Chester A. Arthur - Knowledge

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percentage of the cargoes seized and fines levied on importers who attempted to evade the tariff. In total, his income came to more than $ 50,000—more than the president's salary, and more than enough for him to enjoy fashionable clothes and a lavish lifestyle. Among those who dealt with the Custom House, Arthur was one of the era's more popular collectors. He got along with his subordinates and, since Murphy had already filled the staff with Conkling's adherents, he had few occasions to fire anyone. He was also popular within the Republican party as he efficiently collected campaign assessments from the staff and placed party leaders' friends in jobs as positions became available. Arthur had a better reputation than Murphy, but reformers still criticized the patronage structure and the moiety system as corrupt. A rising tide of reform within the party caused Arthur to rename the financial extractions from employees as "voluntary contributions" in 1872, but the concept remained, and the party reaped the benefit of controlling government jobs. In that year, reform-minded Republicans formed the

1790:, which would allow cheaper manufactured goods to be imported from Europe, and thereby put thousands out of work. This argument struck home in the swing states of New York and Indiana, where many were employed in manufacturing. Hancock did not help his own cause when, in an attempt to remain neutral on the tariff, he said that "he tariff question is a local question", which only made him appear uninformed about an important issue. Candidates for high office did not personally campaign in those days, but as state Republican chairman, Arthur played a part in the campaign in his usual fashion: overseeing the effort in New York and raising money. The funds were crucial in the close election, and winning his home state of New York was critical. The Republicans carried New York by 20,000 votes and, in an election with the largest turnout of qualified voters ever recorded—78.4%—they won the nationwide popular vote by just 7,018 votes. The 2603: 1709:, a post in which he served until October 1881. In the state elections of 1879, he and Conkling worked to ensure that the Republican nominees for state offices would be men of Conkling's faction, who had become known as Stalwarts. They were successful, but narrowly, as Cornell was nominated for governor by a vote of 234–216. Arthur and Conkling campaigned vigorously for the Stalwart ticket and, owing partly to a splintering of the Democratic vote, were victorious. Arthur and the machine had rebuked Hayes and their intra-party rivals, but Arthur had only a few days to enjoy his triumph when, on January 12, 1880, his wife died suddenly while he was in Albany organizing the political agenda for the coming year. Arthur felt devastated, and perhaps guilty, and never remarried. 2316: 2147: 83: 1879:, was a deranged office-seeker who believed that Garfield's successor would appoint him to a patronage job. He proclaimed to onlookers: "I am a Stalwart, and Arthur will be President!" Guiteau was found to be mentally unstable, and despite his claims to be a Stalwart supporter of Arthur, they had only a tenuous connection that dated from the 1880 campaign. Twenty-nine days before his execution for shooting Garfield, Guiteau composed a lengthy, unpublished poem claiming that Arthur knew the assassination had saved "our land ". Guiteau's poem also states he had (incorrectly) presumed that Arthur would pardon him for the assassination. 2903: 2869: 2223: 2888: 1600: 2951: 1451: 643: 1754:, the first choice of Garfield's supporters, consulted with Conkling, who advised him to decline, which he did. They next approached Arthur, and Conkling advised him to also reject the nomination, believing the Republicans would lose. Arthur thought otherwise and accepted. According to a purported eyewitness account by journalist William C. Hudson, Conkling and Arthur argued, with Arthur telling Conkling, "The office of the Vice-President is a greater honor than I ever dreamed of attaining." Conkling eventually relented, and campaigned for the 2042: 2670:

believing that to drop out would cast doubt on his actions in office and raise questions about his health, but by the time the convention began in June, his defeat was assured. Blaine led on the first ballot, and by the fourth ballot he had a majority of 541 votes, while Arthur only received 207. Arthur telegraphed his congratulations to Blaine and accepted his defeat with equanimity. He played no role in the 1884 campaign, which Blaine would later blame for his loss that November to the Democratic nominee, New York governor

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then joined the funeral train to Washington. Before leaving New York, he ensured the presidential line of succession by preparing and mailing to the White House a proclamation calling for a Senate special session. This step ensured that the Senate had legal authority to convene immediately and choose a Senate president pro tempore, who would be able to assume the presidency if Arthur died. Once in Washington he destroyed the mailed proclamation and issued a formal call for a special session.

2979: 2633:. He attempted to keep his condition private, but by 1883 rumors of his illness began to circulate; he had become thinner and more aged in appearance, and struggled to keep the pace of the presidency. To rejuvenate his health outside the confines of Washington, Arthur and some political friends traveled to Florida in April 1883. The vacation had the opposite effect, and Arthur suffered from intense pain before returning to Washington. Later that year, on the advice of Missouri Senator 1234: 3007: 1948: 1778: 3035: 2993: 9895: 9519: 8696: 12475: 2747: 1724: 7524: 3021: 9915: 9529: 3162:. Hinman failed to explain why Arthur would have fabricated these records and the biographical information he provided to newspapers to conceal a Canadian birth when the only thing being born in Canada might possibly affect was Arthur's eligibility for the presidency, which no one at the time of his birth or in the years between his birth and his nomination for vice president in 1880 had any reason to think he would aspire to. 8308: 9905: 2444: 2302:

That treaty allowed only a "reasonable" suspension of immigration. Eastern newspapers praised the veto, while it was condemned in the Western states. Congress was unable to override the veto, but passed a new bill reducing the immigration ban to ten years. Although he still objected to this denial of entry to Chinese laborers, Arthur acceded to the compromise measure, signing the

1892:, who would normally follow Arthur in the succession. Arthur was reluctant to be seen acting as president while Garfield lived, and for the next two months there was a void of authority in the executive office, with Garfield too weak to carry out his duties, and Arthur reluctant to assume them. Through the summer, Arthur refused to travel to Washington and was at his 2965: 2237:, Secretary of State James G. Blaine attempted to invigorate United States diplomacy in Latin America, urging reciprocal trade agreements and offering to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations. Blaine, venturing a greater involvement in affairs south of the Rio Grande, proposed a Pan-American conference in 1882 to discuss trade and an end to the 2715:; he doubted that Conkling would accept, but felt obligated to offer a high office to his former patron. The Senate confirmed the nomination but, as expected, Conkling declined it, the last time a confirmed nominee declined an appointment. Senator George Edmunds was Arthur's next choice, but he declined to be considered. Instead, Arthur nominated 1641:

reductions. Arthur appointed a committee of Custom House workers to determine where the cuts were to be made and, after a written protest, carried them out. Notwithstanding his cooperation, the Jay Commission issued a second report critical of Arthur and other Custom House employees, and subsequent reports urging a complete reorganization.

