Oncology Boston ototoxicity scale"
11217:
5103:
Buffery PJ, Allen KM, Chin PK, Moore GA, Barclay ML, Begg EJ (February 2014). "Thirteen years' experience of pharmacokinetic monitoring and dosing of busulfan: can the strategy be improved?".
3745:
chemotherapeutic medication to enter the tumor. Additionally, the tumor cell membrane will become more porous, further allowing more of the chemotherapeutic medicine to enter the tumor cell.
3305:
protective gowns when opening the outer bag and assembling the delivery system to deliver the drug to the patient, and when disposing of all material used in the administration of the drugs.
2789:. This is because the brain has an extensive system in place to protect it from harmful chemicals. Drug transporters can pump out drugs from the brain and brain's blood vessel cells into the
1183:(the DNA synthesis phase). For this reason, at a certain dose, the effect plateaus and proportionally no more cell death occurs with increased doses. Subtypes of the anti-metabolites are the
2511:, and the platinum-based drugs. Whether CIPN arises, and to what degree, is determined by the choice of drug, duration of use, the total amount consumed and whether the person already has
2176:
may be a consequence of the cancer or its treatment, and can last for months to years after treatment. One physiological cause of fatigue is anemia, which can be caused by chemotherapy,
694:
chemotherapy is given prior to a local treatment such as surgery, and is designed to shrink the primary tumor. It is also given for cancers with a high risk of micrometastatic disease.
3466:. It was reasoned that an agent that damaged the rapidly growing white blood cells might have a similar effect on cancer. Therefore, in December 1942, several people with advanced
3076:; and anti-proliferative properties. Although methotrexate is used to treat both multiple sclerosis and ankylosing spondylitis, its efficacy in these diseases is still uncertain.
2469:
might increase this risk. In females previously having undergone chemotherapy, miscarriage and congenital malformations are not increased in subsequent conceptions. However, when
2373:. This loss is not necessarily a direct effect of the chemotherapeutic agents, but could be due to an increased rate of growth initiation to replace damaged developing follicles.
1728:). According to a recent (2016) systematic review, oral therapies present additional challenges for patients and care teams to maintain and support adherence to treatment plans.
1332:
are the two main groups of anti-microtubule agents, and although both of these groups of drugs cause microtubule dysfunction, their mechanisms of action are completely opposite:
6473:
Minotti G, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Cairo G, Gianni L (June 2004). "Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharmacologic developments in antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity".
3557:. In terms of metaphorical language, 'chemotherapy' can be paralleled with the idea of a 'storm', as both can cause distress but afterwards may have a healing/cleaning effect.
3040:. In some cases they are often used at lower doses, which means that the side effects are minimized, while in other cases doses similar to ones used to treat cancer are used.
2778:, more than two-thirds of people with lung cancer and more than four-fifths of people with colorectal cancer still believed that chemotherapy was likely to cure their cancer.
2385:
caused a delay of treatment in 34% of cases, and a live birth in 27% of surviving cases who wanted to become pregnant, with the follow-up time varying between 1 and 13 years.
239:
is initiated. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs: cells in the
2524:
after the end of treatment. Some CIPN appears to be irreversible. Pain can often be managed with drug or other treatment but the numbness is usually resistant to treatment.
12978:
12145:
Larkin, John O.; Collins, Christopher G.; Aarons, Simon; Tangney, Mark; Whelan, Maria; O'Reily, Seamus; Breathnach, Oscar; Soden, Declan M.; O'Sullivan, Gerald C. (2007).
4936:"Modeling the 5-fluorouracil area under the curve versus dose relationship to develop a pharmacokinetic dosing algorithm for colorectal cancer patients receiving FOLFOX6"
3024:), which mobilizes immune cells with antitumor functions. Chemotherapeutic drugs that cause cancer immunogenic tumor cell death can make unresponsive tumors sensitive to
9950:
2170:
and new drugs to increase platelet counts during chemotherapy are being developed. Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed to allow platelet counts to recover.
2154:. Myelosuppressive therapy can cause a tendency to bleed easily, leading to anemia. Medications that kill rapidly dividing cells or blood cells can reduce the number of
1179:) is induced. Unlike alkylating agents, anti-metabolites are cell cycle dependent. This means that they only work during a specific part of the cell cycle, in this case
6107:
Ngo QA, Roussi F, Cormier A, Thoret S, Knossow M, Guénard D, Guéritte F (January 2009). "Synthesis and biological evaluation of vinca alkaloids and phomopsin hybrids".
11069:
Bacigalupo A, Ballen K, Rizzo D, Giralt S, Lazarus H, Ho V, Apperley J, Slavin S, Pasquini M, Sandmaier BM, Barrett J, Blaise D, Lowski R, Horowitz M (December 2009).
4988:
Hunter RJ, Navo MA, Thaker PH, Bodurka DC, Wolf JK, Smith JA (February 2009). "Dosing chemotherapy in obese patients: actual versus assigned body surface area (BSA)".
12251:
Testori A, Tosti G, Martinoli C, Spadola G, Cataldo F, Verrecchia F, Baldini F, Mosconi M, Soteldo J, Tedeschi I, Passoni C, Pari C, Di Pietro A, Ferrucci PF (2010).
9682:
Gerstner ER, Fine RL (June 2007). "Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier to chemotherapy in metastatic brain tumors: establishing a treatment paradigm".
3268:
2638:(liver damage) can be caused by many cytotoxic drugs. The susceptibility of an individual to liver damage can be altered by other factors such as the cancer itself,
2477:
is practised between or shortly after treatment, possible genetic risks to the growing oocytes exist, and hence it has been recommended that the babies be screened.
8280:
Hijiya N, Hudson MM, Lensing S, Zacher M, Onciu M, Behm FG, Razzouk BI, Ribeiro RC, Rubnitz JE, Sandlund JT, Rivera GK, Evans WE, Relling MV, Pui CH (March 2007).
736:
The effectiveness of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. The overall effectiveness ranges from being curative for some cancers, such as some
211:
for cancer: they are introduced into the blood stream (the system) and therefore can treat cancer anywhere in the body. Systemic therapy is often used with other,
2581:. Although prophylaxis is available and is often initiated in people with large tumors, this is a dangerous side-effect that can lead to death if left untreated.
1467:
alkaloids in that they bind to tubulin, inhibiting microtubule formation. Podophyllotoxin is used to produce two other drugs with different mechanisms of action:
1127:
are a group of molecules that impede DNA and RNA synthesis. Many of them have a similar structure to the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The building blocks are
2854:. Upregulation of these genes can overcome the DNA damage and prevent the induction of apoptosis. Mutations in genes that produce drug target proteins, such as
5517:
3234:. Research conducted in this area has established that occupational exposure occurs by examining evidence in multiple urine samples from health care workers.
808:
target exposure realized an 84% improvement in treatment response rate and a six-month improvement in overall survival (OS) compared with those dosed by BSA.
15339:
14419:
12546:
12541:
9857:
Moschovi M, Critselis E, Cen O, Adamaki M, Lambrou GI, Chrousos GP, Vlahopoulos S (2015). "Drugs acting on homeostasis: challenging cancer cell adaptation".
3198:
1574:
are a varied group of drugs that have various mechanisms of action. The common theme that they share in their chemotherapy indication is that they interrupt
7170:
5644:
Wagstaff AJ, Ibbotson T, Goa KL (2003). "Capecitabine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the management of advanced breast cancer".
10433:
Kehe K, Balszuweit F, Steinritz D, Thiermann H (September 2009). "Molecular toxicology of sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous inflammation and blistering".
7638:"Prophylactic platelet transfusion for prevention of bleeding in patients with haematological disorders after chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation"
7143:
5477:"Heterocyclic quinones XIII. Dimerization in the series of 5,8-quinazolinediones: Synthesis and anti tumor effects of bis(4-amino-5,8-quinazolinediones)"
2814:
in tumors are very different from those seen in normal tissues. As a tumor grows, tumor cells furthest away from the blood vessels become low in oxygen (
2532:
Some people receiving chemotherapy report fatigue or non-specific neurocognitive problems, such as an inability to concentrate; this is sometimes called
3527:). Ehrlich was not optimistic that effective chemotherapy drugs would be found for the treatment of cancer. The first modern chemotherapeutic agent was
876:
dosing rely upon results from blood tests to calculate the optimal dose for each person. Simple blood tests are also available for dose optimization of
11373:
1754:
Depending on the person, the cancer, the stage of cancer, the type of chemotherapy, and the dosage, intravenous chemotherapy may be given on either an
6793:
Verhoef C, de Wilt JH, ten Hagen TL, Eggermont AM (October 2008). "Isolated hepatic perfusion for the treatment of liver tumors: sunset or sunrise?".
765:
Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (
11209:
891:
The serum albumin level immediately prior to chemotherapy administration is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in various cancer types.
14387:
7636:
Estcourt L, Stanworth S, Doree C, Hopewell S, Murphy MF, Tinmouth A, Heddle N, et al. (Cochrane
Haematological Malignancies Group) (May 2012).
1826:
Chemotherapeutic techniques have a range of side effects that depend on the type of medications used. The most common medications affect mainly the
12971:
5302:
Siddik ZH (2005). "Mechanisms of Action of Cancer
Chemotherapeutic Agents: DNA-Interactive Alkylating Agents and Antitumour Platinum-Based Drugs".
2793:
and blood circulation. These transporters pump out most chemotherapy drugs, which reduces their efficacy for treatment of brain tumors. Only small
2003:
4/6 approved for the prevention of myelosuppression caused by chemotherapy. The drug is given before chemotherapy to protect bone marrow function.
6863:
Chitwood K, Etzkorn J, Cohen G (September 2013). "Topical and intralesional treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer: efficacy and cost comparisons".
15396:
7671:
Estcourt LJ, Stanworth SJ, Doree C, Hopewell S, Trivella M, Murphy MF, et al. (Cochrane
Haematological Malignancies Group) (November 2015).
656:
Induction chemotherapy is the first line treatment of cancer with a chemotherapeutic drug. This type of chemotherapy is used for curative intent.
7303:
Gibson RJ, Keefe DM (September 2006). "Cancer chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea and constipation: mechanisms of damage and prevention strategies".
2672:
and also due direct effects of drug clearance by the kidneys. Different drugs will affect different parts of the kidney and the toxicity may be
1976:
one death can be prevented. Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed because the immune system is suppressed to a critically low level.
1751:. The devices have different applications regarding duration of chemotherapy treatment, method of delivery and types of chemotherapeutic agent.
9635:"Temozolomide, a novel alkylating agent with activity in the central nervous system, may improve the treatment of advanced metastatic melanoma"
8577:"Pregnancies following high-dose cyclophosphamide with or without high-dose busulfan or total-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation"
2335:
is secondary acute myeloid leukemia, which develops primarily after treatment with alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitors. Survivors of
5858:
van Der
Heijden R, Jacobs DI, Snoeijer W, Hallard D, Verpoorte R (March 2004). "The Catharanthus alkaloids: pharmacognosy and biotechnology".
13412:
13397:
3191:
3183:
11485:
11289:"Reproductive Health Risks Associated with Occupational Exposures to Antineoplastic Drugs in Health Care Settings: A Review of the Evidence"
5256:
Asher V, Lee J, Bali A (September 2012). "Preoperative serum albumin is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in ovarian cancer".
11967:
Mokhtari, Reza Bayat; Homayouni, Tina S.; Baluch, Narges; Morgatskaya, Evgeniya; Kumar, Sushil; Das, Bikul; Yeger, Herman (30 March 2017).
3251:
skin cancer, and cancer of the rectum among nurses who are exposed to these drugs. Other investigations revealed that there is a potential
1224:
180:). Therapies with specific molecular or genetic targets, which inhibit growth-promoting signals from classic endocrine hormones (primarily
12547:
NIOSH List of
Antineoplastic and Other Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare Settings, 2016, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4569:
Kaestner SA, Sewell GJ (February 2007). "Chemotherapy dosing part I: scientific basis for current practice and use of body surface area".
1935:
are necessary. (In autologous BMTs, cells are removed from the person before the treatment, multiplied and then re-injected afterward; in
14409:
12964:
3502:
without a modifier usually refers to cancer treatment, but its historical meaning was broader. The term was coined in the early 1900s by
3438:
to treat cancer was in the early 20th century, although the specific chemicals first used were not originally intended for that purpose.
8425:
Gurgan T, Salman C, Demirol A (October 2008). "Pregnancy and assisted reproduction techniques in men and women after cancer treatment".
15190:
8677:
4529:
Felici A, Verweij J, Sparreboom A (September 2002). "Dosing strategies for anticancer drugs: the good, the bad and body-surface area".
3190:
after publishing a recommendation in 1983 regarding handling hazardous drugs. The adaptation of federal regulations came when the U.S.
2492:
2486:
15150:
11356:
3611:, drug and a linker between them. The antibody will be targeted at a preferentially expressed protein in the tumour cells (known as a
8575:
Sanders JE, Hawley J, Levy W, Gooley T, Buckner CD, Deeg HJ, Doney K, Storb R, Sullivan K, Witherspoon R, Appelbaum FR (April 1996).
8098:
5679:
Rowinsky EK, Donehower RC (October 1991). "The clinical pharmacology and use of antimicrotubule agents in cancer chemotherapeutics".
3336:
of all cleanup materials in the chemical waste container according to EPA regulations, not in a yellow chemotherapy waste container.
3001:
at any time. Malignancies with slower growth rates, such as indolent lymphomas, tend to respond to chemotherapy much more modestly.
681:
Intensification chemotherapy is identical to consolidation chemotherapy but a different drug than the induction chemotherapy is used.
2564:. The rapid breakdown of cancer cells causes the release of chemicals from the inside of the cells. Following this, high levels of
2201:
1298:
alkaloids prevent the assembly of microtubules, whereas taxanes prevent their disassembly. Both mechanisms cause defective mitosis.
7260:
Keidan RD, Fanning J, Gatenby RA, Weese JL (March 1989). "Recurrent typhlitis. A disease resulting from aggressive chemotherapy".
15453:
13970:
13613:
12528:
7982:
11118:
Sorsa M, Hämeilä M, Järviluoma E (September 2006). "Handling anticancer drugs: from hazard identification to risk management?".
3693:) to preferentially target the nanoparticles to the tumor cells. There are many types of nanoparticle delivery systems, such as
769:) will be intolerable to the person receiving it. The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculated
11037:
10625:
Galluzzi L, Buqué A, Kepp O, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G (February 2017). "Immunogenic cell death in cancer and infectious disease".
8141:
Can G, Demir M, Erol O, Aydiner A (June 2013). "A comparison of men and women's experiences of chemotherapy-induced alopecia".
2533:
1740:
8668:
2245:
644:
There are a number of strategies in the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Chemotherapy may be given with a
14763:
11735:
11588:
11561:
11271:
10417:
9411:
7904:
7558:
Vadhan-Raj S (January 2009). "Management of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia: current status of thrombopoietic agents".
7029:
5087:
4307:
4278:
4208:
4183:
4147:
3830:
2343:
during the 30 years after treatment than the general population. Not all of this increase can be attributed to chemotherapy.
7911:
Nausea and vomiting are two of the most feared cancer treatment-related side effects for cancer patients and their families.
2955:(genes that help to prevent cancer), which gives cancer cells their malignant characteristics, such as uncontrolled growth.
1167:). Anti-metabolites resemble either nucleobases or nucleosides (a nucleotide without the phosphate group), but have altered
15050:
15043:
13106:
8143:
6906:
Estcourt, Lise J; Stanworth, Simon J; Hopewell, Sally; Doree, Carolyn; Trivella, Marialena; Massey, Edwin (29 April 2016).
5906:
2323:
offers a means of preventing both permanent and temporary hair loss; however, concerns about this method have been raised.
8698:
2686:(damage to the inner ear) is a common side effect of platinum based drugs that can produce symptoms such as dizziness and
2219:
and more efficient treatment cycles, due to less stoppage of treatment due to better tolerance and better overall health.
841:
5-FU dose management in the FOLFOX regimen increases treatment response significantly and improves survival by six months.
3840:
3398:. Several classification schemes have been used to subdivide the medicines used for cancer into several different types.
3353:
or microscopic examination, mainly looking for blood, as several antineoplastic drugs are known to cause bladder damage.
2755:
1939:
BMTs, the source is a donor.) However, some people still develop diseases because of this interference with bone marrow.
1214:. When the enzyme is inhibited by methotrexate, the cellular levels of folate coenzymes diminish. These are required for
12392:
Miklavcic D, Snoj M, Zupanic A, Kos B, Cemazar M, Kropivnik M, Bracko M, Pecnik T, Gadzijev E, Sersa G (February 2010).
4497:
Du Bois D, Du Bois EF (1989). "A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. 1916".
3005:
may also display varying sensitivities to chemotherapy agents, depending on the subclonal populations within the tumor.
2765:
may help with this leading to weight gain and increased calorie and protein intake, when compared to enteral nutrition.
1336:
alkaloids prevent the assembly of microtubules, whereas taxanes prevent their disassembly. By doing so, they can induce
14793:
14656:
14084:
11242:"Personal protective equipment for health care workers who work with hazardous drugs" (Document). NIOSH. October 2008.
5319:
3155:
3124:
2462:
7983:"Chemotherapy-Related Hair Loss (Alopecia) in Children - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center"
3729:
bleomycin and cisplatin), to enter the cancer cells. Hence, greater effectiveness of antitumor treatment is achieved.
2331:
Development of secondary neoplasia after successful chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment can occur. The most common
800:. Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear of
14417:
12202:
Larkin JO, Collins CG, Aarons S, Tangney M, Whelan M, O'Reily S, Breathnach O, Soden DM, O'Sullivan GC (March 2007).
11469:
8256:
7348:"Probiotics for the prevention or treatment of chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-related diarrhoea in people with cancer"
6430:
6403:
6042:
5955:
5922:
5842:
5190:
4800:
Gamelin E, Delva R, Jacob J, Merrouche Y, Raoul JL, Pezet D, Dorval E, Piot G, Morel A, Boisdron-Celle M (May 2008).
852:
Similar results were found in a study involving people with colorectal cancer who have been treated with the popular
8499:"Prevention of chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage: possible roles for hormonal and non-hormonal attenuating agents"
5525:
13504:
13030:
12579:
11640:
Fenn JE, Udelsman R (March 2011). "First use of intravenous chemotherapy cancer treatment: rectifying the record".
10951:
Gray OM, McDonnell GV, Forbes RB (August 2006). "A systematic review of oral methotrexate for multiple sclerosis".
6575:
Dorr RT (April 1992). "Bleomycin pharmacology: mechanism of action and resistance, and clinical pharmacokinetics".
169:
3036:
Some chemotherapy drugs are used in diseases other than cancer, such as in autoimmune disorders, and noncancerous
3012:
also make crucial contributions to the antitumor effects of chemotherapy. For example, the chemotherapeutic drugs
2359:
such as bleomycin and dactinomycin, and antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine, and 5-fluorouracil.
14946:
14402:
8736:
7094:
Gafter-Gvili A, Fraser A, Paul M, Vidal L, Lawrie TA, van de
Wetering MD, Kremer LC, Leibovici L (January 2012).
1239:
of 5-fluorouracil that is broken down in cells to produce the active drug. The deoxynucleoside analogues include
914:
116:
10994:
Ntali S, Bertsias G, Boumpas DT (June 2011). "Cyclophosphamide and lupus nephritis: when, how, for how long?".
3654:
3585:
3407:
2651:
8328:
Brydøy M, Fosså SD, Dahl O, Bjøro T (2007). "Gonadal dysfunction and fertility problems in cancer survivors".
7593:
Sekhon SS, Roy V (May 2006). "Thrombocytopenia in adults: A practical approach to evaluation and management".
7147:
3646:, are both in late clinical trials, and the latter has been granted accelerated approval for the treatment of
2126:
can be a combined outcome caused by myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and possible cancer-related causes such as
15438:
12894:
12445:"Hyperthermia Combined with Chemotherapy – Biological Rationale, Clinical Application, and Treatment Results"
11381:
8681:
4614:
Pinkel D (August 1958). "The use of body surface area as a criterion of drug dosage in cancer chemotherapy".
4323:
Nastoupil LJ, Rose AC, Flowers CR (May 2012). "Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: current treatment approaches".
3805:
3395:
3389:
3345:
3285:
1972:
1366:. They bind to specific sites on tubulin, inhibiting the assembly of tubulin into microtubules. The original
176:
can augment chemotherapy). This meaning excludes the more-selective agents that block extracellular signals (
139:
chemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to
3194:(OSHA) first released its guidelines in 1986 and then updated them in 1996, 1999, and, most recently, 2006.
