Chenghua Emperor - Knowledge

911:) grew from a small area to over 80 thousand hectares. By the beginning of the 16th century, they had increased sixteen times. The revenues from these estates were the personal income of the monarch. However, this personal estate of the monarch was met with disapproval from officials. One censor even objected, questioning why the emperor was competing with landowners when he already owned the entire country. These vast estates were acquired by the monarch and the empress, as well as empress dowagers, heirs to the throne, relatives of empresses, eunuchs, and various favorites. This expansion of estates, similar to the imperial estates, had negative effects on the original landowners who were forced to become tenants, as well as on the state treasury. Not only did the emperor and his entourage benefit from this, but also wealthy landowners who took advantage of the situation at the expense of small peasants. This was particularly evident in Jiangnan, where in contrast to the early Ming period, the government had previously restricted and closely monitored the growth of large landowners. 891:

flourished and their "new coins" began to replace the old Yongle coppers in Beijing markets. These private coins were of poorer quality, often containing tin or iron admixture that was visibly different from the genuine coins. However, due to the scarcity of the old mintages, merchants had no choice but to use these counterfeits, even though they were only worth 1/2 to 1/3 of their face value. Some merchants refused to accept Ming coins altogether, while others only accepted silver. This led to workers being paid in low-quality coins, resulting in them losing half of their real income. As a result, coins began to disappear from circulation and the government, similar to earlier banknotes, attempted to support their value by requiring payments to be made in them. Starting in 1465, it became possible to pay commercial fees in both banknotes and coins. However, the government refused to release coins from the treasury or mint new ones.

1289:), a censor, to investigate the social and economic conditions in the area. This sparked a lively discussion in the court about potential solutions to the problem. Ultimately, the government decided to address the issues through social and organizational measures in the region and entrusted Yuan Jie with their implementation. He recognized the rights of immigrants to the land they cultivated and registered over 113,000 families with 438,000 members. As per his suggestion, several new counties were established and by the end of 1476, the new prefecture of Yunyang was formed. In the seat of the new prefecture, a defense military command was established with jurisdiction over the adjacent counties of neighboring provinces. In just one year, Yuan Jie successfully stabilized the situation and brought calm to the region through proper administration. 1103:) spread throughout the empire. Theoretically, these guards were supposed to have 3 million soldiers, but in reality, the number was only about half of that. These guards were overseen by Five Chief Military Commissions. Additionally, there were over 70 units of Imperial Guards stationed in and around Beijing, theoretically adding another million men to the army. However, their actual numbers were much lower, as many of their soldiers were employed as laborers and tens of thousands of supernumerary officers were appointed and paid. Unlike the guards under the Five Chief Military Commissions, the Imperial Guards were not subject to their authority. They were also exempt from the nine defense areas along the northern border, which had approximately 300,000 soldiers who were better trained and supplied than the inland units. 812: 1202:) to lead the expeditionary army, but the army was actually led by his deputy Han Yong, the new Governor of Guangdong. They had 30,000 soldiers at their disposal, including a thousand of the feared Mongol mounted archers, and 160,000 local forces. In 1466, Han Yong attacked the heart of the rebel territory in two columns drawn from Huguang from the north and from Guangdong from the west, and conquered them in a series of fierce battles. The pacification of the region took several more years. Han Yong, who remained in the south until 1468, reorganized local administration by establishing a new county, strengthening coordination between the Guangdong and Guangxi authorities, and incorporating Yao chieftains into Ming administration. 786:

During the latter part of his reign, he rarely restricted her actions, even when they were illegal. Her agents were involved in various activities, such as mining for copper, silver, gold, and precious stones in Yunnan, foreign trade, pearl gathering in Guangdong, tax collection along the Yangtze River, and the salt trade. In 1483, one of her eunuchs was so arrogant while purchasing antiques in Suzhou that local officials and gentry were almost provoked to take up arms. Upon learning of his misconduct, the emperor had him executed. Her chief eunuch, Liang Fang (梁芳), was in charge of the imperial warehouse in Beijing, giving him the opportunity to sell goods at inflated prices to cover up the sale of offices organized by Lady Wan.

744: 1231: 1444: 1298:

resulting in an increase in the number and frequency of tribute messages. However, the Mongols were not hesitant to resort to raiding in order to expand trade and acquire more iron, grain, handicrafts, and luxury goods, much to the dismay of the Chinese. While Ming titles could lend legitimacy to the rule of the recipient and grant them the right to engage in tributary relations, the Ming government was not obligated to provide any official authority over their subjects, as they did in China. Despite this, the Chinese were still keen on expanding their influence and prestige in the northern steppes.

688: 553:, a palace lady who was 17 years older than the Chenghua Emperor, held significant sway over the emperor and eventually became his favorite. This was especially true after she gave birth to a son in 1464, although the child died shortly after. Despite this, Lady Wan maintained her hold over the emperor and his harem. She used her loyal eunuchs to force other women to have abortions if they became pregnant with the emperor's child, and she did not hesitate to resort to poisoning mothers and their children. It wasn't until 1475 that the emperor discovered the existence of his five-year-old son, 904:

particularly in the 1460s, and soaring food prices—by the early 1470s, rice was two and a half times more expensive than it was in the 1430s. Banditry also became a major issue, even on the outskirts of the capital. In an effort to assist the population, the government implemented measures such as constructing irrigation canals and providing millet from state reserves during the famine in the Beijing area. They also offered displaced peasants the opportunity to return to their homes, potentially with temporary housing, as well as seed, livestock, and a five-year tax exemption.

1366:) to the area as governor (he remained in office until 1477). Together, Yu Zijun and Wang Yue were able to stabilize the situation. While Wang was defeating the Mongols in the field (in 1471 and 1473), Yu planned the construction of a defensive wall at Ordos. Despite concerns about the cost, the government eventually gave permission in 1474. Within a few months, 40,000 soldiers built a 1777 li (1000 km) long wall, standing 9 meters high and equipped with numerous towers and other supporting structures. This wall proved effective in a major attack during the summer of 1482. 920: 980: 1073: 1354:. The local Mongols had been settled there since the late 1460s and were under the rule of their own hereditary chiefs. In June 1468, for unknown reasons, they rose up and fortified themselves in the mountains north of the city, successfully defeating the local Ming troops. In response, the government sent an army led by Xiang Zhong and Ma Wensheng, who was then the chief censor and governor of Shaanxi. By the fall of 1468, the army had successfully eliminated the rebels within a few months, with the last of them being defeated in early 1469. 762:). However, their son died within a year and Lady Wan did not have any other children. In order to secure her position, she closely monitored the emperor and even forced other women to have abortions to prevent the birth of a potential rival son. A few years later, the emperor had a son with another concubine who was named as his successor in December 1471, but the child died shortly after. It is widely believed by historians that Lady Wan played a role in the death of this child. 1178:

an uprising in western Shaanxi in 1478. However, on the advice of Peng Shi, they remained in Beijing, as he was concerned about the safety of the civilian population if they were deployed. Despite this, small detachments were still sent to combat the insurgent Yao tribes in Guangxi. As time went on, the corps began to weaken as it was used for both public and private labor, leading to criticism. However, during the early Chenghua era, it remained a strong and effective force.

845: 999:

align himself with one side or the other during government discussions. However, his efforts to reconcile differences among factions did help to reduce conflicts, although there was still some tension between northerners and southerners, with the emperor showing slight favoritism towards the latter. Out of the three Grand Secretaries during the Chenghua Emperor's ascension to the throne, only Li Xian was from the north, while Chen Wen and Peng Shi were from Jiangxi.

611:). He lived separately from his parents in poor material conditions and began to stutter under the pressure of the situation. However, the new crown prince, the Jingtai Emperor's only son, died in 1453. The succession question remained open and Zhu Jianshen's position was uncertain until the Jingtai Emperor fell ill in late 1456. This uncertainty was exploited by Emperor Yingzong's followers, who staged a coup in February 1457 and restored Yingzong to the throne. 805:), leading to their dismissal. During this time, only those who were closely aligned with Lady Wan or those who remained silent were able to keep their positions. Wang Zhi terrorized the elite of Beijing for several years before being sent to inspect border troops in 1482. In 1483, his rival from the Eastern Depot presented accusations that gained the emperor's trust, resulting in Wang Zhi being transferred to guard the imperial tombs in Nanjing. 711:. According to regulations, the title should have been given to the empress dowager, but the emperor's own mother, Lady Zhou, also claimed the same title. Despite being only a consort of Yingzong, she now held the status of mother to the reigning emperor and thus argued for the same title as Empress Qian. Lady Zhou also emphasized her loyalty to Yingzong, for which she had suffered alongside him during their years of house arrest from 1450–1457. 538:, took over the throne. Yingzong was eventually released from captivity, but was forced into seclusion and house arrest. During this time, Zhu Jianshen was named crown prince, but he was removed from this position after only three years. It wasn't until 1457, when the Jingtai Emperor was overthrown and died, that Yingzong was able to return to the throne. At this point, Zhu Jianshen, now known as Zhu Jianru, was once again named crown prince. 37: 1339:

the north of Shanxi, and the Ordos Mongols in the Ordos region north of Shaanxi. The Chinese referred to the population living behind these groups as Tatars. Additionally, there were a number of small principalities along the Sino-Mongol border and the Silk Road in the northwest. Among all the Mongol groups, the Uriankhai were the most stable and had the closest relationship with the Ming dynasty.

1059:. Every autumn, they reviewed death sentences and either confirmed, mitigated, or sent them back for further investigation. From the 1440s, eunuchs sometimes represented the emperor in meetings, and under the Chenghua Emperor's reign, their influence continued to increase and they did not hesitate to assert their opinions against the Grand Secretaries and officials in these meetings. 1043:

palace and imperial tombs. They also controlled the secret service, whose actions often gave rise to complaints. Protests against the abuses of the secret service, which caused fear of arrest and torture among officials, merchants, and ordinary citizens in the capital, were unsuccessful. On the contrary, they furthered the careers of minister Xiang Zhong and Grand Secretary Shang Lu.