2487:, many northern Republicans saw the Readjusters as a more viable ally in the South than the moribund southern Republican party. Arthur agreed, and directed the federal patronage in Virginia through the Readjusters rather than the Republicans. He followed the same pattern in other Southern states, forging coalitions with independents and 1681:) to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements. The Senate's Commerce Committee, chaired by Conkling, unanimously rejected all the nominees; the full Senate rejected Roosevelt by a vote of 31–25 and similarly turned down the nomination of Prince by the same margin, later confirming Merritt only because Sharpe's term had expired. 2297:, Chinese immigrants were blamed for depressing workmen's wages; in reaction Congress in 1879 attempted to abrogate the 1868 treaty by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act, but President Hayes vetoed it. Three years later, after China had agreed to treaty revisions, Congress tried again to exclude working class Chinese laborers; Senator 2424:, refused to appropriate funds for seven more steel warships. Even without the additional ships, the state of the Navy improved when, after several construction delays, the last of the new ships entered service in 1889. Chandler scrapped costly outdated vessels, exclaiming he did his "best work in destroying the old navy". 1557:

adherents of the political machine responsible for appointing the Collector. Employees were required to make political contributions (known as "assessments") back to the machine, which made the job a highly coveted political plum. Murphy's unpopularity only increased as he replaced workers loyal to Senator

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Among the facts that argue against Hinman's theories are the entries for Chester A. Arthur in several U.S. Censuses from before he was politically prominent, which list his birthplace as Vermont, and the entry of his birth in the Arthur family Bible, which also indicates Vermont as his birthplace. In

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Arthur's general unpopularity during his presidency carried over into his assessment by various historians, and his reputation after leaving office mostly disappeared. By 1935, historian George F. Howe said that Arthur had achieved "an obscurity in strange contrast to his significant part in American

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of California introduced another Chinese Exclusion Act that blocked entry of Chinese laborers for a twenty-year period. The bill passed the Senate and House by overwhelming margins, but this as well was vetoed by Arthur, who concluded the 20-year ban to be a breach of the renegotiated treaty of 1880.

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Garfield's assassination by a deranged office seeker amplified the public demand for civil service reform. Both Democratic and Republican leaders realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and, by 1882, a bipartisan effort began in favor of reform. In

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to strengthen the prosecution team and forestall the skeptics. Although Arthur had worked closely with Dorsey before his presidency, once in office he supported the investigation and forced the resignation of officials suspected in the scandal. An 1882 trial of the ringleaders resulted in convictions

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In 1828, the family moved again, to Fairfield, where Chester Alan Arthur was born the following year; he was the fifth of nine children. He was named "Chester" after Chester Abell, the physician and family friend who assisted in his birth, and "Alan" for his paternal grandfather. The family remained

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of Vermont, who had long favored their cause. Business leaders supported him, as did Southern Republicans who owed their jobs to his control of the patronage, but by the time they began to rally around him, Arthur had decided against a serious campaign for the nomination. He kept up a token effort,

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The 47th Congress spent a great deal of time on immigration, and at times was in accord with Arthur. In July 1882 Congress easily passed a bill regulating steamships that carried immigrants to the United States. To their surprise, Arthur vetoed it and requested revisions, which they made and Arthur

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replaced him at the end of 1881, the conference efforts lapsed. Frelinghuysen also discontinued Blaine's peace efforts in the War of the Pacific, fearing that the United States might be drawn into the conflict. Arthur and Frelinghuysen continued Blaine's efforts to encourage trade among the nations

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in favor of the Republicans when Mahone opted to join their caucus. Even so, the Senate remained deadlocked for two months over Garfield's nominations because of Conkling's opposition to some of them. Just before going into recess in May 1881, the situation became more complicated when Conkling and

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The Senate confirmed Arthur's appointment; as Collector he controlled nearly a thousand jobs and received compensation as great as any federal officeholder. Arthur's salary was initially $ 6,500, but senior customs employees were compensated additionally by the "moiety" system, which awarded them a

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and his association with Tammany Hall made him unacceptable to many of his own party, but Conkling convinced the Senate to confirm him. The Collector was responsible for hiring hundreds of workers to collect the tariffs due at the United States' busiest port. Typically, these jobs were dispensed to

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Arthur returned to practicing law, and with the help of additional contacts made in the military, he and the firm of Arthur & Gardiner flourished. Even as his professional life improved, however, Arthur and his wife experienced a personal tragedy as their only child, William, died suddenly that

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in the unprecedented amount of $ 19 million. While Arthur was not opposed to internal improvements, the scale of the bill disturbed him, as did its narrow focus on "particular localities," rather than projects that benefited a larger part of the nation. On August 1, 1882, Arthur vetoed the bill to

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jobs were to be awarded by merit. That year, Arthur expressed satisfaction with the new system, praising its effectiveness "in securing competent and faithful public servants and in protecting the appointing officers of the Government from the pressure of personal importunity and from the labor of

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for the rest. After a juror came forward with allegations that the defendants attempted to bribe him, the judge set aside the guilty verdicts and granted a new trial. Before the second trial began, Arthur removed five federal office holders who were sympathetic with the defense, including a former

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in Arthur's home at 2:15 a.m. on September 20. Later that day he took a train to Long Branch to pay his respects to Garfield and to leave a card of sympathy for his wife, afterwards returning to New York City. On September 21, he returned to Long Branch to take part in Garfield's funeral, and

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After the election, Arthur worked in vain to persuade Garfield to fill certain positions with his fellow New York Stalwarts—especially that of the Secretary of the Treasury; the Stalwart machine received a further rebuke when Garfield appointed Blaine, Conkling's arch-enemy, as Secretary of State.

