1017:
993:
3823:
1067:
1079:
981:
1005:
1629:. In Bemmann, J., Parzinger, H., Pohl, E., and Tseveendorzh, D. (eds.), Current Archaeological Research in Mongolia, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, p.158: "Two 14C-dates that have come from the charcoal found in the earliest (ritual) pit of Chemurchek barrow No. 2 appeared to be in the same period as the four radiocarbon dates from the charcoal in the fi lling of the burial pit of barrow No. 1 that belongs to the Afanasievo culture. It may indicate that during the earliest period of existence of the Chemurchek culture, its population in the Altai region maybe coexisted with population of the Afanasievo culture. A pillar, erected at the eastern side of an Afanasievo culture barrow (Fig. 1.1), as well as the finding of a bone arrowhead (Fig. 1.4), which is similar to arrowheads from Kulala Ula 1 and Kara Tumsik barrows (Fig. 2.10,12), also confirm this proposition."
937:
1741:, pp. 9–10 "Where are all the specific features of Chemurchek mounds represented as a whole complex? It emerges that this situation is found in western and southern France. Besides the analogies in the construction of burial mounds, we find here analogies in the form and ornamentation of vessels, and in the decoration of stone sculptures. All the analogies from Western Europe date from the period preceding the appearance of Chemurchek monuments in the Altai. Nothing like those shapes of burial construction and pottery has been ever found among the monuments of the 3rd millennium BCE on the territory between France and Altai. This is why we suppose that some part of the population of south-western Europe migrated to the Altai at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE."
1048:
886:
1029:
4337:
3995:
925:
63:
841:
4779:
949:
1091:
961:
69:
737:
86:
563:
98:
3937:
3925:
632:
895:
of the Middle-Final
Neolithic period of Western Europe. The complex of specific attributes that appeared in Dzhungaria from c. 2700-2600 BCE is very close to those found at Final Neolithic sites in southern France, the Jura Mountains, and western Switzerland c. 3200-2600 BCE. The transfer of such a complex set of cultural traditions such a great distance seems impossible without the migration of ancient people.
882:, who must have migrated to the east around this period, and whose Western Indo-European language is closest to proto-Germanic and proto-Italian, corresponding to the broad geographical area encompassing southern France. The language of the Chemurchek/Proto-Tocharians may have originated from the same general location in Western Europe, as did their burial and statuary styles. According to Alexey Kovalev:
549:
1546:, p. 15 "The specific features of the Chemurchek statues are the following; the flattened face is marked by protruding contour and a straight relief nose is usually connected with it. The eyes are marked by protruding circles or disks. A girdle or necklace sometimes consisting of several rows is modeled on the neck. Judging from indicated pectoral muscles, the figured are portrayed in the nude."
2054:
Vanchigdash, Chuluunkhuu; Ochir, Battuga; Munkhbayar, Chuluunbat; Tumen, Dashzeveg; Kovalev, Alexey; Kradin, Nikolay; Bazarov, Bilikto A.; Miyagashev, Denis A.; Konovalov, Prokopiy B.; Zhambaltarova, Elena; Miller, Alicia
Ventresca; Haak, Wolfgang; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Boivin, Nicole; Erdene, Myagmar; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina (12 November 2020).
1452:
include composite molds for spades and an open mold for knives and awls (IAX, 1981a). The artifact assemblage from Ke'ermuqi burials is also distinguished from the highland assemblages by its emphasis on stone objects: jars, bowls, cups with single handles (including one cow-headed handle), mortars and pestles, stone lamps, and arrowheads.
1753:, p. Fig 31-10 p.17: "In this paper we attempt to present elements of Chemurchek sulture which have no other analogies except in the Neolithic of France (...) Evidently, the fact that all these elements of culture had been transferred over 6,500 kilometers to the Mongolian Altai can only be explained by migration"
1016:
894:
Taken together, the architecture of burial constructions, the tradition of collective burials in crypts, the form and ornamentation of vessels, the style of stone statues, the paintings on walls of burialchambers, the slate plaques and images of importantdeities reveal a strong analogy with materials
992:
2162:
Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley; Fu, Qiaomei; Bjørn, Rasmus; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Wang, Wenjun; Fan, Linyuan; Abuduresule, Idilisi; Hu, Xingjun; Ruan, Qiurong; Niyazi, Alipujiang; Dong, Guanghui; Cao, Peng; Liu, Feng; Dai, Qingyan; Feng, Xiaotian; Yang, Ruowei; Tang, Zihua; Ma, Pengcheng;
908:
In particular, regarding the architecture of the tombs: "the unique architectural technique of constructing perimeter embankments lined with stone facades was used before the appearance of the
Chemurchek monuments only during the construction of megalithic tombs of France and the British Isles".
1451:
Bronze artifacts are relatively few in comparison with the
Siberian materials and consist mainly of tools such as knives, awls, spearheads, and arrowheads. However, stone molds for bronze casting suggest an economic focus on metal production, unexpected on the basis of the tomb inventory. These
775:
In the tombs, artifacts have been recovered, such as stone bowls, bone tools, ceramics (grey wares with sophisticated patterns of incised decoration), or metal jewelry. Bronze artifacts too are available. Bronze tools include knives, awls, spearheads and arrowheads. Bronze was cast in open or
2053:
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William
Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold;
813:
and to the southeast, Afanasievans seem to have coexisted with the early period of the
Chemurchek culture for some time, as some of their burials are contemporary and some of the artifacts of the burials coincide. The Chemurchek culture had various characteristics of West European origin.
2152:
862:
Archaeologist Alexey
Kovalev has remarked on the similarities between the material and tomb cultures of the Chemurcheks and those of Southern France, leading him to suggest a migratory origin for the Chemurchek culture from Western Europe and more specifically southern France.
744:
Anthropomorphic standing stones were erected next to the tombs, on their eastern side. Their faces are flattened with a straight nose and globular eyes. They appear to be naked as pectoral muscles seem to be depicted. They far predate and are very different from Turkic
2114:
1422:
1066:
1586:
A LONG STANDING TRADITION – STELAE IN THE STEPPES WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE SLAB GRAVE CULTURE. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY OF CENTRAL ASIA Materials of the II International conference (Ulan-Ude, 4–6th
December,
1519:
A LONG STANDING TRADITION – STELAE IN THE STEPPES WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE SLAB GRAVE CULTURE. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY OF CENTRAL ASIA Materials of the II International conference (Ulan-Ude, 4–6th
December,
2131:
1078:
980:
1004:
703:
to the north. The
Chemurchek burials are characterized by large rectangular stone fences, built around collective tombs. The mortuary position of the deceased (supine position with flexed legs) is similar to that of the
3690:
2163:
Li, Chunxiang; Gao, Shizhu; Xu, Yang; Wu, Sihao; Wen, Shaoqing; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui; Robbeets, Martine; Kumar, Vikas; Krause, Johannes; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon; Cui, Yinqiu (November 2021).