14645:
14427:
13850:
8282:"Cumulative incidence of secondary neoplasms as a first event after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia"
7925:"A History of Drug Discovery for Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting and the Implications for Future Research"
3569:
3483:
similar effects against cancer. The first chemotherapy drug to be developed from this line of research was
3478:, several hundred people were accidentally exposed to mustard gas, which had been transported there by the
3085:
2892:
2888:
1944:
1694:
276:
705:
can be treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and can reduce relapse rates caused by these disseminated cells.
15256:
14031:
13007:
10861:
Chen J, Veras MM, Liu C, Lin J (February 2013). Chen J (ed.). "Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis".
7096:"Antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial infections in afebrile neutropenic patients following chemotherapy"
5216:
3767:
3264:
2466:
1731:
There are many intravenous methods of drug delivery, known as vascular access devices. These include the
956:, or tries to repair it, the DNA strands can break. This leads to a form of programmed cell death called
190:
12956:
8538:
Tichelli A, Rovó A (August 2013). "Fertility issues following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation".
4740:
Baker SD, Verweij J, Rowinsky EK, Donehower RC, Schellens JH, Grochow LB, Sparreboom A (December 2002).
15448:
14906:
14395:
14156:
14005:
13754:
13256:
12925:
6908:"Granulocyte transfusions for treating infections in people with neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction"
6828:
Hendriks JM, Van Schil PE (1998). "Isolated lung perfusion for the treatment of pulmonary metastases".
3218:
2986:
2710:
2444:
1736:
1702:
1391:
20:
11350:"preventing occupational exposure to antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs in health care settings"
3108:
and dexamethasone has also shown promise as a treatment for AL amyloidosis. Other drugs used to treat
2690:. Children treated with platinum analogues have been found to be at risk for developing hearing loss.
927:, there are now many types of alkylating agents in use. They are so named because of their ability to
131:
intent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim only to prolong life or to
13481:
13347:
13060:
12719:
6602:
Verweij J, Pinedo HM (October 1990). "Mitomycin C: mechanism of action, usefulness and limitations".
6142:
Croteau, Rodney; Ketchum, Raymond E. B.; Long, Robert M.; Kaspera, Rüdiger; Wildung, Mark R. (2006).
2737:
2366:
2139:
2012:
1705:. The arm board stabilizes the arm during needle insertion. Anti-cancer IV drip is seen at top right.
1340:
in the cancer cells. Following this, cell cycle arrest occurs, which induces programmed cell death (
423:
12024:
Sievers EL, Linenberger M (November 2001). "Mylotarg: antibody-targeted chemotherapy comes of age".
10224:
Zhang J, Yang PL, Gray NS (January 2009). "Targeting cancer with small molecule kinase inhibitors".
8096:
Al-Mohanna H, Al-Khenaizan S (2010). "Permanent alopecia following cranial irradiation in a child".
2102:
caused by some steroid medications. These side-effects can frequently be reduced or eliminated with
13491:
13017:
12754:
12712:
9347:"Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum-induced hearing loss in children with cancer"
9249:"Different infusion durations for preventing platinum-induced hearing loss in children with cancer"
8754:
8458:"Emergency IVF for embryo freezing to preserve female fertility: a French multicentre cohort study"
4401:"The present and future management of malignant brain tumours: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy"
2520:
1804:
1658:
788:
5-FU dose management results in significantly better response and survival rates versus BSA dosing.
745:
684:
195:
9024:
4226:"Maintenance therapy to suppress micrometastasis: the new challenge for adjuvant cancer treatment"
4176:
The Royal
Marsden Hospital handbook of cancer chemotherapy: a guide for the multidisciplinary team
2997:) are more sensitive to chemotherapy, as a larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoing
2227:
919:
Alkylating agents are the oldest group of chemotherapeutics in use today. Originally derived from
796:
There has been controversy over the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for people who are
14961:
14639:
14490:
12987:
12847:
12811:
12749:
12532:
8593:
8576:
3604:
3463:
3214:
2884:
2782:
2474:
2399:
2268:
Green approximately a year later, after concluding chemotherapy, with chemotherapy induced curls.
2000:
1785:
1744:
1710:
1698:
1506:
1492:
1203:
12552:
12253:"Electrochemotherapy for cutaneous and subcutaneous tumor lesions: a novel therapeutic approach"
12118:
Vines T, Faunce T (May 2009). "Assessing the safety and cost-effectiveness of early nanodrugs".
9437:
Kwakman, Johannes J.M.; Elshot, Yannick S.; Punt, Cornelis J.A.; Koopman, Miriam (13 May 2020).
5903:
Metal Catalyzed Reductive C—C Bond Formation: A Departure from Preformed Organometallic Reagents
3874:
Alfarouk KO, Stock CM, Taylor S, Walsh M, Muddathir AK, Verduzco D, et al. (15 July 2015).
1223:, but also has effects on DHFR, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase and
14998:
14753:
13859:
13342:
13071:
12852:
12806:
11578:
6746:"Isolated limb perfusion for malignant melanoma: systematic review on effectiveness and safety"
6744:
Moreno-Ramirez D, de la Cruz-Merino L, Ferrandiz L, Villegas-Portero R, Nieto-Garcia A (2010).
6207:
Damayanthi Y, Lown JW (June 1998). "Podophyllotoxins: current status and recent developments".
5834:
5824:
4742:"Role of body surface area in dosing of investigational anticancer agents in adults, 1991-2001"
3810:
3785:
3775:
3707:
3635:
3536:
3479:
3222:
3128:
3053:
3021:
2729:
2647:
2470:
2377:
2173:
1932:
1900:
1876:
1811:
1610:
1513:
or transcription. Inhibition of topoisomerase I or II interferes with both of these processes.
1302:
1008:
40:
24:
11727:
11551:
9149:
Brock PR, Knight KR, Freyer DR, Campbell KC, Steyger PS, Blakley BW, et al. (July 2012).
8988:
Thatishetty AV, Agresti N, O'Brien CB (November 2013). "Chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity".
6393:
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14683:
14619:
14464:
13417:
13357:
13327:
13230:
13066:
12904:
12885:
12394:"Towards treatment planning and treatment of deep-seated solid tumors by electrochemotherapy"
9543:
Weeks JC, Catalano PJ, Cronin A, Finkelman MD, Mack JW, Keating NL, Schrag D (October 2012).
6420:
5939:
5894:
5816:
5475:
Giorgi-Renault S, Renault J, Baron M, Gebel-Servolles P, Delic J, Cros S, Paoletti C (1988).
3795:
3650:
3639:
3623:
3037:
2952:
2609:
2512:
1671:
1530:
1355:
697:
356:
70:. Cold mittens and cold booties are placed on her hands and feet to reduce harm to her nails.
11719:
11349:
6637:
Greer JA, Amoyal N, Nisotel L, Fishbein JN, MacDonald J, Stagl J, et al. (March 2016).
4296:
1689:
14758:
14738:
14607:
13272:
13167:
13004:
12857:
12702:
12692:
12572:
11127:
10477:
10374:
6529:
6155:
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3820:
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3120:
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3002:
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2508:
2414:
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1968:
1220:
1095:
717:
672:
297:
272:
224:
124:
12557:
7346:
Wei D, Heus P, van de Wetering FT, van Tienhoven G, Verleye L, Scholten RJ (August 2018).
4068:
Wagner AD, Syn NL, Moehler M, Grothe W, Yong WP, Tai BC, Ho J, Unverzagt S (August 2017).
2728:
Specific chemotherapeutic agents are associated with organ-specific toxicities, including
8:
15367:
15103:
14889:
14668:
14495:
14125:
13392:
13382:
13202:
12744:
12676:
12444:
11287:
Connor, Thomas H.; Lawson, Christina C.; Polovich, Martha; McDiarmid, Melissa A. (2014).
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Chon SY, Champion RW, Geddes ER, Rashid RM (July 2012). "Chemotherapy-induced alopecia".
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Adjei AA (June 2004). "Pemetrexed (ALIMTA), a novel multitargeted antineoplastic agent".
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Chemotherapy is used in veterinary medicine similar to how it is used in human medicine.
3723:
3643:
3435:
3210:
2982:
2967:
2790:
2677:
2620:. Other chemotherapeutic agents that cause cardiotoxicity, but at a lower incidence, are
2578:
2309:
Chemotherapy induced hair loss occurs by a non-androgenic mechanism, and can manifest as
1989:
1984:
1827:
1732:
1713:
1431:, are produced semi-synthetically from a chemical found in the bark of another yew tree,
1337:
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12537:
11131:
10481:
10378:
10107:
Gerber DE (February 2008). "Targeted therapies: a new generation of cancer treatments".
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6533:
6159:
3182:
In the 1970s, antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drugs were identified as hazardous, and the
15401:
15266:
15125:
14579:
13780:
13317:
12837:
12507:
12464:
12420:
12393:
12282:
12228:
12219:
12204:"Electrochemotherapy: aspects of preclinical development and early clinical experience"
12203:
12179:
12162:
12146:
12095:
12068:
12049:
12001:
11968:
11856:
11831:
11700:
11675:
Chabner BA, Roberts TG (January 2005). "Timeline: Chemotherapy and the war on cancer".
11532:
11437:
11404:
11321:
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11151:
11095:
11070:
11019:
10976:
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10027:
10000:
9981:
9926:
9901:
9900:
Heavey S, Godwin P, Baird AM, Barr MP, Umezawa K, Cuffe S, et al. (October 2014).
9882:
9803:
Multidrug Resistance in Cancer. Generating Inhibitors of P-Glycoprotein: Where to, Now?
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9175:
9150:
9055:
8970:
8812:
8563:
8353:
8123:
8034:
Lemieux J (October 2012). "Reducing chemotherapy-induced alopecia with scalp cooling".
7959:
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2819:
2745:
2403:
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2340:
2332:
2306:. Permanent thinning or hair loss can result from some standard chemotherapy regimens.
2262:
2093:
are common side-effects of chemotherapeutic medications that kill fast-dividing cells.
2082:
1964:
1111:
899:
868:
Oncologists are already individualizing dosing of some cancer drugs based on exposure.
721:
280:
11764:
11751:
Joensuu H (March 2008). "Systemic chemotherapy for cancer: from weapon to treatment".
11653:
11621:
10285:
10268:
9496:"Nutritional support in children and young people with cancer undergoing chemotherapy"
8074:
6997:
6964:
6841:
6552:
6517:
6220:
5821:
L. (Periwinkle): Production of Vindoline and Catharanthine in Multiple Shoot Cultures"
4542:
4465:
3943:
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3162:
3020:
can cause tumor cells to die in a way that is detectable by the immune system (called
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8016:
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7900:
7863:
7856:"Nausea and Vomiting Related to Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version"
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5692:
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5583:
5554:"Enzymology of purine and pyrimidine antimetabolites used in the treatment of cancer"
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1313:
function. Microtubules are an important cellular structure composed of two proteins,
770:
668:
593:
568:
256:
216:
34:
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12053:
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9886:
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9668:
9059:
8974:
8873:"Cognitive impairment associated with chemotherapy for cancer: report of a workshop"
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6654:
6502:
5755:
5630:
5285:
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5132:
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4951:
4385:
2866:
is thought to play a role in resistance to chemotherapy, via inflammatory pathways.
1967:. The risk of illness and death can be reduced by taking common antibiotics such as
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15195:
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14899:
14778:
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8187:
8152:
8107:
8070:
7954:
7936:
7892:
7887:
Gill P, Grothey A, Loprinzi C (2006). "Nausea and Vomiting in the Cancer Patient".
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6482:
6364:
6356:
6329:
6307:
6259:
6216:
6179:
6163:
6116:
6079:
6071:
6060:"Safety and efficacy of vinorelbine in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer"
5997:
5987:
5910:
5867:
5787:
5727:
5688:
5653:
5610:
5573:
5565:
5488:
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5355:
5307:
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5156:
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5036:
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4709:
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2714:
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2545:
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2336:
2310:
2295:
2185:
2015:(typhlitis) is a "life-threatening gastrointestinal complication of chemotherapy."
1993:, to counteract depression of the immune system in people undergoing chemotherapy.
1907:
1864:
1848:
1748:
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1423:
1207:
1076:
988:
964:
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120:
112:
14839:
11944:
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11520:
10386:
9969:
9870:
9651:
9634:
9610:
9593:
9043:
7853:
7332:
6965:"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a primer for the primary care physician"
6892:
6280:
Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. The Role of Topoisomerases in DNA Replication
6263:
4242:
4225:
3672:(nm) sized particles that can promote tumor selectivity and aid in delivering low-
2254:
just before the start of his chemotherapy treatment, with naturally straight hair.
207:
The use of drugs (whether chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or targeted therapy) is
57:
15412:
15357:
15226:
15221:
15060:
14993:
14988:
14874:
14820:
14661:
14552:
14505:
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12920:
12565:
12370:
12342:
12314:
11304:
10686:
9403:
8551:
5830:
5614:
5160:
5116:
3980:
3690:
3553:
3430:
pioneered the use of the drug methotrexate to treat breast cancer and skin cancer
3412:
3187:
3081:
3060:. The anti-inflammatory response seen in RA is thought to be due to increases in
2943:
susceptibility and environmental factors. These factors lead to accumulations of
2879:
2830:
2749:
2639:
2435:
2320:
2314:
2147:
1793:
1638:(molecules insert between the two strands of DNA), generation of highly reactive
1510:
1498:
1456:
1440:
1371:
1136:
1124:
1080:
984:
725:
702:
649:
450:
244:
140:
136:
132:
12069:"Nanoliposomes in Cancer Therapy: Marketed Products and Current Clinical Trials"
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Hoskins WJ, Perez CA, Young RC, Barakat RR, Markman M, Randall ME, eds. (2005).
9594:"The blood-brain barrier and cancer: transporters, treatment, and Trojan horses"
5359:
4049:
2019:
is an intestinal infection which may manifest itself through symptoms including
983:
and derivatives, and non-classical alkylating agents. Nitrogen mustards include
19:
This article is about the cancer treatment. For antimicrobial chemotherapy, see
15391:
15291:
15286:
15140:
15130:
15080:
15065:
15055:
14956:
14951:
14941:
14879:
14851:
14803:
14798:
14530:
14485:
14481:
14234:
14132:
14080:
13678:
12991:
12867:
12825:
11420:
11086:
10964:
10134:
Allen TM (October 2002). "Ligand-targeted therapeutics in anticancer therapy".
8913:
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Secondary neoplasias following chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunosuppression
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Henry DH (July 2006). "The role of intravenous iron in cancer-related anemia".
7239:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6312:
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6278:
5311:
5001:
4912:
4863:
4698:"Body-surface area-based chemotherapy dosing: appropriate in the 21st century?"
4582:
3993:
3876:"Resistance to cancer chemotherapy: failure in drug response from ADME to P-gp"
3427:
3377:
3350:
3101:
3069:
2928:
2904:
2896:
2835:
2775:
2722:
2665:
2659:
2635:
2589:
2454:
during chemotherapy and for a few months after the last dose (e.g. 6 month for
2143:
2044:
1956:
1919:
1852:
1800:
1322:
1280:
1168:
1119:
1072:
1028:
784:
766:
708:
Maintenance chemotherapy is a repeated low-dose treatment to prolong remission.
602:
573:
514:
473:
328:
149:
12066:
11984:
11007:
10446:
10194:
9717:
Minchinton AI, Tannock IF (August 2006). "Drug penetration in solid tumours".
9001:
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7472:
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6167:
5992:
5395:
5269:
4758:
4741:
3892:
1348:, an essential process that tumours utilise in order to grow and metastasise.
15427:
15323:
15296:
15155:
14973:
14884:
14864:
14860:
14723:
14651:
14540:
14455:
14291:
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14143:
14120:
14052:
14047:
14037:
13813:
13809:
13797:
13604:
13387:
13352:
13172:
13152:
12671:
12170:
11992:
11428:
11312:
11248:
10544:
10075:
9951:"Targeting NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC"
9762:"Multidrug resistance: can new drugs help chemotherapy score against cancer?"
9695:
9462:
9166:
8755:"Chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity: the value of neuroprotective strategies"
8645:
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8628:
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8281:
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Chadha V, Shenoi SD (2003). "Hair loss in cancer chemotherapeutic patients".
7950:
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Vitale, Ilio; Galluzzi, Lorenzo; Castedo, Maria; Kroemer, Guido (June 2011).
5048:
5025:"Practical treatment guide for dose individualisation in cancer chemotherapy"
4818:
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4416:
3825:
3815:
3665:
3612:
3451:
3416:
3089:
3009:
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2963:
2815:
2593:
2565:
2451:
2063:
1840:
1779:
1646:
1639:
1579:
1575:
1463:). It has anti-microtubule activity, and its mechanism is similar to that of
1433:
1417:
Taxanes are natural and semi-synthetic drugs. The first drug of their class,
1291:
1211:
1099:
1083:
in biologically important molecules. Non-classical alkylating agents include
1064:
953:
944:
815:
5-FU dose management avoids serious side effects experienced with BSA dosing.
315:
248:
67:
12553:
https://en.wikiversity.org/International_Ototoxicity_Management_Group_(IOMG)
12495:
12067:
Taléns-Visconti R, Díez-Sales O, de Julián-Ortiz JV, Nácher A (April 2022).
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7536:
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6689:"Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-related Infections"
6542:
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Koeller J, Eble M (1988). "Mitoxantrone: A novel anthracycline derivative".
3515:
2142:. Treatments to mitigate anemia include hormones to boost blood production (
1497:
Topoisomerase inhibitors are drugs that affect the activity of two enzymes:
15281:
15200:
14894:
14728:
14718:
14634:
14629:
14331:
14316:
14286:
14266:
14148:
14096:
14057:
13945:
13924:
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11909:
11884:"Nanotherapeutics to overcome conventional cancer chemotherapy limitations"
11865:
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10748:
10704:
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10646:
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10562:
10497:
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Perera FP (November 1997). "Environment and cancer: who are susceptible?".
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6011:
5879:
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5747:
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5587:
5461:
5436:"Classical chemotherapy: mechanisms, toxicities and the therapeutic window"
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231:
10489:
10394:
9560:
9545:"Patients' expectations about effects of chemotherapy for advanced cancer"
9394:
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7281:
6623:
6588:
6561:
6459:
6228:
5895:"Reductive C—C bond formation after epoxide opening via electron transfer"
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12085:
11847:
11606:"Role of the blood and the bone marrow in certain forms of gas poisoning"
10782:
10638:
10536:
10333:
10001:"Targeting nuclear factor-kappa B to overcome resistance to chemotherapy"
9215:
9200:"Cisplatin ototoxicity and protection: clinical and experimental studies"
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1996:
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1872:
1844:
1815:
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1627:
1623:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1559:
1543:
1505:. When the DNA double-strand helix is unwound, during DNA replication or
1448:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1310:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1256:
1252:
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1103:
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948:
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617:
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581:
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550:
541:
527:
523:
436:
432:
405:
391:
387:
379:
365:
342:
332:
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Biomarkers of exposure to antineoplastic drugs commonly include urinary
1782:, and eliminate the need for repeated insertion of peripheral cannulae.
16:
Treatment of cancer using drugs that inhibit cell division or kill cells
15343:
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13182:
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13144:
13052:
12880:
12729:
12666:
12630:
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3551:"any treatment of disease with drugs" is often expressed with the word
3548:
3540:
3520:
3373:
3247:
3093:
2936:
2851:
2794:
2706:
2617:
2605:
2601:
2500:
2491:
Between 30 and 40 percent of people undergoing chemotherapy experience
2356:
2299:
2287:
2251:
2163:
2138:), hereditary disease, kidney dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies or
2131:
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1928:
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1264:
1260:
1248:
1240:
1199:
1188:
1184:
1172:
1152:
1132:
1128:
1110:. The drugs are very similar but they have subtle differences in their
1107:
1012:
1000:
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928:
881:
801:
629:
496:
478:
284:
173:
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4368:
4351:
3255:
effect from anti-neoplastic drugs to workers in health care settings.
1681:
Mitomycin is a cytotoxic antibiotic with the ability to alkylate DNA.