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consolation; Arthur again declined, as Hayes knew he probably would. Conkling opposed the confirmation of Merritt and Burt when the Senate reconvened in February 1879, but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31–25, as was Burt by 31–19, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory.

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case two decades earlier, suggested that the Custom House was overstaffed with political appointments, and that 20% of the employees were expendable. Sherman was less enthusiastic about the reforms than Hayes and Jay, but he approved the commission's report and ordered Arthur to make the personnel

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as engineer-in-chief. The office was a patronage appointment of minor importance until the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, when New York and the other northern states were faced with raising and equipping armies of a size never before seen in American history. Arthur was commissioned as a

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Suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the Republican Party's nomination in 1884, and he retired at the end of his term. Arthur's failing health and political temperament combined to make his administration less active than a modern presidency, yet he earned praise

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early in the war, but at Governor Morgan's request, he turned it down to remain at his post in New York. He also turned down command of four New York City regiments organized as the Metropolitan Brigade, again at Morgan's request. The closest Arthur came to the front was when he traveled south to

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At first, the act applied only to 10% of federal jobs and, without proper implementation by the president, it could have gone no further. Even after he signed the act into law, its proponents doubted Arthur's commitment to reform. To their surprise, he acted quickly to appoint the members of the

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in New York to coordinate the raising of additional troops, and he spent the next few months helping to enlist New York's quota of 120,000 men. Arthur received plaudits for his work, but his post was a political appointment, and he was relieved of his militia duties in January 1863 when Governor

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Arthur left office in 1885 and returned to his New York City home. Two months before the end of his term, several New York Stalwarts approached him to request that he run for United States Senate, but he declined, preferring to return to his old law practice at Arthur, Knevals & Ransom. His

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Chandler appointed an advisory board to prepare a report on modernization, whose goal was to create a Navy that would protect America thousands of miles away, rather than just coastal waters. Based on the suggestions in the report, Congress appropriated funds, signed into law by Arthur, for the

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in spite of their opposition. Nevertheless, the movement for civil service reform continued to chip away at Conkling's patronage machine; in 1874 Custom House employees were found to have improperly assessed fines against an importing company as a way to increase their own incomes, and Congress

2065:). Reformers feared Arthur, as a former supporter of the spoils system, would not commit to continuing the investigation into the scandal. But Arthur's Attorney General, Brewster, did in fact continue the investigations begun by MacVeagh, and hired notable Democratic lawyers William W. Ker and 2000:, a Philadelphia lawyer and machine politician reputed to have reformist leanings. Blaine, nemesis of the Stalwart faction, remained Secretary of State until Congress reconvened and then departed immediately. Conkling expected Arthur to appoint him in Blaine's place, but the President chose 2923:

wrote, although Arthur was "physically stretched and emotionally strained, he strove to do what was right for the country." Indeed, Howe had earlier surmised, "Arthur adopted for his own political behavior but subject to three restraints: he remained to everyone a man of his word; he kept

1285:, a Virginia naval officer. The two were soon engaged to be married. Later that year, he started a new law partnership with a friend, Henry D. Gardiner, and traveled with him to Kansas to consider purchasing land and setting up a law practice there. At that time, the state was the scene of 2499:) endorsed the administration's actions, as the Southern independents had more liberal racial policies than the Democrats. Arthur's coalition policy was only successful in Virginia, however, and by 1885 the Readjuster movement began to collapse with the election of a Democratic president. 1872:, where the former senator hoped for a quick re-election to the Senate, and with it, a defeat for the Garfield administration. The Republican majority in the state legislature was divided on the question, to Conkling and Platt's surprise, and an intense campaign in the statehouse ensued. 1502:, noticed Arthur and facilitated his rise in the party, and Arthur became chairman of the New York City Republican executive committee in 1868. His ascent in the party hierarchy kept him busy most nights, and his wife resented his continual absence from the family home on party business. 1972:, served as White House hostess for her widowed brother; Arthur became Washington's most eligible bachelor and his social life became the subject of rumors, though romantically, he remained singularly devoted to the memory of his late wife. His son, Chester Jr., was then a freshman at 1297:, and Arthur lined up firmly with the latter. The rough frontier life did not agree with the genteel New Yorkers; after three or four months the two young lawyers returned to New York City, where Arthur comforted his fiancée after her father was lost at sea in the wreck of the 1525:; while Grant was victorious in the national vote, Seymour narrowly carried the state of New York. Arthur began to devote more of his time to politics and less to law, and in 1869 he became counsel to the New York City Tax Commission, appointed when Republicans controlled the 1357:

department. He was so efficient at housing and outfitting the troops that poured into New York City that he was promoted to inspector general of the state militia in March 1862, and then to quartermaster general that July. He had an opportunity to serve at the front when the

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The running mates, never close, detached as Garfield continued to freeze out the Stalwarts from his patronage. Arthur's status in the administration diminished when, a month before inauguration day, he gave a speech before reporters suggesting the election in Indiana, a

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were winding down, and public sentiment was shifting toward more favorable treatment of Native Americans. Arthur urged Congress to increase funding for Native American education, which it did in 1884, although not to the extent he wished. He also favored a move to the

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to the committee. Republicans were pleased with the committee's make-up but were surprised when, in December 1882, they submitted a report to Congress calling for tariff cuts averaging between 20 and 25%. The commission's recommendations were ignored, however, as the

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commenting, "his name very seldom rises to the surface of metropolitan life and yet moving like a mighty undercurrent this man during the last 10 years has done more to mold the course of the Republican Party in this state than any other one man in the country."

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Congressman and rising star in the party). Arthur rarely articulated his own political ideas during his time as a part of the machine; as was common at the time, loyalty and hard work on the machine's behalf was more important than actual political positions.