797:), a Yao-born man who was captured and castrated during the counterinsurgency campaigns of the 1460s. He initially served as a servant to Lady Wan, but only held minor positions until he was put in charge of the Western Depot in 1477. This secret police force was created to supplement the already-established Eastern Depot. However, Wang Zhi soon clashed with Grand Secretary Shang Lu ( 811: 995:

areas that were suffering from famine. However, in 1468, the emperor did order for three Hanlin academics to be beaten after they got into a dispute with Empress Dowager Zhou over the decoration of the Lantern Festival. This was a rare occurrence, as the Chenghua Emperor generally did not resort to physical punishment for dignitaries, unlike other emperors of the dynasty.

895:

favorable rate than what was available in the market. However, the Ming authorities had a different goal—to minimize payments in coins and instead use silk and other goods as currency. They also tried to force the Japanese to accept the "new coins" at face value, which the Japanese viewed as theft. As a result, coins were mainly obtained in Japan through fraudulent trade.

1018:; d. 1493) to the Grand Secretariat. In the later years of the Chenghua Emperor's reign, the infamous eunuchs Wang Zhi and Liang Fang held powerful positions. The camaraderie around Lady Wan also had a negative reputation. Under their influence, the emperor distanced himself from his officials, causing them to wait for years for a personal audience with him. 1027: 619:

bearded, was smaller in stature, and other emperors were of a more slender, southern appearance. As a child, Zhu Jianshen was slow to react and had a stutter. This caused Emperor Yingzong to have doubts about his intelligence and ability to rule. However, the Grand Secretaries, primarily Li Xian, convinced him to maintain the succession for his eldest son.

887:. This resulting economic boom brought about significant changes, including the expansion of cities and commerce, particularly in the southern and southeastern regions. This was further supported by the increase in foreign trade after 1470 and the influx of Japanese silver. As a result of this economic growth, the economy became increasingly monetized. 955:; 'Great Lessons for the Palace of Literary Splendor'), a collection of instructions for his successor. The emperor also showed support for Buddhism, as seen in his order for the construction of five pagodas in the Indian style west of Beijing in 1473. These pagodas are believed to be the only ones of their kind in the Beijing area. 777:. He then moved the child to safety under the protection of Empress Dowager Zhou. A month later, Lady Ji died under suspicious circumstances. The emperor then moved out of the palace occupied by Lady Wan and protected his heir from her. Empress Dowager Zhou even warned the heir not to eat or drink anything when visiting Lady Wan. 1194:). The rebels surprised the Chinese by bringing the fighting from the mountains to the densely populated coastal areas of Guangdong. The rebellion and troop movements also spread to southern Huguang, Guizhou, and Jiangxi. Local dignitaries hoped to placate the Yao with amnesty and donations. However, Minister of War Wang Hong ( 1210:) repeatedly defeated them on the border of Guizhou and Huguang, instilling fear and terror among the subjugated areas. In 1467 and again in 1475–1476, he and his army slaughtered thousands of Miao rebels. Another rebellion occurred on the border of Guizhou and Sichuan from 1466 to 1468, and the Minister of War, Cheng Xin ( 1429:. Military reforms were also implemented, strengthening the army but also increasing the influence of eunuchs, who often held high-ranking positions. As a result of several successful attacks, the Jurchens were weakened and posed no significant threat for the next century. In 1474, the construction of the 1000 km long 1326:

However, upon reaching Hami, they discovered that the enemy's army had already passed them, causing the Mongols to retreat and defend their own territories. The Chinese detachment was easily defeated by the Turpans. It was not until the early 1490s that the Chinese once again became involved in the situation in Hami.

1334:

In Manchuria, there were 384 Jurchen tribal chiefs who held formal Ming titles as guard commanders. In 1465 and 1479, the Chenghua Emperor launched attacks against the Jurchens, utilizing the restored Ming military power. These campaigns were aided by Korean troops and proved successful in weakening

1265:

During the early Ming period, the prefectures of Jingzhou and Xiangyang were largely uninhabited. However, starting in the 1430s, they began to see an influx of illegal immigrants. In the 1460s, famines repeatedly struck northern China and the lower and middle regions of the Yangtze River, leading to

1177:

The newly trained Beijing corps played a crucial role in successful campaigns on the northern frontier, defeating the Mongols in 1471, 1473, and 1480, as well as the Jurchens in 1467 and 1479. Their reputation as fierce and ruthless soldiers earned them the responsibility of being on alert in case of

1106:

In the late 15th century, the military competence of hereditary officers had significantly declined and their ties to the throne had weakened compared to the beginning of the century. Instead of inexperienced second- or third titled generation descendants of once successful generals, military matters

1046:

The above matters were managed by the eunuch bureaucracy independently from the civilian authorities. Under the Chenghua Emperor'reign, it expanded and strengthened and its power began to be formally recognized—an example of this was the appointment of eunuchs to the imperial council formed after the

1042:

Eunuchs held a significant role in military affairs, overseeing the purchase of horses from abroad and the majority of (tributary) foreign trade, as well as the production of weapons, state production of silk, brocade, and porcelain, procurement and transportation of court supplies, management of the

1002:

After 1464, the most influential position in the government was held by Grand Secretary Li Xian, who continued to hold significant power even during the final years of Yingzong's reign. Li Xian strategically appointed capable and respected individuals to important positions within the administration.

1416:

Nevertheless, despite the excesses of the eunuchs, his reign is considered one of the most prosperous periods in Ming history. The eunuchs' actions were offset by long-term benefits, the most significant being the expansion into Yao tribal territory in Guangdong and Guangxi. This allowed for control

1408:

In both military and civil affairs, the emperor is highly regarded for his willingness to listen to the advice of capable politicians, such as Li Xian and Peng Shi. This helped to keep dissensions between regional cliques of officials at a manageable level. The Chenghua era was a time of significant

1361:

The responsibility for resolving the situation was given to Wang Yue, the most capable follower of the war party associated with eunuchs and courtiers. He was transferred to Yulin at the end of 1469. In 1470, Wang successfully defeated the Mongol invaders in a series of battles. Bai Gui, an opponent

1321:

who declared himself the Sultan of Turpan and immediately engaged in conflict with the "pagan" (non-Muslim) Oirats. This fighting occurred in the northwest region of his territory, specifically in the Ili Valley. In Beijing, ministers have been discussing whether to address the clashes and unrest in

1174:, 'Armory-inspecting Eunuch'), who was a eunuch and in charge of firearms. The emperor's most trusted personnel were responsible for closely guarding the firearms. However, starting in the mid-1470s, the divisions were completely under the control of eunuchs, likely due to the influence of Wang Zhi. 769:

A few years earlier, the emperor had an affair with a girl surnamed Ji from Guangxi, who was likely a captive of the Yao tribe and brought to the palace around 1467. In 1469, she met the emperor and became pregnant. Lady Wan discovered the pregnancy, but her orders for the eunuchs to give the mother

560:

The Chenghua Emperor was known for his military prowess and placed great emphasis on the strength of his army. During the 1470s, the reorganized Ming troops achieved notable triumphs in their battles against the Mongols, marking the first major victories since 1449. In addition, defensive walls were

546:

was dominated by eunuchs, particularly the notorious Wang Zhi and Liang Fang. The emperor's preference for favorites over promoting capable individuals gradually eroded the positive aspects of his rule. This resulted in widespread corruption and the enrichment of his supporters at the expense of the

2458:

Security problems around the capital were caused by several factors specific to the metropolitan area. Crime was fueled by the contrast between rural poverty and relative urban prosperity; the concentration of tens of thousands of poorly paid undisciplined soldiers who robbed the population instead

1357:

The Guyuan incident raised concerns among some Beijing dignitaries about the presence of Mongols in Chinese territory and their potential connections with Mongols across the border and even with Tibetans. In 1468 and 1469, invaders from Mongolia attacked Yulin, further emphasizing the danger to the

1338:

Due to the complex and ever-changing political landscape in Mongolia, the Chinese had only a vague understanding of the situation. In the latter half of the 15th century, the Mongols were divided into several groups: the Uriankhai in the north and northeast of the Beijing area, the Tumed Mongols in

994:

The Chenghua Emperor was known for his generosity and lack of desire for revenge, even for the wrongs he may have experienced in his childhood. He was widely praised for his efforts to restore the reputation of those who had been unfairly treated in the past, and he also implemented measures to aid

855:

After a long period of economic depression, the economy of China and its neighboring countries began to recover in the second half of the 15th century. This was largely due to the increase in precious metal mining, which saw a slight rise in China, Southeast Asia, and West Africa, and a significant

785:

The emperor's relationship with Lady Wan changed after 1475, as he had five consorts and a total of eleven sons and six daughters between 1476 and 1487. Despite no longer living with her, the emperor remained devoted to her and may have tried to make up for his absence by supporting her activities.

