59:
538:
2768:
577:), continued to threaten Cheng, but after his death in 310, the Jin forces became disarray, allowing Cheng to dispatch them and consolidate their rule. Cheng became a refuge for people fleeing from the disorder in northern China, with some of them becoming officials in their administration. Notably, in 314, a group of rebelling refugees in Hanzhong surrendered the region to Cheng. Li Xiong and his family were also followers of the
2780:
562:. In 304, Li Xiong ousted Luo Shang from Chengdu, where he declared himself the King of Chengdu. His declaration is seen by most historians as the beginning of the Cheng-Han dynasty, although there is also the view that the state began with Li Te’s proclamation. Regardless, the Cheng was the first of the Sixteen Kingdoms to be founded, followed closely by the
528:
Tension grew between Li Te and Luo Shang due to an order from the imperial court demanding the refugees to return to their homes. The refugees were reluctant to make the journey, as the north was reportedly still unstable. Li Te negotiated with Luo Shang to extend their stay, but the latter soon grew
626:
forced him to abdicate and took the throne for himself. Li Shou renamed the state from Cheng to Han, named so after his peerage and wanting to distance himself from Li Xiong's line. For this reason, historiographers collectively refer to Li Xiong and Li Shou’s states as Cheng-Han. Li Shou initially
553:
Li Te had much success against the Jin forces and reached the outskirts of
Chengdu in 303. Shortly after, he declared a new reign era, which hinted his intention of founding a new state but was suddenly killed in an ambush. Nonetheless, his brother,
609:
firmly established in the east, some ministers believed that Cheng should be a vassal of Jin while others wanted to maintain its independence. In 334, shortly after ascending the throne, Li Ban was killed and usurped by Li Xiong’s son,
604:
to succeed him, a decision that angered his own sons. Meanwhile, the Cheng court was also divided on the direction of the state; as Cheng had many Han
Chinese officials serving under them, and with the
650:, who was looking to elevate his own prestige. In 346, Huan Wen set off to conquer Han, and in 347, he reached Chengdu and forced Li Shi to surrender, ending the Cheng-Han dynasty. Li Shi was sent to
596:
For most of his reign, Li Xiong maintained peace and stability within his state, but issues arose following his death in 334. Intending to pass the throne to the line of his late elder brother,
2059:
2222:
330:
305:
2457:
2205:
510:
2244:
597:
2188:
627:
promised to only rule for a few years before submitting to Jin to appease the court but soon reneged on his words. Instead, he imitated his rule after the
2420:
2304:
2290:
2795:
2276:
2262:
2155:
1995:
2851:
2841:
2831:
2086:
2709:
2585:
2036:
529:
frustrated by the delay and tried to force a move. In 301, Luo Shang’s forces attacked the refugees and began Li Te's rebellion.
2193:
58:
1515:
323:
310:
2753:
1563:
1397:
513:
rebelled in 299. They joined him and served as key generals, but later overthrew him and took the provincial capital,
2570:
1697:
1558:
1486:
1460:
573:
Li Xiong elevated himself to
Emperor of Cheng in 306. Luo Shang, now commanding from Ba Commandery (巴郡; present-day
1743:
1578:
2748:
2590:
2575:
1538:
1180:
2210:
2846:
2543:
2199:
1646:
642:. His reign was plagued by a succession crisis, a popular revolt by one of his generals and a sudden influx of
368:
2236:
1973:
1968:
1341:
1324:
578:
360:
2699:
2029:
1422:
525:, but from this point on, he acted as a representative for the influential refugee families in the region.
386:
1455:
Holcombe, Charles (2001). The
Genesis of East Asia, 221 B.C.-A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press. p. 24.