2661:, however, Arthur began to realize that neither faction of the Republican party was prepared to give him their full support: the Half-Breeds were again solidly behind Blaine, while Stalwarts were undecided; some backed Arthur, with others considering Senator 1265:

in 1860. Campaign biographers would later give Arthur much of the credit for the victory; in fact his role was minor, although he was certainly an active participant in the case. In another civil rights case in 1854, Arthur was the lead attorney representing

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in 1881, Arthur requested civil service reform legislation and Pendleton again introduced his bill, but Congress did not pass it. Republicans lost seats in the 1882 congressional elections, in which Democrats campaigned on the reform issue. As a result, the

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was popular, and, having avoided taking definitive positions on most issues of the day, he had not offended any pivotal constituencies. As Republicans had done since the end of the Civil War, Garfield and Arthur initially focused their campaign on the

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won the 1864 election for governor, Arthur requested reappointment; Fenton and Arthur were from different factions of the Republican Party, and Fenton had already committed to appointing another candidate, so Arthur did not return to military service.

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faction, led to the compromise selection of Ohio's Garfield for president. Republicans then nominated Arthur for vice president to balance the ticket geographically and to placate Stalwarts disappointed by Grant's defeat. Garfield and Arthur won the

5907:, (Washington, D. C.: The Brooking Institute, 1959). Cited in Dworsky: "The temptation to squander money was overwhelming; the Rivers and Harbors Act passed over (President) Arthur's veto in 1882 demonstrated how strongly it lay upon the Congress." 2075:

senator. The second trial began in December 1882 and lasted until July 1883 and, again, did not result in a guilty verdict. Failure to obtain a conviction tarnished the administration's image, but Arthur did succeed in putting a stop to the fraud.

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of the Western Hemisphere; a treaty with Mexico providing for reciprocal tariff reductions was signed in 1882 and approved by the Senate in 1884. Legislation required to bring the treaty into force failed in the House, however, rendering it a

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With the war fifteen years in the past and Union generals at the head of both tickets, the tactic was less effective than the Republicans hoped. Realizing this, they adjusted their approach to claim that Democrats would lower the country's

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Arthur's four-year term as Collector expired on December 10, 1875, and Conkling, then among the most powerful politicians in Washington, arranged his protégé's reappointment by President Grant. Conkling was a candidate for president at the

2171:; the Democrats wished to lower tariffs, in order to reduce revenues and the cost of imported goods, while Republicans believed that high tariffs ensured high wages in manufacturing and mining. They preferred the government spend more on 1401:

year at the age of two. The couple took their son's death hard, and when they had another son, Chester Alan Jr., in 1864, they lavished attention on him. They also had a daughter, Ellen, in 1871. Both children survived to adulthood.

1936:. Arthur took this step to ensure procedural compliance; there had been a lingering question about whether a state court judge (Brady) could administer a federal oath of office. He initially took up residence at the home of Senator 1187:

After graduating in 1848, Arthur returned to Schaghticoke and became a full-time teacher, and soon began to pursue an education in law. While studying law, he continued teaching, moving closer to home by taking a job at a school in

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into law on May 6, 1882. The Chinese Exclusion Act attempted to stop all Chinese immigration into the United States for ten years, with exceptions for diplomats, teachers, students, merchants, and travelers. It was widely evaded.

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who sold goods to the Union Army, and Arthur represented him in Washington. The two became associates within New York Republican party circles, eventually rising in the ranks of the conservative branch of the party dominated by

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widespread popular acclaim; in his veto message, his principal objection was that it appropriated funds for purposes "not for the common defense or general welfare, and which do not promote commerce among the States." Congress

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Arthur quickly came into conflict with Garfield's cabinet, most of whom represented his opposition within the party. He asked the cabinet members to remain until December, when Congress would reconvene, but Treasury Secretary

2512:(1883), Arthur expressed his disagreement with the decision in a message to Congress, but was unable to persuade Congress to pass any new legislation in its place. Arthur did, however, effectively intervene to overturn a 3158:

addition, contemporary newspaper articles, including the 1871 stories about his appointment as Collector of the Port of New York, all indicate that he was born in Vermont, though some incorrectly give his birthplace as

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changed the law to favor such a system. The allotment system was favored by liberal reformers at the time, but eventually proved detrimental to Native Americans as most of their land was resold at low prices to white

1470:, including Arthur. Morgan leaned toward the conservative wing of the New York Republican party, as did the men who worked with him in the organization, including Weed, Seward (who continued in office under President 2179:

taxes. Arthur agreed with his party, and in 1882 called for the abolition of excise taxes on everything except liquor, as well as a simplification of the complex tariff structure. In May of that year, Representative

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would write that Arthur's "appointments, if unspectacular, were unusually sound; the corruption and scandal that dominated business and politics of the period did not tarnish his administration." As 2004 biographer

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of New Jersey, a Stalwart recommended by ex-President Grant. Frelinghuysen advised Arthur not to fill any future vacancies with Stalwarts, but when Postmaster General James resigned in January 1882, Arthur selected

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that forbade assessments, and barred federal office holders from "...tak part in the management of political organizations, caucuses, conventions, or election campaigns." Arthur and his subordinates, Naval Officer

1561:'s faction of the Republican party with those loyal to Conkling's. Eventually, the pressure to replace Murphy grew too great, and Grant asked for his resignation in December 1871. Grant offered the position to 2197:

only reduced tariffs by an average of 1.47%. The bill passed both houses narrowly on March 3, 1883, the last full day of the 47th Congress; Arthur signed the measure into law, with no effect on the surplus.

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on the seventh ballot. Arthur and the machine gathered campaign funds with their usual zeal, but Conkling limited his own campaign activities for Hayes to a few speeches. Hayes's opponent, New York Governor

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declined precipitously, shrinking from nearly 700 vessels to just 52, most of which were obsolete. The nation's military focus over the fifteen years before Garfield and Arthur's election had been on the

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wrote, "No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur, and no one ever retired ... more generally respected, alike by political friend and foe." The

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was next to resign, believing that, as a reformer, he had no place in an Arthur cabinet. Despite Arthur's personal appeal to remain, MacVeagh resigned in December 1881 and Arthur replaced him with

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scrupulously free from corrupt graft; he maintained a personal dignity, affable and genial though he might be. These restraints ... distinguished him sharply from the stereotype politician."