936:
1047:
3822:
1028:
1602:
The use of stelae in the Minusinsk Basin is similar to that in Mongolia. Starting with the Early Bronze Age, stelae were erected during the Okunevo culture (c. 2550/2500-1900/1700 BCE)
822:
1584:
1517:
910:
960:
1195:(IAX, 1981a) and new excavations have been initiated in this region. The distribution of Ke'ermuqi type burials indicates that they are widespread along the foothills of the
3697:
1183:
While this culture is known primarily from the excavations at Ke'ermuqi, many such burials are known in the Altai foothills, for example, in the counties of
567:
1142:
Bobrov, Vladimir (January 2021). "Shigir idol: Origin of monumental sculpture and ideas about the ways of preservation of the representational tradition".
753:, suggesting the transfer of cultural characteristics through migration. A more developed tradition of anthropomorphic stelae existed in the contemporary
1219:(Huang and Dai, 1986). Also, a Ke'ermuqi-style gray incised round-bottomed jar was found at Kan'erzi, in Qitai County (CCQ, 1982), in the region of the
541:
Chemurchek culture and contemporary cultures and polities circa 2000 BCE. Chemurchek statues have also been found on the northern slopes of the eastern
1866:
1090:
2151:
Kovalev, Alexey (2022). "Megalithic traditions in the Early Bronze Age of the Mongolian Altai: the Chemurchek (Qie'muerqieke) cultural phenomenon".
1627:
Discovery of new cultures of the Bronze Age in Mongolia according to the data obtained by the international Central Asian archaeological expedition
3994:
2251:
1671:
the so-called Chemurchek cultural phenomenon — a set of characteristics of West European origin, which appeared there no later than 2700–2600 BC
924:
62:
4814:
3817:
3409:
2299:
803:
178:
4336:
3344:
75:
4809:
3562:
1626:
4782:
971:
536:
3683:
2433:
2133:
Ancient statue-menhirs in Chemurchek and surrounding territories 2012 (Древнейшие статуи Чемурчека и окружающих территорий 2012)
3664:
2141:
1595:
1528:
1386:
874:
21:
948:
967:
725:
709:
553:
1702:
3619:
2244:
1891:
1788:
1641:"Paleoanthropological study of a skull from a burial at the Chemurchek sanctuary Hulagash (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Mongolia)"
998:
Chemurchek sanctuary Hulagash (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Mongolia) Burial, forensic reconstruction of the skull, circa 2500 BCE
3614:
2615:
3025:
1981:"Ties between steppe and peninsula: Comparative perspective of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Мongolia and Кorea"
1350:"Ties between steppe and peninsula: Comparative perspective of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Мongolia and Кorea"
4824:
3624:
2894:
2274:
708:
culture, but the Chemurchek culture is considered as distinct. The name "Chemurchek culture" is derived from the
1211:(Li, 1988). The Ke'ermuqi culture extended to the southern parts of the Zhunge'er Basin with burials found near
786:
populations intermixed with local populations. Their genetic profile shows a contribution of about 50% from the
4759:
3659:
3604:
2854:
2237:
1639:
Kovalev, A.A.; Solodovnikov, K.N.; Munkhbayar, Ch.; Erdene, M.; Nechvaloda, A.I.; Zubova, A.V. (2 March 2020).
3765:
3148:
2610:
866:
The Chemurchek statues have a lot in common with southern France statues of the late 4th millennium such as "
885:
3609:
2021:
749:
statues found in the same general area but dated to the 7th-10th centuries CE. They are highly similar to
1058:
1039:
4388:
4149:
2874:
868:
2115:"The Great Migration of the Chemurchek People from France to the Altai in the Early 3rd Millenium BCE"
4745:
4227:
4161:
4143:
4016:
3110:
2404:
360:
4233:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4188:
4131:
3804:
3557:
3130:
2844:
2834:
2829:
2424:
2414:
2379:
299:
4768:
4248:
4215:
4191:
4185:
4170:
4013:
3707:
3654:
3542:
3419:
3324:
3168:
3050:
2459:
2409:
2260:
1203:. In western Zhunge'er, Ke'ermuqi type tombs have been identified at the site of A'erkate in the
799:
373:
204:
1826:"Collection of the National Museum of Mongolia: The Oldest Kurgan Stelae discovered in Mongolia"
1684:"Collection of the National Museum of Mongolia: The Oldest Kurgan Stelae discovered in Mongolia"
4605:
4206:
4197:
4140:
4075:
4060:
3634:
3394:
2419:
2354:
840:
791:
611:
135:
4494:
4485:
4179:
4155:
4010:
3469:
3444:
3354:
2985:
2819:
440:
327:
4778:
4491:
3404:
3251:
2786:
2584:
2176:
1296:
643:), with ancient (color) and modern (grey) populations. Primary Component Analysis (detail).
720:. Chemurchek sites have been identified from western Mongolia to areas as far west as the
8:
4500:
4497:
4448:
4152:
4007:
3644:
3578:
3434:
2859:
2849:
2579:
2504:
779:
Dental analysis has shown that the Chemurchek culture consumed ruminant dairy products.
619:
2180:
1300:
4691:
4488:
4033:
4027:
3799:
3594:
3547:
3414:
3329:
3314:
3271:
3226:
3090:
2879:
2665:
2554:
2514:
2439:
2284:
2218:
2205:
2164:
2101:
2088:
2055:
1662:
1501:
1325:
1284:
1200:
787:
692:
601:
4718:
4479:
4030:
3944:
3835:
3649:
2758:
2600:
2574:
2569:
2469:
2454:
2344:
2339:
2309:
2289:
2222:
2210:
2192:
2137:
2105:
2093:
2075:
2041:
1998:
1961:
1941:
1666:
1640:
1591:
1524:
1488:
1468:
1367:
1330:
1312:
878:". Kovalev further suggests that the Chemurchek culture may be associated with Proto-
453:
427:
163:
148:
1010:
Hypothesized horse transport technology in use during the Chemurchek culture period.