878:

Trade was further bolstered by the rapid development of transportation, which was spurred by a surge in bridge construction following the devastating floods in central and southern China in 1465. This led to the growth of the silk industry in the 1470s and 1480s, with silk production shifting from

698:

due to a dispute with Lady Wan. Empress Wang learned from her predecessor's fate and was careful not to cross paths with Lady Wan. However, Lady Wan only had one son who died soon after, causing her to feel threatened by the potential offspring of other consorts. As a result, Empress Wang remained

1281:

The issue of weak official administration persisted, and in 1470, an additional 900,000 individuals migrated to the region due to famine, sparking a new rebellion. Xiang Zhong, the chief censor at the time, was tasked with quelling the uprising. He enlisted the assistance of Li Zhen and raised an

989:

to teach his courtiers. "Combining three people into one, achieving a single-mindedness without duality. Forgetting the right and wrong between each other, creating a harmonious unity. Using harmony to call for harmony, making the virtuous stand out. With this, all tasks will be accomplished, and

894:

The issue of money also had a significant impact on foreign trade during this time. The Japanese missions of 1468, 1477, and 1483 were characterized by the Japanese's persistent efforts to return to the conditions of Yongle's rule, when they were able to exchange their goods for coppers at a more

890:

Since the closure of the mints in the 1430s, there has been a shortage of copper coins. This created an opportunity for counterfeiters to thrive. Although there were occasional proposals to combat private coinage by resuming state minting, they were ultimately rejected. As a result, illegal mints

864:

porcelain factories resumed production, leading to a flourishing trade on the southeast coast. Not only did Ming pottery regain its popularity in Asian and African markets, but it also made its way to Europe in the 1480s. The products from the Chenghua era of Jingdezhen are considered some of the

765:

The court and government were greatly troubled by the absence of an heir and the influence of Lady Wan. Officials expressed their concerns to the emperor in submissions, but he dismissed them as meddling in his personal matters. It was not until June 1475, when the emperor lamented his lack of an

998:

In both military and civilian affairs, he relied on the advice of the Grand Secretaries and ministers. He highly valued honest and capable officials, but unfortunately, he also allowed Lady Wan to promote unsuitable individuals. This led to a lack of decisiveness on his part, as he would briefly

1412:

However, the emperor cannot be absolved of responsibility for selling offices to the clique around Lady Wan and the eunuchs. Many of those appointed were his favorites. While the emperor's cautious and phlegmatic nature prevented him from being completely controlled by anyone, Lady Wan and some

1325:

In 1473, the Ming attempted to reinstate the previous government in Hami. A small Chinese force was dispatched, with the support of two Mongol tribes who were the largest allies of the Ming in the region between China and Hami. The Mongols, numbering 30,000, joined the Chinese in their mission.

1127:

After ascending to the throne, the Chenghua Emperor implemented a new system of selecting officers through special examinations. However, in the 1470s, there was a rise in the use of military trials. Concurrently, the emperor initiated significant changes to the military training of the Beijing

1038:

During the 15th century, the number of eunuchs in the imperial palace increased significantly, with a growing number of them serving in both civil and military roles, as well as in the provinces. By the end of the century, there were over 10,000 eunuchs in service, nearly equaling the number of

730:

as his empress. However, their relationship was short-lived as she soon clashed with Lady Wan and requested that she be punished for her disrespect. As a result, just one month after their wedding, the emperor deposed Empress Wu and stripped her of her title. She then spent the next 45 years in

714:

In the conflict between the mother and stepmother, the emperor allowed the officials to express their opinions and secretly encouraged them to do so. However, he openly acted with apparent reluctance. Following the suggestions of Peng Shi and Li Xian, both women were given the title of empress

618:

Zhu Jianshen was often depicted by painters as robustly built, with full cheeks, sharp eyes, large earlobes, and a trimmed mustache and beard. These Central Asian features were also seen in portraits of his ancestors, going back to his great-great-grandfather. His son and successor, while also

541:

He ascended to the throne in February 1464 at the young age of sixteen, succeeding his father. During the initial years of his reign, he implemented a new policy that included tax cuts and a focus on strengthening the state's power. However, as time passed, the positive impact of these changes

1165:

The purpose of this measure was to train infantry, cavalry, and units armed with firearms to work together in mixed divisions. Previously, these groups had been trained separately in three different camps. Marquis Sun Jizong was in overall command of these divisions, but the military side was

1297:

The Ming presence beyond China's borders was merely symbolic, limited to granting titles, ranks, and trade privileges without interfering in the daily lives of those affected. States and tribes to the north and northwest of Ming China were eager to engage in trade and commerce with the Ming,

903:

Despite advancements in trade, crafts, and urbanization, agriculture in the Ming dynasty was struggling. The population was rapidly growing, but a colder climate in the late 15th century hindered the success of peasant farmers. This led to widespread famines in northern and central China,

1358:

reorganized Beijing garrison. The commanders of the garrison were eager for battle in order to test their troops and gain glory and booty. However, they faced opposition from Grand Secretaries Peng Shi and Shang Lu, who argued that the rebellion had already been defeated.

2388:), but was later changed to Jianshen. However, most Ming and Qing authors only refer to him as Jianshen, with the exception of Ming historians Wang Shizhen and Jiao Chong, who mistakenly wrote about a change from Jianshen to Jianji (the name of his cousin and son of the 1205:

Hou Dagou's rebellion was one of the strongest uprisings among the minority peoples of the southwest in the late 15th century, but it was not the only one. In the following years, the Miao and Yao also rebelled in different parts of southwestern China. General Li Zhen

789:

Despite numerous complaints, the emperor did not punish Lady Wan for her actions. In fact, he punished officials who spoke out against her abuse of power, excessive spending, and corruption. As a result, she maintained significant influence until her death in 1487.

622:

Emperor Yingzong died on 23 February 1464. The following day, a twelve-member imperial council was appointed to discuss government policies and advise the young emperor. The council consisted of six officials: Senior Grand Secretary Li Xian, Minister of Personnel

674:, Wan fulfilled her every desire. Intelligent and determined, Wan started off as his nanny and eventually became his concubine. At the time of the Chenghua Emperor's ascension to the throne, she was 34 years old, twice the age of the seventeen-year-old emperor. 1409:

political and cultural transition, marked by the increasing dominance of civil officials over the military, the growing influence of the southern region, and the shift of the cultural center from Jiangxi to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

1221:

Even the Zhuangs rebelled, with their use of poisoned arrows causing fear among warriors. They were employed against the Yao during battles with Hou Dagou. However, by the end of the 15th century, the Zhuangs had rebelled twice against Ming rule.

1190:), had been brewing since the 1450s and broke out in 1464. At the same time, the Miao and Zhuang also rebelled. The center of the rebellion was in the mountainous landscape 120–160 km northwest of the seat of Xunzhou Prefecture (present-day 614:

On 1 March 1457, Zhu Jianshen was created crown prince by his father. At the same time, he changed his name from Jianshen to Jianru, possibly because his original name, chosen by the Jingtai Emperor in 1449, was not acceptable to Yingzong.

1270:), who united small bands of robbers and declared himself the King of Han. He then proceeded to establish his own administration and organize an army of ten thousand soldiers. In response, the government sent troops led by Zhu Yong ( 1282:

army of 250,000 in Huguang province. Together, they successfully suppressed the rebellion, resulting in the execution of hundreds, the exile of thousands, and the return of 1.5 million individuals to their respective homelands.

723:) before it for Empress Qian. However, Lady Zhou perceived this as discrimination and consistently pushed for her equal rights. The young emperor eventually fled from the quarreling empresses and sought refuge with Lady Wan. 603:. As a result, the younger brother of the captured emperor, Zhu Qiyu, temporarily took over the government. At the same time, Zhu Jianshen was created crown prince. A few days later, Zhu Qiyu became the emperor, known as the 770:

an abortifacient were not followed. Instead, they hid her in the chambers of Wu's dissecting room, where she gave birth to a boy on 30 July 1470. For the next five years, the mother and child lived in secrecy with Lady Wu.

1214:), was sent to suppress it. However, the rebellion resurfaced in 1477–1480. In the 1460s and 1470s, a series of Miao rebellions erupted in southern Sichuan and were forcefully suppressed by the governor, Zhang Gang ( 1003:

His influence was not perceived as excessive, as he prioritized open discussion when making decisions. He consistently sought input from both civil servants and military officers when making personnel decisions.

547:

state treasury. Peasant uprisings erupted throughout the country and were brutally suppressed. The emperor ruled with increasing autocracy, bolstering the secret police to monitor the sentiments of the people.

1278:), Minister of War. In 1465, these troops gathered from various provinces, including Li Zhen's troops from Huguang, and successfully crushed the rebellion. Liu Tong himself was captured in the summer of 1466. 1158:) for units equipped with firearms. In May 1464, the emperor ordered the reinstatement of a unified training corps (which had previously existed from 1449 to 1457) and divided it into twelve divisions ( 1162:), each consisting of ten thousand soldiers. These soldiers were selected from a pool of over 300,000 individuals from the three camps, with the majority being sent back to their respective provinces. 818: 1266:

an increase in the number of refugees in the Jingxiang region. It is estimated that there were less than two million refugees living independently from the state. These refugees were led by Liu Tong (

947:). He also had a passion for theater and music, and even had his own troupe of eunuch actors. In 1478, he composed several poems, which unfortunately have been lost. In 1483, he wrote the preface for 1107:

were now overseen by civilian officials and eunuchs who were committed to military careers. These armies were led by officials who were also involved in military affairs, including Han Yong (

607:. In 1450, the Mongols returned the captured Yingzong to the Ming, but Jingtai put him under house arrest. Zhu Jianshen remained crown prince until 1452, when he was demoted to Prince of Yi ( 4543: 4040: 707:

had a negative impact on the emperor's reputation. The first incident occurred on the day of his coronation, when a dispute arose over the title of Emperor Yingzong's widow,

1047:

death of Yingzong. An example of the growing power of the eunuchs was the system of reviewing court cases. This was carried out by the "three judicial offices", namely the

1250:

of 1465–1476 was the most significant uprising in China during the 15th century. It was also considered the most significant social upheaval in the Ming state between the

2405:. He was given the title of Marquis of Huichang for his participation in the restoration of Yingzong in 1457. From 1457, he held the highest ceremonial position at court. 935:

The emperor was renowned for his skill in calligraphy, as evidenced by his surviving work, a color scroll painting from 1481 depicting the mythological demon warrior

2392:). This uncertainty surrounding the emperor's name suggests a lack of assertiveness and passivity on his part, as he is subject to the influence of those around him. 2358: 1373:, the Great Khan of the Mongols from 1480. Under his leadership, the Mongols renewed their attacks on Chinese territory, nullifying the Ming victories of the 1470s. 958:

However, the majority of Confucians held a negative attitude towards Buddhism and its methods of cultivating one's personality. This was exemplified by Hu Juren (

1088:, as his role models. He followed an active military policy and generously rewarded his generals, appointing nine counts and one marquis for their achievements. 3822:

Twitchett, Denis C; Grimm, Tilemann (1988). "The Cheng-t'ung, Ching-t'ai, and T'ien-shun reigns, 1436—1464". In Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis C (eds.).