773:(BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or a
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13035:
12899:
12785:
12770:
12651:
12635:
12551:
Wikiversity page for the International Ototoxicity Management Group:
8455:
8402:
5976:"Modifications on the basic skeletons of vinblastine and vincristine"
5947:
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2135:
2108:
2058:
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2016:
1911:
1775:
1771:
1755:
1717:
1667:
1645:
Actinomycin is a complex molecule that intercalates DNA and prevents
1606:
1583:
1539:
1535:
1521:
1468:
1428:
1395:
1341:
1176:
1052:
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633:
621:
531:
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459:
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383:
361:
260:
236:
194:. Other inhibitions of growth-signals, such as those associated with
63:
12329:
the Cliniporator™ by means of invasive or non-invasive electrodes".
11900:
11883:
11688:
11605:
10594:
10577:
10237:
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10067:
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2915:
2402:(S1P) has shown similar effect, but its mechanism of inhibiting the
1839:
Virtually all chemotherapeutic regimens can cause depression of the
15352:
15216:
15212:
15185:
14624:
14557:
14476:
14116:
13880:
13684:
13623:
13579:
13539:
13509:
13262:
13126:
13122:
13047:
12889:
12780:
12739:
12724:
12597:
12589:
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3869:
3867:
3702:
3678:
3608:
3532:
3361:
3073:
2990:
2948:
2900:
2718:
2702:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2439:
2210:
2188:
has been found to be beneficial in reducing fatigue in people with
2166:. Extremely low platelet counts may be temporarily boosted through
2159:
2155:
2127:
2086:
2078:
2028:
2024:
1960:
1856:
1789:
1721:
1156:
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1004:
873:
774:
720:
require that the recipient be capable of undergoing the treatment.
264:
185:
181:
33:"Anticancer drugs" and "Chemo" redirect here. For the journal, see
11966:
6685:
2958:
In the broad sense, most chemotherapeutic drugs work by impairing
2863:
1642:
that damage intercellular molecules and topoisomerase inhibition.
15328:
15246:
14911:
14678:
14500:
14450:
13220:
12790:
12775:
10575:
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3698:
3682:
3484:
3109:
2959:
2855:
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1407:
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1180:
1160:
1148:
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932:
664:
220:
165:
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2939:(among other features). It is caused by the interaction between
1716:, although a number of agents can be administered orally (e.g.,
251:. This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy:
15010:
14673:
12661:
12593:
8374:
Morgan S, Anderson RA, Gourley C, Wallace WH, Spears N (2012).
5145:
3631:
3615:) or on cells that the tumor can utilise, such as blood vessel
2924:
2883:
for targeted therapy is the BCR-ABL1 protein produced from the
2847:
2658:(where bile does not flow from the liver to the intestine) and
2450:
Female patients of reproductive potential should use effective
2206:
2123:
2074:
2040:
2020:
1952:
1860:
1675:
1444:
1329:
1164:
1140:
853:
586:
161:
144:
11881:
10817:
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
10521:"Cancer heterogeneity: implications for targeted therapeutics"
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1951:) and skin. This may manifest as systemic infections, such as
659:
Combined modality chemotherapy is the use of drugs with other
15310:
15020:
14515:
14100:
13826:
13660:
13609:
13089:
11553:
The MASCC Textbook of Cancer Supportive Care and Survivorship
11286:
8987:
6472:
4739:
3627:
3544:
2786:
2612:). The cause of this is most likely due to the production of
2036:
1980:
1884:
1880:
1622:. Other clinically used drugs in the anthracycline group are
1306:
835:
824:
797:
12250:
11264:
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9542:
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8626:
8496:
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5713:
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3927:"Apoptosis: a link between cancer genetics and chemotherapy"
2536:, referred to as "chemo brain" in popular and social media.
1910:, which occurs in some regimens, almost all the bone marrow
1774:. These have a lower infection risk, are much less prone to
1427:, the Pacific yew. Now this drug and another in this class,
215:(treatments that work only where they are applied), such as
15014:
14215:
14001:
13499:
13225:
13207:
13197:
13157:
13025:
12625:
12587:
11928:"Antibody conjugate therapeutics: challenges and potential"
11068:
9856:
9344:
9295:
9246:
9197:
8719:
8490:
7923:
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7854:
PDQ Supportive and Palliative Care Editorial Board (2002),
7093:
5973:
4398:
4298:
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3531:, an arsenic compound discovered in 1907 and used to treat
3475:
3454:(blood production). A similar family of compounds known as
2940:
2184:, primary and metastatic disease or nutritional depletion.
811:
804:. In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment.
645:
128:
12201:
12144:
10764:
7723:"NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines Cancer-related fatigue"
6636:
5892:
4848:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
3134:
1562:, which also have other significant mechanisms of action.
1309:-derived chemicals that block cell division by preventing
12355:
10624:
9148:
8279:
7521:
7259:
6141:
5776:"Microtubule-binding natural products for cancer therapy"
5220:
5078:
Hanna, Louise; Crosby, Tom; Fergus Macbeth, eds. (2008).
3686:
3269:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
2650:. The liver damage can consist of damage to liver cells,
2351:
Some types of chemotherapy are gonadotoxic and may cause
1834:
1102:(left) and two anti-metabolite drugs (center and right),
940:
936:
263:(inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract), and
10813:
10407:
9800:
9436:
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8212:
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6425:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 91ff.
3873:
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2981:
As chemotherapy affects cell division, tumors with high
2970:. As these drugs cause damage to cells, they are termed
2515:. Though the symptoms are mainly sensory, in some cases
1051:
and diaziquone (AZQ). Cisplatin and derivatives include
12391:
11486:"Safe management of wastes from health-care activities"
11043:. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Archived from
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1666:
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1382:. Following the success of these drugs, semi-synthetic
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4983:
4981:
4979:
4067:
3506:
as meaning any use of chemicals to treat any disease (
1410:
and prevent proper microtubule formation required for
255:(decreased production of blood cells, hence that also
14420:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
12542:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
9998:
9899:
9107:
8753:
Beijers AJ, Jongen JL, Vreugdenhil G (January 2012).
5102:
5022:
4063:
4061:
4059:
3973:
3199:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2785:
poses an obstacle to delivery of chemotherapy to the
1528:, which is obtained from the Chinese ornamental tree
12299:
10993:
10518:
9948:
9345:
van As JW, van den Berg H, van Dalen EC (May 2019).
8327:
7727:
Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network
7525:
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7044:
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6862:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4322:
2869:
12327:
11570:
11505:
11038:"NCCN Guidelines: Systemic Light Chain Amyloidosis"
10950:
10898:
10050:Vanneman, Matthew; Dranoff, Glenn (22 March 2012).
9108:Humphreys BD, Soiffer RJ, Magee CC (January 2005).
8627:Arnon J, Meirow D, Lewis-Roness H, Ornoy A (2001).
8424:
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6418:
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5814:
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4273:(6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3924:
2544:In particularly large tumors and cancers with high
2388:Potential protective or attenuating agents include
1697:receiving chemotherapy. The girl on the left has a
1187:, fluoropyrimidines, deoxynucleoside analogues and
12023:
11293:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
8376:"How do chemotherapeutic agents damage the ovary?"
6276:
5969:
5967:
5377:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4405:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
4295:
4266:
4056:
3321:
3271:(ACGIH) have not set workplace safety guidelines.
3072:-2 enzyme pathways; reduction in pro-inflammatory
2951:(genes that control the growth rate of cells) and
2758:is another side effect to cytotoxic chemotherapy.
2111:, a very serious and potentially life-threatening
1701:inserted in her neck. The girl on the right has a
11888:Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
11882:Chidambaram M, Manavalan R, Kathiresan K (2011).
11509:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
9716:
7862:, Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US),
7804:
7250:
7082:
6827:
5678:
5217:"Customizing Chemotherapy for Better Cancer Care"
4695:
4517:
4447:
4198:
4178:. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
3925:Johnstone RW, Ruefli AA, Lowe SW (January 2002).
2676:(only seen on blood or urine tests) or may cause
2398:in humans, but some studies show no such effect.
1406:-specific. They bind to the tubulin molecules in
15425:
11921:
11919:
11877:
11875:
11177:
10946:
10944:
10894:
10892:
10856:
10854:
10760:
10758:
10716:
10714:
9632:
8786:
7772:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
7169:Commissioner, Office of the (12 February 2021).
7024:. Arlington, VA: Scrub Hill Press. p. 130.
3450:and was discovered to be a potent suppressor of
3267:set for antineoplastic drugs, i.e., OSHA or the
3186:(ASHP) has since then introduced the concept of
160:now means the non-specific use of intracellular
10860:
10410:Principles and practice of gynecologic oncology
10318:"Mechanisms of inherited cancer susceptibility"
10266:
10049:
9072:
8920:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
8720:Grisold W, Oberndorfer S, Windebank AJ (2012).
8497:Roness H, Kalich-Philosoph L, Meirow D (2014).
6385:
6296:"The molecular perspective: DNA topoisomerases"
5964:
5829:. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Vol. VI.
5769:
5767:
5765:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5522:Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5380:"Mechanisms of resistance to alkylating agents"
5373:
5371:
5369:
4878:
4735:
4733:
4696:Beumer JH, Chu E, Salamone SJ (November 2012).
4691:
4689:
4639:
4637:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4448:Madan V, Lear JT, Szeimies RM (February 2010).
3209:Antineoplastic drugs are usually given through
3116:have shown promise in treating AL amyloidosis.
2705:), dry skin, damaged fingernails, a dry mouth (
2231:Hair matting after few sessions of chemotherapy
11674:
11576:
10578:"Immunological aspects of cancer chemotherapy"
8911:
8832:"Chemotherapy-induced pain puzzles scientists"
8729:European Association of Neurooncology Magazine
8369:
8367:
8215:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
8036:Clinical Advances in Hematology & Oncology
7769:
6206:
5905:. Topics in Current Chemistry. Vol. 279.
5023:Canal, P.; Chatelut, E.; Guichard, S. (1998).
4568:
4496:
3580:used in the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs
1983:, the government has approved the use of some
14403:
12972:
12573:
12111:
12060:
12017:
11916:
11872:
11829:
11823:
10987:
10941:
10889:
10851:
10807:
10755:
10711:
10461:
10426:
10309:
10260:
10223:
10217:
10170:
10127:
10100:
9809:
9753:
9710:
9675:
9626:
9591:
9585:
9191:
9142:
9114:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
9101:
9066:
9016:
8938:
8864:
8782:
8780:
8669:DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE injection, solution
8622:
8620:
8618:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8206:
8171:
8027:
8000:
7922:
6601:
5515:
5433:
5082:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
4137:
4133:
3590:
3192:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
3184:American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
2899:has enzyme activity that can be inhibited by
2376:People may choose between several methods of
14418:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
12484:Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice
11925:
11639:
11603:
10996:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
10467:
10358:
9801:Crowley E, McDevitt CA, Callaghan R (2009).
9681:
8699:"Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy"
8594:10.1182/blood.V87.7.3045.bloodjournal8773045
8537:
8060:
8006:
7798:
7763:
7713:
7586:
7551:
7515:
7488:
7453:
7447:
7168:
6821:
6786:
6737:
6466:
6419:Offermanns S, Rosenthal W (14 August 2008).
6392:Offermanns S, Rosenthal W (14 August 2008).
6336:
6287:
6057:
5937:
5826:Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 26
5762:
5637:
5594:
5540:
5420:
5366:
5255:
4730:
4686:
4634:
4557:
4293:
4173:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
2808:are able to cross this blood–brain barrier.
2069:
2006:
1225:glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase
12117:
12073:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
11642:Journal of the American College of Surgeons
11202:
11075:Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation
10905:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10863:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9500:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9351:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9302:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9253:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9204:The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
8364:
7811:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7677:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7642:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7352:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7302:
7100:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6962:
6912:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6595:
6568:
6509:
6445:
6249:
6200:
6144:"Taxol biosynthesis and molecular genetics"
5672:
4646:"How to calculate the dose of chemotherapy"
4269:Handbook of Cancer Chemotherapy (paperback)
4217:
4074:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3967:
3599:
3104:. Recently, bortezomid in combination with
2701:Less common side-effects include red skin (
2365:by chemotherapy appears to be secondary to
1634:. The mechanisms of anthracyclines include
1605:were the first, and were obtained from the
1478:
648:intent or it may aim to prolong life or to
14410:
14396:
12979:
12965:
12580:
12566:
11784:
11782:
11543:
11120:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
8944:
8912:Adeyinka, Adebayo; Bashir, Khalid (2022),
8777:
8609:
8323:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8180:Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery
7557:
7146:. Cancer.org. 10 June 2008. Archived from
6795:Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4070:"Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer"
3339:
2493:chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
2487:Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
2339:are more than 13 times as likely to get a
1286:
963:The subtypes of alkylating agents are the
56:
12419:
12409:
12268:
12227:
12178:
12094:
12084:
12000:
11969:"Combination therapy in combating cancer"
11943:
11899:
11855:
11806:
11788:
11549:
11459:
11436:
11320:
11247:
11094:
10924:
10790:
10738:
10694:
10593:
10552:
10341:
10284:
10176:
10083:
10026:
10016:
9925:
9833:
9777:
9650:
9609:
9568:
9519:
9470:
9421:
9370:
9321:
9272:
9223:
9174:
9125:
9022:
8888:
8847:
8661:
8644:
8592:
8514:
8473:
8401:
8391:
8297:
8099:Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery
7958:
7940:
7830:
7738:
7696:
7592:
7471:
7430:
7412:
7371:
7244:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th Edition
7237:
7119:
7013:
6996:
6939:
6769:
6720:
6662:
6551:
6541:
6368:
6311:
6183:
6083:
6001:
5991:
5791:
5773:
5577:
5518:"Principles of Oncologic Pharmacotherapy"
5492:
5451:
5403:
5345:
5297:
5295:
5071:
4959:
4817:
4757:
4713:
4669:
4590:
4473:
4424:
4367:
4241:
4110:
4093:
4035:
4001:
3974:Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA (2018).
3942:
3901:
3891:
3622:The first approved drug of this type was
2654:(obstruction of the veins in the liver),
1614:. Derivatives of these compounds include
744:, to being needless in others, like most
115:that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (
12481:
11635:
11633:
11631:
11460:Reinhardt, Peter A. (29 November 2017).
11409:Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics
10727:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
10322:Journal of Zhejiang University Science B
9766:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
8836:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
8789:Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System
8746:
8696:
7460:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
6293:
5509:
4746:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
4349:
4192:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
3564:
3490:
3422:
3411:
2914:
2480:
2226:
2202:Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
1814:involvement, or with meningeal disease,
1688:
1565:
1482:
1290:
1094:
898:
810:
783:
755:
740:, to being ineffective, such as in some
230:Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are
12538:Hazardous Drug Exposures in Health Care
11779:
11750:
11462:Infectious and Medical Waste Management
11362:from the original on 13 September 2004.
10720:
10315:
10267:Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (January 2000).
9815:
9805:. Springer Protocols. pp. 405–432.
9759:
9393:
8823:
8692:
8690:
8314:
8033:
5378:Damia G, D'Incalci M (September 1998).
5341:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5331:
4287:
4223:
4156:
3736:
3135:Occupational exposure and safe handling
2539:
2527:
1063:. They impair cell function by forming
290:
15426:
15397:Pharmacological classification systems
14764:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
12442:
11717:
11402:
11344:
11342:
11340:
11237:
11235:
11173:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11165:
10364:
10106:
9536:
8829:
7194:
6515:
6422:Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology
6395:Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology
6342:
6024:
5815:Hirata K, Miyamoto K, Miura Y (1994).
5551:
5301:
5292:
4643:
4613:
3717:
2910:
2534:post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment
2195:
1835:Immunosuppression and myelosuppression
1741:peripherally inserted central catheter
1662:, also intercalates DNA, but produces
1524:, are semi-synthetically derived from
15044:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
14391:
12960:
12561:
11926:Teicher BA, Chari RV (October 2011).
11628:
10901:"Methotrexate for multiple sclerosis"
10133:
8251:. Vol. 55. Basel: Karger. 2000.
8177:
7494:
7454:Groopman JE, Itri LM (October 1999).
7019:
5907:Springer Science & Business Media
5774:Yue QX, Liu X, Guo DA (August 2010).
5720:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
5600:
5219:. My Care Diagnostics. Archived from
4264:
4258:
4018:
3831:National Comprehensive Cancer Network
3677:targeting uses biological molecules (
3259:Safe handling in health care settings
3204:
2887:, a genetic lesion found commonly in
2696:
2326:
1955:, or as localized outbreaks, such as
1578:. The most important subgroup is the
1175:can occur and programmed cell death (
472:
355:
314:
188:for prostate cancer), are now called
11836:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
11830:Nichols HJ, Walker JE (March 1923).
11178:Thomas h. Connor, PhD (March 2014).
8742:from the original on 12 August 2012.
8687:
8144:European Journal of Oncology Nursing
7296:
6969:Canadian Medical Association Journal
6574:
6064:Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology
5328:
3419:did pioneering work in chemotherapy.
3312:
3138:
3119:Chemotherapy drugs are also used in
3100:is commonly used as a treatment for
908:
14657:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
11337:
11232:
11220:from the original on 10 August 2021
11162:
9859:Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy
9592:Deeken JF, Löscher W (March 2007).
9549:The New England Journal of Medicine
8759:The Netherlands Journal of Medicine
8722:"Chemotherapy and polyneuropathies"
7197:Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
7136:
7038:
6518:"Actinomycin and DNA transcription"
3841:Radiation induced cognitive decline
3383:
2313:, telogen effluvium, or less often
2115:that requires immediate treatment.
1586:; other prominent examples include
1206:(DHFR), an enzyme that regenerates
1139:. The nucleobases are divided into
127:. Chemotherapy may be given with a
13:
12220:10.1097/01.sla.0000250419.36053.33
12163:10.1097/01.sla.0000250419.36053.33
11791:"A history of cancer chemotherapy"
11789:DeVita VT, Chu E (November 2008).
7607:10.1097/01.smj.0000209275.75045.d4
7572:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2008.12.007
7209:10.1097/01.mog.0000198073.14169.3b
3710:for poorly soluble agents such as
3634:). The drug was approved to treat
3125:hematopoietic stem cell transplant
2463:assisted reproductive technologies
2158:in the blood, which can result in
2011:Due to immune system suppression,
1891:-colony-stimulating factor, e.g.,
1821:
1818:chemotherapy may be administered.
1803:, are used to treat some cases of
1090:
14:
15465:
12522:
11654:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.10.018
11622:10.1001/jama.1919.26110010018009f
10183:Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology
10177:Chen HX, Cleck JN (August 2009).
9633:Agarwala SS, Kirkwood JM (2000).
8678:U.S. National Library of Medicine
7401:World Journal of Gastroenterology
6221:10.2174/0929867305666220314204426
5193:. Ark Diagnostics. Archived from
3299:
3165:and remove advice or instruction.
3123:prior to bone marrow transplant (
2870:Cytotoxics and targeted therapies
2668:(kidney damage) can be caused by
2421:
2380:prior to chemotherapy, including
1883:) can be improved with synthetic
1487:Topoisomerase I and II Inhibitors
15406:
15386:
15385:
12475:
12436:
12385:
12349:
12321:
12270:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01370.x
12244:
12195:
12138:
12038:10.1097/00001622-200111000-00016
11960:
11744:
11711:
11668:
11597:
11499:
11478:
11453:
11396:
11374:"Hazardous Drugs Program Guides"
11366:
11280:
11256:
11111:
11062:
11030:
10829:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.03991.x
10771:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
10661:
10618:
10569:
10512:
10401:
10043:
9992:
9942:
9893:
9850:
9794:
9487:
9430:
9387:
9338:
9289:
9240:
9087:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.11.011
9025:"Hepatotoxicity of chemotherapy"
8981:
8905:
8801:10.1111/j.1529-8027.2008.00156.x
8713:
8697:del Pino BM (23 February 2010).
8531:
8449:
8418:
8273:
8241:
8134:
8089:
8054:
7975:
7916:
7860:PDQ Cancer Information Summaries
7778:(3 Suppl 1): S91–3, quiz S94–5.
7262:Diseases of the Colon and Rectum
6616:10.1097/00001813-199010000-00002
5658:10.2165/00003495-200363020-00009
5041:10.2165/00003495-199856060-00006
3811:Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs
3752:
3660:
3330:
3143:
2752:therapy for Hodgkin's disease).
2261:
2244:
1799:Topical chemotherapies, such as
1516:Two topoisomerase I inhibitors,
1421:, was originally extracted from
1227:. The fluoropyrimidines include
834:
823:
731:
14794:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
11577:Holland JF, Pollock RE (2010).