2836:
2826:
2658:
2217:
2560:
1553:
1882:
1867:
1712:
1508:
606:
491:
17:
2856:
2784:
2704:
2565:
506:
2554:
2405:
2022:
275:
2663:
2488:
1953:
1842:
1618:
2538:
1948:
2580:
1892:
1628:
1501:
479:
8:
2719:
2668:
2632:
2328:
2076:
1923:
1918:
1573:
1543:
521:
submitted to Jin in light of the Jin army’s arrival led by the new provincial inspector,
270:
646:
entering his territory. The situation in Han caught the attention of the Jin commander,
2821:
2640:
2432:
2410:
2400:
2380:
2373:
1978:
1039:
722:
555:
82:
2673:
2478:
2462:
2366:
1482:
1456:
702:
189:
475:
2772:
2608:
2531:
2526:
2447:
2068:
1524:
1407:
1351:
833:
681:
639:
390:
251:
193:
164:
2734:
2694:
2415:
1402:
1313:
785:
670:
611:
140:
2678:
2493:
2359:
1613:
586:
2815:
2653:
2648:
2442:
2425:
2335:
2321:
2309:
2295:
2281:
2267:
2254:
2249:
2160:
2120:
2729:
2624:
2599:
2550:
2498:
2483:
2349:
1847:
1748:
1738:
1702:
1583:
537:
2513:
505:
Among the refugees, the Li clan grew to prominence after the
Inspector of
498:
region, creating an influx of Han and non-Han refugees fleeing south into
2743:
2452:
2392:
2096:
2081:
2002:
1958:
1785:
1730:
1692:
1163:
665:
643:
1479:
Great
Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom
2739:
2724:
2714:
2172:
2145:
2116:
2111:
1872:
1821:
1682:
1664:
1656:
1641:
1568:
1548:
1392:
1387:
628:
487:
483:
459:
2800:
2503:
2437:
2342:
2150:
2140:
1800:
1795:
1720:
1687:
585:
was popular in
Sichuan and Hanzhong. He appointed the Taoist hermit,
574:
522:
495:
632:
2521:
2167:
2125:
1963:
1943:
1902:
1897:
1790:
1780:
1608:
1493:
1412:
1151:
741:
651:
647:
567:
559:
542:
499:
486:” referring to their ancestral homeland. In 296, the Di chieftain,
471:
463:
418:
207:
116:
92:
31:
2130:
2055:
2045:
2014:
1938:
1887:
1877:
1837:
1775:
1674:
1600:
1417:
1196:
813:
623:
590:
563:
546:
514:
467:
434:
398:
152:
72:
401:, China. The name Cheng-Han collectively refers to the state of
2614:
1933:
1928:
1297:
765:
601:
582:
474:
in 215, Li Hu (李虎) led his family to surrender and migrated to
376:
128:
2604:
1816:
1017:
518:
422:
394:
348:
466:, Sichuan) in present-day Sichuan. When the Han chancellor,
631:
dynasty in the north by imposing harsher laws, taxes and
654:, where he lived before dying of natural causes in 361.
393:
in
Chinese historiography. Ruled by the Li clan of the
482:
tribes. Their people became known as the Ba-Di, with “
397:
people, its territory was based in what is modern-day
638:Li Shou died in 343 and was succeeded by his son
462:people from Baxi Commandery (巴西郡; in present-day
437:in 338. The state is also less commonly known as
2813:
1996:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
2030:
1509:
635:on his citizens and building lavish palaces.
2710:Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area
2037:
2023:
1516:
1502:
220:• Li Xiong's claim of imperial title
57:
1584:Northern Wei's unification of North China
798:
687:
558:succeeded him, followed by Li Te’s son,
545:, excavated from the Tomb of Cheng-Han,
536:
2591:Seventh-day Adventist Church in Sichuan
63:Cheng-Han (Cheng) in southwestern China
14:
2852:4th-century disestablishments in China
2814:
657:
27:Chinese dynastic state from 304 to 347
2018:
1497:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1323:
1307:
1305:
1289:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1162:
1143:
1141:
1134:
1116:
1110:
1108:
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1100:
1098:
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1090:
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1086:
1084:
1082:
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1059:
1057:
1055:
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1049:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
963:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
589:as his Prime Minister, with his son,
490:, led a tribal rebellion against the
2779:
1569:Fu Jian's unification of North China
1523:
478:, where they mingled with the local
2842:4th-century establishments in China
2832:Former countries in Chinese history
24:
2754:Southern Cliff Buddhist Sculptures
2044:
1398:List of past Chinese ethnic groups
532:
25:
2868:
622:In 338, Li Qi’s father's cousin,
2778:
2767:
2766:
1549:Shi Le's conquest of North China
710:Jianchu (建初) or Jingchu (景初) 303
617:
328:
303:
2749:Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries
2586:Baptist Christianity in Sichuan
1539:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
494:. The rebellion devastated the
2544:Chinese salvationist religions
1449:
1440:
850:
381:
372:
364:
13:
1:
1428:
579:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
453:
2700:Dujiangyan Irrigation System
1433:
1423:Eight Immortals from Sichuan
600:, Li Xiong chose his nephew
458:The Li clan were originally
7:
2744:Jinsha archaeological sites
2659:Sichuanese Standard Chinese
2218:Railway Protection Movement
1381:
210:'s claim of princely title
10:
2873:
2561:Catholic Church in Sichuan
1470:
448:
385:; 303 or 304 – 347) was a
230:• Name change to Han
29:
2762:
2687:
2623:
2512:
2471:
2391:
2235:
2181:
2104:
2095:
2067:
2053:
1987:
1911:
1860:
1830:
1809:
1768:
1761:
1729:
1711:
1673:
1655:
1627:
1599:
1592:
1531:
1364:
1362:
1347:
1321:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1186:
1160:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
961:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
425:in 303) and the state of
344:
282:
266:
262:
248:
238:
228:
218:
204:
186:
182:
174:
170:
158:
146:
134:
122:
110:
106:
98:
88:
78:
68:
56:
51:
39:
2705:Gsumge Mani Stone Castle
2566:Protestantism in Sichuan
1698:Southern Liang (397–414)
1614:Northern Liang (397–460)
593:, later succeeding him.