1443: 766:

heir at the age of twenty-eight, that a eunuch present impulsively informed him of the existence of a five-year-old son being raised by the former Empress Wu.

3805:

The Care-taker Emperor : Aspects of the Imperial Institution in Fifteenth-century China as Reflected in the Political History of the Reign of Chu Chʾi-yü

1247: 1034:(960–1279) painting of a mother hen and chicks, with a written eulogy at the top inscribed by the Chenghua Emperor describing his fondness for this work. 530:

Zhu Jianshen was born in 1447 as the son of Emperor Yingzong. However, when he was only two years old, his father was captured by the Mongols during the

2459:

of protecting them, and the presence of many thousands of eunuchs who failed to get a job in the imperial palace and lived on the fringes of society.

2449:

In the 1430s, 1 ton of rice (107.4 liters) cost 0.25 taels of silver; by the early 1470s, it had risen to 0.6 taels. One teal weighed 37.301 grams.

735:

became the new empress. She was careful not to provoke Lady Wan and remained childless in order to protect herself from any potential misfortune.

4507: 1166:

actually led by eunuch Liu Yongcheng, a 73-year-old veteran from the Yongle Emperor's reign. Each division also had a deputy commander, known as

3944: 1285:

However, people began to return to the region and in the summer of 1476, they rebelled once again. In response, the government sent Yuan Jie (

2440:

American historian William Atwell associates the cold climate with a high level of volcanic activity in the second half of the 15th century.

4539: 4044: 4278: 1301:

During the Chenghua Emperor's reign, the Ming dynasty's interests in Central Asia were limited to attempting to gain control of

821:

This painting, by an imperial court painter in 1485, depicts the Chenghua Emperor enjoying the festivities with families in the

4577: 3765:

Mote, Frederick W. (1998). "The Ch'eng-hua and Hung-chih reigns, 1465—1505". In Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis C (eds.).

4572: 4523: 4022: 4001: 1421:

valley and its tributaries, providing opportunities for transportation and settlement. Additionally, military expeditions to

1010:; d. 1469) and Shang Lu (dismissed in 1477). However, the emperor also appointed the opportunistic and unprincipled Wan An ( 4495: 4491: 4287: 4234: 4077: 856:

increase in Europe. As a result, there was a surge in the import of Eastern goods such as pepper, spices, and porcelain to

512: 62: 962:), a prominent Neo-Confucian during that period. Another influential figure in the intellectual community at the time was 4483: 2352: 1369:

Nevertheless, Mongol raids continued after that. At the end of the 15th century, the Mongol power was partly restored by

3912:"Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region during the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)" 3755: 1450: 3911: 1254:

and the Li Zicheng rebellion in the final years of the Ming dynasty. The rebellion was named after the prefectures of

865:

finest examples of Ming porcelain in terms of design and decoration. Of particular significance is the development of

3900: 3879: 3793: 3147: 990:

with this, achievements will be prepared. How can there be no such person to assist me in governing with prosperity?"

927:

Buddhist Temple was constructed in an unconventional "Diamond Throne Pagoda" architectural style, influenced by the

4487: 4479: 1056: 3142:(in Russian) (Университетская библиотека Александра Погорельского ed.). M: Территория будущего. p. 681. 1313:. The Uighur rulers of Hami were followers of Buddhism and acknowledged Ming sovereignty, receiving the title of 3842: 1039:

regular civil servants. In the following century, their numbers even surpassed those of regular civil servants.

3982: 3961: 3831: 3812: 3774: 4519: 1717: 1317:(king) from the Ming emperors. However, in the early 1470s, the ruler of Hami was killed by a prince from 1218:). He alternately fought against the Miao in the south of the province and the Tibetans in the northwest. 875:, literally meaning 'contrasted colors'), which was highly admired and imitated in the following century. 4271: 844: 743: 592:

Zhu Jianshen was born on 9 December 1447, as the eldest son of Emperor Yingzong and one of his consorts,

1425:

in 1465 successfully eliminated the threat posed by natives in Sichuan, ensuring safe passage along the

2384:, without any support from primary sources, claimed that the original name of the emperor was Jianru ( 1230: 580:

The Chenghua Emperor died in 1487 after 23 years of rule, and Zhu Youcheng ascended the throne as the

919: 758:

In 1466, Lady Wan gave birth to a son for the emperor and was granted the title of "Noble Consort" (

4471: 4338: 4328: 4225: 4141: 4127: 2022: 1704: 1085: 516: 443: 125: 88: 3843:"Time, Money, and the Weather: Ming China and the "Great Depression" of the Mid-Fifteenth Century" 4463: 2540:

at the age of 21, and a capable administrator who excelled in organizing large water projects in

1488: 732: 691: 280: 2502:

The Chinese during the Ming period classified the Jurchens into three distinct groups—the Wild (

687: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4467: 4264: 3977:(SUNY series in Chinese local studies ed.). New York: State University of New York Press. 1996: 46: 1006:

The original Grand Secretaries were gradually replaced by the brilliant scholars Liu Tingzhi (

4499: 4475: 4459: 2428: 663:), Marquis of Huaining. On 28 February 1464, he ascended the throne as the Chenghua Emperor. 255: 1128:

garrison units. Previously, soldiers from various provinces were sent to three large camps (

666:

When he assumed control of the government, he was already being influenced by his favorite,

4567: 4562: 1080:

The Chenghua Emperor looked up to his military-minded grandfather and father, the emperors

8: 1430: 1235: 1052: 570: 4061: 4012: 3992:

Li, Gertraude Roth (2003). "State Building before 1644". In Peterson, Willard J (ed.).

3972: 3938: 3890: 3745: 1530: 1476: 1401:). He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Zhu Youcheng, who became known as the 979: 829:. It includes acrobatic performances, operas, magic shows and setting off firecrackers. 727: 699:

childless out of fear and maintained her position through yielding and careful actions.

695: 1026: 4384: 4018: 3997: 3978: 3957: 3896: 3875: 3854: 3827: 3808: 3789: 3770: 3751: 3143: 2415: 1072: 624: 304: 3928: 1091:

During the Chenghua era, the Ming army was organized into approximately 500 guards (

4374: 4364: 4238: 1381:

The Chenghua Emperor died on 9 September 1487 and was buried in Maoling Mausoleum (

1251: 928: 826: 773:

The emperor, who was very enthusiastic about his son, recognized him and named him

524: 466: 3954:

Praying for Power: Buddhism and the Formation of Gentry Society in Late-Ming China

3874:] (in Czech). Translated by Liščák, Vladimír (1st ed.). Praha: Vyšehrad. 4359: 4354: 4349: 4333: 4308: 4248: 3994:

The Cambridge History of China : Volume 9. The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part 1

2389: 2380: 1552: 1516: 1402: 1386: 966:, a scholar from Guangdong who mentored many significant scholars and officials. 774: 604: 581: 554: 535: 370: 320: 100: 4081: 4379: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4303: 4256: 1964: 1938: 1578: 1433:

in Shanxi further fortified the defense against the Mongols in the bend of the

1081: 924: 849: 822: 704: 667: 593: 550: 543: 520: 453: 358: 42: 4556: 4441: 4414: 4401: 4369: 3858: 2510:

in central Manchuria (around Harbin and in the Sungari River basin), and the

1426: 3824:

The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1

3767:

The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1

4295: 4105: 1434: 1031: 857: 708: 577:

and effectively waged war against the Jurchen tribes in eastern Manchuria.

433: 421: 3140:Война и общество: Факторный анализ исторического процесса. История Востока 1335:

the Jianzhou Jurchens, leaving them divided until the early 17th century.

4436: 4409: 2402: 2081: 1542: 1394: 1322:

Hami through military action or diplomatic means (such as cutting ties).

1318: 963: 671: 600: 531: 484: 396: 325: 2523:

Wang Yue (1426–1499) was a civil official and served as the governor of

4420: 1370: 1150: 985: 861: 232: 4447: 4431: 4425: 2490: 1306: 1259: 1048: 936: 534:. As a result, Yingzong was deposed and his younger brother, the new 3930:

The economic history of China: with special reference to agriculture

1292: 694:; she became the Chenghua Emperor's second empress after he deposed 1418: 1347: 1310: 1255: 884: 880: 3892:

Fountain of Fortune: money and monetary policy in China, 1000–1700

1351: 1191: 562: 428: 416: 236: 1198:) decided on a forceful response. He appointed General Zhao Fu ( 380:

Jitian Ningdao Chengming Renjing Chongwen Suwu Hongde Shengxiao

36: 2929: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2541: 2524: 1422: 1343: 867: 793:

Another notorious eunuch during the Chenghua era was Wang Zhi (

574: 566: 474: 54: 50: 4014:

Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire

3526: 3524: 3441: 3439: 3232: 3230: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2418:, Lady Ji was poisoned by Lady Wan's agent after only a month. 1186:

The Yao rebellion in Guangxi, led by tribal leader Hou Dagou (

4148: 3094: 3092: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 1234:

A stele erected in 1468 to commemorate the renovation of the

731:

seclusion within the Forbidden City. In the same year, 1464,

107: 3868:Čtvero ročních období dynastie Ming: Čína v období 1368–1644 2633: 3676: 3551: 3521: 3436: 3227: 3173: 2906: 2848: 2786: 2713: 1302: 1239: 907:

During the Chenghua era, the size of the imperial estates (

3788:. Vol. 1., A–L. New York: Columbia University Press. 3570: 3568: 3566: 3205: 3203: 3190: 3188: 3089: 3065: 2682: 2592: 1551:; 22 July 1476 – 13 July 1519), fourth son (father of the 515:, who reigned from 1464 to 1487. He succeeded his father, 3163: 3161: 3159: 1362:

of the war party and now Minister of War, sent Yu Zijun (

726:

After ascending the throne, the Chenghua Emperor married

483:; 9 December 1447 – 9 September 1487), also known by his 3895:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 2983: 2981: 2966: 1181: 1115:; 1426–1499), Xiang Zhong (1421–1502), and Ma Wensheng ( 883:. As a result, silk was woven in "every village" around 3563: 3482: 3424: 3200: 3185: 3121: 3119: 3104: 3077: 3053: 3041: 1413:

eunuchs took advantage of his favor for personal gain.