9822:Medical Principles and Practice
7880:
7847:
7664:
7629:
7601:(5): 491–8, quiz 499–500, 533.
7388:
7339:
7231:
7188:
7162:
6956:
6899:
6856:
6762:10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0325
6679:
6655:10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0405
6630:
6439:
6412:
6270:
6243:
6135:
6100:
6051:
6018:
5931:
5886:
5851:
5808:
5707:
5681:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
5524:(11th ed.). Archived from
5468:
5249:
5243:"A Brief History of BSA Dosing"
5235:
5209:
5183:
5139:
5096:
5016:
4952:10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0357
4927:
4842:
4607:
4505:(5): 303–11, discussion 312–3.
4490:
4441:
4392:
4343:
4316:
3322:Housekeeping and waste disposal
3068:; effects on immuno-regulatory
2717:. Some medications can trigger
2584:
2404:sphingomyelin apoptotic pathway
1354:alkaloids are derived from the
1344:). These drugs can also affect
915:Alkylating antineoplastic agent
39:. For other uses of chemo, see
15454:Occupational safety and health
11580:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 8
10917:10.1002/14651858.CD003208.pub2
10875:10.1002/14651858.CD004524.pub4
9512:10.1002/14651858.cd003298.pub3
9363:10.1002/14651858.cd009219.pub5
9314:10.1002/14651858.cd010181.pub2
9265:10.1002/14651858.CD010885.pub5
8435:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.07.007
7823:10.1002/14651858.CD006145.pub3
7689:10.1002/14651858.CD010983.pub2
7650:10.1002/14651858.CD004269.pub3
7364:10.1002/14651858.cd008831.pub3
7112:10.1002/14651858.CD004386.pub3
6924:10.1002/14651858.CD005339.pub2
6109:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
5306:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
4356:American Journal of Hematology
4086:10.1002/14651858.cd004064.pub4
3918:
3806:Experimental cancer treatments
3655:anaplastic large cell lymphoma
3586:Experimental cancer treatments
3408:History of cancer chemotherapy
3274:
2927:is the uncontrolled growth of
2768:
2410:action of chemotherapy drugs.
2346:
1:
14546:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
12895:Clonally transmissible cancer
12398:BioMedical Engineering OnLine
11945:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-1417
11808:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611
11765:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70075-5
11550:Ian Olver (19 October 2010).
11521:10.1080/15459624.2017.1285496
10387:10.1126/science.278.5340.1068
10286:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9
9970:10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.07.006
9871:10.1586/14737140.2015.1095095
9652:10.1634/theoncologist.5-2-144
9611:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2854
9044:10.1634/theoncologist.6-2-162
8947:Current Heart Failure Reports
8682:National Institutes of Health
8075:10.1016/S0733-8635(05)70017-6
6842:10.1016/S0960-7404(98)00028-0
6264:10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.06.070
6058:Faller BA, Pandit TN (2011).
5516:Takimoto CH, Calvo E (2008).
5434:Malhotra V, Perry MC (2003).
4543:10.1016/s0959-8049(02)00151-x
4466:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61196-X
4243:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0437
3944:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00625-6
3857:
3535:. This was later followed by
3396:list of antineoplastic agents
3390:List of antineoplastic agents
3286:personal protective equipment
3031:
2825:
2447:and fetal myelosuppression.
1973:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
1847:and leading to a decrease of
168:(cell division) or to induce
15257:Wakefulness-promoting agents
12371:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.03.057
12343:10.1016/j.ejcsup.2006.08.003
12315:10.1016/j.ejcsup.2006.08.002
11305:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000249
10687:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.024
9906:Cancer Biology & Therapy
9684:Journal of Clinical Oncology
9404:10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_52
9155:Journal of Clinical Oncology
8877:Journal of Clinical Oncology
8552:10.1586/17474086.2013.816507
7238:Sinicrope, Frank A. (2003).
6693:Clinical Infectious Diseases
5940:"Africa's gift to the world"
5938:Cooper R, Deakin JJ (2016).
5693:10.1016/0163-7258(91)90086-2
5615:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-040010
5440:Cancer Biology & Therapy
5161:10.1097/FTD.0b013e3182a04fc7
5117:10.1097/FTD.0b013e31829dc940
4806:Journal of Clinical Oncology
4702:Journal of Clinical Oncology
4294:Chabner B, Longo DL (2005).
4201:The Chemotherapy source book
3570:Scanning electron micrograph
3458:were studied further during
3376:, and urinary metabolite of
3265:occupational exposure limits
3086:systemic lupus erythematosus
3044:is used in the treatment of
2893:acute lymphoblastic leukemia
2889:chronic myelogenous leukemia
2467:micromanipulation techniques
2406:may also interfere with the
2222:
1933:bone marrow cell transplants
1695:acute lymphoblastic leukemia
1447:obtained primarily from the
277:systemic lupus erythematosus
7:
12120:Journal of Law and Medicine
12026:Current Opinion in Oncology
9760:Goldman B (February 2003).
8540:Expert Review of Hematology
7397:"Neutropenic enterocolitis"
6252:Current Bioactive Compounds
6209:Current Medicinal Chemistry
5860:Current Medicinal Chemistry
5360:10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.10.003
5105:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
5080:Practical clinical oncology
4350:Freedman A (October 2012).
4174:Wood M, Brighton D (2005).
4050:10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.10.012
3760:
3560:
3246:Moreover, these drugs have
3080:is sometimes used to treat
2862:, the transcription factor
2850:in the cell that carry out
2652:hepatic sinusoidal syndrome
2616:in the cell and subsequent
1684:
62:A woman being treated with
10:
15470:
14907:Intravenous immunoglobulin
13482:Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
12926:Index of oncology articles
12301:subcutaneous metastases".
11583:. PMPH-USA. p. 1758.
11421:10.1177/155892501501000313
11403:Kilinc, F. Selcen (2015).
11087:10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.07.004
10965:10.1191/1352458506ms1299oa
10627:Nature Reviews. Immunology
10582:Nature Reviews. Immunology
10316:Hodgson S (January 2008).
9023:King PD, Perry MC (2001).
8227:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.02.026
8192:10.1016/j.sder.2008.12.001
8157:10.1016/j.ejon.2012.06.003
7784:10.1016/j.apmr.2005.12.015
6313:10.1634/stemcells.20-5-470
6283:. New York: W. H. Freeman.
5312:10.1002/0470025077.chap84b
5002:10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.07.005
4913:10.1016/j.clcc.2012.05.004
4901:Clinical Colorectal Cancer
4864:10.1016/j.clcc.2011.03.015
4852:Clinical Colorectal Cancer
4583:10.1016/j.clon.2006.10.010
4531:European Journal of Cancer
4450:"Non-melanoma skin cancer"
4224:Epstein RJ (August 2005).
4199:Perry, Michael J. (2008).
3994:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011
3776:Antimicrobial chemotherapy
3721:
3591:Targeted delivery vehicles
3583:
3525:antibacterial chemotherapy
3474:on the Italian harbour of
3405:
3401:
3387:
3263:As of 2018, there were no
3237:
2987:acute myelogenous leukemia
2891:and in some patients with
2484:
2445:complications of pregnancy
2199:
1963:, or other members of the
1843:, often by paralysing the
1737:peripheral venous catheter
1703:peripheral venous catheter
1597:Among the anthracyclines,
1490:
1392:non-small-cell lung cancer
1390:(used in the treatment of
1275:. The thiopurines include
1131:; a molecule comprising a
1117:
931:many molecules, including
912:
32:
21:Antimicrobial chemotherapy
18:
15381:
15337:
15309:
15265:
15074:
15009:
14972:
14920:
14833:
14777:
14737:
14694:
14578:
14514:
14426:
14072:
13849:
13490:
13480:
13348:Mirvetuximab soravtansine
13240:
13121:
13081:
13016:
13003:
12913:
12866:
12824:
12799:
12763:
12685:
12644:
12611:
12604:
11985:10.18632/oncotarget.16723
11008:10.1007/s12016-009-8196-0
10721:Ben-Ari ET (April 2004).
10525:British Journal of Cancer
10447:10.1016/j.tox.2009.01.019
10269:"The hallmarks of cancer"
10195:10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.94
10109:American Family Physician
9002:10.1016/j.cld.2013.07.010
8959:10.1007/s11897-012-0083-y
8633:Human Reproduction Update
8503:Human Reproduction Update
8380:Human Reproduction Update
8342:10.1080/02841860601166958
7929:Frontiers in Pharmacology
7317:10.1007/s00520-006-0040-y
7305:Supportive Care in Cancer
7060:10.1007/s00520-010-0900-3
7048:Supportive Care in Cancer
6807:10.1016/j.soc.2008.04.007
6516:Sobell HM (August 1985).
6168:10.1007/s11101-005-3748-2
5993:10.3390/molecules17055893
5270:10.1007/s12032-011-0019-5
4650:British Journal of Cancer
3893:10.1186/s12935-015-0221-1
3880:Cancer Cell International
3279:NIOSH recommends using a
2966:), effectively targeting
2834:of these pumps, known as
2738:interstitial lung disease
2367:premature ovarian failure
2140:anemia of chronic disease
2118:
2070:Gastrointestinal distress
2013:neutropenic enterocolitis
2007:Neutropenic enterocolitis
1922:) are destroyed, meaning
1461:Sinopodophyllum hexandrum
1386:alkaloids were produced:
1194:The anti-folates include
751:
746:non-melanoma skin cancers
592:
567:
540:
513:
449:
422:
309:
306:
303:
196:receptor tyrosine kinases
83:
75:
55:
50:
14962:Topoisomerase inhibitors
14646:renin–angiotensin system
14640:Calcium channel blockers
13492:Receptor tyrosine kinase
13018:Receptor tyrosine kinase
11932:Clinical Cancer Research
11249:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2009106
10470:Cell and Tissue Research
9696:10.1200/JCO.2006.10.0677
9598:Clinical Cancer Research
9167:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.1110
8990:Clinics in Liver Disease
8299:10.1001/jama.297.11.1207
7942:10.3389/fphar.2018.00913
7897:10.1007/0-387-31056-8_83
7595:Southern Medical Journal
6025:Raviña, Enrique (2011).
5872:10.2174/0929867043455846
5609:(12 Pt 2): 4276s–4280s.
5603:Clinical Cancer Research
5191:"ARK Methotrexate Assay"
4990:Cancer Treatment Reviews
4819:10.1200/jco.2007.13.3934
4715:10.1200/JCO.2012.44.2863
4417:10.1136/jnnp.2004.040535
4230:Clinical Cancer Research
3626:(Mylotarg), released by
3605:Antibody-drug conjugates
3600:Antibody-drug conjugates
2935:behaviour: invasion and
2521:autonomic nervous system
2434:, especially during the
2089:, abdominal cramps, and
1805:non-melanoma skin cancer
1659:Streptomyces verticillus
1538:). These agents include
1479:Topoisomerase inhibitors
1202:. Methotrexate inhibits
1087:and hexamethylmelamine.
894:
685:Combination chemotherapy
13082:Others for solid tumors
12988:Targeted cancer therapy
12848:Prostate cancer staging
12812:Paraneoplastic syndrome
12533:American Cancer Society
12496:10.1053/svms.2003.36617
11184:The Oncology Pharmacist
11140:10.1196/annals.1371.008
10018:10.3389/fonc.2013.00120
9396:Oncologic Critical Care
8890:10.1200/JCO.2004.08.094
8112:10.2310/7750.2010.09014
7740:10.6004/jnccn.2010.0067
7537:10.6004/jnccn.2008.0042
7473:10.1093/jnci/91.19.1616
6543:10.1073/pnas.82.16.5328
6475:Pharmacological Reviews
5552:Parker WB (July 2009).
5396:10.1023/A:1008060720608
4759:10.1093/jnci/94.24.1883
4644:Gurney H (April 2002).
3464:Yale School of Medicine
3340:Occupational monitoring
2885:Philadelphia chromosome
2475:embryo cryopreservation
2400:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
2066:to prevent recurrence.
2001:cyclin-dependent kinase
1786:Isolated limb perfusion
1745:central venous catheter
1699:central venous catheter
1493:Topoisomerase inhibitor
1303:Anti-microtubule agents
1287:Anti-microtubule agents
1204:dihydrofolate reductase
1007:. Nitrosoureas include
943:. This ability to bind
117:chemotherapeutic agents
23:. For the journal, see
14754:Hormonal contraception
14684:Bile acid sequestrants
14465:Proton-pump inhibitors
14428:gastrointestinal tract
13343:Loncastuximab tesirine
13072:Trastuzumab deruxtecan
12886:Tumor suppressor genes
12853:Gleason grading system
12807:Precancerous condition
12411:10.1186/1475-925X-9-10
11677:Nature Reviews. Cancer
10226:Nature Reviews. Cancer
10136:Nature Reviews. Cancer
10056:Nature Reviews. Cancer
9719:Nature Reviews. Cancer
9455:10.4081/oncol.2020.442
9127:10.1681/ASN.2004100843
8914:"Tumor Lysis Syndrome"
8830:Savage L (July 2007).
8646:10.1093/humupd/7.4.394
7987:www.urmc.rochester.edu
7560:Seminars in Hematology
6349:Nature Reviews. Cancer
6343:Nitiss JL (May 2009).
6148:Phytochemistry Reviews
5793:10.1055/s-0030-1250073
5245:. My Care Diagnostics.
4662:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600139
4138:Rachel Airley (2009).
3786:Cancer-related fatigue
3708:magnetic drug delivery
3636:acute myeloid leukemia
3581:
3519:), such as the use of
3431:
3420:
3394:There is an extensive
3129:total body irradiation
3084:, a common symptom of
3054:ankylosing spondylitis
3022:immunogenic cell death
2953:tumor suppressor genes
2921:
2730:cardiovascular disease
2648:nutritional deficiency
2560:, some people develop
2471:in vitro fertilization
2378:fertility preservation
2232:
1945:gastrointestinal tract
1901:efbemalenograstim alfa
1877:neutrophil granulocyte
1812:central nervous system
1733:winged infusion device
1706:
1611:Streptomyces peucetius
1488:
1299:
1115:
1009:N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
905:
816:
789:
762:
424:Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
184:for breast cancer and
41:Chemo (disambiguation)
13418:Sacituzumab govitecan
13358:Moxetumomab pasudotox
13328:Inotuzumab ozogamicin
13231:Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
13067:Trastuzumab emtansine
13008:monoclonal antibodies
12992:antineoplastic agents
12905:Carcinogenic bacteria
12645:Malignant progression
12147:"Electrochemotherapy"
11604:Krumbhaar EB (1919).
11210:"Chemotherapy Safety"
10740:10.1093/jnci/96.8.577
10490:10.1007/s004419900160
10005:Frontiers in Oncology
9779:10.1093/jnci/95.4.255
9561:10.1056/NEJMoa1204410
8516:10.1093/humupd/dmu019
8475:10.1093/humrep/det268
8429:. 29 Suppl B: 152–9.
8393:10.1093/humupd/dms022
7566:(1 Suppl 2): S26-32.
7414:10.3748/wjg.v23.i1.42
7144:"Coriolus Versicolor"
6035:John Wiley & Sons
5823:. In Bajaj YP (ed.).
3796:Chemotherapy regimens
3640:trastuzumab emtansine
3624:gemtuzumab ozogamicin
3568:
3426:
3415:
3121:conditioning regimens
3038:plasma cell dyscrasia
2918:
2610:liposomal doxorubicin
2513:peripheral neuropathy
2509:proteasome inhibitors
2485:Further information:
2481:Peripheral neuropathy
2438:, to the extent that
2413:In chemotherapy as a
2230:
2200:Further information:
2168:platelet transfusions
2057:. It has a very poor
1879:count below 0.5 x 10/
1709:Most chemotherapy is
1692:
1566:Cytotoxic antibiotics
1531:Camptotheca acuminata
1486:
1443:is an antineoplastic
1356:Madagascar periwinkle
1294:
1098:
1043:. Aziridines include
1031:. Tetrazines include
902:
814:
787:
759:
718:chemotherapy regimens
698:Adjuvant chemotherapy
298:chemotherapy regimens
15439:Antineoplastic drugs
15363:Radiopharmaceuticals
15151:Antiparkinson agents
13273:Belantamab mafodotin
12858:Dukes classification
12257:Dermatologic Therapy
12086:10.3390/ijms23084249
11848:10.1084/jem.37.4.525
11753:The Lancet. Oncology
11726:. Springer. p.
10783:10.1136/ard.60.8.729
10639:10.1038/nri.2016.107
10537:10.1038/bjc.2012.581
10334:10.1631/jzus.B073001
9398:. pp. 531–556.
9216:10.1620/tjem.219.177
9075:Seminars in Oncology
8063:Dermatologic Clinics
6981:10.1503/cmaj.1011625
6865:Dermatologic Surgery
6577:Seminars in Oncology
6294:Goodsell DS (2002).
6037:. pp. 157–159.
5915:10.1007/128_2007_130
4411:(Suppl 2): ii24-30.
3821:Hyperthermia therapy
3742:Hyperthermia therapy
3737:Hyperthermia therapy
3436:small-molecule drugs
3346:medical surveillance
3163:rewrite this section
3046:rheumatoid arthritis
3003:Heterogeneic tumours
2763:parenteral nutrition
2670:tumor lysis syndrome
2562:tumor lysis syndrome
2540:Tumor lysis syndrome
2528:Cognitive impairment
2507:alkaloids, taxanes,
2415:conditioning regimen
2371:primordial follicles
1914:(cells that produce
1739:, midline catheter,
1453:Podophyllum peltatum
1362:, formerly known as
1221:thymidylate synthase
673:hyperthermia therapy
291:Treatment strategies
273:rheumatoid arthritis
15146:Antimigraine agents
15136:Antidementia agents
15039:Anti-inflammatories
14729:Medicated dressings
14669:Antihyperlipidemics
14496:Diabetes medication
14126:Denileukin diftitox
13788:(ALK, ROS1, NTRK),
13393:Polatuzumab vedotin
13383:Oportuzumab monatox
12677:Sentinel lymph node
11979:(23): 38022–38043.
11132:2006NYASA1076..628S
10482:1994RSPTB.345..319H
10379:1997Sci...278.1068P
9816:Luqmani YA (2005).
8996:(4): 671–86, ix–x.
8849:10.1093/jnci/djm072
8703:NCI Cancer Bulletin
8672:drug label/data at
7503:(8 Suppl 6): 21–4.
6534:1985PNAS...82.5328S
6160:2006PChRv...5...75C
5819:Catharanthus roseus
5494:10.1248/cpb.36.3933
5446:(4 Suppl 1): S2-4.
5304:The Cancer Handbook
4142:. Wiley-Blackwell.
4140:Cancer chemotherapy
3724:Electrochemotherapy
3718:Electrochemotherapy
3644:brentuximab vedotin
3638:. Two other drugs,
3607:(ADCs) comprise an
2989:and the aggressive
2968:fast-dividing cells
2911:Mechanism of action
2791:cerebrospinal fluid
2783:blood–brain barrier
2744:) and occasionally
2678:acute kidney injury
2196:Nausea and vomiting
1999:is an inhibitor of
1990:Trametes versicolor
1985:medicinal mushrooms
1875:(a decrease of the
1828:fast-dividing cells
1360:Catharanthus roseus
1346:blood vessel growth
1338:mitotic catastrophe
300:
296:Common combination
178:signal transduction
99:(often abbreviated
14999:Immunosuppressants
14869:Antimycobacterials
14825:Antithyroid agents
14809:Mineralocorticoids
14613:Cardiac stimulants
14603:Cardiac glycosides
14595:cardiac therapy /
14491:Anti-obesity drugs
13812:(ROS1, TRK, ALK),
13318:Enfortumab vedotin
12725:Respiratory system
12331:Eur J Cancer Suppl
12303:Eur J Cancer Suppl
11718:Faguet GB (2005).
11384:on 27 October 2019
10953:Multiple Sclerosis
9828:(Suppl 1): 35–48.
8462:Human Reproduction
7274:10.1007/BF02554529
6705:10.1093/cid/cir257
6583:(2 Suppl 5): 3–8.
5950:. pp. 46–51.
5909:. pp. 25–52.