4819:
4715:
4533:
4295:
3729:
3639:
3567:
3188:
3075:
2884:
2869:
2718:
2564:
2524:
2479:
2464:
2200:
2184:
2083:
2067:
2033:
1988:
1953:
1657:
1652:
1496:
1480:
1357:
1320:
1304:
1220:
1151:
1084:
Stone fence and burial of Khemtseg culture, Avyn Khukh Uul, Bulgan, Khovd, Mongolia
1072:
Stone fence and burial of Khemtseg culture, Avyn Khukh Uul, Bulgan, Khovd, Mongolia
680:
520:
505:
492:
401:
986:
Chemurchek sanctuary Hulagash (Bayan-Ulgii aimag, Mongolia) Burial, circa 2500 BCE
817:
Another Chemurcheck burial site was discovered in Yagshiin khuduu in Bulgan soum,
4703:
4454:
4329:
4173:
4125:
4022:
3950:
3918:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3754:
3675:
3629:
3572:
3512:
3502:
3464:
3206:
2899:
2698:
2655:
2637:
2474:
2444:
2349:
2324:
2279:
1155:
810:
758:
623:
273:
260:
247:
68:
4685:
4645:
4631:
4301:
4002:
3971:
3589:
3552:
3374:
3309:
3183:
3035:
3020:
2990:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2708:
2559:
2549:
2509:
2294:
2188:
2071:
1957:
1484:
1308:
1208:
1188:
776:
composite stone molds, and seems to have been a focus of economic production.
754:
700:
615:
479:
234:
191:
2037:
942:
Chemurchek barrow with statue-menhir (Yagshiin khodoo 3), "Bulgan type" mound.
4803:
4724:
4670:
4625:
4466:
4424:
4289:
4111:
4078:
3974:
3968:
3854:
3781:
3584:
3537:
3429:
3261:
3246:
3178:
2937:
2703:
2675:
2660:
2620:
2519:
2374:
2359:
2314:
2196:
2079:
2045:
2022:"A new hypothesis for early Bronze Age cultural diversity in Xinjiang, China"
2002:
1965:
1906:
1893:
1803:
1790:
1717:
1704:
1492:
1401:
1388:
1371:
1316:
1192:
1184:
857:
845:
795:
750:
746:
736:
696:
583:
414:
388:
286:
219:
36:
23:
1993:
1362:
4721:
4709:
4677:
4653:
4637:
4634:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4586:
4436:
4394:
4245:
4236:
4158:
4081:
4072:
3962:
3507:
3474:
3454:
3359:
3266:
3221:
3198:
3115:
3010:
2927:
2917:
2809:
2544:
2539:
2529:
2489:
2429:
2394:
2319:
2214:
2097:
1334:
1022:
Stone pot with two mouths, 4200-3900 BCE, Chemurcheck cemetery, Altay City.
2229:
1980:
1349:
4733:
4730:
4682:
4612:
4555:
4451:
4442:
4397:
4382:
4373:
4367:
4242:
4209:
4167:
4137:
4134:
4101:
4069:
3953:
3599:
3532:
3484:
3449:
3424:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3319:
3299:
3291:
3120:
3105:
3055:
3045:
3000:
2957:
2733:
2728:
2693:
2494:
2449:
2389:
1204:
1054:
1035:
818:
721:
117:
1438:
1170:
4727:
4649:
4592:
4574:
4460:
4457:
4439:
4430:
4421:
4418:
4376:
4364:
4358:
4343:
4310:
4298:
4274:
4253:
4212:
4203:
4200:
4194:
4176:
4146:
4066:
3977:
3884:
3479:
3304:
3236:
3231:
3158:
3140:
3100:
3085:
3065:
3030:
3015:
2977:
2967:
2952:
2942:
2909:
2796:
2723:
2499:
2399:
2329:
879:
783:
713:
705:
688:
672:
557:
2683:
4539:
4523:
4469:
4415:
4385:
4379:
4370:
4355:
4349:
4239:
4182:
4164:
3965:
3863:
3399:
3349:
3281:
3216:
3163:
3153:
3125:
3060:
3005:
2995:
2932:
2922:
2768:
2645:
2605:
2534:
2384:
1942:"Early Pastoral Economies and Herding Transitions in Eastern Eurasia"
1871:
1825:
1683:
1196:
562:
542:
4641:
782:
The people of the Chemurchek culture were apparently descendants of
4571:
4561:
4543:
4433:
4391:
4352:
4346:
4307:
4304:
4271:
4221:
4104:
3959:
3956:
3872:
3869:
3749:
3734:
3459:
3439:
3040:
2864:
2778:
2713:
2484:
1638:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1245:
1243:
1207:(Li Yuchun, 1962) and at the sites of Adongquelu and Aershate near
849:
717:
684:
676:
3936:
3924:
2056:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
1590:. Ulan-Ude The Buryat Scientific Center SB RA 2017. p. 20.
1523:. Ulan-Ude The Buryat Scientific Center SB RA 2017. p. 20.
1096:
Chronological table of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Mongolia.
4564:
4472:
4427:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4277:
4095:
3900:
3889:
3860:
3739:
3339:
3334:
3276:
3211:
3095:
3080:
2947:
2824:
2814:
2763:
2369:
1768:
126:
1255:
1240:
909:
Three main types of Chemurchek tombs are recorded: the Alkabek,
631:
548:
4688:
4657:
4567:
4536:
4530:
4507:
4409:
4403:
4361:
4265:
4087:
4047:
3912:
3866:
3744:
3241:
3173:
2804:
2738:
2650:
2364:
1921:
1607:
1212:
466:
1439:"The Late Prehistory of Xinjiang in Relation to Its Neighbors"
1171:"The Late Prehistory of Xinjiang in Relation to Its Neighbors"
1113:
1111:
4628:
4463:
4445:
3070:
2962:
2889:
2839:
2688:
2334:
1216:
342:
1123:
4316:
4040:
3906:
3895:
3878:
3494:
3256:
2304:
2165:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"
1469:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"
1285:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"
1108:
351:
108:
97:
85:
1283:
Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley (November 2021).
679:
and the borders of neighbouring countries, such as the
1848:
1836:
1566:
1564:
2052:
1756:
1270:
1228:
889:
Chemurchek burial standing stone (Yagshiin khodoo 3).
2020:
Betts, A.; Jia, P.; Abuduresule, I. (1 March 2019).
2019:
1613:
1561:
1549:
1437:Chen, Kwang-tzuu; Hiebert, Fredrik T. (June 1995).
1215:(Wang Mingzhe, 1984; IAX, 1985b, pi. 148) and near
1169:Chen, Kwang-tzuu; Hiebert, Fredrik T. (June 1995).
3705:
902:The Chemurchek (Qie'muerqieke) cultural phenomenon
794:(an ancient Siberian substrate represented by the
2136:(Naučn. izd ed.). Sankt-Peterburg: LDPrint.
1940:Taylor, William Timothy Treal (22 January 2020).