599:

In 1449, his father was captured by the Mongols in the

3750:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 3710: 3708: 3706: 3693: 3691: 3642: 3640: 3627: 3625: 3612: 3610: 3597: 3595: 3541: 3539: 3511: 3509: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3397: 3395: 3310: 3308: 3271: 3269: 3156: 2944: 2942: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2506:) in northern Manchuria and along the Amur River, the 2431:

acquired his first piece of Chinese porcelain in 1487.

748:

Emperor Xianzong (Chenghua Emperor) playing with birds

4062:"Ming dynasty, Chenghua period (1465-1487) porcelain" 3029: 3017: 2978: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2582: 2580: 2578: 1329: 3116: 3005: 2993: 3720: 3703: 3688: 3664: 3652: 3637: 3622: 3607: 3592: 3580: 3536: 3506: 3494: 3470: 3451: 3407: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3266: 3254: 3242: 2954: 2939: 2887: 2817: 2761: 2742: 2725: 1021: 3215: 2657: 2645: 2575: 2563: 1697:) in 1493, and had issue (two sons, two daughters) 1099:system, with each guard consisting of battalions ( 2621: 1850:; 17 August 1478 – 17 July 1549), third daughter 1293:Foreign policy and the attempted conquest of Hami 1262:, located in the northwestern region of Huguang. 682: 4554: 4286: 1735:; 8 December 1479 – 30 August 1538), seventh son 1564:; 12 November 1478 – 2 December 1501), fifth son 542:diminished. In the later years of his rule, the 3784:Goodrich, L. Carington; Fang, Chaoying (1976). 1813:; 22 January 1486 – 16 February 1539), 13th son 4017:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 3821: 2639: 2536:Yu Zijun (1429–1489) was a brilliant scholar, 1726:; 26 January 1479 – 5 October 1539), sixth son 4272: 1904: 1887: 1876: 1867: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1819: 1808: 1799: 1793:; 3 February 1487 – 20 August 1503), 14th son 1788: 1779: 1770: 1759: 1750: 1739: 1730: 1721: 1708: 1692: 1683: 1674: 1665: 1656: 1648:; d. 1503) in 1489, and had issue (five sons) 1643: 1634: 1625: 1614: 1605: 1588: 1582: 1573:; 29 June 1481 – 17 January 1507), eighth son 1568: 1559: 1546: 1534: 1520: 1507: 1501: 1492: 1480: 860:, the Middle East, and Europe. In China, the 715:dowager, with the addition of the characters 187: 25: 4080:. Beijing: The Palace Museum. Archived from 4059: 3783: 3682: 3557: 3530: 3445: 3236: 2933: 2881: 2811: 2719: 2707: 2615: 1859:; d. 1518) in 1496, and had issue (two sons) 1506:; 1451 – July 1475), personal name Tangmei ( 1454:The Emperor Enjoying Himself at Four Seasons 839: 639:; 1399–1476), and Grand Secretary Chen Wen ( 3956:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Asia Center. 974: 670:. Originally a servant of his grandmother, 643:; 1405–1468); four eunuchs: Liu Yongcheng ( 587: 527:of his reign, means "accomplished change". 4279: 4265: 3943:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2401:Sun Jizong (1395–1480) was the brother of 1624:Consort Zhuangjingshun, of the Wang clan ( 677: 655:); and two military generals: Sun Jizong ( 295: 1464⁠–⁠1487) 35: 3996:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3888: 3826:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3769:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3098: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 2489:) in 1445 and held high positions in the 2468:100 thousand tons of grain were released. 1784:; 31 March 1485 – 10 July 1537), 12th son 1619:; 7 June 1469 – 5 March 1472), second son 780: 569:, laying the groundwork for the enduring 365:): 27 January 1465 – 13 January 1488 4043:. London: British Museum. Archived from 3909: 3209: 3194: 3179: 1664:Consort Duanrongzhao, of the Wang clan ( 1525:; 30 July 1470 – 9 June 1505), third son 1346:, a border headquarters located between 1229: 1071: 1025: 978: 918: 843: 742: 686: 573:. The Ming also formed an alliance with 4010: 3786:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644 3167: 3137: 1835:Consort Zhaoshunli, of the Zhang clan ( 1798:Consort Kangshunduan, of the Pan clan ( 1769:Consort Ronghuigong, of the Yang clan ( 557:, who had been kept hidden until then. 270: 1464; dep. 1464) 196:Zhengtong 12, 2nd day of the 11th month 4555: 3840: 3125: 3110: 3035: 3023: 2987: 2972: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2039: 1929: 1925: 1886:Consort Jingxirong, of the Tang clan ( 1818:Consort Gongyijing, of the Wang clan ( 1673:Consort Jingshunhui, of the Guo clan ( 1655:Consort Gonghuihe, of the Liang clan ( 1604:Consort Duanshunxian, of the Bo clan ( 1225: 1062: 969: 848:A porcelain vase of the Chenghua era. 834: 659:), Marquis of Huichang, and Sun Tang ( 216:Chenghua 23, 22nd day of the 8th month 4260: 3951: 3865: 3248: 3011: 2999: 2303: 2300: 2290: 2278: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2248: 2245: 2235: 2222: 2212: 2208: 2196: 2193: 2183: 2170: 2160: 2156: 2135: 2125: 2112: 2102: 2098: 2086: 2080: 2070: 2057: 2047: 2043: 2027: 2021: 2011: 1995: 1985: 1981: 1969: 1963: 1953: 1937: 1933: 1587:; 1428–1487), personal name Zhen'er ( 1182:Rebellions in the South-West frontier 3970: 3802: 3764: 3743: 3726: 3714: 3697: 3670: 3646: 3631: 3616: 3601: 3586: 3574: 3545: 3515: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3430: 3418: 3401: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3260: 2960: 2948: 2900: 2842: 2780: 2755: 2736: 2676: 2651: 2627: 2586: 2569: 1866:Consort Hehuijing, of the Yue clan ( 1764:; 2 December 1481 – 1545), ninth son 1749:Consort Duanyi'an, of the Yao clan ( 3926: 3221: 2353:Chinese emperors family tree (late) 1807:Zhu Youshu, Prince Zhuang of Rong ( 1744:; 13 October 1484 – 1541), 11th son 1376: 801:) and Minister of War Xiang Zhong ( 72:28 February 1464 – 9 September 1487 13: 4192:Zhu Jianji, Crown Prince Huaixian 3991: 3658: 1778:Zhu Youshun, Prince Jian of Jing ( 1630:; 22 April 1448 – 9 January 1495) 1599:(14 February 1466 – November 1466) 1330:Wars with the Mongols and Jurchens 1122: 14: 4589: 4160:Zhu Jianji, Crown Prince Huaixian 4078:"Auspicious Omen of the New Year" 4033: 1830:(19 August 1483 – 8 October 1483) 1758:Zhu Youzhi, Prince Ding of Shou ( 1729:Zhu Youhui, Prince Gong of Heng ( 1613:Zhu Youji, Crown Prince Daogong ( 1567:Zhu Youyun, Prince Jing of Yong ( 1342:In 1468, the Mongols rebelled in 703:Conflicts among women within the 151:Zhu Jianji, Crown Prince Huaixian 135:Zhu Jianji, Crown Prince Huaixian 4212:Zhu Youji, Crown Prince Daogong 4197:Crown Prince of the Ming dynasty 4149:Crown Prince of the Ming dynasty 1500:Empress Xiaomu, of the Ji clan ( 1442: 1067: 1057:Court of Judicature and Revision 1022:Growth of the eunuch bureaucracy 879:urban centers to rural areas in 810: 108:Crown Prince of the Ming dynasty 4060:Nilsson, Jan-Erik (1998–2012). 3131: 2530: 2517: 2496: 2471: 2462: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2421: 2408: 2395: 1787:Zhu Youkai, Prince Yi of Shen ( 627:, Minister of Revenue Nian Fu ( 292: 267: 159:Zhu Youji, Crown Prince Daogong 16:9th emperor of the Ming dynasty 4041:"Chenghua '100 children' bowl" 3971:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996). 3736: 2385: 2372: 1738:Zhu Youpeng, Prince An of Ru ( 1688:; 1478–1547), second daughter 1558:Zhu Youlun, Prince Hui of Qi ( 1457: 1398: 1267: 1215: 1207: 1199: 1171: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1137: 1129: 1116: 1108: 1015: 1011: 1007: 952: 944: 908: 898: 872: 802: 798: 751: 683:Empress dowagers and empresses 660: 656: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 508: 500: 492: 479: 404: 385: 345: 199: 1: 4578:15th-century Chinese monarchs 4508:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 2551: 1639:; 1476–1544), first daughter 1579:Imperial Noble Consort Gongsu 1274:), Duke of Bao, and Bai Gui ( 983:The Chenghua Emperor painted 631:), Grand Secretary Peng Shi ( 4573:Emperors of the Ming dynasty 4288:Emperors of the Ming dynasty 3927:Lee, Mabel Ping-hua (1921). 3847:The Journal of Asian Studies 2640:Twitchett & Grimm (1988) 2556: 2136:Chenghua Emperor (1447–1487) 1309:city located in present-day 738: 7: 4235:Emperor of the Ming dynasty 3974:Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty 3889:Von Glahn, Richard (1996). 