3651:Hodgkin's lymphoma
3582:
3539:(sulfa drugs) and
3432:
3421:
3281:ventilated cabinet
3205:Routes of exposure
3092:along with either
3058:multiple sclerosis
2922:
2875:Targeted therapies
2840:gene amplification
2820:circulatory system
2756:Hand-foot syndrome
2746:secondary neoplasm
2697:Other side-effects
2579:cardiac arrhythmia
2363:Female infertility
2341:secondary neoplasm
2333:secondary neoplasm
2327:Secondary neoplasm
2238:Chemotherapy curls
2233:
2152:blood transfusions
1810:If the cancer has
1707:
1672:chemically reduced
1489:
1457:Himalayan mayapple
1402:. These drugs are
1300:
1116:
1112:chemical structure
906:
817:
790:
763:
722:Performance status
357:Hodgkin's lymphoma
295:
281:multiple sclerosis
191:hormonal therapies
147:, which is called
15449:Cancer treatments
15421:
15420:
15324:Ophthalmologicals
15034:Anabolic steroids
14937:Anticancer agents
14900:Ectoparasiticides
14620:Antihypertensives
14568:Antifibrinolytics
14385:
14384:
14068:
14067:
13476:
13475:
13458:Tisotumab vedotin
12954:
12953:
12941:Cancer and nausea
12820:
12819:
12657:Carcinoma in situ
12461:10.1159/000026986
12443:Issels R (1999).
12208:Annals of Surgery
12151:Annals of Surgery
11737:978-1-4020-3618-7
11722:The War on Cancer
11590:978-1-60795-014-1
11563:978-1-4419-1225-1
11273:978-90-393-4331-9
10823:(Suppl 2): 12–8.
10419:978-0-7817-4689-2
10373:(5340): 1068–73.
9918:10.4161/cbt.29841
9835:10.1159/000086183
9413:978-3-319-74587-9
7906:978-0-387-24291-0
7031:978-0-9645467-5-2
7020:Huang ES (2000).
6975:(10): 1569–1577.
6877:10.1111/dsu.12300
6830:Surgical Oncology
6801:(4): 877–94, xi.
6604:Anti-Cancer Drugs
6487:10.1124/pr.56.2.6
6448:Clinical Pharmacy
6121:10.1021/jm801064y
6076:10.4137/CMO.S5074
6027:"Vinca alkaloids"
5570:10.1021/cr900028p
5487:(10): 3933–3947.
5481:Chem. Pharm. Bull
5089:978-0-521-61816-8
4571:Clinical Oncology
4369:10.1002/ajh.23313
4309:978-0-7817-5628-0
4280:978-0-7817-3629-9
4265:Skeel RT (2003).
4210:978-0-7817-7328-7
4185:978-0-443-07101-0
4149:978-0-470-09254-5
3781:Cancer and nausea
3769:Anti-Cancer Drugs
3617:endothelial cells
3574:mesoporous silica
3456:nitrogen mustards
3434:The first use of
3313:Employee training
3180:
3179:
3156:a manual or guide
3066:immunosuppression
3026:immune checkpoint
2995:Hodgkin's disease
2945:genetic mutations
2798:alkylating agents
2644:immunosuppression
2546:white cell counts
2113:medical emergency
2055:medical emergency
2033:distended abdomen
1869:blood transfusion
1849:white blood cells
1636:DNA intercalation
1558:, merbarone, and
1449:American mayapple
965:nitrogen mustards
947:to DNA via their
909:Alkylating agents
771:body surface area
669:radiation therapy
661:cancer treatments
650:palliate symptoms
642:
641:
594:Pancreatic cancer
569:Colorectal cancer
287:and many others.
271:). These include
257:immunosuppression
121:alkylating agents
111:) is the type of
94:
93:
66:chemotherapy for
36:Anti-Cancer Drugs
15461:
15410:
15389:
15388:
15373:Senotherapeutics
15227:Neuroprotectives
15222:Mood stabilizers
15121:Anti-ADHD agents
15061:Muscle relaxants
14994:Immunostimulants
14989:Immunomodulators
14821:Thyroid hormones
14759:Fertility agents
14662:Renin inhibitors
14553:Antihemorrhagics
14520:forming organs (
14506:Dietary minerals
14412:
14405:
14398:
14389:
14388:
14099:peptide against
13672:(AXL, ALK, LTK))
13488:
13487:
13298:Dinutuximab beta
13014:
13013:
12981:
12974:
12967:
12958:
12957:
12755:Endocrine system
12720:Digestive system
12609:
12608:
12582:
12575:
12568:
12559:
12558:
12516:
12515:
12479:
12473:
12472:
12440:
12434:
12433:
12423:
12413:
12389:
12383:
12382:
12353:
12347:
12346:
12325:
12319:
12318:
12297:
12291:
12290:
12272:
12248:
12242:
12241:
12231:
12199:
12193:
12192:
12182:
12142:
12136:
12135:
12115:
12109:
12108:
12098:
12088:
12064:
12058:
12057:
12021:
12015:
12014:
12004:
11964:
11958:
11957:
11947:
11923:
11914:
11913:
11903:
11879:
11870:
11869:
11859:
11827:
11821:
11820:
11810:
11786:
11777:
11776:
11748:
11742:
11741:
11725:
11715:
11709:
11708:
11672:
11666:
11665:
11637:
11626:
11625:
11601:
11595:
11594:
11574:
11568:
11567:
11547:
11541:
11540:
11503:
11497:
11496:
11490:
11482:
11476:
11475:
11457:
11451:
11450:
11440:
11400:
11394:
11393:
11391:
11389:
11380:. Archived from
11370:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11354:
11346:
11335:
11334:
11324:
11284:
11278:
11277:
11260:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11239:
11230:
11229:
11227:
11225:
11206:
11200:
11199:
11197:
11195:
11186:. Archived from
11175:
11160:
11159:
11115:
11109:
11108:
11098:
11066:
11060:
11059:
11057:
11055:
11049:
11042:
11034:
11028:
11027:
10991:
10985:
10984:
10948:
10939:
10938:
10928:
10896:
10887:
10886:
10858:
10849:
10848:
10811:
10805:
10804:
10794:
10762:
10753:
10752:
10742:
10718:
10709:
10708:
10698:
10665:
10659:
10658:
10622:
10616:
10615:
10597:
10573:
10567:
10566:
10556:
10516:
10510:
10509:
10465:
10459:
10458:
10430:
10424:
10423:
10405:
10399:
10398:
10362:
10356:
10355:
10345:
10313:
10307:
10306:
10288:
10264:
10258:
10257:
10221:
10215:
10214:
10174:
10168:
10167:
10131:
10125:
10124:
10104:
10098:
10097:
10087:
10047:
10041:
10040:
10030:
10020:
9996:
9990:
9989:
9955:
9946:
9940:
9939:
9929:
9897:
9891:
9890:
9854:
9848:
9847:
9837:
9813:
9807:
9806:
9798:
9792:
9791:
9781:
9757:
9751:
9750:
9714:
9708:
9707:
9679:
9673:
9672:
9654:
9630:
9624:
9623:
9613:
9589:
9583:
9582:
9572:
9540:
9534:
9533:
9523:
9491:
9485:
9484:
9474:
9443:Oncology Reviews
9434:
9428:
9427:
9425:
9391:
9385:
9384:
9374:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9325:
9293:
9287:
9286:
9276:
9244:
9238:
9237:
9227:
9195:
9189:
9188:
9178:
9146:
9140:
9139:
9129:
9105:
9099:
9098:
9070:
9064:
9063:
9029:
9020:
9014:
9013:
8985:
8979:
8978:
8942:
8936:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8892:
8868:
8862:
8861:
8851:
8827:
8821:
8820:
8784:
8775:
8774:
8750:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8726:
8717:
8711:
8710:
8694:
8685:
8665:
8659:
8658:
8648:
8624:
8607:
8606:
8596:
8573:In turn citing:
8571:
8535:
8529:
8528:
8518:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8477:
8453:
8447:
8446:
8422:
8416:
8415:
8405:
8395:
8371:
8362:
8361:
8325:
8312:
8311:
8301:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8210:
8204:
8203:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8093:
8087:
8086:
8058:
8052:
8051:
8031:
8025:
8024:
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7997:
7995:
7993:
7979:
7973:
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7962:
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7920:
7914:
7913:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7834:
7802:
7796:
7795:
7767:
7761:
7760:
7742:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7700:
7683:(11): CD010983.
7668:
7662:
7661:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7475:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7434:
7416:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7375:
7343:
7337:
7336:
7300:
7294:
7293:
7257:
7248:
7247:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7123:
7091:
7080:
7079:
7042:
7036:
7035:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7000:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6943:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6773:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6724:
6699:(9): e162–e193.
6683:
6677:
6676:
6666:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6555:
6545:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6372:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6315:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6187:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6087:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6005:
5995:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5795:
5771:
5760:
5759:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5581:
5558:Chemical Reviews
5549:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5496:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5455:
5431:
5418:
5417:
5407:
5375:
5364:
5363:
5343:
5326:
5325:
5299:
5290:
5289:
5258:Medical Oncology
5253:
5247:
5246:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5223:on 28 April 2014
5213:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5197:on 28 April 2014
5187:
5181:
5180:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5035:(6): 1019–1038.
5020:
5014:
5013:
4985:
4974:
4973:
4963:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4895:
4876:
4875:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4821:
4812:(13): 2099–105.
4797:
4772:
4771:
4761:
4737:
4728:
4727:
4717:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4673:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4566:
4555:
4554:
4526:
4515:
4514:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4477:
4460:(9715): 673–85.
4445:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4371:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4301:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4272:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4245:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4171:
4154:
4153:
4135:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4065:
4054:
4053:
4033:
4016:
4015:
4005:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3946:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3895:
3871:
3691:receptor ligands
3444:chemical warfare
3384:Available agents
3370:cyclophosphamide
3175:
3172:
3166:
3154:is written like
3147:
3146:
3139:
3106:cyclophosphamide
3078:Cyclophosphamide
3018:cyclophosphamide
2715:sexual impotence
2622:cyclophosphamide
2426:Chemotherapy is
2382:cryopreservation
2337:childhood cancer
2311:alopecia totalis
2296:cyclophosphamide
2265:
2248:
2186:Aerobic exercise
2148:iron supplements
2047:and tenderness.
1908:myelosuppression
1865:thrombocytopenia
1749:implantable port
1674:and reacts with
1503:topoisomerase II
1424:Taxus brevifolia
1372:natural products
1208:tetrahydrofolate
1135:, a sugar and a
1125:Anti-metabolites
1081:phosphate groups
989:cyclophosphamide
838:
827:
547:Cyclophosphamide
429:Cyclophosphamide
370:cyclophosphamide
347:cyclophosphamide
321:Cyclophosphamide
301:
294:
253:myelosuppression
209:systemic therapy
201:targeted therapy
150:medical oncology
123:) in a standard
113:cancer treatment
87:edit on Wikidata
60:
48:
47:
15469:
15468:
15464:
15463:
15462:
15460:
15459:
15458:
15424:
15423:
15422:
15417:
15413:Medicine portal
15377:
15333:
15305:
15300:
15292:Cough medicines
15287:Bronchodilators
15268:
15261:
15141:Antidepressants
15131:Anticonvulsants
15079:
15070:
15066:Bisphosphonates
15056:Corticosteroids
15018:
15005:
14977:
14968:
14952:Spindle poisons
14942:Antimetabolites
14925:
14916:
14838:
14829:
14804:Glucocorticoids
14799:Corticosteroids
14780:
14773:
14740:
14733:
14690:
14608:Antiarrhythmics
14581:
14574:
14531:Antithrombotics
14519:
14510:
14486:Antipropulsives
14482:Antidiarrhoeals
14459:
14430:
14422:
14416:
14386:
14381:
14235:Pi3K inhibitors
14133:mTOR inhibitors
14064:
13845:
13816:(VEGFR, FGFR),
13472:
13236:
13117:
13077:
12999:
12985:
12955:
12950:
12909:
12862:
12816:
12795:
12759:
12681:
12640:
12600:
12586:
12525:
12520:
12519:
12480:
12476:
12441:
12437:
12390:
12386:
12354:
12350:
12326:
12322:
12298:
12294:
12249:
12245:
12200:
12196:
12143:
12139:
12116:
12112:
12065:
12061:
12022:
12018:
11965:
11961:
11938:(20): 6389–97.
11924:
11917:
11901:10.18433/J30C7D
11880:
11873:
11828:
11824:
11801:(21): 8643–53.
11795:Cancer Research
11787:
11780:
11749:
11745:
11738:
11716:
11712:
11689:10.1038/nrc1529
11673:
11669:
11638:
11629:
11602:
11598:
11591:
11575:
11571:
11564:
11548:
11544:
11504:
11500:
11488:
11484:
11483:
11479:
11472:
11458:
11454:
11401:
11397:
11387:
11385:
11372:
11371:
11367:
11359:
11352:
11348:
11347:
11338:
11285:
11281:
11274:
11262:
11261:
11257:
11241:
11240:
11233:
11223:
11221:
11208:
11207:
11203:
11193:
11191:
11190:on 25 June 2021
11176:
11163:
11116:
11112:
11081:(12): 1628–33.
11067:
11063:
11053:
11051:
11050:on 25 June 2021
11047:
11040:
11036:
11035:
11031:
10992:
10988:
10949:
10942:
10911:(2): CD003208.
10897:
10890:
10869:(2): CD004524.
10859:
10852:
10812:
10808:
10763:
10756:
10719:
10712:
10666:
10662:
10623:
10619:
10595:10.1038/nri2216
10574:
10570:
10517:
10513:
10466:
10462:
10431:
10427:
10420:
10406:
10402:
10363:
10359:
10314:
10310:
10265:
10261:
10238:10.1038/nrc2559
10222:
10218:
10175:
10171:
10132:
10128:
10105:
10101:
10068:10.1038/nrc3237
10048:
10044:
9997:
9993:
9953:
9947:
9943:
9912:(10): 1367–77.
9898:
9894:
9865:(12): 1405–17.
9855:
9851:
9814:
9810:
9799:
9795:
9758:
9754:
9731:10.1038/nrc1893
9715:
9711:
9690:(16): 2306–12.
9680:
9676:
9631:
9627:
9590:
9586:
9555:(17): 1616–25.
9541:
9537:
9506:(8): CD003298.
9492:
9488:
9435:
9431:
9414:
9392:
9388:
9357:(5): CD009219.
9343:
9339:
9308:(8): CD010181.
9294:
9290:
9259:(1): CD010885.
9245:
9241:
9196:
9192:
9161:(19): 2408–17.
9147:
9143:
9106:
9102:
9071:
9067:
9027:
9021:
9017:
8986:
8982:
8943:
8939:
8930:
8928:
8910:
8906:
8869:
8865:
8828:
8824:
8785:
8778:
8751:
8747:
8739:
8724:
8718:
8714:
8695:
8688:
8666:
8662:
8625:
8610:
8572:
8536:
8532:
8495:
8491:
8454:
8450:
8423:
8419:
8372:
8365:
8330:Acta Oncologica
8326:
8315:
8292:(11): 1207–15.
8278:
8274:
8259:
8247:
8246:
8242:
8211:
8207:
8176:
8172:
8139:
8135:
8094:
8090:
8059:
8055:
8032:
8028:
8005:
8001:
7991:
7989:
7981:
7980:
7976:
7921:
7917:
7907:
7885:
7881:
7872:
7870:
7852:
7848:
7817:(9): CD006145.
7803:
7799:
7768:
7764:
7718:
7714:
7669:
7665:
7644:(5): CD004269.
7634:
7630:
7591:
7587:
7556:
7552:
7520:
7516:
7493:
7489:
7466:(19): 1616–34.
7452:
7448:
7393:
7389:
7358:(8): CD008831.
7344:
7340:
7301:
7297:
7258:
7251:
7236:
7232:
7193:
7189:
7179:
7177:
7167:
7163:
7153:
7151:
7150:on 25 June 2010
7142:
7141:
7137:
7106:(1): CD004386.
7092:
7083:
7054:(8): 993–1006.
7043:
7039:
7032:
7018:
7014:
6961:
6957:
6918:(4): CD005339.
6904:
6900:
6861:
6857:
6826:
6822:
6791:
6787:
6742:
6738:
6684:
6680:
6635:
6631:
6600:
6596:
6573:
6569:
6528:(16): 5328–31.
6514:
6510:
6471:
6467:
6444:
6440:
6433:
6417:
6413:
6406:
6390:
6386:
6361:10.1038/nrc2607
6341:
6337:
6292:
6288:
6275:
6271:
6248:
6244:
6205:
6201:
6140:
6136:
6105:
6101:
6056:
6052:
6045:
6023:
6019:
5986:(5): 5893–914.
5972:
5965:
5958:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5891:
5887:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5831:Springer-Verlag
5813:
5809:
5786:(11): 1037–43.
5772:
5763:
5732:10.1038/nrm3115
5712:
5708:
5677:
5673:
5642:
5638:
5599:
5595:
5550:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5514:
5510:
5473:
5469:
5453:10.4161/cbt.199
5432:
5421:
5390:(1–3): 165–73.
5376:
5367:
5344:
5329:
5322:
5300:
5293:
5254:
5250:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5226:
5224:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5200:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5149:Ther Drug Monit
5144:
5140:
5101:
5097:
5090:
5076:
5072:
5021:
5017:
4986:
4977:
4932:
4928:
4896:
4879:
4847:
4843:
4798:
4775:
4738:
4731:
4694:
4687:
4656:(8): 1297–302.
4642:
4635:
4616:Cancer Research
4612:
4608:
4567:
4558:
4537:(13): 1677–84.
4527:
4518:
4495:
4491:
4446:
4442:
4397:
4393:
4348:
4344:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4263:
4259:
4236:(15): 5337–41.
4222:
4218:
4211:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4172:
4157:
4150:
4136:
4111:
4080:(8): CD004064.
4066:
4057:
4034:
4019:
3981:Cell Metabolism
3972:
3968:
3923:
3919:
3872:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3763:
3755:
3739:
3726:
3720:
3663:
3602:
3593:
3588:
3563:
3554:pharmacotherapy
3496:
3410:
3404:
3392:
3386:
3342:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3302:
3277:
3261:
3240:
3207:
3188:hazardous drugs
3176:
3170:
3167:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3082:lupus nephritis
3064:, which causes
3034:
3008:Cells from the
2913:
2872:
2828:
2771:
2711:water retention
2699:
2693:
2640:viral hepatitis
2587:
2542:
2530:
2489:
2483:
2436:first trimester
2424:
2349:
2329:
2315:alopecia areata
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2225:
2204:
2198:
2121:
2072:
2009:
1920:red blood cells
1906:In very severe
1853:red blood cells
1837:
1824:
1822:Adverse effects
1794:micrometastases
1788:(often used in
1693:Two girls with
1687:
1568:
1499:topoisomerase I
1495:
1481:
1441:Podophyllotoxin
1289:
1169:chemical groups
1137:phosphate group
1122:
1093:
1091:Antimetabolites
985:mechlorethamine
917:
911:
897:
846:
845:
844:
843:
842:
839:
830:
829:
828:
754:
734:
726:fractional kill
703:micrometastases
451:Germ cell tumor
293:
245:digestive tract
141:pharmacotherapy
133:reduce symptoms
90:
79:chemo, CTX, CTx
71:
44:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
15467:
15457:
15456:
15451:
15446:
15441:
15436:
15419:
15418:
15416:
15415:
15404:
15399:
15394:
15382:
15379:
15378:
15376:
15375:
15370:
15365:
15360:
15358:Contrast media
15355:
15349:
15347:
15335:
15334:
15332:
15331:
15326:
15320:
15318:
15311:sensory organs
15307:
15306:
15304:
15303:
15298:
15294:
15289:
15284:
15278:
15276:
15263:
15262:
15260:
15259:
15254:
15249:
15244:
15239:
15234:
15229:
15224:
15219:
15210:
15209:
15208:
15203:
15198:
15188:
15183:
15178:
15173:
15168:
15163:
15158:
15156:Antipsychotics
15153:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15126:Antiaddictives
15123:
15118:
15113:
15112:
15111:
15106:
15096:
15090:
15088:
15081:nervous system
15072:
15071:
15069:
15068:
15063:
15058:
15053:
15051:Antirheumatics
15048:
15047:
15046:
15036:
15030:
15028:
15007:
15006:
15004:
15003:
15002:
15001:
14996:
14985:
14983:
14970:
14969:
14967:
14966:
14965:
14964:
14959:
14957:Antineoplastic
14954:
14949:
14944:
14933:
14931:
14918:
14917:
14915:
14914:
14909:
14904:
14903:
14902:
14897:
14892:
14890:Antiprotozoals
14885:Antiparasitics
14882:
14877:
14872:
14865:Antibacterials
14861:Antimicrobials
14857:
14855:
14831:
14830:
14828:
14827:
14818:
14813:
14812:
14811:
14806:
14796:
14790:
14788:
14775:
14774:
14772:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14756:
14750:
14748:
14735:
14734:
14732:
14731:
14726:
14724:Antipsoriatics
14721:
14716:
14711:
14705:
14703:
14692:
14691:
14689:
14688:
14687:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14666:
14665:
14664:
14659:
14654:
14652:ACE inhibitors
14642:
14637:
14632:
14627:
14622:
14617:
14616:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14591:
14589:
14580:cardiovascular
14576:
14575:
14573:
14572:
14571:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14550:
14549:
14548:
14543:
14541:Anticoagulants
14538:
14527:
14525:
14512:
14511:
14509:
14508:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14479:
14474:
14469:
14468:
14467:
14462:
14457:
14453:
14442:
14440:
14424:
14423:
14415:
14414:
14407:
14400:
14392:
14383:
14382:
14380:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14364:
14359:
14354:
14349:
14344:
14339:
14334:
14329:
14324:
14319:
14314:
14309:
14304:
14299:
14294:
14289:
14284:
14279:
14274:
14269:
14264:
14263:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14232:
14231:
14230:
14225:
14212:
14211:
14210:
14205:
14200:
14195:
14190:
14182:CDK inhibitors
14178:
14177:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14153:
14152:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14129:
14113:
14093:
14081:fusion protein
14076:
14074:
14070:
14069:
14066:
14065:
14063:
14062:
14061:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14027:
14026:
14025:
14024:
14019:
14014:
13997:
13996:
13995:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13966:
13965:
13964:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13920:
13919:
13913:
13901:
13900:
13899:
13898:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13873:
13868:
13855:
13853:
13847:
13846:
13844:
13843:
13822:
13821:
13820:(VEGFR, EGFR).