798:of sample Tarim_EMBA1), and small proportions of
635:Genetic proximity of Chemurchek culture remains (
4801:
2161:
1985:Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences
1582:
1515:
1354:Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences
1117:
1053:Bronze earring, Yagshiin khuduu in Bulgan soum,
844:Chemurchek statue, Khukh uzuuriin dugui I - 1.
1282:
3691:
2245:
1645:Vestnik Arheologii, Antropologii I Etnografii
1625:Kovalev, A. A., and Erdenebaatar, D. (2009).
1034:Stone ware, Yagshiin khuduu in Bulgan soum,
3998:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
2259:
1979:Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo (21 November 2020).
1436:
1348:Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo (21 November 2020).
1168:
3698:
3684:
2252:
2238:
655:; Ru: Чемурчекская культура), also called
3563:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
2204:
2119:International Journal of Eurasian Studies
2087:
1992:
1656:
1500:
1361:
1324:
930:Chemurchek funerary and ritual structures
1978:
1347:
972:Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Museum
884:
839:
825:discovered so far in Mongolia, dated to
735:
630:
4776:
3818:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
3410:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
2300:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
2150:
2129:
2112:
1927:
1877:
1854:
1842:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1570:
1555:
1543:
1249:
1234:
1129:
835:
751:Western European anthropomorphic stelae
16:Archaeological site in western Mongolia
4802:
4714:
4667:
4602:
4542:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II)
3834:
3796:
3762:
3665:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
1939:
1432:
1430:
1141:
490:
4765:
4742:
4700:
4583:
4552:
4520:
4504:
4476:
4326:
4314:
4286:
4122:
4092:
4085:
4045:
4038:
3934:
3904:
3893:
3876:
3844:
3816:
3814:
3679:
2233:
1466:
1462:
1460:
695:, and is contemporary with the early
477:
464:
451:
438:
425:
412:
399:
386:
371:
358:
325:
312:
297:
284:
271:
258:
245:
232:
217:
202:
189:
176:
146:
133:
73:
4712:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili
1509:
726:Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture
518:
503:
349:
340:
161:
124:
115:
106:
4815:Archaeological cultures in Mongolia
3620:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
1933:
1583:Bemmann, J.; Brosseder, U. (2017).
1516:Bemmann, J.; Brosseder, U. (2017).
1427:
13:
4335:
3993:
3935:
3766:Chronology of the Neolithic period
3615:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
2616:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1457:
1341:
1223:] eastern Xinjiang oasis cultures.
731:
675:archaeological culture of western
14:
4836:
4340:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
3026:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
1614:Betts, Jia & Abuduresule 2019
568:Khukh uzuuriin dugui I - 1 statue
103:Khukh uzuuriin dugui I - 1 statue
91:Khukh uzuuriin dugui I - 1 statue
4810:Archaeological sites in Mongolia
4777:
3923:
3821:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1046:
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
959:
954:Chemurchek burials, carbon dates
947:
935:
923:
561:
547:
96:
84:
67:
61:
4783:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East
3625:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
2895:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
2026:Archaeological Research in Asia
1972:
1883:
1860:
1818:
1780:
1744:
1732:
1694:
1676:
1632:
1619:
1576:
1537:
1416:
1378:
637:
4760:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
3660:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
3605:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
1658:10.20874/2071-0437-2020-48-1-8
1276:
1162:
1135:
1:
2611:Silk Road transmission of art
2154:Megaliths of the World Vol. 2
1880:, p. 116-117, statue 54.
1199:but are not found across the
1101:
826:
790:, combined with about 30% of
762:
691:. It immediately follows the
3610:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
1467:Zhang, Fan (November 2021).
1156:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.08.041
875:Statue-menhir de Maison-Aube
7:
1443:Journal of World Prehistory
1175:Journal of World Prehistory
1059:National Museum of Mongolia
1040:National Museum of Mongolia
740:Chemurchek genetic profile.
10:
4841:
4570:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman
3827:
3776:(Eastern migration of the
3775:
2189:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
2072:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
2013:
1958:10.1038/s41598-020-57735-y
1485:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
1309:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
916:
855:
823:"the oldest kurgan stelae"
4756:
4746:Muslim conquest of Persia
4697:
4664:
4599:
4580:
4549:
4517:
4323:
4283:
4262:
4259:
4252:
4057:
3986:
3931:
3851:
3798:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3743:
3714:
3525:
3493:
3290:
3197:
3139:
3111:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
2976:
2908:
2795:
2777:
2674:
2636:
2629:
2593:
2267:
2038:10.1016/j.ara.2018.04.001
1777:, p. 116, statue 54.
1252:, p. 124, statue 55.
607:
597:
589:
579:
56:
3558:Mogao Christian painting
3131:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
2845:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
2835:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
2130:Kovalev, Alexey (2012).
2113:Kovalev, Alexey (2011).
1144:Quaternary International
95:
83:
4769:Second Turkic Khaganate
3655:Saksanokhur gold buckle
3543:Hephthalite silver bowl
3420:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
2460:Second Turkic Khaganate
2261:History of Central Asia
1994:10.5564/pmas.v60i4.1507
1930:, p. 22, statue 7.
1402:47.780636°N 87.860069°E
1363:10.5564/pmas.v60i4.1507
869:La Dame de Saint-Sernin
800:Ancient Northeast Asian
37:46.128186°N 91.687306°E
4825:Iron Age sites in Asia
4606:First Turkic Khaganate
4341:
4061:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3999:
3940:
3750:Trans-Jaxartes steppes
3635:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
3395:Alexandria Prophthasia
2420:First Turkic Khaganate
2355:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2157:. Oxford Archaeopress.
906:
890:
853:
792:Ancient North Eurasian
741:
671:(2750-1900 BCE), is a
644:
612:Munkhkhairkhan culture
4339:
3997:
3939:
3445:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
2820:Karsakpay inscription
2275:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
1132:, p. 769, Fig.1.
966:Funerary statue from
892:
888:
843:
757:to the north, in the
739:
699:to the south and the
634:
3708:Ancient Central Asia
3252:Kutlug Timur Minaret
2787:Noin-Ula burial site
2585:Chinese Central Asia
1830:MONTSAME News Agency
1718:46.09333°N 91.4447°E
1688:MONTSAME News Agency
1407:47.780636; 87.860069
836:European connections
830: 2500-2000 BCE
537:class=notpageimage|
42:46.128186; 91.687306
4449:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
3645:Siberian Ice Maiden
3435:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
2850:Petrovka settlement
2580:Soviet Central Asia
2505:Great Seljuq Empire
2181:2021Natur.599..256Z
1907:47.8274°N 87.8598°E
1903: /
1804:46.1218°N 91.5718°E
1800: /
1714: /
1398: /
1301:2021Natur.599..256Z
970:(Burial mound M2).