2346: 1915: 635:), Minister of War Ma Ang ( 513:emperor of the Ming dynasty 326:Zhu Youyuan, Prince of Xing 310: 63:Emperor of the Ming dynasty 10: 4594: 3910:Robinson, David M (2000). 3872:The Confusions of Pleasure 3841:Atwell, William S (2002). 3744:Mote, Frederick W (2003). 3683:Goodrich & Fang (1976) 3558:Goodrich & Fang (1976) 3531:Goodrich & Fang (1976) 3446:Goodrich & Fang (1976) 3237:Goodrich & Fang (1976) 2934:Goodrich & Fang (1976) 2882:Goodrich & Fang (1976) 2812:Goodrich & Fang (1976) 2720:Goodrich & Fang (1976) 2708:Goodrich & Fang (1976) 2616:Goodrich & Fang (1976) 2246:Empress Xiaosu (1430–1504) 2150: 2033: 1927: 1909:; d. 1487), fifth daughter 1881:; d. 1492), sixth daughter 914: 4457: 4400: 4391: 4294: 4245: 4232: 4222: 4217: 4204: 4195: 4184: 4170: 4165: 4157: 4146: 4133: 4126: 4099: 3916:Journal of Social History 2486: 2478: 2284: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2229: 2210: 2202: 2177: 2158: 2154: 2119: 2100: 2092: 2064: 2045: 2041: 2005: 1983: 1975: 1947: 1931: 1905: 1888: 1877: 1868: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1820: 1809: 1800: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1760: 1751: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1709: 1693: 1684: 1675: 1666: 1657: 1644: 1635: 1626: 1615: 1606: 1589: 1583: 1569: 1560: 1547: 1535: 1521: 1508: 1502: 1493: 1481: 1465: 1390: 1382: 1363: 1286: 1275: 1271: 1211: 1195: 1187: 1112: 959: 840:Trade, crafts and finance 794: 720: 652: 628: 608: 511:) in 1457, was the ninth 470: 449: 439: 427: 415: 402: 395: 376: 369: 362: 357: 352: 343: 338: 334: 303: 244: 226: 219: 206: 188: 180: 176: 168: 163: 155: 147: 139: 131: 121: 113: 106: 96: 84: 76: 68: 61: 34: 26: 21: 4226:Emperor Yingzong of Ming 4179:Became the Crown Prince 4011:Dardess, John W (2012). 2365: 2023:Emperor Yingzong of Ming 1111:; 1422–1478), Wang Yue ( 975:Relations with officials 651:), Fu Gong, and Niu Yu ( 588:Early life and accession 489:Emperor Xianzong of Ming 4142:Crown Prince Zhu Qizhen 3952:Brook, Timothy (1993). 3866:Brook, Timothy (2003). 3747:Imperial China 900-1800 2414:According to historian 2359:Leisure in royal garden 1014:; d. 1489) and Liu Ji ( 678:Relations in the palace 601:Battle of Tumu Fortress 532:Battle of Tumu Fortress 353:Era name and dates 126:Crown Prince Zhu Qizhen 3138:Нефедов, С. А (2008). 2514:in southern Manchuria. 1252:civil war of 1399–1402 1243: 1077: 1035: 991: 932: 852: 781:Lady Wan's camaraderie 755: 700: 47:National Palace Museum 3803:Heer, Ph. de (1986). 2082:Empress Xiaogongzhang 2058:Sun Zhong (1368–1452) 1997:Empress Chengxiaozhao 1707:, of the Zhang clan ( 1233: 1075: 1029: 982: 922: 847: 746: 690: 41:Palace portrait on a 4084:on 23 September 2015 4064:. Gothenburg, Sweden 1533:, of the Shao clan ( 1491:, of the Wang clan ( 1489:Empress Xiaozhenchun 1385:). He was given the 1076:Ming China provinces 281:Empress Xiaozhenchun 3577:, pp. 388–389. 3433:, pp. 378–379. 3182:, pp. 530–531. 2481:, 1417–1477) was a 1903:Princess Changtai ( 1682:Princess Yongkang ( 1642:Married Qi Shimei ( 1581:, of the Wan clan ( 1545:, Emperor Ruizong ( 1471:Consorts and Issue: 1248:Jingxiang rebellion 1236:Temple of Confucius 1226:Jingxiang rebellion 1168:Jian qiang nei chen 1148:) for cavalry, and 1063:Rebellions and wars 1053:Ministry of Justice 970:Chenghua as emperor 835:Economy and culture 571:Great Wall of China 231:Maoling Mausoleum, 4229:(Tianshun Emperor) 4209:Title next held by 4189:Title last held by 4138:Title last held by 3491:, p. 382–383. 2975:, pp. 99–100. 2429:Lorenzo de' Medici 1875:Princess Xianyou ( 1705:Consort Zhuangyide 1691:Married Cui Yuan ( 1515:Zhu Youcheng, the 1479:, of the Wu clan ( 1244: 1078: 1036: 992: 933: 853: 756: 701: 92:(Tianshun Emperor) 4550: 4549: 4255: 4254: 4246:Succeeded by 4158:Succeeded by 4101:Chenghua Emperor 4024:978-1-4422-0490-4 4003:978-0-521-24334-6 3807:. Leiden: Brill. 3113:, pp. 94–95. 3101:, pp. 91–92. 3074:, pp. 85–86. 2416:Frederick W. Mote 2343: 2342: 1853:Married Lin Yue ( 1844:Princess Deqing ( 1718:Prince Duan of Yi 941:Sui chao jia zhao 495:), personal name 459: 458: 411: 410: 22:Chenghua Emperor 4585: 4426:Prince of Lu (魯) 4415:Prince of Lu (潞) 4395: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4239:Emperor of China 4223:Preceded by 4122: 4121:9 September 1487 4115: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4028: 4007: 3988: 3967: 3948: 3942: 3934: 3923: 3906: 3885: 3862: 3837: 3818: 3799: 3780: 3761: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3701: 3695: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3661:, p. 10–11. 3656: 3650: 3644: 3635: 3629: 3620: 3614: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3534: 3528: 3519: 3513: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3449: 3443: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3405: 3399: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3198: 3192: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3154: 3153: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3099:Von Glahn (1996) 3096: 3087: 3084:Von Glahn (1996) 3081: 3075: 3072:Von Glahn (1996) 3069: 3063: 3060:Von Glahn (1996) 3057: 3051: 3048:Von Glahn (1996) 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2937: 2931: 2904: 2898: 2885: 2879: 2846: 2840: 2815: 2809: 2784: 2778: 2759: 2753: 2740: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2680: 2674: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2590: 2584: 2573: 2567: 2545: 2534: 2528: 2521: 2515: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2480: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2376: 1921: 1920: 1908: 1907: 1891: 1890: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1858: 1857: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1839: 1823: 1822: 1812: 1811: 1803: 1802: 1792: 1791: 1783: 1782: 1774: 1773: 1763: 1762: 1754: 1753: 1743: 1742: 1734: 1733: 1725: 1724: 1712: 1711: 1696: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1669: 1668: 1660: 1659: 1647: 1646: 1638: 1637: 1633:Princess Renhe ( 1629: 1628: 1618: 1617: 1609: 1608: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1550: 1549: 1538: 1537: 1524: 1523: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1496: 1495: 1484: 1483: 1459: 1446: 1400: 1392: 1384: 1377:Death and legacy 1365: 1288: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1173: 1161: 1157: 1147: 1140:) for infantry, 1139: 1132:) for training: 1131: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1017: 1013: 1009: 961: 954: 946: 929:Mahabodhi Temple 910: 874: 827:Lantern Festival 814: 804: 800: 796: 753: 722: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 610: 517:Emperor Yingzong 510: 502: 494: 481: 472: 463:Chenghua Emperor 444:Emperor Yingzong 406: 390: 386:繼天凝道誠明仁敬崇文肅武宏德聖孝 364: 347: 336: 335: 314: 296: 294: 271: 269: 221: 213: 210:9 September 1487 201: 191: 190: 89:Emperor Yingzong 80:28 February 1464 39: 30: 29: 28: 19: 18: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4453: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4290: 4285: 4251: 4249:Hongzhi Emperor 4242: 4237: 4230: 4228: 4210: 4201: 4198: 4190: 4174: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4139: 4128:Chinese royalty 4116: 4114:9 December 1447 4110: 4109: 4102: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4065: 4050: 4048: 4047:on 27 June 2013 4039: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4004: 3985: 3964: 3936: 3935: 3903: 3882: 3834: 3815: 3796: 3777: 3758: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3704: 3696: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3608: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3537: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3452: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3408: 3400: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3210:Robinson (2000) 3208: 3201: 3195:Robinson (2000) 3193: 3186: 3180:Robinson (2000) 3178: 3174: 3166: 3157: 3150: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2907: 2899: 2888: 2880: 2849: 2841: 2818: 2810: 2787: 2779: 2762: 2754: 2743: 2735: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2683: 2675: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2593: 2585: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2501: 2497: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2396: 