13776:
13775:
13774:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13750:
13749:
13748:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13707:
13702:
13697:
13692:
13687:
13674:
13673:
13657:
13651:
13646:
13641:
13636:
13631:
13626:
13621:
13601:
13600:
13599:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13578:HER1/EGFR and
13574:
13573:
13567:
13562:
13557:
13552:
13547:
13542:
13537:
13532:
13527:
13522:
13517:
13512:
13496:
13494:
13485:
13478:
13477:
13474:
13473:
13471:
13470:
13465:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13395:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13315:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13275:
13270:
13265:
13260:
13257:+hyaluronidase
13250:
13244:
13242:
13238:
13237:
13235:
13234:
13217:
13216:
13190:
13185:
13180:
13175:
13170:
13165:
13131:
13129:
13119:
13118:
13116:
13115:
13103:
13097:
13085:
13083:
13079:
13078:
13076:
13075:
13069:
13064:
13061:+hyaluronidase
13044:
13038:
13022:
13020:
13011:
13001:
13000:
12984:
12983:
12976:
12969:
12961:
12952:
12951:
12949:
12948:
12943:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12917:
12915:
12911:
12910:
12908:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12883:
12878:
12872:
12870:
12868:Carcinogenesis
12864:
12863:
12861:
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12834:
12832:
12822:
12821:
12818:
12817:
12815:
12814:
12809:
12803:
12801:
12797:
12796:
12794:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12778:
12773:
12767:
12765:
12761:
12760:
12758:
12757:
12752:
12750:Nervous system
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12716:
12715:
12713:nasopharyngeal
12710:
12705:
12700:
12689:
12687:
12683:
12682:
12680:
12679:
12674:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12648:
12646:
12642:
12641:
12639:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12617:
12615:
12606:
12602:
12601:
12585:
12584:
12577:
12570:
12562:
12556:
12555:
12549:
12544:
12535:
12524:
12523:External links
12521:
12518:
12517:
12474:
12455:(5): 374–381.
12435:
12384:
12359:Cancer Letters
12348:
12320:
12292:
12243:
12194:
12157:(3): 469–479.
12137:
12110:
12059:
12016:
11959:
11915:
11871:
11822:
11778:
11743:
11736:
11710:
11667:
11627:
11596:
11589:
11569:
11562:
11542:
11515:(7): 485–493.
11498:
11477:
11470:
11452:
11415:(3): 180–190.
11395:
11365:
11336:
11299:(9): 901–910.
11279:
11272:
11255:
11231:
11201:
11161:
11110:
11061:
11029:
10986:
10940:
10888:
10850:
10806:
10754:
10710:
10660:
10617:
10568:
10531:(3): 479–485.
10511:
10460:
10425:
10418:
10400:
10357:
10308:
10259:
10216:
10169:
10148:10.1038/nrc903
10142:(10): 750–63.
10126:
10099:
10062:(4): 237–251.
10042:
9991:
9941:
9892:
9849:
9808:
9793:
9752:
9709:
9674:
9639:The Oncologist
9625:
9604:(6): 1663–74.
9584:
9535:
9486:
9429:
9412:
9386:
9337:
9288:
9239:
9190:
9141:
9100:
9065:
9032:The Oncologist
9015:
8980:
8937:
8904:
8883:(11): 2233–9.
8863:
8842:(14): 1070–1.
8822:
8776:
8745:
8712:
8686:
8660:
8639:(4): 394–403.
8608:
8587:(7): 3045–52.
8530:
8489:
8448:
8417:
8363:
8313:
8272:
8257:
8240:
8205:
8170:
8133:
8088:
8053:
8026:
7999:
7974:
7915:
7905:
7879:
7846:
7797:
7762:
7712:
7663:
7628:
7585:
7550:
7514:
7487:
7446:
7387:
7338:
7311:(9): 890–900.
7295:
7249:
7230:
7187:
7161:
7135:
7081:
7037:
7030:
7012:
6955:
6898:
6871:(9): 1306–16.
6855:
6836:(1–2): 59–63.
6820:
6785:
6750:The Oncologist
6736:
6678:
6643:The Oncologist
6629:
6594:
6567:
6508:
6481:(2): 185–229.
6465:
6438:
6431:
6411:
6404:
6384:
6335:
6286:
6269:
6242:
6199:
6134:
6099:
6050:
6043:
6017:
5963:
5956:
5930:
5923:
5885:
5850:
5843:
5807:
5761:
5726:(6): 385–392.
5706:
5671:
5636:
5593:
5564:(7): 2880–93.
5539:
5528:on 15 May 2009
5508:
5467:
5419:
5384:Cytotechnology
5365:
5327:
5321:978-0470025062
5320:
5291:
5248:
5234:
5208:
5182:
5138:
5095:
5088:
5070:
5015:
4975:
4946:(3): 296–302.
4940:The Oncologist
4926:
4877:
4841:
4773:
4752:(24): 1883–8.
4729:
4708:(31): 3896–7.
4685:
4633:
4606:
4556:
4516:
4489:
4440:
4391:
4362:(10): 988–95.
4342:
4315:
4308:
4286:
4279:
4257:
4216:
4209:
4191:
4184:
4155:
4148:
4109:
4055:
4017:
3988:(3): 529–547.
3966:
3917:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3738:
3735:
3722:Main article:
3719:
3716:
3662:
3659:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3584:Main article:
3562:
3559:
3495:
3489:
3442:was used as a
3428:Jane C. Wright
3406:Main article:
3403:
3400:
3388:Main article:
3385:
3382:
3378:5-fluorouracil
3351:urine dipstick
3341:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3301:
3300:Administration
3298:
3276:
3273:
3260:
3257:
3239:
3236:
3206:
3203:
3178:
3177:
3151:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3102:AL amyloidosis
3070:cyclooxygenase
3033:
3030:
2912:
2909:
2905:small molecule
2897:fusion protein
2871:
2868:
2836:p-glycoprotein
2827:
2824:
2776:stage 4 cancer
2770:
2767:
2723:pseudoallergic
2698:
2695:
2666:Nephrotoxicity
2660:liver fibrosis
2636:Hepatotoxicity
2590:Cardiotoxicity
2586:
2583:
2541:
2538:
2529:
2526:
2482:
2479:
2423:
2422:Teratogenicity
2420:
2348:
2345:
2328:
2325:
2267:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2221:
2197:
2194:
2144:erythropoietin
2120:
2117:
2071:
2068:
2045:abdominal pain
2008:
2005:
1957:Herpes simplex
1836:
1833:
1823:
1820:
1801:5-fluorouracil
1686:
1683:
1656:isolated from
1580:anthracyclines
1570:The cytotoxic
1567:
1564:
1491:Main article:
1480:
1477:
1370:alkaloids are
1288:
1285:
1281:mercaptopurine
1120:Antimetabolite
1118:Main article:
1092:
1089:
1065:covalent bonds
1029:streptozotocin
913:Main article:
910:
907:
896:
893:
840:
833:
832:
831:
822:
821:
820:
819:
818:
753:
750:
733:
730:
714:
713:
709:
706:
695:
689:
682:
679:
676:
657:
640:
639:
636:
615:
609:
608:
605:
603:5-fluorouracil
596:
590:
589:
584:
574:5-fluorouracil
571:
565:
564:
561:
544:
538:
537:
534:
517:
515:Bladder cancer
511:
510:
507:
493:
492:
489:
487:5-fluorouracil
476:
474:Stomach cancer
470:
469:
466:
453:
447:
446:
443:
426:
420:
419:
416:
398:
397:
394:
376:
375:
372:
359:
353:
352:
349:
339:
338:
335:
329:5-fluorouracil
318:
312:
311:
308:
305:
292:
289:
249:hair follicles
92:
91:
84:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
61:
53:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15466:
15455:
15452:
15450:
15447:
15445:
15442:
15440:
15437:
15435:
15432:
15431:
15429:
15414:
15409:
15405:
15403:
15400:
15398:
15395:
15393:
15384:
15383:
15380:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15350:
15348:
15345:
15341:
15336:
15330:
15327:
15325:
15322:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15312:
15308:
15302:
15295:
15293:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15283:
15282:Decongestants
15280:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15270:
15264:
15258:
15255:
15253:
15250:
15248:
15245:
15243:
15240:
15238:
15235:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15220:
15218:
15214:
15211:
15207:
15204:
15202:
15201:Dissociatives
15199:
15197:
15194:
15193:
15192:
15191:Hallucinogens
15189:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15101:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15082:
15077:
15073:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15045:
15042:
15041:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15022:
15016:
15012:
15008:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14991:
14990:
14987:
14986:
14984:
14981:
14975:
14971:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14948:
14945:
14943:
14940:
14939:
14938:
14935:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14923:
14919:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14905:
14901:
14898:
14896:
14895:Anthelmintics
14893:
14891:
14888:
14887:
14886:
14883:
14881:
14878:
14876:
14873:
14870:
14866:
14862:
14859:
14858:
14856:
14853:
14849:
14845:
14841:
14836:
14832:
14826:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14801:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14782:
14776:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14751:
14749:
14746:
14742:
14739:genitourinary
14736:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14719:Antipruritics
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14706:
14704:
14701:
14697:
14693:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14671:
14670:
14667:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14653:
14650:
14649:
14648:
14647:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14635:Beta blockers
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14600:
14599:
14598:
14593:
14592:
14590:
14587:
14583:
14577:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14555:
14554:
14551:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14536:Antiplatelets
14534:
14533:
14532:
14529:
14528:
14526:
14523:
14517:
14513:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14483:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14473:
14470:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14448:
14447:
14444:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14434:
14429:
14425:
14421:
14413:
14408:
14406:
14401:
14399:
14394:
14393:
14390:
14378:
14375:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14363:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14300:
14298:
14295:
14293:
14292:Larotrectinib
14290:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14237:
14236:
14233:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14220:
14219:
14217:
14213:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14185:
14184:
14183:
14179:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14161:
14160:
14158:
14154:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14144:Ridaforolimus
14142:
14140:
14137:
14136:
14135:
14134:
14130:
14127:
14123:
14122:
14118:
14114:
14111:
14107:
14106:
14102:
14098:
14094:
14091:
14087:
14086:
14082:
14078:
14077:
14075:
14071:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14053:Pirtobrutinib
14051:
14049:
14048:Orelabrutinib
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14038:Acalabrutinib
14036:
14035:
14034:
14033:
14029:
14028:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14009:
14008:
14007:
14003:
13999:
13998:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13974:
13973:
13972:
13968:
13967:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13949:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13928:
13927:
13926:
13922:
13921:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13908:
13907:
13903:
13902:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13863:
13862:
13861:
13857:
13856:
13854:
13852:
13848:
13841:
13837:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13824:
13823:
13819:
13815:
13814:Selpercatinib
13811:
13810:Repotrectinib
13807:
13803:
13799:
13798:Larotrectinib
13795:
13791:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13778:
13777:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13758:
13757:
13756:
13752:
13751:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13696:
13693:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13682:
13681:
13680:
13676:
13675:
13671:
13667:
13663:
13662:
13658:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13640:
13637:
13635:
13632:
13630:
13627:
13625:
13622:
13620:
13616:
13615:
13611:
13606:
13605:RTK class III
13603:
13602:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13583:
13582:
13581:
13576:
13575:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13531:
13528:
13526:
13523:
13521:
13518:
13516:
13513:
13511:
13507:
13506:
13501:
13498:
13497:
13495:
13493:
13489:
13486:
13483:
13479:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13461:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13388:Pembrolizumab
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13353:Mogamulizumab
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13281:
13279:
13276:
13274:
13271:
13269:
13266:
13264:
13261:
13258:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13246:
13245:
13243:
13239:
13232:
13228:
13227:
13222:
13219:
13218:
13214:
13210:
13209:
13204:
13200:
13199:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13176:
13174:
13173:Mosunetuzumab
13171:
13169:
13166:
13164:
13160:
13159:
13154:
13153:Mosunetuzumab
13150:
13146:
13142:
13141:
13136:
13133:
13132:
13130:
13128:
13124:
13120:
13113:
13109:
13108:
13104:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13092:
13091:
13087:
13086:
13084:
13080:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13062:
13058:
13054:
13050:
13049:
13045:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13033:
13032:
13027:
13024:
13023:
13021:
13019:
13015:
13012:
13009:
13006:
13002:
12997:
12993:
12989:
12982:
12977:
12975:
12970:
12968:
12963:
12962:
12959:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12918:
12916:
12912:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12873:
12871:
12869:
12865:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12835:
12833:
12831:
12827:
12823:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12804:
12802:
12798:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12762:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12703:oropharyngeal
12701:
12699:
12696:
12695:
12694:
12693:Head and neck
12691:
12690:
12688:
12684:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12672:Primary tumor
12670:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12649:
12647:
12643:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12618:
12616:
12614:
12613:Benign tumors
12610:
12607:
12603:
12599:
12595:
12591:
12583:
12578:
12576:
12571:
12569:
12564:
12563:
12560:
12554:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12530:
12527:
12526:
12513:
12509:
12505:
12501:
12497:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12478:
12470:
12466:
12462:
12458:
12454:
12450:
12446:
12439:
12431:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12407:
12403:
12399:
12395:
12388:
12380:
12376:
12372:
12368:
12365:(2): 300–10.
12364:
12360:
12352:
12344:
12340:
12337:(11): 14–25.
12336:
12332:
12324:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12296:
12288:
12284:
12280:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12263:(6): 651–61.
12262:
12258:
12254:
12247:
12239:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12221:
12217:
12214:(3): 469–79.
12213:
12209:
12205:
12198:
12190:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12172:
12168:
12164:
12160:
12156:
12152:
12148:
12141:
12133:
12129:
12126:(5): 822–45.
12125:
12121:
12114:
12106:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12078:
12074:
12070:
12063:
12055:
12051:
12047:
12043:
12039:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12020:
12012:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11994:
11990:
11986:
11982:
11978:
11974:
11970:
11963:
11955:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11922:
11920:
11911:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11893:
11889:
11885:
11878:
11876:
11867:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11842:(4): 525–42.
11841:
11837:
11833:
11826:
11818:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11785:
11783:
11774:
11770:
11766:
11762:
11758:
11754:
11747:
11739:
11733:
11729:
11724:
11723:
11714:
11706:
11702:
11698:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11671:
11663:
11659:
11655:
11651:
11647:
11643:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11623:
11619:
11615:
11611:
11607:
11600:
11592:
11586:
11582:
11581:
11573:
11565:
11559:
11555:
11554:
11546:
11538:
11534:
11530:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11514:
11510:
11502:
11494:
11487:
11481:
11473:
11471:9781315894430
11467:
11464:. CRC Press.
11463:
11456:
11448:
11444:
11439:
11434:
11430:
11426:
11422:
11418:
11414:
11410:
11406:
11399:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11369:
11358:
11351:
11345:
11343:
11341:
11332:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11314:
11310:
11306:
11302:
11298:
11294:
11290:
11283:
11275:
11269:
11265:
11259:
11250:
11245:
11238:
11236:
11219:
11215:
11211:
11205:
11189:
11185:
11181:
11174:
11172:
11170:
11168:
11166:
11157:
11153:
11149:
11145:
11141:
11137:
11133:
11129:
11126:(1): 628–34.
11125:
11121:
11114:
11106:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11088:
11084:
11080:
11076:
11072:
11065:
11046:
11039:
11033:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11009:
11005:
11002:(3): 181–91.
11001:
10997:
10990:
10982:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10966:
10962:
10959:(4): 507–10.
10958:
10954:
10947:
10945:
10936:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10906:
10902:
10895:
10893:
10884:
10880:
10876:
10872:
10868:
10864:
10857:
10855:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10830:
10826:
10822:
10818:
10810:
10802:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10784:
10780:
10777:(8): 729–35.
10776:
10772:
10768:
10761:
10759:
10750:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10732:
10728:
10724:
10717:
10715:
10706:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10688:
10684:
10681:(2): 343–54.
10680:
10676:
10672:
10664:
10656:
10652:
10648:
10644:
10640:
10636:
10633:(2): 97–111.
10632:
10628:
10621:
10613:
10609:
10605:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10572:
10564:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10538:
10534:
10530:
10526:
10522:
10515:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10495:
10491:
10487:
10483:
10479:
10476:(1): 143–52.
10475:
10471:
10464:
10456:
10452:
10448:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10429:
10421:
10415:
10411:
10404:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10361:
10353:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10319:
10312:
10304:
10300:
10296:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10278:
10274:
10270:
10263:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10243:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10220:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10200:
10196:
10192:
10189:(8): 465–77.
10188:
10184:
10180:
10173:
10165:
10161:
10157:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10141:
10137:
10130:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10103:
10095:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10046:
10038:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9995:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9952:
9945:
9937:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9896:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9876:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9853:
9845:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9812:
9804:
9797:
9789:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9756:
9748:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9725:(8): 583–92.
9724:
9720:
9713:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9693:
9689:
9685:
9678:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9645:(2): 144–51.
9644:
9640:
9636:
9629:
9621:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9588:
9580:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9539:
9531:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9490:
9482:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9448:
9444:
9440:
9433:
9424:
9419:
9415:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9390:
9382:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9341:
9333:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9292:
9284:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9243:
9235:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9210:(3): 177–86.
9209:
9205:
9201:
9194:
9186:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9145:
9137:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9120:(1): 151–61.
9119:
9115:
9111:
9104:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9069:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9038:(2): 162–76.
9037:
9033:
9026:
9019:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8984:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8953:(2): 117–27.
8952:
8948:
8941:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8908:
8900:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8867:
8859:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8826:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8783:
8781:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8749:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8723:
8716:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8693:
8691:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8670:
8664:
8656:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8604:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8546:(4): 375–88.
8545:
8541:
8534:
8526:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8509:(5): 759–74.
8508:
8504:
8500:
8493:
8485:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8468:(9): 2381–8.
8467:
8463:
8459:
8452:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8421:
8413:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8386:(5): 525–35.
8385:
8381:
8377:
8370:
8368:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8324:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8309:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8276:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8258:9783318006155
8254:
8250:
8244:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8221:(1): e37-47.
8220:
8216:
8209:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8174:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8151:(3): 255–60.
8150:
8146:
8145:
8137:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8100:
8092:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8069:(2): 341–56.
8068:
8064:
8057:
8049:
8045:
8042:(10): 681–2.
8041:
8037:
8030:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8003:
7988:
7984:
7978:
7970:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7908:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7891:: 1482–1496.
7890:
7883:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7850:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7801:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7766:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7733:(8): 904–31.
7732:
7728:
7724:
7716:
7708:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7667:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7632:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7589:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7554:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7531:(6): 536–64.