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After his marriage, Arthur devoted his efforts to building his law practice, but also found time to engage in Republican party politics. In addition, he indulged his military interest by becoming

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his veto the next day and the new law reduced the surplus by $ 19 million. Republicans considered the law a success at the time, but later concluded that it contributed to their loss of seats in

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Conkling succeeded to leadership of the conservative wing of New York's Republicans by 1868 as Morgan concentrated more time and effort on national politics, including serving as chairman of the

986:, as William received positions teaching at different schools. William Arthur also spent a brief time studying law, but while still in Waterville, he departed from both his legal studies and his 1857: 1129:. One of his first teachers said Arthur was a boy "frank and open in manners and genial in disposition". During his time at school, he gained his first political inclinations and supported the 2544:. Garfield had believed polygamy was criminal behavior and was morally detrimental to family values, and Arthur's views were, for once, in line with his predecessor's. In 1882, he signed the 1743:, a senator from Maine who was more amenable to civil service reform. Neither candidate commanded a majority of delegates and, deadlocked after thirty-six ballots, the convention turned to a 1494:, a lucrative job subordinate only to the Collector. He continued his law practice (now a solo practice after Gardiner's death) and his role in politics, becoming a member of the prestigious 1261:, Culver argued that, as New York law did not permit slavery, any slave arriving in New York was automatically freed. The argument was successful, and after several appeals was upheld by the 889: 2578:. During Arthur's presidency, settlers and cattle ranchers continued to encroach on Native American territory. Arthur initially resisted their efforts, but after Secretary of the Interior 13599: 5371: 1886:: as Garfield lingered near death, no one was sure who, if anyone, could exercise presidential authority. Also, after Conkling's resignation, the Senate had adjourned without electing a 1060:

William (1834–1915), a medical school graduate and career Army officer and paymaster who was wounded during his Civil War service. William Arthur retired in 1898 with the brevet rank of

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approached, James G. Blaine was considered the favorite for the Republican nomination, but Arthur, too, contemplated a run for a full term as president. In the months leading up to the

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With high revenue held over from wartime taxes, the federal government had collected more than it spent since 1866; by 1882 the surplus reached $ 145 million. Opinions varied on how to

13095: 12674: 2825:(MOLLUS) as a Third Class Companion (insignia number 02430), the honorary membership category for militia officers and civilians who made significant contributions to the war effort. 1750:

Garfield and his supporters knew they would face a difficult election without the support of the New York Stalwarts and decided to offer one of them the vice presidential nomination.

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of Illinois. Reform-minded Republicans, friendlier to Arthur after he endorsed civil service reform, were still not certain enough of his reform credentials to back him over Senator

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reacted, repealing the moiety system and putting the staff, including Arthur, on regular salaries. As a result, his income dropped to $ 12,000 a year—more than his nominal boss, the

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to replace him, and the nomination was easily confirmed. Gray would serve on the Court for over 20 years until resigning in 1902. The second vacancy occurred when Associate Justice

1833:, to be Postmaster General, but the cabinet fight and Arthur's ill-considered speech left the President and Vice President clearly estranged when they took office on March 4, 1881. 2569:, under which individual Native Americans, rather than tribes, would own land. Arthur was unable to convince Congress to adopt the idea during his administration but, in 1887, the 829:, but he was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus which had been accumulating since the end of the Civil War. Arthur vetoed the first version of the 1882 1856:), and four vacancies. Immediately, the Democrats attempted to organize the Senate, knowing that the vacancies would soon be filled by Republicans. As vice president, Arthur cast 1490:

were managed by political appointees who served as Collector, Naval Officer, and Surveyor. In 1866, Arthur unsuccessfully attempted to secure the position of Naval Officer at the

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made Conkling's machine the primary target. Sherman ordered a commission led by John Jay to investigate the New York Custom House. Jay, with whom Arthur had collaborated in the

2762:, he returned home where he became seriously ill, and on November 16, ordered nearly all of his papers, both personal and official, burned. The next morning, Arthur suffered a 13609: 11155: 7533: 3293:

Arthur first offered the post to Edwin D. Morgan, who had been his patron in New York; Morgan was confirmed by the Senate, but declined on the grounds of age. He died in 1883.

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applies presidential ineligibility to would-be vice presidents: "No person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President."

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described Arthur as, "...wise in statesmanship and firm and effective in administration," while acknowledging that Arthur was isolated in office and unloved by his own party.

11795: 2355:, rather than the high seas, but as the region was increasingly pacified, many in Congress grew concerned at the poor state of the Navy. Garfield's Secretary of the Navy, 2155: 13368: 11148: 10010: 8771: 2868: 2693: 9951: 2723:

for the prior four years. Blatchford accepted, and his nomination was approved by the Senate within two weeks. Blatchford served on the Court until his death in 1893.

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been born in Canada, Arthur might have still claimed to be a "natural born citizen" based on his mother having been born in and recently resided in the United States.

13604: 2420:, Pennsylvania, even though Roach once employed Secretary Chandler as a lobbyist. Democrats turned against the "New Navy" projects and, when they won control of the 2100:

of Congress was more amenable to civil service reform; the Senate approved Pendleton's bill 38–5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47. Arthur signed the

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in exchange, but Arthur refused. In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men's resignations, which they refused to give. Hayes then submitted the appointment of

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in Fairfield until 1832, when William Arthur's profession took them to churches in several towns in Vermont and upstate New York. The family finally settled in

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In 1938, fifty-two years after Arthur's death, the U.S. Post Office issued a definitive stamp in his honor. Arthur appeared on a U.S. one dollar coin in 2012.