2390:Jingtai Emperor 2381:History of Ming 2378:The editors of 2377: 2373: 2368: 2349: 2344: 1918: 1899:Fourth daughter 1553:Jiajing Emperor 1531:Empress Xiaohui 1517:Hongzhi Emperor 1477:Deposed Empress 1468: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1452: 1447: 1403:Hongzhi Emperor 1387:posthumous name 1379: 1332: 1295: 1228: 1184: 1125: 1123:Military reform 1070: 1065: 1024: 977: 972: 917: 901: 842: 837: 832: 831: 830: 820: 815: 783: 741: 685: 680: 605:Jingtai Emperor 590: 582:Hongzhi Emperor 561:constructed in 536:Jingtai Emperor 371:Posthumous name 330: 321:Hongzhi Emperor 308: 307: 299: 298: 290: 286: 283: 273: 265: 261: 258: 240: 217: 215: 211: 197: 195: 194:9 December 1447 193: 185: 101:Hongzhi Emperor 91: 57: 24: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4591: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4548: 4547: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4218:Regnal titles 4215: 4214: 4208: 4203: 4199:(Second time) 4194: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4145: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4074: 4057: 4035: 4034:External links 4032: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4008: 4002: 3989: 3983: 3968: 3962: 3949: 3924: 3907: 3901: 3886: 3880: 3863: 3838: 3832: 3819: 3813: 3800: 3794: 3781: 3775: 3762: 3757:978-0674012127 3756: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3729:, p. 402. 3719: 3717:, p. 401. 3702: 3700:, p. 400. 3687: 3685:, p. 535. 3675: 3673:, p. 397. 3663: 3651: 3649:, p. 398. 3636: 3634:, p. 394. 3621: 3619:, p. 393. 3606: 3604:, p. 391. 3591: 3589:, p. 392. 3579: 3562: 3560:, p. 537. 3550: 3548:, p. 387. 3535: 3533:, p. 536. 3520: 3518:, p. 386. 3505: 3503:, p. 384. 3493: 3481: 3479:, p. 381. 3469: 3467:, p. 380. 3450: 3448:, p. 500. 3435: 3423: 3421:, p. 377. 3406: 3404:, p. 375. 3391: 3389:, p. 372. 3379: 3377:, p. 373. 3367: 3365:, p. 371. 3355: 3353:, p. 368. 3343: 3341:, p. 115. 3331: 3329:, p. 366. 3319: 3317:, p. 365. 3304: 3302:, p. 364. 3292: 3290:, p. 362. 3280: 3278:, p. 361. 3265: 3263:, p. 360. 3253: 3241: 3239:, p. 303. 3226: 3224:, p. 378. 3214: 3212:, p. 535. 3199: 3197:, p. 534. 3184: 3172: 3170:, p. 682. 3155: 3148: 3130: 3115: 3103: 3088: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3038:, p. 103. 3028: 3026:, p. 102. 3016: 3014:, p. 136. 3004: 3002:, p. 113. 2992: 2990:, p. 100. 2977: 2965: 2963:, p. 350. 2953: 2951:, p. 349. 2938: 2936:, p. 302. 2905: 2903:, p. 348. 2886: 2884:, p. 301. 2847: 2845:, p. 347. 2816: 2814:, p. 300. 2785: 2783:, p. 346. 2760: 2758:, p. 374. 2741: 2739:, p. 367. 2724: 2722:, p. 304. 2712: 2710:, p. 299. 2681: 2679:, p. 345. 2656: 2654:, p. 344. 2644: 2642:, p. 327. 2632: 2620: 2618:, p. 298. 2591: 2589:, p. 343. 2574: 2572:, p. 630. 2561: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2529: 2516: 2495: 2470: 2461: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2420: 2407: 2394: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1965:Xuande Emperor 1962: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1939:Hongxi Emperor 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1901: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1498: 1486: 1467: 1464: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1389:Emperor Chun ( 1378: 1375: 1331: 1328: 1294: 1291: 1227: 1224: 1183: 1180: 1124: 1121: 1119:; 1426–1510). 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1023: 1020: 976: 973: 971: 968: 916: 913: 900: 897: 850:Nanjing Museum 841: 838: 836: 833: 823:Forbidden City 817: 816: 809: 808: 807: 782: 779: 740: 737: 705:Forbidden City 684: 681: 679: 676: 589: 586: 544:Forbidden City 503:), changed to 457: 456: 454:Empress Xiaosu 451: 447: 446: 441: 437: 436: 431: 425: 424: 419: 413: 412: 409: 408: 400: 399: 393: 392: 374: 373: 367: 366: 355: 354: 350: 349: 341: 340: 332: 331: 329: 328: 323: 317: 315: 301: 300: 288: 284: 279: 278: 277: 276: 263: 259: 254: 253: 252: 251: 248: 246: 242: 241: 230: 228: 224: 223: 214:(aged 39) 208: 204: 203: 182: 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 166: 165: 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 86: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 59: 58: 45:, kept in the 43:hanging scroll 40: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4590: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4402:Southern Ming 4399: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341:(Restoration) 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4227: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4172:Prince of Yi 4168: 4164: 4153: 4152:(First time) 4150: 4144: 4143: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4098: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4063: 4058: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3922:(3): 527–563. 3921: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3902:0-520-20408-5 3898: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3881:80-7021-583-6 3877: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3795:0-231-03801-1 3791: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3388: 3383: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3262: 3257: 3251:, p. 60. 3250: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3151: 3149:5-91129-026-X 3145: 3141: 3134: 3128:, p. 96. 3127: 3126:Atwell (2002) 3122: 3120: 3112: 3111:Atwell (2002) 3107: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3086:, p. 86. 3085: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3062:, p. 85. 3061: 3056: 3050:, p. 84. 3049: 3044: 3037: 3036:Atwell (2002) 3032: 3025: 3024:Atwell (2002) 3020: 3013: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2989: 2988:Atwell (2002) 2984: 2982: 2974: 2973:Atwell (2002) 2969: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2653: 2648: 2641: 2636: 2630:, p. 21. 2629: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2526: 2520: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2493:in the 1470s. 2492: 2484: 2474: 2465: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2430: 2427:For example, 2424: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2391: 2383: 2382: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1972: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1923: 1922: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1885: 1874: 1873: 1872:; 1465–1534) 1865: 1852: 1851: 1843: 1842: 1834: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824:; 1465–1510) 1817: 1806: 1805: 1797: 1786: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1757: 1756: 1748: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1703: 1690: 1689: 1681: 1680: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1641: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1623: 1612: 1611: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1580: 1577: 1566: 1557: 1554: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1529: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1499: 1490: 1487: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Yangtze River 1424: 1420: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1396: 1388: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1290: 1283: 1279: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1223: 1219: 1203: 1193: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1153: 1152: 1143: 1135: 1120: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1074: 1068:Imperial army 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1033: 1028: 1019: 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 987: 981: 967: 965: 956: 950: 942: 938: 930: 926: 921: 912: 905: 896: 892: 888: 886: 882: 876: 870: 869: 863: 859: 851: 846: 828: 824: 819: 813: 806: 791: 787: 778: 776: 771: 767: 763: 761: 749: 745: 736: 734: 729: 724: 718: 712: 710: 706: 697: 693: 689: 675: 673: 669: 664: 626: 620: 616: 612: 606: 602: 597: 595: 585: 583: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 558: 556: 552: 548: 545: 539: 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 506: 498: 490: 486: 482: 476: 468: 464: 455: 452: 448: 445: 442: 438: 435: 432: 430: 426: 423: 420: 418: 414: 401: 398: 394: 389: 383: 379: 375: 372: 368: 360: 356: 351: 342: 337: 333: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 