968:Chemurchek cemetery
913:and Kermuqi types.
710:Chemurchek cemetery
620:Deer stones culture
554:Chemurchek cemetery
53:
33: /
4692:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
4342:
4000:
3989:Hellenistic Period
3941:
3800:Afanasievo culture
3595:Buddhas of Bamiyan
3548:Chilek silver bowl
3415:Buddhas of Bamiyan
3091:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
2880:Talapty Settlement
2666:Filippovka kurgans
2555:Khanate of Bukhara
2515:Khwarazmian Empire
2440:Ikhshids of Sogdia
2285:Afanasievo culture
1946:Scientific Reports
1201:Tianshan Mountains
891:
854:
821:, which contained
742:
693:Afanasievo culture
649:Chemurchek culture
645:
602:Afanasievo culture
580:Geographical range
566:: Location of the
552:: Location of the
52:Chemurchek culture
51:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4719:Irbis Bolun Cabgu
4480:Kushano-Sasanians
3945:Achaemenid Empire
3836:Andronovo Culture
3673:
3672:
3650:Ai-Khanoum plaque
3521:
3520:
3325:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
2601:Central Asian art
2575:Russian Turkestan
2570:Chinese Turkestan
2470:Abbasid Caliphate
2434:Anxi Protectorate
2380:Kushano-Sasanians
2345:Macedonian Empire
2340:Achaemenid Empire
2310:Andronovo culture
2290:Sintashta culture
2175:(7884): 256–261.
2143:978-5-905585-03-6
1723:46.09333; 91.4447
1597:978-5-7925-0494-3
1530:978-5-7925-0494-3
1479:(7884): 256–261.
1295:(7884): 256–261.
1271:Jeong et al. 2020
1118:Zhang et al. 2021
802:(Baikal_EBA) and
642:
629:
628:
4832:
4781:
4595:Kun-khi Ghadfar
4425:Bahram VI Chobin
4296:Kujula Kadphises
3927:
3825:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3640:Seal of Khingila
3568:Penjikent murals
3189:Kalai Kafirnigan
3076:Koi Krylgan Kala
2885:Turkistan (city)
2870:Steppe Geoglyphs
2634:
2633:
2565:Khanate of Khiva
2525:Chagatai Khanate
2480:Saffarid dynasty
2465:Uyghur Khaganate
2254:
2247:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2208:
2158:
2147:
2126:
2109:
2091:
2049:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1952:: Figure 8, a).
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:47.8274; 87.8598
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:46.1218; 91.5718
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1660:
1636:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1434:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1050:
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
963:
951:
939:
927:
904:
900:Alexey Kovalev,
831:
828:
771:
770: 1900/1700
767:
766: 2550/2500
764:
681:Dzungarian Basin
641:
640:
636:
565:
551:
531:
529:
516:
514:
501:
499:
488:
486:
475:
473:
462:
460:
449:
447:
436:
434:
423:
421:
410:
408:
397:
395:
384:
382:
369:
367:
356:
354:
347:
345:
338:
336:
323:
321:
310:
308:
295:
293:
282:
280:
269:
267:
256:
254:
243:
241:
230:
228:
215:
213:
210:Northeast Asians
200:
198:
187:
185:
174:
172:
159:
157:
144:
142:
131:
129:
122:
120:
113:
111:
100:
99:
88:
87:
80:
78:
71:
65:
54:
50:
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
34:
31:
30:
29:
26:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4771:
4762:
4748:
4708:
4706:
4704:Tokhara Yabghus
4681:
4676:(vassal of the
4675:
4673:
4610:
4608:
4591:
4589:
4560:
4558:
4528:
4526:
4512:
4510:
4484:
4482:
4455:Farrukh Hormizd
4334:
4332:
4330:Sasanian Empire
4294:
4292:
4270:
4268:
4150:Mithridates III
4130:
4128:
4126:Parthian Empire
4114:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4098:
4065:
4063:
4023:Seleucid Empire
4019:
3992:
3990:
3949:
3947:
3922:
3919:Pazyryk Culture
3916:
3910:
3899:
3888:
3882:
3859:
3857:
3820:
3805:Proto-Tocharian
3802:
3788:,as far as the
3786:Eurasian Steppe
3778:Yamnaya culture
3755:Altai Mountains
3725:
3710:
3704:
3674:
3669:
3630:Afrasiab murals
3573:Sampul tapestry
3517:
3513:Shahr-e Sukhteh
3503:Bandian complex
3489:
3465:Musalla Complex
3345:Tapa-i Kafariha
3286:
3207:Cave of Dzhebel
3193:
3135:
2972:
2904:
2900:Araltobe kurgan
2791:
2773:
2699:Kizilgaha caves
2670:
2656:Pazyryk burials
2638:Southern Russia
2625:
2589:
2475:Tahirid dynasty
2445:Tokhara Yabghus
2350:Seleucid Empire
2325:Pazyryk culture
2280:Yamnaya culture
2263:
2258:
2144:
2016:
2011:
2010:
1977:
1973:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1514:
1510:
1465:
1458:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1346:
1342:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1256:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1197:Zhunge'er Basin
1167:
1163:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1070:
1061:
1051:
1042:
1032:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1008:
999:
996:
987:
984:
975:
964:
955:
952:
943:
940:
931:
928:
919:
905:
899:
860:
838:
829:
811:Altai Mountains
806:(Geoksyur_EN).