30:Not to be confused with
2458:Sichuanese architecture
2406:Clothing in ancient Shu
2206:Repopulation of Sichuan
1744:Western Liang (400–421)
387:dynastic state of China
276:Ancient Chinese coinage
2571:Anglicanism in Sichuan
2200:anti-Mongol fortresses
1848:Northern Wei (386–535)
1749:Northern Yan (407–436)
1739:Former Liang (318–376)
1703:Southern Yan (398–410)
1564:Huan Wen's Expeditions
1559:Conquest of Wei by Yan
570:dynasty in the north.
550:
240:• Disestablished
2847:347 disestablishments
2539:Chinese folk religion
1786:Western Yan (384–394)
1693:Western Qin (385–431)
1647:Later Liang (386–403)
1309:Li Qi 李期 (314–d. 338)
1146:Li Xiong 李雄 (274–334)
749:Jianxing (建興) 304–306
540:
389:listed as one of the
79:Common languages
2581:Quakerism in Sichuan
2576:Methodism in Sichuan
1988:Histories of the Era
1683:Former Yan (337–370)
1665:Later Zhao (319–351)
1642:Former Qin (351–394)
1579:Liu Yu's Expeditions
1191:Li Shou 李壽 (300–343)
1046:248–303; r. 303
843:Jianing (嘉寧) 346–347
821:Hanxing (漢興) 338–343
751:Yanping (晏平) 306–311
2720:Leshan Giant Buddha
2688:Tourist attractions
2105:States and kingdoms
1721:Later Qin (384–417)
1688:Later Yan (384–409)
1637:Cheng-Han (304–347)
1574:Battle of Fei River
1544:Disaster of Yongjia
1477:Kleeman, Terry F.,
1292:Li Ban 李班 (288–334)
793:Yuheng (玉恆) 335–338
753:Yuheng (玉衡) 311–334
678:Durations of reign
658:Rulers of Cheng-Han
607:Eastern Jin dynasty
492:Western Jin dynasty
369:traditional Chinese
192:'s proclamation of
2837:304 establishments
2827:Dynasties of China
2433:Mengding Ganlu tea
2416:Sichuanese cuisine
2411:Sichuan embroidery
2189:Sichuan-Mongol War
1801:Qiao Shu (405–413)
1796:Huan Chu (403–404)
1791:Zhai Wei (388–392)
1609:Han-Zhao (304–329)
1357:r. 343–347; d. 361
841:Taihe (太和) 343–346
551:
476:Lüeyang Commandery
361:simplified Chinese
271:Chinese cash coins
2809:
2808:
2715:Jiuzhaigou Valley
2645:
2637:
2463:Sichuanese garden
2421:Sichuanese liquor
2384:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2300:
2286:
2272:
2231:
2230:
2223:Home Front Period
2012:
2011:
1912:Key personalities
1856:
1855:
1838:Chouchi (296–580)
1781:Duan Qi (350–356)
1776:Ran Wei (350–352)
1757:
1756:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1358:
1336:
1319:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1203:
1194:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1047:
1025:
848:
847:
691:303 or 304 – 338
354:
353:
340:
339:
336:
335:
316:
315:
16:(Redirected from
2864:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2769:
2643:
2635:
2532:Tibetan Buddhism
2527:Chinese Buddhism
2448:Sichuanese music
2429:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2356:Mountain ranges
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2271:
2260:
2214:
2197:
2164:
2102:
2101:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2016:
2015:
1766:
1765:
1597:
1596:
1525:Sixteen Kingdoms
1518:
1511:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1464:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1408:Sixteen Kingdoms
1356:
1334:
1317:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1290:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1137:
1045:
1023:
864:
863:
855:
854:
662:
661:
541:Cheng-Han Human
399:Sichuan Province
391:Sixteen Kingdoms
383:
374:
366:
332:
331:
320:
319:
307:
306:
300:
299:
284:
283:
61:
37:
36:
21:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2857:Former kingdoms
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2796:Greater Sichuan
2758:
2735:Mount Qingcheng
2695:Bailu, Pengzhou
2683:
2636:(lingua franca)
2619:
2508:
2467:
2453:Lord of Sichuan
2423:
2387:
2307:
2293:
2279:
2265:
2227:
2208:
2191:
2177:
2158:
2091:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2013:
2008:
1983:
1907:
1852:
1826:
1805:
1753:
1725:
1707:
1669:
1651:
1623:
1593:The 16 Kingdoms
1588:
1527:
1522:
1492:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1384:
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1327:
1311:
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1291:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1166:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1044:
1022:
853:
844:
842:
822:
794:
774:
773:Yuheng (玉衡) 334
754:
752:
750:
711:
671:Posthumous name
660:
620:
535:
533:Cheng (304–338)
456:
451:
329:
304:
273:
255:
241:
231:
221:
211:
197:
196:"Jianchu" (建初)
161:
160:• 343–347
149:
148:• 338–343
137:
136:• 334–338
125:
113:
112:• 304–334
64:
47:
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2408:
2403:
2401:Ba–Shu culture
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2050:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
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1909:
1908:
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1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
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1875:
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1854:
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1851:
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1840:
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534:
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421:in 304 (or by
417:), founded by
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41:Cheng-Han (成漢)
40:
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1843:Dai (310–376)
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1487:0-8248-1800-8
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618:Han (338–347)
615:
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584:
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569:
565:
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548:
544:
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530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
502:and Sichuan.
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
446:
444:
440:
436:
433:) founded by
432:
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416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
378:
370:
362:
358:
350:
347:
345:Today part of
343:
327:
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322:
321:
318:
312:
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185:
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109:
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87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
60:
55:
50:
38:
33:
19:
2783:
2771:
2730:Mount Gongga
2609:Main article
2600:Confucianism
2555:Main article
2551:Christianity
2135:
2001:
1994:
1762:Other states
1636:
1554:Wei–Zhao War
1478:
1451:
1442:
1377:
1350:
1312:
1296:
1195:
1150:
1038:
1016:
799:
688:
637:
633:corvee labor
621:
595:
572:
552:
527:
504:
457:
442:
438:
430:
426:
414:
410:
406:
402:
380:
356:
355:
293:Succeeded by
292:
287:
44:成 (304–338),
2424: [
2308: [
2294: [
2280: [
2266: [
2209: [
2192: [
2159: [
2141:Western Shu
2003:Book of Jin
1959:Murong Chui
1868:Jin dynasty
1769:Short-lived
1446:Kleeman, 2.
1325:Empress Yan
1181:Empress Yan
1164:Empress Ren
1060:Li Xiang 李骧
851:Family tree
666:Temple name
324:Eastern Jin
311:Western Jin
288:Preceded by
124:• 334
46:漢 (338–347)
2816:Categories
2740:Sanxingdui
2725:Mount Emei
2633:Sichuanese
2479:Sichuanese
2146:Former Shu
2112:Sanxingdui
1429:References
1393:Di (Wu Hu)
1342:Empress Li
1318:r. 334–338
1202:r. 338–343
1197:Zhaowen 昭文
1157:r. 304–334
1135:Li Dang 李蕩
858:Cheng Han
807:Zhongzong
644:Rau people
629:Later Zhao
488:Qi Wannian
470:conquered
454:Background
89:Government
2822:Cheng Han
2801:Chongqing
2669:Jiarongic
2644:(extinct)
2625:Languages
2438:Panda tea
2237:Geography
2151:Later Shu
2136:Cheng-Han
2087:Education
1974:Tuoba Tao
1969:Tuoba Gui
1954:Wang Meng
1434:Citations
682:Era names
575:Chongqing
523:Luo Shang
496:Guanzhong
439:Later Shu
382:Chéng Hàn
357:Cheng-Han
254:'s death
18:Cheng Han
2792:see also
2773:Category
2522:Buddhism
2514:Religion
2381:Hengduan
2374:Qionglai
2259:Regions
2168:Ming Xia
2126:Chengjia
2077:Politics
1964:Yao Xing
1944:Huan Wen
1924:Liu Cong
1919:Liu Yuan
1903:Goguryeo
1898:Dingling
1861:Involved
1413:Huan Wen
1382:See also
1298:Aidi 哀皇帝
1024:(r. 303)
838:343–347
818:338–343
810:Zhaowen
802:338–347
790:334–338
746:303–334
742:Li Xiong
735:Taizong
652:Jiankang
648:Huan Wen
568:Han-Zhao
560:Li Xiong
543:Figurine
517:in 300.