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in New York City, attended by President Cleveland and ex-President Hayes, among other notables. Arthur was buried with his family members and ancestors in the

2532:, found the prosecution's case against Whittaker to be illegal and based on racial bias. The administration faced a different challenge in the West, where the 2645:. The Yellowstone trip was more beneficial to Arthur's health than his Florida excursion, and he returned to Washington refreshed after two months of travel. 1153:

organization founded in America; he showed this support by wearing a green coat. After completing his college preparation at the Lyceum of Union Village (now

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wrote of him, "It would be hard indeed to better President Arthur's administration." Evaluations by modern historians generally rank Arthur as a mediocre or

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into law on January 16, 1883. In just two years' time, an unrepentant Stalwart had become the president who ushered in long-awaited civil service reform.

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

3145: 1077:(1841–1917), the wife of John E. McElroy, an Albany businessman and insurance executive, and Arthur's official White House hostess during his presidency 1196:

taught penmanship at the same school three years later, but the two did not cross paths during their teaching careers. In 1852, Arthur moved again, to

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and took office in March 1881. Four months into his term, Garfield was shot by an assassin; he died 11 weeks later, and Arthur assumed the presidency.

13081: 12660: 2479:, in Virginia. Having won an election in that state on a platform of more education funding (for black and white schools alike) and abolition of the 1888: 7039: 2902: 13554: 13519: 12163: 12156: 9434: 2525: 1684:

Arthur's job was spared only until July 1878, when Hayes took advantage of a Congressional recess to fire him and Cornell, replacing them with the

1097:. When Hinman's original story did not take root, he spread a new rumor that Arthur was born in Canada. This claim, too, failed to gain credence. 880:

summed up Arthur's presidency at his death in 1886: "No duty was neglected in his administration, and no adventurous project alarmed the nation."

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and never regained consciousness. He died the following day, on November 18, at the age of 57. On November 22, a private funeral was held at the

2533: 2468: 2190: 1499: 9133: 5379: 2736:. He took on few assignments with the firm and was often too ill to leave his house. He managed a few public appearances until the end of 1885. 12115: 9944: 9409: 2855:, in New York City. The statue was dedicated in 1899 and unveiled by Arthur's sister, Mary Arthur McElroy. At the dedication, Secretary of War 865:

of 1883, which came as a surprise to reformers who held a negative reputation of Arthur as a Stalwart and product of Conkling's organization.

13634: 13619: 13559: 11671: 9898: 9404: 8545: 1883: 1085:, a New York attorney and political opponent, Arthur P. Hinman, initially speculated that Arthur was born in Ireland and did not come to the 3260:

in 1789 (there were yet no federal judges). The only other presidential oath administered by someone other than a Federal justice or judge,

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remained for the entirety of Arthur's term. Arthur could not appoint a new vice president to fill the vacancy, as this was prior to the

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until he was 14 years old. Had that been true, opponents might have argued that Arthur was ineligible for the vice presidency under the

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of Pennsylvania introduced a bill to establish a tariff commission; the bill passed and Arthur signed it into law but appointed mostly

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The portion of the law denying citizenship to Chinese-American children born in the United States was later found unconstitutional in

1868:

With the Senate in recess, Arthur had no duties in Washington and returned to New York City. Once there, he traveled with Conkling to

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The family's frequent moves later spawned accusations that Arthur was not a native-born citizen of the United States. When Arthur was

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were greatly overpaid for their services with the connivance of government officials (including Second Assistant Postmaster General

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Stuart, Paul (September 1977). "United States Indian Policy: From the Dawes Act to the American Indian Policy Review Commission".

4430:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

13579: 12626: 12483: 12208: 11417: 11262: 10814: 10062: 9532: 9499: 9494: 9484: 9469: 8892: 8512: 8450: 3537: 3249: 3048: 2467:") had regained power in the South, and the Republican party dwindled rapidly as their primary supporters in the region, blacks, 2366:, Hunt's successor. Chandler, an aggressive administrator, purged the Navy of wood-and-canvas warship supporters and created the 1588: 12346: 12326: 12101: 11850: 9464: 8560: 7538: 7503: 2109: 1940:, while a White House remodeling he had ordered was carried out, including addition of an elaborate fifty-foot glass screen by 1434: 1270:

after the conductor physically removed her from a streetcar because she was Black. He won the case, and the verdict led to the

1735:

by securing the presidential nomination for their ally, ex-President Grant. Their opponents in the Republican party, known as

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Bastert, Russell H. (March 1956). "Diplomatic Reversal: Frelinghuysen's Opposition to Blaine's Pan-American Policy in 1882".

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into law; the legislation made polygamy a federal crime, barring polygamists both from public office and the right to vote.

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A more contentious debate materialized over the status of Chinese immigrants; in January 1868, the Senate had ratified the

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Arthur's political prospects improved along with his law practice when his patron, ex-Governor Morgan, was elected to the

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Like his Republican predecessors, Arthur struggled with the question of how his party was to challenge the Democrats in

1328:

Ellen Hansbrough Herndon "Nell" Arthur Pinkerton (November 21, 1871 – September 6, 1915), married Charles Pinkerton

998:, which often made him unpopular with some members of his congregations and contributed to the family's frequent moves. 12914: 12590: 12311: 12076: 11661: 11632: 10904: 9253: 8555: 3100:

in 1967, and a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration.

3093: 2101: 1662: 1661:, refused to obey the president's order; Sherman encouraged Arthur to resign, offering him appointment by Hayes to the 1271: 1061: 862: 801:

over control of patronage in New York, Hayes fired Arthur as part of a plan to reform the federal patronage system. In

755: 8247: 8033: 2025:, a Colorado Stalwart to the office. Of the Cabinet members Arthur had inherited from Garfield, only Secretary of War 13574: 12253: 12045: 11527: 10880: 10844: 9183: 9103: 8540: 8497: 8206: 7589:

Peskin, Allan (Winter 1984). "Who Were the Stalwarts? Who Were Their Rivals? Republican Factions in the Gilded Age".