7530:
7526:
7518:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7491:
7483:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7450:
7442:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7391:
7383:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7342:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7299:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7254:
7245:
7241:
7234:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7191:
7176:
7172:
7165:
7149:
7145:
7139:
7131:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7041:
7033:
7027:
7023:
7016:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6959:
6951:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6859:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6824:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6789:
6781:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6756:(4): 416–27.
6755:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6732:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6682:
6674:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6649:(3): 354–76.
6648:
6644:
6640:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6598:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6563:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6512:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6461:
6457:
6454:(8): 574–81.
6453:
6449:
6442:
6434:
6432:9783540389163
6428:
6424:
6423:
6415:
6407:
6405:9783540389163
6401:
6397:
6396:
6388:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6355:(5): 338–50.
6354:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6290:
6282:
6281:
6273:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6215:(3): 205–52.
6214:
6210:
6203:
6195:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6115:(1): 134–42.
6114:
6110:
6103:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6046:
6044:9783527326693
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6021:
6013:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5968:
5959:
5957:9781498704304
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5934:
5926:
5924:9783540728795
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5866:(5): 607–28.
5865:
5861:
5854:
5846:
5844:9783540563914
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5820:
5811:
5803:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5780:Planta Medica
5777:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5652:(2): 217–36.
5651:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5323:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5296:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5264:(3): 2005–9.
5263:
5259:
5252:
5244:
5238:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5091:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4734:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4690:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4638:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4331:(5): 488–95.
4330:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4013:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3937:(2): 153–64.
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Immunotherapy
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:Drug delivery
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3753:Other animals
3750:
3746:
3743:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:Nanoparticles
3661:Nanoparticles
3658:
3656:
3653:and systemic
3652:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:tumor antigen
3610:
3606:
3597:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3543:. In today's
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3480:Allied forces
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3452:hematopoiesis
3449:
3446:agent during
3445:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3417:Sidney Farber
3414:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3347:
3337:
3331:Spill control
3328:
3319:
3310:
3306:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3235:
3233:
3232:needle sticks
3227:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:intramuscular
3212:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3174:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3152:This section
3150:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:Dexamethasone
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:immune system
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:cell division
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:cell division
2961:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:coupled with
2930:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:Blood vessels
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:free radicals
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:anthracycline
2591:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:contraception
2448:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2321:Scalp cooling
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2264:
2253:
2247:
2229:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2190:solid tumours
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:destruction (
2133:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2064:hemicolectomy
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:Herpesviridea
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:immune system
1832:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:extravasation
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:intravenously
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:free radicals
1661:
1660:
1655:
1652:Bleomycin, a
1650:
1648:
1647:RNA synthesis
1643:
1641:
1640:free radicals
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:cell division
1573:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:transcription
1504:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1434:Taxus baccata
1430:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:that include
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1212:dihydrofolate
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:Deoxycytidine
1097:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
954:cell division
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
916:
901:
892:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
862:
858:
855:
850:
837:
826:
813:
809:
805:
803:
799:
794:
786:
782:
778:
776:
772:
768:
758:
749:
747:
743:
739:
732:Effectiveness
729:
727:
723:
719:
710:
707:
704:
699:
696:
693:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
655:
654:
653:
651:
647:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
606:
604:
600:
597:
595:
591:
588:
585:
583:
579:
575:
572:
570:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
543:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:
516:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
495:
494:
490:
488:
484:
480:
477:
475:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
454:
452:
448:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
425:
421:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
377:
373:
371:
367:
363:
360:
358:
354:
350:
348:
344:
341:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
317:
316:Breast cancer
313:
302:
299:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:local therapy
210:
205:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
88:
82:
78:
74:
69:
68:breast cancer
65:
59:
54:
49:
46:
42:
38:
37:
29:
27:
22:
15434:Chemotherapy
15196:Psychedelics
15166:Aphrodisiacs
14936:
14840:infestations
14816:Sex hormones
14769:Sex hormones
14714:Cicatrizants
14644:
14630:Vasodilators
14597:antianginals
14594:
14446:stomach acid
14445:
14332:Pexidartinib
14317:Odronextamab
14287:Gilteritinib
14267:Cabozantinib
14214:
14180:
14155:
14149:Temsirolimus
14131:
14115:
14097:proapoptotic
14095:
14079:
14058:Zanubrutinib
14030:
14000:
13969:
13946:Lestaurtinib
13925:Janus kinase
13923:
13904:
13858:
13851:Non-receptor
13832:Cabozantinib
13825:
13794:Infigratinib
13779:
13753:
13695:Fruquintinib
13677:
13670:Gilteritinib
13666:Lestaurtinib
13659:
13608:
13577:
13550:Mobocertinib
13515:Aumolertinib
13503:
13468:Tremelimumab
13453:Tislelizumab
13408:Retifanlimab
13283:Blinatumomab
13253:Atezolizumab
13224:
13206:
13196:
13178:Obinutuzumab
13156:
13138:
13105:
13088:
13046:
13029:
12588:Overview of
12529:Chemotherapy
12490:(2): 67–72.
12487:
12483:
12477:
12452:
12448:
12438:
12401:
12397:
12387:
12362:
12358:
12351:
12334:
12330:
12323:
12309:(11): 3–13.
12306:
12302:
12295:
12260:
12256:
12246:
12211:
12207:
12197:
12154:
12150:
12140:
12123:
12119:
12113:
12076:
12072:
12062:
12032:(6): 522–7.
12029:
12025:
12019:
11976:
11972:
11962:
11935:
11931:
11894:(1): 67–77.
11891:
11887:
11839:
11835:
11825:
11798:
11794:
11756:
11752:
11746:
11721:
11713:
11683:(1): 65–72.
11680:
11676:
11670:
11648:(3): 413–7.
11645:
11641:
11613:
11609:
11599:
11579:
11572:
11552:
11545:
11512:
11508:
11501:
11492:
11480:
11461:
11455:
11412:
11408:
11398:
11386:. Retrieved
11382:the original
11377:
11368:
11296:
11292:
11282:
11263:
11258:
11222:. Retrieved
11204:
11192:. Retrieved
11188:the original
11183:
11123:
11119:
11113:
11078:
11074:
11064:
11052:. Retrieved
11045:the original
11032:
10999:
10995:
10989:
10956:
10952:
10908:
10904:
10866:
10862:
10820:
10816:
10809:
10774:
10770:
10733:(8): 577–9.
10730:
10726:
10678:
10674:
10663:
10630:
10626:
10620:
10588:(1): 59–73.
10585:
10581:
10571:
10528:
10524:
10514:
10473:
10469:
10463:
10438:
10434:
10428:
10409:
10403:
10370:
10366:
10360:
10325:
10321:
10311:
10279:(1): 57–70.
10276:
10272:
10262:
10232:(1): 28–39.
10229:
10225:
10219:
10186:
10182:
10172:
10139:
10135:
10129:
10115:(3): 311–9.
10112:
10108:
10102:
10059:
10055:
10045:
10008:
10004:
9994:
9961:
9957:
9944:
9909:
9905:
9895:
9862:
9858:
9852:
9825:
9821:
9811:
9802:
9796:
9772:(4): 255–7.
9769:
9765:
9755:
9722:
9718:
9712:
9687:
9683:
9677:
9642:
9638:
9628:
9601:
9597:
9587:
9552:
9548:
9538:
9503:
9499:
9489:
9446:
9442:
9432:
9395:
9389:
9354:
9350:
9340:
9305:
9301:
9291:
9256:
9252:
9242:
9207:
9203:
9193:
9158:
9154:
9144:
9117:
9113:
9103:
9081:(1): 68–73.
9078:
9074:
9068:
9035:
9031:
9018:
8993:
8989:
8983:
8950:
8946:
8940:
8929:, retrieved
8917:
8907:
8880:
8876:
8866:
8839:
8835:
8825:
8795:(1): 27–46.
8792:
8788:
8765:(1): 18–25.
8762:
8758:
8748:
8732:
8728:
8715:
8706:
8702:
8667:
8663:
8636:
8632:
8584:
8580:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8506:
8502:
8492:
8465:
8461:
8451:
8426:
8420:
8383:
8379:
8336:(4): 480–9.
8333:
8329:
8289:
8285:
8275:
8248:
8243:
8218:
8214:
8208:
8183:
8179:
8173:
8148:
8142:
8136:
8106:(3): 141–3.
8103:
8097:
8091:
8066:
8062:
8056:
8039:
8035:
8029:
8015:(2): 131–2.
8012:
8008:
8002:
7990:. Retrieved
7986:
7977:
7932:
7928:
7918:
7910:
7888:
7882:
7871:, retrieved
7859:
7849:
7814:
7810:
7800:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7730:
7726:
7715:
7680:
7676:
7666:
7641:
7631:
7598:
7594:
7588:
7563:
7559:
7553:
7528:
7524:
7517:
7500:
7496:
7490:
7463:
7459:
7449:
7407:(1): 42–47.
7404:
7400:
7390:
7355:
7351:
7341:
7308:
7304:
7298:
7268:(3): 206–9.
7265:
7261:
7243:
7233:
7200:
7196:
7190:
7178:. Retrieved
7174:
7164:
7152:. Retrieved
7148:the original
7138:
7103:
7099:
7051:
7047:
7040:
7021:
7015:
6972:
6968:
6958:
6915:
6911:
6901:
6868:
6864:
6858:
6833:
6829:
6823:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6753:
6749:
6739:
6696:
6692:
6681:
6646:
6642:
6632:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6525:
6521:
6511:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6451:
6447:
6441:
6421:
6414:
6394:
6387:
6352:
6348:
6338:
6306:(5): 470–1.
6303:
6299:
6289:
6279:
6272:
6258:(1): 37–66.
6255:
6251:
6245:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6154:(1): 75–97.
6151:
6147:
6137:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6030:
6020:
5983:
5979:
5943:
5933:
5902:
5888:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5825:
5818:
5810:
5783:
5779:
5723:
5719:
5709:
5687:(1): 35–84.
5684:
5680:
5674:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5561:
5557:
5530:. Retrieved
5526:the original
5521:
5511:
5484:
5480:
5470:
5443:
5439:
5387:
5383:
5354:(1): 19–23.
5351:
5347:
5303:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5237:
5225:. Retrieved
5221:the original
5211:
5199:. Retrieved
5195:the original
5185:
5155:(1): 93–99.
5152:
5148:
5141:
5111:(1): 86–92.
5108:
5104:
5098:
5079:
5073:
5032:
5028:
5018:
4996:(1): 69–78.
4993:
4989:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4907:(4): 263–7.
4904:
4900:
4858:(3): 203–6.
4855:
4851:
4844:
4809:
4805:
4749:
4745:
4705:
4701:
4653:
4649:
4622:(7): 853–6.
4619:
4615:
4609:
4592:10026.1/3714
4577:(1): 23–37.
4574:
4570:
4534:
4530:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4297:
4289:
4268:
4260:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4200:
4194:
4175:
4139:
4077:
4073:
4044:(1): 24–28.
4041:
4037:
3985:
3979:
3969:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3883:
3879:
3846:Radiotherapy
3768:
3756:
3747:
3740:
3731:
3727:
3664:
3621:
3603:
3594:
3578:nanoparticle
3576:, a type of
3552:
3537:sulfonamides
3529:arsphenamine
3524:
3514:
3507:
3504:Paul Ehrlich
3500:chemotherapy
3499:
3497:
3493:chemotherapy
3492:
3460:World War II
3433:
3393:
3366:methotrexate
3359:
3355:
3343:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3290:
3278:
3262:
3248:carcinogenic
3245:
3241:
3228:
3223:subcutaneous
3208:
3196:
3181:
3168:
3161:Please help
3153:
3118:
3114:lenalidomide
3042:Methotrexate
3035:
3007:
2993:, including
2983:growth rates
2980:
2971:
2957:
2923:
2880:side effects
2873:
2829:
2810:
2806:temozolomide
2780:
2772:
2760:
2754:
2727:
2700:
2692:
2682:
2674:asymptomatic
2664:
2634:
2588:
2585:Organ damage
2543:
2531:
2517:motor nerves
2504:
2490:
2460:
2449:
2425:
2412:
2393:
2390:GnRH analogs
2387:
2375:
2361:
2350:
2330:
2319:
2308:
2284:daunorubicin
2274:
2205:
2182:radiotherapy
2172:
2122:
2095:Malnutrition
2091:constipation
2073:
2049:
2010:
1995:
1988:
1978:
1941:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1905:
1867:may require
1838:
1825:
1809:
1798:
1784:
1764:Hickman line
1753:
1730:
1726:capecitabine
1708:
1680:
1657:
1654:glycopeptide
1651:
1644:
1632:mitoxantrone
1609:
1603:daunorubicin
1596:
1569:
1548:mitoxantrone
1529:
1526:camptothecin
1515:
1496:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1439:
1432:
1422:
1416:
1383:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1333:
1323:
1301:
1295:
1233:capecitabine
1229:fluorouracil
1196:methotrexate
1193:
1185:anti-folates
1123:
1085:procarbazine
1041:temozolomide
1037:mitozolomide
997:chlorambucil
969:nitrosoureas
962:
918:
890:
878:methotrexate
867:
863:
859:
851:
847:
806:
795:
791:
779:
767:side-effects
764:
742:brain tumors
735:
715:
643:
626:methotrexate
578:folinic acid
520:Methotrexate
505:capecitabine
445:CHOP, R-CVP
441:prednisolone
414:prednisolone
410:procarbazine
325:methotrexate
304:Cancer type
269:autoimmunity
229:
225:hyperthermia
212:
208:
206:
199:
189:
158:chemotherapy
157:
155:
148:
108:
104:
103:, sometimes
100:
97:Chemotherapy
96:
95:
51:Chemotherapy
45:
35:
26:Chemotherapy
25:
15329:Otologicals
15301:antagonists
15267:respiratory
15242:Orexigenics
15237:Neurotoxins
15186:Euphoriants
15176:Entactogens
15171:Depressants
15161:Anxiolytics
15099:Anesthetics
14875:Antifungals
14472:Antiemetics
14460:antagonists
14362:Tebentafusp
14342:Regorafenib
14337:Quizartinib
14327:Pemigatinib
14307:Midostaurin
14282:Erdafitinib
14277:Entrectinib
14260:Parsaclisib
14208:Trilaciclib
14198:Palbociclib
14193:Dalpiciclib
14188:Abemaciclib
14090:Aflibercept
14017:Entrectinib
13987:Selumetinib
13982:Cobimetinib
13977:Binimetinib
13961:Ruxolitinib
13951:Momelotinib
13931:Baricitinib
13829:inhibitors:
13806:Pralsetinib
13802:Pemigatinib
13790:Futibatinib
13786:Entrectinib
13783:inhibitors:
13715:Regorafenib
13619:Avapritinib
13565:Rociletinib
13560:Osimertinib
13525:Dacomitinib
13463:Toripalimab
13448:Teclistamab
13438:Talquetamab
13433:Tafasitamab
13428:Sugemalimab
13423:Serplulimab
13413:Sabatolimab
13403:Ramucirumab
13398:Prolgolimab
13368:Necitumumab
13323:Epcoritamab
13303:Dostarlimab
13293:Daratumumab
13248:Amivantamab
13213:Alemtuzumab
13203:Brentuximab
13193:Tositumomab
13168:Ibritumomab
13149:Elranatamab
13112:Bevacizumab
13100:Edrecolomab
13095:Catumaxomab
13057:Trastuzumab
13041:Panitumumab
12936:Cancer pain
12876:Cancer cell
12621:Hyperplasia
12079:(8): 4249.
11388:22 November
11194:22 November
11054:25 February
10815:toxicity".
10441:(1): 12–9.
9964:: 217–227.
9958:Lung Cancer
8186:(1): 11–4.
7240:"Typhlitis"
7203:(1): 44–7.
6610:(1): 5–13.
5833:. pp.
5227:25 November
3851:Virotherapy
3836:Ototoxicity
3791:Chemo brain
3668:are 1–1000
3521:antibiotics
3448:World War I
3440:Mustard gas
3275:Preparation
3219:intrathecal
3211:intravenous
3014:oxaliplatin
2860:lung cancer
2769:Limitations
2734:doxorubicin
2725:reactions.
2684:Ototoxicity
2656:cholestasis
2630:clofarabine
2598:doxorubicin
2556:, and some
2501:epothilones
2497:thalidomide
2456:doxorubicin
2428:teratogenic
2369:by loss of
2357:antibiotics
2353:infertility
2347:Infertility
2280:doxorubicin
2216:antiemetics
2099:dehydration
1997:Trilaciclib
1949:oral cavity
1947:(including
1897:lenograstim
1889:granulocyte
1873:Neutropenia
1845:bone marrow
1816:intrathecal
1768:Port-a-Cath
1628:aclarubicin
1624:pirarubicin
1599:doxorubicin
1592:actinomycin
1588:mitomycin C
1572:antibiotics
1560:aclarubicin
1544:doxorubicin
1511:replication
1388:vinorelbine
1380:vinblastine
1376:vincristine
1364:Vinca rosea
1311:microtubule
1277:thioguanine
1273:pentostatin
1269:clofarabine
1257:fludarabine
1253:azacitidine
1245:gemcitabine
1216:thymidylate
1189:thiopurines
1153:pyrimidines
1129:nucleotides
1104:gemcitabine
1061:oxaliplatin
1057:carboplatin
1033:dacarbazine
1025:fotemustine
1019:(CCNU) and
949:alkyl group
925:World War I
921:mustard gas
870:Carboplatin
692:Neoadjuvant
618:Doxorubicin
613:Bone cancer
599:Gemcitabine
582:oxaliplatin
559:vinorelbine
555:vincristine
551:doxorubicin
542:Lung cancer
528:doxorubicin
524:vincristine
437:vincristine
433:doxorubicin
406:vincristine
392:dacarbazine
388:vinblastine
380:Doxorubicin
366:doxorubicin
343:Doxorubicin
333:vinorelbine
241:bone marrow
164:to inhibit
76:Other names
15428:Categories
15252:Stimulants
15232:Nootropics
15206:Deliriants
15181:Entheogens
15116:Anorectics
15094:Analgesics
14947:Alkylating
14880:Antivirals
14835:infections
14709:Emollients
14563:Coagulants
14433:metabolism
14377:Venetoclax
14372:Vandetanib
14347:Ripretinib
14312:Nintedanib
14297:Lenvatinib
14272:Capmatinib
14255:Idelalisib
14245:Copanlisib
14218:inhibitors
14203:Ribociclib
14174:Vismodegib
14159:inhibitors
14139:Everolimus
14105:prohibitin
14022:Lorlatinib
14012:Crizotinib
13992:Trametinib
13956:Pacritinib
13941:Filgotinib
13936:Fedratinib
13840:Crizotinib
13836:Capmatinib
13818:Vandetanib
13766:Brigatinib
13745:Vandetanib
13705:Nintedanib
13700:Lenvatinib
13639:Ripretinib
13570:Vandetanib
13545:Lazertinib
13520:Brigatinib
13443:Tarlatamab
13378:Olaratumab
13338:Isatuximab
13333:Ipilimumab
13313:Elotuzumab
13308:Durvalumab
13288:Cemiplimab
13278:Bermekimab
13268:Axatilimab
13183:Ofatumumab
13163:Glofitamab
13145:Glofitamab
13053:Pertuzumab
12881:Carcinogen
12745:Urogenital
12686:Topography
12667:Metastasis
12631:Pseudocyst
12605:Conditions
11973:Oncotarget
11759:(3): 304.
11378:lni.wa.gov
11214:Cancer.org
10435:Toxicology
10328:(1): 1–4.
9449:(1): 442.
8931:8 November
8918:StatPearls
7992:8 November
7873:8 November
6300:Stem Cells
6070:: 131–44.
5899:Krische MJ
3858:References
3801:Cytostasis
3712:paclitaxel
3679:antibodies
3674:solubility
3648:refractory
3541:penicillin
3374:ifosfamide
3368:, urinary
3094:bortezomib
3032:Other uses
2937:metastasis
2852:DNA repair
2831:Resistance
2826:Resistance
2795:lipophilic
2707:xerostomia
2618:DNA damage
2606:idarubicin
2602:epirubicin
2548:, such as
2300:ifosfamide
2288:paclitaxel
2252:Hank Green
2132:blood cell
2104:antiemetic
1969:quinolones
1929:autologous
1912:stem cells
1893:filgrastim
1770:, and the
1760:outpatient
1670:, becomes
1620:idarubicin
1616:epirubicin
1584:bleomycins
1556:novobiocin
1552:teniposide
1518:irinotecan
1473:teniposide
1419:paclitaxel
1404:cell cycle
1400:vinflunine
1265:cladribine
1261:nelarabine
1249:decitabine
1241:cytarabine
1200:pemetrexed
1173:DNA damage
1133:nucleobase
1108:decitabine
1077:sulfhydryl
1023:(MeCCNU),
1013:carmustine
1001:ifosfamide
981:cisplatins
977:aziridines
973:tetrazines
945:covalently
904:alkylated.