511:Zhao Xin
500:Hanzhong
472:Hanzhong
464:Nanchong
419:Li Xiong
267:Currency
208:Li Xiong
194:era name
117:Li Xiong
93:Monarchy
32:Chen Han
2785:Commons
2674:Qiangic
2494:Tibetan
2393:Culture
2367:Longmen
2336:Jialing
2322:Sichuan
2318:Rivers
2131:Shu Han
2097:History
2082:Economy
2069:General
2060:capital
2056:Chengdu
2046:Sichuan
1949:Fu Jian
1939:Ran Min
1888:Xianbei
1878:Xiongnu
1675:Xianbei
1601:Xiongnu
1532:History
1471:Sources
1418:Sichuan
1335:(?–338)
1333:Li Yue
1138:(?–303)
814:Li Shou
624:Li Shou
598:Li Dang
591:Fan Ben
564:Xiongnu
549:in 1985
547:Chengdu
515:Chengdu
468:Cao Cao
449:History
443:Hòu Shǔ
435:Li Shou
415:Dàchéng
411:Dacheng
250:•
206:•
188:•
175:History
153:Li Shou
99:Emperor
73:Chengdu
69:Capital
52:304–347
2742:&
2641:Ba–Shu
2615:Taoism
2472:People
2350:Yalong
2245:Cities
2182:Events
2156:Li Shu
2119:&
2048:topics
1979:Liu Yu
1934:Shi Hu
1929:Shi Le
1831:States
1810:Tribes
1485:
1459:
1352:Li Shi
1302:r. 334
1040:Li Liu
834:Li Shi
766:Li Ban
723:Li Liu
696:Shizu
640:Li Shi
602:Li Ban
583:Taoism
581:, and
556:Li Liu
379::
377:pinyin
371::
363::
252:Li Shi
178:
165:Li Shi
129:Li Ban
102:
2679:Nuosu
2654:Xiang
2649:Hakka
2605:Islam
2499:Qiang
2489:Xiang
2484:Hakka
2428:]
2312:]
2305:South
2298:]
2291:North
2284:]
2270:]
2213:]
2196:]
2173:Da Xi
2163:]
1883:Qiang
1817:Yuwen
1713:Qiang
1403:Wu Hu
1314:Yōu 幽
1018:Li Te
891:Li Mu
786:Li Qi
703:Li Te
699:Jing
689:Cheng
612:Li Qi
566:-led
519:Li Te
441:(後蜀;
423:Li Te
413:(大成;
409:) or
407:Chéng
403:Cheng
395:Ba-Di
349:China
190:Li Te
141:Li Qi
2664:Kham
2360:Daba
2277:East
2263:West
1822:Duan
1483:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1152:Wu 武
770:334
727:303
707:303
460:Cong
429:(漢;
405:(成;
2343:Tuo
2329:Min
2211:yue
2121:Shu
1873:Jie
1731:Han
1657:Jie
1345:李皇后
1328:閻皇后
1184:閻皇后
1167:任皇后
1021:李特
800:Han
738:Wu
445:).
431:Hàn
427:Han
258:361
244:347
234:338
224:306
214:304
200:303
2818::
2557:)
2504:Yi
2426:zh
2310:zh
2296:zh
2282:zh
2268:zh
2194:zh
2161:zh
2117:Ba
1893:Di
1629:Di
1481:,
1388:Ba
1043:李流
830:–
827:–
782:–
779:–
762:–
759:–
730:–
719:–
716:–
614:.
509:,
507:Yi
484:Ba
480:Di
375:;
373:成漢
367:;
365:成汉
2611:)
2607:(
2553:(
2383:)
2358:(
2352:)
2320:(
2314:)
2261:(
2202:)
2198:(
2062:)
2058:(
2038:e
2031:t
2024:v
1517:e
1510:t
1503:v
1489:.
1463:.
359:(
278:)
274:(
34:.
20:)
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