769:
765:
759:Minusinsk basin
734:
732:Characteristics
638:
624:Subeshi culture
622:
618:
614:
575:
574:
573:
572:
571:
560:
546:
539:
533:
532:
525:
521:
519:
517:
510:
506:
504:
502:
493:
491:
489:
480:
478:
476:
467:
465:
463:
454:
452:
450:
441:
439:
437:
428:
426:
424:
415:
413:
411:
402:
400:
398:
392:
389:
387:
385:
379:
377:
374:
372:
370:
365:
363:
361:
359:
357:
352:
350:
348:
343:
341:
339:
332:
328:
326:
324:
315:
313:
311:
304:
300:
298:
296:
287:
285:
283:
274:
272:
270:
261:
259:
257:
248:
246:
244:
235:
233:
231:
224:
220:
218:
216:
209:
205:
203:
201:
192:
190:
188:
179:
177:
175:
168:
164:
162:
160:
153:
149:
147:
145:
139:
136:
134:
132:
127:
125:
123:
118:
116:
114:
109:
107:
105:
104:
101:
93:
92:
89:
81:
76:
74:
72:
41:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:
22:
20:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4838:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4774:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4713:
4702:
4699:
4698:625 CE–651 CE
4695:
4694:
4686:Heshana Khagan
4669:
4666:
4665:560 CE–625 CE
4662:
4661:
4646:Empress Ashina
4632:Ishbara Qaghan
4604:
4601:
4600:560 CE–651 CE
4597:
4596:
4585:
4582:
4581:440 CE–560 CE
4578:
4577:
4554:
4551:
4550:370 CE–540 CE
4547:
4546:
4522:
4519:
4518:320 CE–467 CE
4515:
4514:
4506:
4503:
4478:
4475:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4313:
4302:Vima Kadphises
4288:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4264:
4261:
4260:141 BCE–30 CE
4257:
4256:
4251:
4228:Parthamaspates
4162:Mithridates IV
4144:Mithridates II
4124:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4110:
4094:
4091:
4084:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4003:Argead dynasty
3988:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3972:Artaxerxes III
3943:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3913:Arzhan culture
3903:
3892:
3875:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3832:2000–1900 BCE
3829:
3828:
3826:
3815:
3813:
3812:2400–2000 BCE
3809:
3808:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3774:
3773:3500–2500 BCE
3770:
3769:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3680:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:Bimaran Casket
3587:
3582:
3579:Sogdian Daēnās
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3553:Gardez Ganesha
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Takht-e Rostam
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Dilberjin Tepe
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3184:Takht-i Sangin
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Guldursun-Kala
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:Dalverzin Tepe
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Akchakhan-Kala
2988:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:Dunhuang Caves
2746:
2744:Bezeklik Caves
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Subashi Temple
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Durrani Empire
2557:
2552:
2550:Timurid Empire
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2295:Vakhsh culture
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2127:
2110:
2066:(4): 890–904.
2050:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1971:
1932:
1920:
1882:
1870:
1859:
1857:, p. 127.
1847:
1845:, p. 789.
1835:
1817:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1693:
1675:
1631:
1618:
1606:
1596:
1575:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1529:
1508:
1456:
1426:
1415:
1377:
1340:
1275:
1254:
1239:
1237:, p. 771.
1227:
1161:
1134:
1122:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1002:
1000:
997:
990:
988:
985:
978:
976:
965:
958:
956:
953:
946:
944:
941:
934:
932:
929:
922:
918:
915:
897:
837:
834:
755:Okunev culture
733:
730:
701:Okunev culture
627:
626:
616:Sagsai culture
609:
605:
604:
599:
595:
594:
593:2750-1900 BCE.
591:
587:
586:
581:
577:
576:
540:
535:
534:
102:
94:
90:
82:
66:
60:
59:
58:
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4837:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4763:
4761:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4725:Ishbara Tolis
4723:
4720:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4671:Western Turks
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4626:Taspar Qaghan
4624:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4607:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4467:Yazdegerd III
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4338:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4290:Kushan Empire
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4234:Mithridates V
4232:
4231:Sinatruces II
4229:
4226:
4225:Vologases III
4223:
4220:
4219:Artabanus III
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4189:Tiridates III
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4132:Mithridates I
4129:
4127:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:Hunnic tribes
4106:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4079:Euthydemus II
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4004:
3996:
3991:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3975:Artaxerxes IV
3973:
3970:
3969:Artaxerxes II
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3855:Median Empire
3848:
3847:
3842:2000–900 BCE
3841:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3782:Pontic steppe
3779:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3764:Preceded by:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Oxus Treasure
3583:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Orlat plaques
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Dasht-e Nawar
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Monjukli Depe
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Konye-Urgench
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Takht-i Kuwad
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Koshoy Korgon
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Kumtura Caves
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2676:Western China
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Salbyk kurgan
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Arzhan kurgan
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2621:Serindian art
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Mongol Empire
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Ghurid Empire
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Western Turks
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Kushan Empire
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Guiyi Circuit
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Median Empire
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Tagar culture
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1765:, p. 17.