882:paclitaxel
802:overdosing
663:, such as
638:MAP/MAPIE
630:ifosfamide
497:Epirubicin
479:Epirubicin
285:vasculitis
174:DNA repair
170:DNA damage
137:palliative
15402:ATC codes
15368:Dressings
15353:Antidotes
15217:Sedatives
15213:Hypnotics
14922:malignant
14779:endocrine
14625:Diuretics
14558:Platelets
14518:and blood
14477:Laxatives
14367:Tepotinib
14357:Sunitinib
14352:Sorafenib
14322:Pazopanib
14302:Masitinib
14250:Duvelisib
14240:Alpelisib
14228:Sotorasib
14223:Adagrasib
14169:Sonidegib
14164:Glasdegib
14110:Adipotide
14043:Ibrutinib
13916:Dasatinib
13911:Bosutinib
13896:Radotinib
13891:Ponatinib
13886:Nilotinib
13876:Dasatinib
13871:Bosutinib
13866:Asciminib
13834:(VEGFR),
13792:(FGFR2),
13771:Ceritinib
13761:Alectinib
13740:Toceranib
13735:Tivozanib
13730:Sunitinib
13725:Sorafenib
13720:Semaxanib
13710:Pazopanib
13690:Cediranib
13654:Toceranib
13649:Sunitinib
13644:Sorafenib
13634:Pazopanib
13629:Masitinib
13596:Tucatinib
13591:Neratinib
13586:Lapatinib
13555:Olmutinib
13535:Gefitinib
13530:Erlotinib
13505:HER1/EGFR
13373:Nivolumab
13363:Naxitamab
13188:Rituximab
13036:Cetuximab
13031:HER1/EGFR
12900:Oncovirus
12890:oncogenes
12843:Ann Arbor
12786:Papilloma
12771:Carcinoma
12764:Histology
12708:laryngeal
12652:Dysplasia
12636:Hamartoma
12449:Onkologie
12404:(1): 10.
12171:0003-4932
11993:1949-2553
11705:205467419
11616:: 39–41.
11429:1558-9250
11313:1076-2752
11224:10 August
10612:205490545
10545:0007-0920
10076:1474-175X
9986:199025494
9463:1970-5565
8403:1842/9543
8267:606559421
7951:1663-9812
7423:1007-9327
6989:0820-3946
6932:1469-493X
6713:1058-4838
6237:247493530
6176:1568-7767
5980:Molecules
5948:CRC Press
5740:1471-0072
5049:0012-6667
4499:Nutrition
3886:(1): 71.
3771:(journal)
3703:liposomes
3670:nanometer
3498:The word
3491:The term
3468:lymphomas
3253:genotoxic
3171:June 2023
3098:melphalan
3074:cytokines
3062:adenosine
3050:psoriasis
3028:therapy.
2991:lymphomas
2985:(such as
2976:apoptosis
2972:cytotoxic
2949:oncogenes
2933:malignant
2844:apoptosis
2802:lomustine
2742:bleomycin
2626:docetaxel
2574:phosphate
2570:potassium
2566:uric acid
2558:leukemias
2554:teratomas
2550:lymphomas
2432:pregnancy
2408:apoptosis
2304:etoposide
2292:docetaxel
2276:Hair loss
2223:Hair loss
2156:platelets
2136:hemolysis
2109:typhlitis
2059:prognosis
2051:Typhlitis
2017:Typhlitis
1937:allogenic
1924:allogenic
1857:platelets
1776:phlebitis
1772:PICC line
1756:inpatient
1718:melphalan
1711:delivered
1668:metal ion
1607:bacterium
1540:etoposide
1536:apoptosis
1522:topotecan
1469:etoposide
1429:docetaxel
1396:vindesine
1342:apoptosis
1326:alkaloids
1319:β-tubulin
1315:α-tubulin
1177:apoptosis
1067:with the
1053:cisplatin
1049:mytomycin
1021:semustine
1017:lomustine
993:melphalan
958:apoptosis
886:docetaxel
738:leukemias
712:expected.
688:toxicity.
634:etoposide
622:cisplatin
532:cisplatin
501:cisplatin
483:cisplatin
464:cisplatin
460:etoposide
456:Bleomycin
384:bleomycin
362:Docetaxel
261:mucositis
237:apoptosis
232:cytotoxic
217:radiation
186:androgens
182:estrogens
172:(so that
156:The term
64:docetaxel
28:(journal)
15444:Oncology
15247:Serenics
14912:Vaccines
14679:Fibrates
14501:Vitamins
14451:Antacids
14157:hedgehog
14119:against
14117:exotoxin
14083:against
14032:Bruton's
13881:Imatinib
13804:(FGFR),
13800:(NTRK),
13685:Axitinib
13624:Axitinib
13580:HER2/neu
13540:Icotinib
13510:Afatinib
13484:("-nib")
13263:Avelumab
13135:lymphoid
13127:lymphoma
13123:Leukemia
13048:HER2/neu
13010:("-mab")
12921:Research
12781:Blastoma
12598:oncology
12512:39060053
12504:12831063
12469:37581171
12430:20178589
12379:15964138
12287:46534637
12279:21054709
12238:17435555
12189:17435555
12132:19554862
12105:35457065
12054:27827980
12046:11673694
12011:28410237
11954:22003066
11910:21501554
11866:19868743
11817:18974103
11773:18308256
11697:15630416
11662:21247779
11529:28326998
11447:26989351
11357:Archived
11331:25153300
11266:. 2006.
11218:Archived
11148:17119240
11105:19896087
11024:11902371
11016:20107927
10981:46120577
10973:16900766
10935:15106195
10883:23450553
10845:13015911
10837:21388454
10801:11454634
10749:15100330
10705:26872698
10675:Immunity
10647:27748397
10604:18097448
10563:23299535
10506:22909070
10498:10928287
10455:19651324
10352:18196605
10295:10647931
10254:17934366
10246:19104514
10211:30482752
10203:19581909
10164:21014917
10156:12360278
10121:18297955
10094:22437869
10037:23720710
9978:31446998
9936:25025901
9887:28992964
9879:26523494
9844:16103712
9788:12591977
9747:42818461
9739:16862189
9704:17538177
9669:25331035
9661:10794805
9620:17363519
9579:23094723
9530:26301790
9481:32431787
9381:31063591
9332:27486906
9283:31961948
9234:19851045
9185:22547603
9136:15574506
9095:16473645
9060:39518402
9052:11306728
9010:24099024
8975:35723897
8967:22382639
8926:30085527
8899:15169812
8858:17623791
8817:20411101
8809:18346229
8771:22271810
8737:Archived
8674:DailyMed
8655:11476352
8568:25139582
8560:23991924
8525:24833728
8484:23832792
8443:18790328
8427:Placenta
8412:22647504
8358:20672988
8350:17497315
8308:17374815
8235:22178150
8200:19341937
8165:22901547
8128:43583651
8120:20487675
8048:23187775
8021:17642856
7969:30233361
7889:Oncology
7868:26389491
7841:23152233
7792:16500197
7757:70400559
7749:20870636
7707:26576687
7658:22592695
7623:16527763
7615:16711312
7580:19245931
7545:18597709
7509:16925107
7497:Oncology
7482:10511589
7441:28104979
7382:30168576
7325:16604351
7290:46090832
7225:25479771
7217:16319675
7154:7 August
7130:22258955
7068:20544224
7007:15136552
6950:27128488
6885:23915332
6850:10421507
6815:18722924
6780:20348274
6731:21460264
6673:26921292
6503:13138853
6495:15169927
6379:19377506
6322:12351817
6194:20622989
6129:19072542
6094:21695100
6012:22609781
5880:15032608
5802:20577942
5756:22483746
5748:21527953
5666:12515569
5631:31467685
5623:15217974
5588:19476376
5462:14508075
5414:19002790
5348:Medicine
5286:19558612
5278:21735143
5201:28 April
5177:21072472
5169:24061446
5133:28646787
5125:24299921
5065:36211632
5010:18922643
4970:22382460
4921:22683364
4872:21855044
4828:18445839
4768:12488482
4724:22965963
4680:11953888
4628:13573353
4601:17305252
4551:12175683
4484:20171403
4435:15146036
4386:35447562
4378:23001911
4337:22730604
4325:Oncology
4252:16061845
4104:28850174
4038:Medicine
4012:29514064
3953:11832206
3912:26180516
3761:See also
3699:polymers
3683:proteins
3609:antibody
3561:Research
3533:syphilis
3516:-therapy
3472:air raid
3362:platinum
3284:wearing
3112:such as
2901:imatinib
2800:such as
2719:allergic
2703:erythema
2519:and the
2440:abortion
2211:vomiting
2164:bleeding
2128:bleeding
2087:diarrhea
2083:anorexia
2079:vomiting
2029:diarrhea
2025:vomiting
1961:shingles
1790:melanoma
1743:(PICC),
1722:busulfan
1685:Delivery
1582:and the
1157:cytosine
1073:carboxyl
1045:thiotepa
1015:(BCNU),
1005:busulfan
933:proteins
929:alkylate
923:used in
880:, 5-FU,
874:busulfan
775:nomogram
646:curative
310:Acronym
265:alopecia
129:curative
15104:General
15011:muscles
14980:L03–L04
14976:disease
14928:L01–L02
14924:disease
14674:Statins
13860:bcr-abl
13221:myeloid
12931:History
12830:grading
12826:Staging
12791:Adenoma
12776:Sarcoma
12421:2843684
12229:1877027
12180:1877027
12096:9030431
12002:5514969
11857:2128372
11537:3879822
11438:4791533
11322:4569003
11156:7081365
11128:Bibcode
11096:2861656
10926:9006525
10792:1753808
10696:4758865
10655:4045072
10554:3593543
10478:Bibcode
10395:9353182
10375:Bibcode
10367:Science
10343:2170461
10303:1478778
10085:3967236
10028:3655421
10011:: 120.
9927:4130730
9570:3613151
9521:8752126
9472:7232019
9423:7123056
9372:6504134
9323:6466671
9274:6984653
9225:2927105
9176:3675696
8709:(4): 6.
8603:8639928
8083:9589208
7960:6131675
7935:: 913.
7832:8480137
7698:4717525
7432:5221285
7373:6513393
7282:2920627
7180:9 March
7121:4170789
7076:2969472
6941:4930145
6771:3227960
6722:3106269
6664:4786357
6624:2131038
6589:1384141
6562:2410919
6530:Bibcode
6460:3048848
6370:2748742
6330:9257158
6229:9562603
6185:2901146
6156:Bibcode
6085:3117629
6003:6268133
5901:(ed.).
5701:1687171
5579:2827868
5532:18 June
5503:3245973
5405:3449574
5057:9878990
4961:3316912
4836:9557055
4671:2375356
4511:2520314
4475:3339125
4426:1765659
4095:6483552
4003:6342515
3961:7429296
3903:4502609
3485:mustine
3462:at the
3402:History
3238:Hazards
3110:myeloma
2960:mitosis
2941:genetic
2895:. This
2856:tubulin
2848:enzymes
2816:hypoxic
2748:(e.g.,
2740:(e.g.,
2732:(e.g.,
2688:vertigo
2596:drugs (
2430:during
2395:in vivo
2178:surgery
2174:Fatigue
2160:bruises
1412:M-phase
1408:S-phase
1330:taxanes
1237:prodrug
1181:S-phase
1161:thymine
1149:adenine
1145:guanine
1141:purines
1011:(MNU),
665:surgery
607:FOLFOX
402:Mustine
221:surgery
166:mitosis
162:poisons
125:regimen
15411:
15390:
15338:other
15269:system
15021:joints
14974:immune
14781:system
14741:system
14582:system
13107:VEGF-A
12662:Cancer
12594:cancer
12590:tumors
12510:
12502:
12467:
12428:
12418:
12377:
12285:
12277:
12236:
12226:
12187:
12177:
12169:
12130:
12103:
12093:
12052:
12044:
12009:
11999:
11991:
11952:
11908:
11864:
11854:
11815:
11771:
11734:
11703:
11695:
11660:
11587:
11560:
11535:
11527:
11468:
11445:
11435:
11427:
11329:
11319:
11311:
11270:
11154:
11146:
11103:
11093:
11022:
11014:
10979:
10971:
10933:
10923:
10881:
10843:
10835:
10799:
10789:
10747:
10703:
10693:
10653:
10645:
10610:
10602:
10561:
10551:
10543:
10504:
10496:
10453:
10416:
10393:
10350:
10340:
10301:
10293:
10252:
10244:
10209:
10201:
10162:
10154:
10119:
10092:
10082:
10074:
10035:
10025:
9984:
9976:
9934:
9924:
9885:
9877:
9842:
9786:
9745:
9737:
9702:
9667:
9659:
9618:
9577:
9567:
9528:
9518:
9479:
9469:
9461:
9420:
9410:
9379:
9369:
9330:
9320:
9281:
9271:
9232:
9222:
9183:
9173:
9134:
9093:
9058:
9050:
9008:
8973:
8965:
8924:
8897:
8856:
8815:
8807:
8769:
8653:
8601:
8566:
8558:
8523:
8482:
8441:
8410:
8356:
8348:
8306:
8265:
8255:
8233:
8198:
8163:
8126:
8118:
8081:
8046:
8019:
7967:
7957:
7949:
7903:
7866:
7839:
7829:
7790:
7755:
7747:
7705:
7695:
7656:
7621:
7613:
7578:
7543:
7507:
7480:
7439:
7429:
7421:
7380:
7370:
7333:109778
7331:
7323:
7288:
7280:
7223:
7215:
7128:
7118:
7074:
7066:
7028:
7005:
6998:400723
6995:
6987:
6948:
6938:
6930:
6893:597295
6891:
6883:
6848:
6813:
6778:
6768:
6729:
6719:
6711:
6671:
6661:
6622:
6587:
6560:
6553:390561
6550:
6501:
6493:
6458:
6429:
6402:
6377:
6367:
6328:
6320:
6235:
6227:
6192:
6182:
6174:
6127:
6092:
6082:
6041:
6010:
6000:
5954:
5921:
5878:
5841:
5800:
5754:
5746:
5738:
5699:
5664:
5629:
5621:
5586:
5576:
5501:
5460:
5412:
5402:
5318:
5284:
5276:
5175:
5167:
5131:
5123:
5086:
5063:
5055:
5047:
5008:
4968:
4958:
4919:
4870:
4834:
4826:
4766:
4722:
4678:
4668:
4626:
4599:
4549:
4509:
4482:
4472:
4454:Lancet
4433:
4423:
4384:
4376:
4335:
4306:
4277:
4250:
4207:
4182:
4146:
4102:
4092:
4010:
4000:
3959:
3951:
3910:
3900:
3695:silica
3632:Pfizer
3547:, the
3048:(RA),
2925:Cancer
2920:cycle.
2907:drug.
2713:, and
2608:, and
2207:Nausea
2150:, and
2124:Anemia
2119:Anemia
2075:Nausea
2041:chills
2021:nausea
1953:sepsis
1861:Anemia
1855:, and
1766:, the
1758:or an
1676:oxygen
1630:, and
1455:) and
1445:lignan
1398:, and
1271:, and
1165:uracil
1151:) and
1079:, and
884:, and
854:FOLFOX
761:death.
752:Dosage
587:FOLFOX
307:Drugs
223:, and
198:, are
145:cancer
15392:Drugs
15109:Local
15076:brain
15015:bones
14516:blood
14101:ANXA2
14073:Other
13971:MAP2K
13842:(ALK)
13827:c-MET
13679:VEGFR
13614:PDGFR
13610:C-kit
13241:Other
13090:EpCAM
12914:Misc.
12800:Other
12740:Blood
12508:S2CID
12465:S2CID
12283:S2CID
12050:S2CID
11701:S2CID
11533:S2CID
11489:(PDF)
11360:(PDF)
11353:(PDF)
11152:S2CID
11048:(PDF)
11041:(PDF)
11020:S2CID
10977:S2CID
10841:S2CID
10651:S2CID
10608:S2CID
10502:S2CID
10299:S2CID
10250:S2CID
10207:S2CID
10160:S2CID
9982:S2CID
9954:(PDF)
9883:S2CID
9743:S2CID
9665:S2CID
9056:S2CID
9028:(PDF)
8971:S2CID
8813:S2CID
8740:(PDF)
8735:(1).
8725:(PDF)
8676:from
8581:Blood
8564:S2CID
8354:S2CID
8124:S2CID
7753:S2CID
7619:S2CID
7329:S2CID
7286:S2CID
7221:S2CID
7072:S2CID
6889:S2CID
6499:S2CID
6326:S2CID
6233:S2CID
5897:. In
5835:46–55
5752:S2CID
5646:Drugs
5627:S2CID
5282:S2CID
5173:S2CID
5129:S2CID
5061:S2CID
5029:Drugs
4832:S2CID
4382:S2CID
3957:S2CID
3630:(now
3628:Wyeth
3549:sense
3545:usage
3509:chemo
3221:, or
2929:cells
2787:brain
2505:vinca
2053:is a
2043:, or
2037:fever
1987:like
1981:Japan
1916:white
1885:G-CSF
1881:litre
1465:vinca
1384:vinca
1368:vinca
1352:Vinca
1334:Vinca
1324:Vinca
1307:plant
1296:Vinca
1210:from
1069:amino
895:Types
798:obese
671:, or
536:MVAC
418:MOPP
396:ABVD
101:chemo
85:[
15019:and
14696:skin
14216:KRAS
14121:IL-2
14103:and
14085:VEGF
14002:EML4
13661:FLT3
13612:and
13500:ErbB
13226:CD33
13208:CD52
13198:CD30
13158:CD20
13026:ErbB
12946:Diet
12735:Skin
12730:Bone
12698:oral
12626:Cyst
12596:and
12500:PMID
12426:PMID
12375:PMID
12275:PMID
12234:PMID
12185:PMID
12167:ISSN
12128:PMID
12101:PMID
12042:PMID
12007:PMID
11989:ISSN
11950:PMID
11906:PMID
11862:PMID
11813:PMID
11769:PMID
11732:ISBN
11693:PMID
11658:PMID
11610:JAMA
11585:ISBN
11558:ISBN
11525:PMID
11466:ISBN
11443:PMID
11425:ISSN
11390:2018
11327:PMID
11309:ISSN
11268:ISBN
11226:2021
11196:2018
11144:PMID
11124:1076
11101:PMID
11056:2015
11012:PMID
10969:PMID
10931:PMID
10909:2010
10879:PMID
10833:PMID
10797:PMID
10745:PMID
10701:PMID
10643:PMID
10600:PMID
10559:PMID
10541:ISSN
10494:PMID
10451:PMID
10414:ISBN
10391:PMID
10348:PMID
10291:PMID
10273:Cell
10242:PMID
10199:PMID
10152:PMID
10117:PMID
10090:PMID
10072:ISSN
10033:PMID
9974:PMID
9932:PMID
9875:PMID
9840:PMID
9784:PMID
9735:PMID
9700:PMID
9657:PMID
9616:PMID
9575:PMID
9526:PMID
9504:2015
9477:PMID
9459:ISSN
9408:ISBN
9377:PMID
9355:2019
9328:PMID
9306:2019
9279:PMID
9230:PMID
9181:PMID
9132:PMID
9091:PMID
9048:PMID
9006:PMID
8963:PMID
8933:2022
8922:PMID
8895:PMID
8854:PMID
8805:PMID
8767:PMID
8651:PMID
8599:PMID
8556:PMID
8521:PMID
8480:PMID
8439:PMID
8408:PMID
8346:PMID
8304:PMID
8286:JAMA
8263:OCLC
8253:ISBN
8231:PMID
8196:PMID
8161:PMID
8116:PMID
8079:PMID
8044:PMID
8017:PMID
7994:2022
7965:PMID
7947:ISSN
7901:ISBN
7875:2022
7864:PMID
7837:PMID
7788:PMID
7745:PMID
7703:PMID
7681:2015
7654:PMID
7611:PMID
7576:PMID
7541:PMID
7505:PMID
7478:PMID
7437:PMID
7419:ISSN
7378:PMID
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