7553: 5372:"Charles Guiteau's reasons for assassinating President Garfield, 1882 | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History" 3241: 1803: 1791: 1350: 790: 676: 257: 2789:

Arthur's post-presidency was the second-shortest of all presidents who lived past their presidencies, after that of

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of New York, consisting of a giant bronze female angel figure placing a bronze palm leaf on a granite sarcophagus.

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In his 1881 annual message, Arthur advocated a stronger Navy. He gave full authority to his new Secretary of Navy

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action against Jonathan Lemmon, a Virginia slaveholder who was passing through New York with his eight slaves. In

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submitted his resignation in October to enter a Senate race in his home state of Minnesota. Arthur then selected

1918: 3358:(born Chester Alan Arthur III), who allowed Arthur's biographer, Thomas C. Reeves, to examine them in the 1970s. 3240:

One presidential oath was administered by a state court judge, also in New York City by a New York State judge:

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Congress attempted to balance the budget from the other side of the ledger, with increased spending on the 1882

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descent. William's mother was born Eliza McHarg and she married Alan Arthur. William graduated from college in

735: 106: 17: 1961: 1200:, to become the principal of a school at which his sister, Malvina, was a teacher. In 1853, after studying at 13073: 12964: 12652: 12381: 12055: 12015: 12005: 12000: 11980: 11925: 11900: 11357: 10892: 10826: 9263: 9243: 9213: 9073: 9053: 3304: 3201:

Biographer George Howe takes this exchange at face value, but later biographers suspect it may be apocryphal.

2129: 1506: 1201: 1181: 1154: 1042: 611: 42: 8135:. Boston, MA: Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Commandery of Massachusetts. p. 2431:, a scientific polar expedition to the Arctic. During the expedition, two members of the crew reached a new 2083:

of Ohio introduced legislation that required selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an

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was next to resign, in April 1882, and Arthur attempted a more balanced approach by appointing Half-Breed

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Other federal action on behalf of blacks was equally ineffective: when the Supreme Court struck down the

2421: 1837: 1697: 1566: 1169: 1050: 846: 7856: 1747:, James A. Garfield, an Ohio Congressman and Civil War general who was neither Stalwart nor Half-Breed. 1173: 1027:

Almeda (1825–1899), the wife of James H. Masten who served as postmaster of Cohoes and publisher of the

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with China, allowing an unrestricted flow of Chinese into the country. As the economy soured after the

1526: 1305: 1130: 1114: 1090: 994:; he spent the rest of his life as a minister in that denomination. William Arthur became an outspoken 944: 573: 501: 9033: 2146: 1829:, had been won by Republicans through illegal machinations. Garfield ultimately appointed a Stalwart, 1632:

Hayes entered office with a pledge to reform the patronage system; in 1877, he and Treasury Secretary

1625:, carried New York and won the popular vote nationwide, but after the resolution of several months of 781:. Following the war, he devoted more time to New York Republican politics and quickly rose in Senator 82: 12402: 12321: 12025: 11990: 11945: 11935: 11920: 11910: 11875: 11840: 10916: 9293: 8590: 8585: 8367: 8331: 8105: 7640: 5795: 3829: 3269: 2956: 2638: 2607: 2521: 2084: 1548:. Having become friendly with Murphy over their shared love of horses during summer vacations on the 1409: 1267: 1262: 292: 38: 8347: 6795: 13282: 12086: 12060: 12035: 11940: 11885: 11880: 11860: 11825: 11815: 9013: 8933: 8276: 2503: 2480: 1731:

Conkling and his fellow Stalwarts, including Arthur, wished to follow up their 1879 success at the

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The Arthurs moved to Vermont after the birth of their first child, Regina. They quickly moved from

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faction of the Republican Party. In 1878, following bitter disputes between Conkling and President

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on a large corner of the plot. In 1889, a monument was placed on Arthur's burial plot by sculptor

2594:, finding that title belonged to the Native Americans, revoked Arthur's order a few months later. 1932:, on September 21. On September 22, he re-took the oath of office, this time before Chief Justice 1552:, in July of that year, Grant appointed him to the Collector's position. Murphy's reputation as a 12944: 12410: 11995: 11950: 11890: 11865: 11820: 11587: 11482: 9373: 8570: 7749:

Theriault, Sean M. (February 2003). "Patronage, the Pendleton Act, and the Power of the People".

6861: 6837: 3026: 2932: 2759: 2283: 2275: 1770:"—the idea that returning Democrats to office would undo the victory of the Civil War and reward 1693: 850: 8383: 7279: 6344: 2582:, an opponent of allotment, assured him that the lands were not protected, Arthur opened up the 1980:

until 1882; when she arrived, Arthur shielded her from the intrusive press as much as he could.

1054: 13534: 13315: 12898: 12870: 12823: 12815: 12173: 11905: 11870: 11462: 11432: 10230: 9634: 8999: 8878: 8633: 8517: 7664: 7022:. Sacramento, CA: California State Department of Parks and Recreation. p. 235 – via 4428: 4408: 3245: 2928: 2583: 2456: 2202: 2062: 1901: 1893: 1817: 1762: 1666: 1562: 1319: 1205: 1118: 956: 810: 554: 63: 8217: 8196: 8145: 7999: 7211: 7169: 6642: 3506: 1379:. That summer, he and other representatives of northern governors met with Secretary of State 12933: 12865: 12258: 12030: 11985: 10470: 9229: 8575: 8522: 8228: 8166: 7398: 7387: 7342:

Our Martyred President ... : The Life and Public Services of Gen. James A. Garfield

7190: 3417: 3329: 2818: 2771: 2751: 2699:, a Democrat who had been a member of the Court since before the Civil War. Arthur nominated 2491:

members. Some black Republicans felt betrayed by the pragmatic gambit, but others (including

2417: 2408: 2352: 2303: 2278:, which levied a 50-cent tax on immigrants to the United States, and excluded from entry the 2172: 2113: 1941: 1736: 1702: 1491: 1455: 1282: 1220:

in 1854, he joined Culver's firm, which was subsequently renamed Culver, Parker, and Arthur.