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1651:(48): 78–95.
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1423:Museum notice
1419:
1411:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
994:
989:
982:
977:
973:
969:
962:
957:
950:
945:
938:
933:
926:
921:
920:
914:
912:
903:
896:
887:
883:
881:
877:
876:
871:
870:
864:
859:
858:Kurgan stelae
851:
847:
846:Bulgan, Khovd
842:
833:
824:
820:
815:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
796:Tarim mummies
793:
789:
785:
780:
777:
773:
760:
756:
752:
748:
738:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
698:
697:Tarim Mummies
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Qiemu’erqieke
662:
658:
654:
650:
633:
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:
606:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:
584:South Siberia
582:
578:
569:
564:
559:
555:
550:
544:
538:
530:
528:
527:
515:
513:
512:
500:
498:
497:
487:
485:
484:
474:
472:
471:
461:
459:
458:
448:
446:
445:
435:
433:
432:
422:
420:
419:
409:
407:
406:
396:
394:
383:
381:
368:
355:
346:
337:
335:
334:
331:Seima-Turbino
322:
320:
319:
309:
307:
306:
294:
292:
291:
281:
279:
278:
268:
266:
265:
255:
253:
252:
242:
240:
239:
229:
227:
226:
214:
212:
211:
199:
197:
196:
186:
184:
183:
173:
171:
170:
158:
156:
155:
143:
141:
130:
121:
112:
79:
70:
64:
55:
49:
46:
4766:
4757:
4754:673–751 CE
4743:
4740:651–673 CE
4722:Duolu Qaghan
4710:Tardush Shad
4701:
4678:Tang dynasty
4668:
4654:Yangsu Tegin
4638:Tulan Qaghan
4635:Bagha Qaghan
4629:Ashina Anluo
4623:Muqan Qaghan
4620:Issik Qaghan
4617:Bumin Qaghan
4603:
4587:Hephthalites
4584:
4553:
4521:
4505:
4477:
4437:Ardashir III
4395:Yazdegerd II
4327:
4315:
4287:
4263:
4249:Artabanus IV
4246:Vologases VI
4237:Vologases IV
4216:Vologases II
4192:Artabanus II
4186:Artabanus II
4171:Tiridates II
4159:Phraates III
4123:
4120:160–141 BCE
4109:
4093:
4086:
4082:Antimachus I
4073:Euthydemus I
4058:
4055:256–160 BCE
4046:
4039:
4034:Antiochus II
4021:
4020:
4014:Alexander II
4001:
3987:
3984:331–256 BCE
3963:Artaxerxes I
3942:
3932:539–331 BCE
3905:
3894:
3883:
3877:
3852:
3849:626–539 BCE
3784:through the
3763:
3724:Territories/
3577:
3508:Mount Khajeh
3475:Qala-i-Jangi
3455:Khair Khaneh
3360:Khair Khaneh
3267:Namazga-Tepe
3222:Anau culture
3199:Turkmenistan
3116:Tavka Kurgan
3011:Balalyk Tepe
2928:Burana Tower
2918:Aigyr-Zhal 2
2810:Issyk kurgan
2545:Kart dynasty
2540:Sufi dynasty
2530:Golden Horde
2455:Oghuz Yabgus
2430:Tang dynasty
2395:Hephthalites
2320:Uyuk culture
2172:
2168:
2153:
2132:
2122:
2118:
2063:
2059:
2029:
2025:
1984:
1974:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1928:Kovalev 2012
1923:
1885:
1878:Kovalev 2012
1873:
1862:
1855:Kovalev 2012
1850:
1843:Kovalev 2022
1838:
1829:
1820:
1782:
1775:Kovalev 2012
1770:
1763:Kovalev 2011
1758:
1751:Kovalev 2011
1746:
1739:Kovalev 2011
1734:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1670:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1621:
1609:
1601:
1585:
1578:
1571:Kovalev 2022
1556:Kovalev 2011
1551:
1544:Kovalev 2011
1539:
1518:
1511:
1476:
1472:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1418:
1380:
1353:
1343:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1250:Kovalev 2012
1235:Kovalev 2022
1230:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1130:Kovalev 2022
1125:
907:
901:
893:
873:
867:
865:
861:
816:
808:
788:Afanasievans
781:
778:
774:
743:
687:and eastern
668:
664:
660:
656:
653:Qièmùěrqièkè
652:
648:
646:
523:
522:
508:
507:
495:
494:
482:
481:
469:
468:
456:
455:
443:
442:
430:
429:
417:
416:
404:
403:
390:
375:
366:CIVILIZATION
330:
329:
317:
316:
314:
302:
301:
289:
288:
276:
275:
263:
262:
250:
249:
237:
236:
222:
221:
207:
206:
194:
193:
181:
180:
166:
165:
151:
150:
137:
18:
4734:Ashina Helu
4731:Irbis Seguy
4716:Külüg Sibir
4683:Niri Qaghan
4613:Ashina Tuwu
4556:Alchon Huns
4452:Azarmidokht
4443:Khosrow III
4398:Hormizd III
4383:Yazdegerd I
4374:Ardashir II
4368:Adur Narseh
4324:224–350 CE
4284:30 –224 CE
4243:Vologases V
4210:Vardanes II
4207:Vologases I
4198:Gotarzes II
4168:Phraates IV
4138:Hyspaosines
4102:Modu Chanyu
4076:Demetrius I
4070:Diodotus II
4031:Antiochus I
4008:Alexander I
3600:Kabul hoard
3533:Sokh snakes
3485:Surkh Kotal
3450:Haji Piyada
3425:Darra-e Kur
3390:Yemshi Tepe
3385:Tillya Tepe
3380:Tepe Fullol
3370:Tepe Narenj
3365:Tapa Sardar
3355:Fondukistan
3320:Tapa Shotor
3300:Tepe Fullol
3292:Afghanistan
3121:Toprak-Kala
3106:Shahrukhiya
3056:Kampir Tepe
3046:Itchan Kala
3001:Ancient Pap
2958:Shakh Fazil
2830:Krasnyi Yar
2734:Mogao Caves
2694:Kizil Caves
2630:Archaeology
2495:Farighunids
2450:Turk Shahis
2390:Alchon Huns
2032:: 204–213.
1910: /
1807: /
1721: /
1405: /
1205:Yili Valley
1055:Khovd aimag
1036:Khovd aimag
819:Khovd aimag
716:of Chinese
651:(Ch:切木尔切克,
608:Followed by
598:Preceded by
40: /
4804:Categories
4728:Yukuk Shad
4650:Apa Qaghan
4593:Akhshunwar
4575:Mihirakula
4513:Wanunkhur
4495:Hormizd II
4486:Ardashir I
4461:Khosrow IV
4458:Hormizd VI
4440:Shahrbaraz
4431:Khosrow II
4422:Khosrow II
4419:Hormizd IV
4377:Shapur III
4365:Hormizd II
4359:Bahram III
4344:Ardashir I
4311:Vasudeva I
4305:Kanishka I
4299:Vima Takto
4275:Sapadbizes
4254:Eucratides
4213:Pacorus II
4204:Vonones II
4201:Meherdates
4195:Vardanes I
4180:Orodes III
4177:Phraates V
4156:Sinatruces
4067:Diodotus I
4028:Seleucus I
3978:Darius III
3885:Massagetae
3706:Rulers of
3480:Rag-i-Bibi
3305:Ai-Khanoum
3237:Gonur Depe
3232:Dev-Kesken
3169:Kafir-kala
3159:Ajina tepe
3141:Tajikistan
3101:Sarmishsay
3086:Kyzyl-Kala
3066:Khalchayan
3051:Kafir-kala
3031:Fayaz Tepe
3016:Burchmulla
2978:Uzbekistan
2968:Tash Rabat
2943:Manas Ordo
2910:Kyrgyzstan
2797:Kazakhstan
2500:Ghaznavids
2405:Ustrushana
2400:Tocharians
2330:Massagetae
1898:87°51′35″E
1895:47°49′39″N
1795:91°34′18″E
1792:46°07′18″N
1709:91°26′41″E
1706:46°05′36″N
1449:(2): 271.
1393:87°51′36″E
1390:47°46′50″N
1181:(2): 271.
1150:: Fig. 1.
1102:References
880:Tokharians
872:" or the "
856:See also:
784:Afanasievo
768: – c.
722:Ili valley
714:Altay City
706:Afanasievo
689:Kazakhstan
673:Bronze Age
669:Shamirshak
558:Altay City
318:Chemurchek
305:Xiajiadian
28:91°41′14″E
25:46°07′41″N
4540:Grumbates
4524:Kidarites
4492:Hormizd I
4470:Peroz III
4416:Khosrow I
4386:Shapur IV
4380:Bahram IV
4371:Shapur II
4356:Bahram II
4350:Hormizd I
4240:Osroes II
4183:Vonones I
4165:Orodes II
4141:Artabanus
4017:Antigonus
3966:Darius II
3864:Phraortes
3780:from the
3526:Artifacts
3400:Aq Kupruk
3350:Mes Aynak
3282:Ulug Depe
3217:Altyndepe
3164:Cyropolis
3154:Penjikent
3126:Varakhsha
3061:Kara Tepe
3006:Ayaz-Kala
2996:Akhsikath
2986:Afrasiyab
2933:Issyk-Kul
2923:Balasagun
2769:Beshbalik
2646:Sintashta
2606:Silk Road
2535:Ilkhanate
2490:Ma'munids
2385:Kidarites
2223:240072904
2197:1476-4687
2106:214725595
2080:0092-8674
2046:2352-2267
2003:2312-2994
1987:: 65–88.