316: 313: 312: 306: 302: 282: 275: 274: 257: 250: 249: 247: 243: 238: 234: 229: 225: 209: 205: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 140:Second tenure 138: 134: 130: 127: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109: 105: 102: 99: 95: 90: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 38: 33: 20: 4496:N. Dynasties 4492:S. Dynasties 4344: 4233: 4211: 4205: 4196: 4191: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4147: 4140: 4134: 4118: 4111: 4106:House of Zhu 4104: 4086:. Retrieved 4082:the original 4066:. Retrieved 4049:. Retrieved 4045:the original 4013: 3993: 3973: 3953: 3929: 3919: 3915: 3891: 3871: 3867: 3850: 3846: 3823: 3804: 3785: 3766: 3746: 3722: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3582: 3553: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3426: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3295: 3283: 3256: 3249:Brook (1993) 3244: 3217: 3175: 3168:Нефедов 2008 3139: 3133: 3106: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3031: 3019: 3012:Brook (2003) 3007: 3000:Brook (2003) 2995: 2968: 2956: 2715: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2565: 2537: 2532: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2423: 2410: 2397: 2379: 2374: 2357: 1898: 1827: 1716:Zhu Youbin, 1596: 1470: 1469: 1453: 1435:Yellow River 1415: 1411: 1407: 1380: 1368: 1360: 1356: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1314: 1300: 1296: 1284: 1280: 1264: 1245: 1220: 1204: 1185: 1176: 1167: 1164: 1149: 1141: 1133: 1126: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1095:) under the 1092: 1090: 1079: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032:Song dynasty 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 984: 957: 949:Wenhua daxun 948: 940: 934: 906: 902: 893: 889: 877: 866: 858:Central Asia 854: 792: 788: 784: 775:Zhu Youcheng 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 747: 725: 716: 713: 709:Empress Qian 702: 692:Empress Wang 665: 647:), Xia Shi ( 621: 617: 613: 598: 591: 579: 559: 555:Zhu Youcheng 549: 540: 529: 504: 497:Zhu Jianshen 496: 488: 478: 462: 460: 387: 381: 377: 344:Zhu Jianru ( 309: 220:成化二十三年八月二十二日 212:(1487-09-09) 184:Zhu Jianshen 164:Prince of Yi 114:First tenure 77:Enthronement 4568:1487 deaths 4563:1447 births 4488:16 Kingdoms 3933:. New York. 3737:Works cited 3727:Mote (1998) 3715:Mote (1998) 3698:Mote (1998) 3671:Mote (1998) 3647:Mote (1998) 3632:Mote (1998) 3617:Mote (1998) 3602:Mote (1998) 3587:Mote (1998) 3575:Mote (1998) 3546:Mote (1998) 3516:Mote (1998) 3501:Mote (1998) 3489:Mote (1998) 3477:Mote (1998) 3465:Mote (1998) 3431:Mote (1998) 3419:Mote (1998) 3402:Mote (1998) 3387:Mote (1998) 3375:Mote (1998) 3363:Mote (1998) 3351:Mote (1998) 3339:Tsai (1996) 3327:Mote (1998) 3315:Mote (1998) 3300:Mote (1998) 3288:Mote (1998) 3276:Mote (1998) 3261:Mote (1998) 2961:Mote (1998) 2949:Mote (1998) 2901:Mote (1998) 2843:Mote (1998) 2781:Mote (1998) 2756:Mote (1998) 2737:Mote (1998) 2677:Mote (1998) 2652:Mote (1998) 2628:Heer (1986) 2587:Mote (1998) 2570:Mote (2003) 2527:until 1469. 2403:Empress Sun 2171:Zhou Fushan 2084:(1399–1462) 2025:(1427–1464) 1999:(1379–1442) 1967:(1399–1435) 1941:(1378–1425) 1841:; d. 1501) 1804:; d. 1538) 1755:; d. 1491) 1713:; d. 1497) 1679:; d. 1491) 1610:; d. 1527) 1543:Zhu Youyuan 1539:; d. 1522) 1395:temple name 1319:Moghulistan 964:Chen Baisha 899:Agriculture 825:during the 672:Empress Sun 668:Wan Zhen'er 551:Wan Zhen'er 485:temple name 480:Chénghuà Dì 397:Temple name 200:正統十二年十一月初二日 148:Predecessor 122:Predecessor 85:Predecessor 4557:Categories 4480:3 Kingdoms 4450:(doubtful) 4243:1464–1487 4202:1457–1464 4175:1452–1457 4155:1449–1452 3984:0791426874 3963:0674697758 3833:0521243327 3814:9004078983 3776:0521243327 3222:Lee (1921) 2552:References 2477:Yuan Jie ( 1892:; d. 1524) 1661:; d. 1533) 1497:; d. 1518) 1485:; d. 1509) 1431:Great Wall 1397:Xianzong ( 1393:) and the 1371:Batumöngke 1055:, and the 986:Yituanheqi 862:Jingdezhen 696:Empress Wu 505:Zhu Jianru 403:Xianzong ( 256:Empress Wu 233:Ming tombs 4410:Hongguang 4385:Chongzhen 4167:New title 4088:30 August 3939:cite book 3859:0021-9118 3659:Li (2003) 2557:Citations 2491:Censorate 2301:Lady Zhen 2194:Zhou Neng 2113:Lady Dong 1828:Tenth son 1616:悼恭皇太子朱佑極 1597:First son 1417:over the 1307:Silk Road 1260:Xiangyang 1049:Censorate 939:, titled 937:Zhong Kui 931:in India. 923:The 1473 739:Successor 733:Lady Wang 594:Lady Zhou 172:1452–1457 156:Successor 143:1457–1464 132:Successor 117:1449–1452 97:Successor 4444:(regent) 4428:(regent) 4417:(regent) 4375:Taichang 4365:Longqing 4345:Chenghua 4339:Yingzong 4329:Yingzong 4068:7 August 4051:7 August 2512:Jianzhou 2347:See also 2223:Lady Guo 1916:Ancestry 1895:Unknown 1584:恭肅皇貴妃萬氏 1494:孝貞純皇后王氏 1419:Xi River 1311:Xinjiang 1256:Jingzhou 1086:Yingzong 885:Lake Tai 881:Jiangnan 525:era name 521:Chenghua 359:Chénghuà 245:Consorts 4360:Jiajing 4355:Zhengde 4350:Hongzhi 4334:Jingtai 4309:Jianwen 1889:靖僖榮妃唐氏 1869:和惠靜妃岳氏 1838:昭順麗妃章氏 1821:恭懿敬妃王氏 1810:榮莊王朱佑樞 1801:康順端妃潘氏 1790:申懿王朱佑楷 1781:涇簡王朱佑橓 1772:榮惠恭妃楊氏 1761:壽定王朱佑榰 1752:端懿安妃姚氏 1741:汝安王朱佑梈 1732:衡恭王朱佑楎 1723:益端王朱佑檳 1710:莊懿德妃張氏 1676:靖順惠妃郭氏 1667:端榮昭妃王氏 1658:恭惠和妃梁氏 1627:莊靖順妃王氏 1607:端順賢妃柏氏 1570:雍靖王朱佑枟 1561:岐惠王朱佑棆 1536:孝惠皇后邵氏 1522:弘治帝朱佑樘 1503:孝穆皇后紀氏 1352:Lanzhou 1192:Guiping 1142:sanqian 925:Zhenjue 915:Culture 728:Lady Wu 625:Wang Ao 563:Shaanxi 523:", the 487:as the 467:Chinese 429:Dynasty 378:Emperor 297: 289: 285: 272: 264: 260: 239:, China 237:Beijing 4520:W. Xia 4448:Dingwu 4442:Dongwu 4437:Yongli 4432:Shaowu 4421:Longwu 4380:Tianqi 4324:Xuande 4319:Hongxi 4314:Yongle 4304:Hongwu 4206:Vacant 4186:Vacant 4135:Vacant 4117: 4021: 4000: 3981: 3960: 3899: 3878: 3857: 3830: 3811: 3792: 3773: 3754: 3146: 2542:Fujian 2538:jinshi 2525:Datong 2483:jinshi 1548:睿宗朱佑杬 1466:Family 1423:Luzhou 1344:Guyuan 1151:shenji 1097:weisuo 1082:Xuande 1051:, the 868:doucai 760:Guifei 567:Shanxi 477:: 475:pinyin 469:: 450:Mother 440:Father 311:Detail 227:Burial 169:Tenure 55:Taiwan 51:Taipei 4464:Shang 4370:Wanli 4119:Died: 4112:Born: 3870:[ 3853:(1). 2508:Haixi 2504:Yeren 2366:Notes 1482:廢后吳氏 1458:四季賞玩圖 1348:Xi'an 1134:wujun 752:憲宗調禽圖 575:Korea 417:House 339:Names 305:Issue 291:( 287: 266:( 262: 69:Reign 4536:Qing 4532:Ming 4528:Yuan 4516:Song 4512:Liao 4504:Tang 4468:Zhou 4296:Ming 4090:2013 4070:2013 4053:2013 4019:ISBN 3998:ISBN 3979:ISBN 3958:ISBN 3945:link 3897:ISBN 3876:ISBN 3855:ISSN 3828:ISBN 3809:ISBN 3790:ISBN 3771:ISBN 3752:ISBN 3144:ISBN 1906:長泰公主 1878:仙遊公主 1847:德清公主 1685:永康公主 1636:仁和公主 1350:and 1315:wang 1305:, a 1303:Hami 1258:and 1246:The 1240:Qufu 1172:監鎗內臣 1160:十二團營 1084:and 953:文華大訓 945:歲朝佳兆 717:Ciyi 565:and 461:The 434:Ming 382:Chun 207:Died 181:Born 4544:PRC 4540:ROC 4524:Jīn 4500:Sui 4484:Jìn 4476:Han 4472:Qin 4460:Xia 1645:齊世美 1391:純皇帝 1364:余子俊 1238:in 1188:侯大狗 1156:神機營 1146:三千營 1138:五軍營 1130:三大營 1117:馬文升 1101:suo 1093:wei 1008:劉定之 960:胡居仁 657:孫繼宗 645:劉永誠 519:. " 509:朱見濡 501:朱見深 493:明憲宗 471:成化帝 422:Zhu 388:純皇帝 346:朱見濡 189:朱見深 27:成化帝 4559:: 4542:/ 4538:→ 4534:→ 4530:→ 4526:→ 4522:/ 4518:/ 4514:/ 4510:→ 4506:→ 4502:→ 4498:→ 4494:/ 4490:→ 4486:/ 4482:→ 4478:→ 4474:→ 4470:→ 4466:→ 4462:→ 3941:}} 3937:{{ 3920:33 3918:. 3914:. 3851:61 3849:. 3845:. 3705:^ 3690:^ 3639:^ 3624:^ 3609:^ 3594:^ 3565:^ 3538:^ 3523:^ 3508:^ 3453:^ 3438:^ 3409:^ 3394:^ 3307:^ 3268:^ 3229:^ 3202:^ 3187:^ 3158:^ 3118:^ 3091:^ 2980:^ 2941:^ 2908:^ 2889:^ 2850:^ 2819:^ 2788:^ 2763:^ 2744:^ 2727:^ 2684:^ 2659:^ 2594:^ 2577:^ 2487:進士 2479:原傑 2386:見濬 1856:林岳 1775:) 1694:崔元 1593:) 1590:貞兒 1512:) 1509:唐妹 1437:. 1405:. 1399:憲宗 1383:茂陵 1287:原傑 1276:白圭 1272:朱永 1268:劉通 1216:張剛 1212:程信 1208:李震 1200:趙輔 1196:王竑 1113:王越 1109:韓雍 1030:A 1016:劉吉 1012:萬安 909:皇莊 873:鬥彩 803:項忠 799:商輅 795:汪直 721:慈懿 661:孫鏜 653:牛玉 649:夏時 641:陳文 637:馬昂 633:彭時 629:年富 609:沂王 596:. 584:. 473:; 405:憲宗 363:成化 293:m. 268:m. 235:, 53:, 49:, 4394:明 4280:e 4273:t 4266:v 4092:. 4072:. 4055:. 4027:. 4006:. 3987:. 3966:. 3947:) 3905:. 3884:. 3861:. 3836:. 3817:. 3798:. 3779:. 3760:. 3152:. 2544:. 2485:( 1720:( 1670:) 1555:) 1519:( 1460:) 1456:( 1242:. 1206:( 1170:( 1154:( 1144:( 1136:( 951:( 943:( 871:( 754:) 750:( 719:( 507:( 499:( 491:( 465:( 407:) 391:) 384:( 361:( 348:) 222:) 218:( 202:) 198:( 192:) 186:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index