1966:2045-2322
1667:213820119
1493:1476-4687
1372:2312-2994
1356:: 65–88.
1317:1476-4687
1221:Yanbulake
543:Tian Shan
457:Zhukaigou
431:Xichengyi
167:Sintashta
152:Andronovo
4680:657–742)
4572:Toramana
4562:Khingila
4544:Goboziko
4501:Varahran
4498:Peroz II
4434:Kavad II
4392:Bahram V
4353:Bahram I
4347:Shapur I
4308:Huvishka
4272:Arseiles
4222:Osroes I
4153:Orodes I
4147:Gotarzes
4135:Phraates
4105:Laoshang
3957:Darius I
3954:Cambyses
3873:Astyages
3870:Cyaxares
3792:region)
3735:Margiana
3730:Khorasan
3460:Mundigak
3440:Firozkoh
3330:Shotorak
3149:Bunjikat
3041:Hazorasp
2865:Shilikty
2855:Boralday
2779:Mongolia
2714:Dunhuang
2485:Samanids
2415:Farghana
2268:Polities
2215:34707286
2098:33157037
1335:34707286
1193:Bu'erqin
898:—
850:Mongolia
718:Xinjiang
685:Xinjiang
677:Mongolia
657:Khemtseg
524:Catacomb
509:Abashevo
496:Shijiahe
405:Longshan
4820:Kurgans
4565:Javukha
4529:Yosada
4489:Peroz I
4473:Narsieh
4428:Vistahm
4413:Kavad I
4407:Kavad I
4401:Peroz I
4389:Khosrow
4278:Heraios
4096:Xiongnu
3901:Skunkha
3890:Tomyris
3861:Deioces
3740:Bactria
3405:Asqalan
3340:Bimaran
3335:Paitava
3277:Togolok
3212:Abiward
3096:Poykent
3081:Koktepe
2948:Navekat
2825:Kerderi
2815:Jankent
2764:Kashgar
2739:Tumshuq
2684:Bulayïq
2594:Culture
2410:Khuttal
2370:Xiongnu
2206:8580821
2177:Bibcode
2125:: 1–58.
2089:7664836
2014:Sources
1502:8580821
1326:8580821
1297:Bibcode
1213:Ulumuqi
1209:Wenquan
1189:Jimunai
917:Gallery
809:In the
661:Hemtseg
639:
556:, near
526:Culture
511:Culture
393:culture
380:KINGDOM
333:culture
277:Karakol
264:Glazkov
251:Elunino
225:mummies
208:Ancient
169:culture
154:culture
128:ASSYRIA
4689:Sheguy
4658:Tamgan
4642:Istämi
4568:Mehama
4537:Kidara
4531:Kirada
4508:Kangju
4410:Jamasp
4404:Balash
4362:Narseh
4266:Yuezhi
4088:Yuezhi
4048:Yuezhi
4011:Philip
3960:Xerxes
3867:Madyes
3745:Sogdia
3470:Nagara
3242:Jeitun
3174:Sarazm
2860:Sawran
2805:Begash
2759:Khotan
2754:Loulan
2365:Yuezhi
2221:
2213:
2203:
2195:
2169:Nature
2140:
2104:
2096:
2086:
2078:
2044:
2001:
1964:
1665:
1594:
1527:
1499:
1491:
1473:Nature
1370:
1333:
1323:
1315:
1289:Nature
1191:, and
1185:Habahe
911:Bulgan
772:BCE).
747:balbal
483:Baodun
470:Shimao
378:MIDDLE
364:VALLEY
238:Okunev
195:Vakhsh
4534:Peroz
4464:Boran
4446:Boran
3951:Cyrus
3790:Altai
3726:dates
3315:Hadda
3071:Khiva
2963:Suyab
2953:Özgön
2890:Urpek
2875:Sumbe
2840:Otrar
2729:Rawak
2719:Miran
2689:Kucha
2219:S2CID
2102:S2CID
1663:S2CID
1587:2017)
1520:2017)
1217:Mulei
590:Dates
444:Linya
418:Qijia
391:Kerma
376:EGYPT
362:INDUS
344:SUMER
303:Lower
290:Samus
223:Tarim
138:Jeul-
77:-2000
4317:Saka
4174:Musa
4041:Saka
3907:Saka
3896:Saka
3879:Saka
3495:Iran
3272:Nisa
3257:Merv
3227:Anau
2724:Niya
2305:Saka
2211:PMID
2193:ISSN
2138:ISBN
2094:PMID
2076:ISSN
2060:Cell
2042:ISSN
1999:ISSN
1962:ISSN
1867:File
1592:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1489:ISSN
1368:ISSN
1331:PMID
1313:ISSN
804:BMAC
647:The
353:ELAM
182:BMAC
119:MARI
110:EBLA
4656:) (
4652:) (
4648:) (
4644:) (
2201:PMC
2185:doi
2173:599
2084:PMC
2068:doi
2064:183
2034:doi
1989:doi
1954:doi
1653:doi
1497:PMC
1481:doi
1477:599
1358:doi
1321:PMC
1305:doi
1293:599
1152:doi
1148:573
728:).
712:in
683:of
140:mun
4806::
4660:)
4615:)
4026::
4006::
3807:)
2217:.
2209:.
2199:.
2191:.
2183:.
2171:.
2167:.
2121:.
2117:.
2100:.
2092:.
2082:.
2074:.
2062:.
2058:.
2040:.
2030:17
2028:.
2024:.
1997:.
1983:.
1960:.
1950:10
1948:.
1944:.
1828:.
1686:.
1669:.
1661:.
1647:.
1643:.
1600:.
1563:^
1495:.
1487:.
1475:.
1471:.
1459:^
1445:.
1441:.
1429:^
1366:.
1352:.
1329:.
1319:.
1311:.
1303:.
1291:.
1287:.
1257:^
1242:^
1187:,
1177:.
1173:.
1146:.
1110:^
1057:.
1038:.
848:,
832:.
827:c.
763:c.
667:,
663:,
659:,
570:.
4640:(
4611:(
3921:)
3917:(
3915:)
3911:(
3803:(
3699:e
3692:t
3685:v
2436:)
2432:(
2253:e
2246:t
2239:v
2225:.
2187::
2179::
2146:.
2123:1
2108:.
2070::
2048:.
2036::
2005:.
1991::
1968:.
1956::
1832:.
1690:.
1655::
1649:1
1616:.
1573:.
1558:.
1533:.
1505:.
1483::
1447:9
1374:.
1360::
1337:.
1307::
1299::
1273:.
1179:9
1158:.
1154::
1120:.
974:.
852:.
761:(
724:(
545:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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