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confirms that this is incorrect: Arthur claimed to be a year younger "out of simple vanity".

13494: 13484: 13004: 12553: 12288: 12278: 11547: 11542: 11532: 11382: 11377: 11286: 11268: 11256: 11244: 11232: 11226: 10446: 10426: 10250: 10246: 10200: 9736: 9664: 9249: 8136: 6813: 3335: 3273: 3012: 2984: 2848: 2561: 2413: 2348: 2193:, dominated by protectionists, provided a 10% reduction. After conference with the Senate, 1997: 1973: 1845: 1674: 1405: 1322:(July 25, 1864 – July 18, 1937), married Myra Townsend, then Rowena Graves, father of 1294: 833:, arguing that its twenty-year ban on Chinese immigrants to the United States violated the 304: 7473:

Hutchinson, C.P. (April 1947). "The Present Status of Our Immigration Laws and Policies".

5954: 5952: 3317:

Earlier in 1874, during the Grant administration, Congress approved funds to rebuild four

1013:

Regina (1822–1910), the wife of William G. Caw, a grocer, banker, and community leader of

924:, the daughter of George Washington Stone and Judith Stevens. Her family was primarily of 8: 13329: 13292: 13177: 13155: 12875: 12615: 12572: 12528: 12241: 11452: 11190: 10222: 10209: 10105: 9988: 9706: 9179: 9099: 8816: 8686: 8651: 8326: 8229:"Chester A. Arthur Is the Most Forgotten President in U.S. History, According to Science" 7975: 5687: 3159: 2878: 2763: 2622: 2615: 2398: 2363: 2117: 2087:. This legislation greatly expanded similar civil service reforms attempted by President 2080: 2026: 2014: 1969: 1937: 1830: 1701:

Arthur immediately took advantage of the resulting free time to work for the election of

1617: 1604: 1495: 1150: 1074: 983: 975: 971:, near the Vermont border. They married in Dunham on April 12, 1821, soon after meeting. 937: 798: 794: 206: 8857: 8314:

Essays on Chester Arthur and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady

7379: 6921: 13417: 13192: 12949: 12771: 12634: 12273: 12138: 11567: 11507: 11397: 11292: 11274: 11250: 11172: 11017: 10999: 10196: 10187: 10109: 9998: 9993: 9983: 9826: 9748: 9730: 9694: 9616: 9543: 9169: 8799: 8761: 8751: 8681: 8550: 8489: 8483: 7774: 7766: 7737: 7729: 7700: 7627: 7606: 7490: 7441: 7272: 7045: 6182: 5949: 4828:

To Consent to the Nomination of Theodore Roosevelt as Collector of Customs at New York.

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and how, if at all, to protect the civil rights of black southerners. Since the end of

2392: 2380: 2343: 2238: 2092: 2066: 2050: 2018: 1876: 1685: 1670: 1376: 1298: 1257: 1146: 921: 917: 910: 826: 778: 762: 714: 709: 449: 371: 249: 194: 10040: 8013:"Mrs. John E. McElroy Dead: Sister of Late President Arthur Succumbs in Atlantic City" 7830:"Republican State Committee: Gen. Chester A. Arthur Elected Chairman – Campaign Plans" 2222: 1629:(from Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina), Hayes was declared the winner. 1569:, each of whom declined and recommended Arthur. Grant then nominated Arthur, with the 13378: 13262: 13187: 13035: 12985: 12974: 12845: 12766: 12726: 12584: 12503: 12497: 12283: 11617: 11592: 11572: 11522: 11497: 11477: 11467: 11427: 11402: 11304: 11202: 11065: 11053: 11041: 11023: 10987: 10850: 10626: 10606: 10590: 10570: 10490: 10370: 10266: 10157: 10144: 10118: 10044: 9838: 9802: 9772: 9718: 9319: 9269: 9199: 9139: 9109: 8969: 8919: 8826: 8666: 8293: 8202: 8181: 8151: 7778: 7741: 7561: 7361: 7354: 7326: 7320: 7302: 7283: 7258: 7239: 7217: 7196: 7175: 7154: 7147: 7131: 7125: 7099: 7079: 6646: 6631: 3512: 3423: 3341: 3318: 3253: 3189: 3089: 2821:. On April 5, 1882, Arthur was elected to the District of Columbia Commandery of the 2775: 2716: 2666: 2386: 2375: 2367: 2290: 2267: 2234: 2227: 2181: 2097: 1989: 1933: 1875:

While in Albany on July 2, Arthur learned that Garfield had been shot. The assassin,

1755: 1678: 1654: 1534: 1467: 1433:, Arthur and Murphy raised funds from Republicans in New York, and they attended the 1380: 1242: 1213: 1193: 1126: 991: 967:

in 1819 or 1820. Malvina Stone met William Arthur when Arthur was teaching school in

925: 870: 842: 834: 751: 143: 8091: 6867: 6849: 1992:, his friend and fellow New York Stalwart as Windom's replacement. Attorney General 1466:

The end of the Civil War meant new opportunities for the men in Morgan's Republican

13358: 13277: 13182: 13172: 13147: 12860: 12855: 12840: 12751: 11646: 11641: 11552: 11472: 11447: 11437: 11310: 11220: 11083: 11059: 11011: 10975: 10290: 10226: 10213: 10183: 10170: 10092: 10079: 9790: 9778: 9760: 9742: 9652: 9646: 9628: 9592: 9159: 9149: 9129: 9089: 9039: 8989: 8939: 8843: 8673: 8374:

Remarks at the Grave of Chester Alan Arthur, Albany Rural Cemetery, October 5, 2019

8351: 7914: 7758: 7721: 7598: 7529: 7482: 7433: 7349: 7316: 7114: 6843: 6772: 6085:

David L. Anderson, "The Diplomacy of Discrimination: Chinese Exclusion, 1876–1882"

5456: 4718: 4424: 4404: 3502: 3110: 2970: 2920: 2915: 2671: 2591: 2587: 2476: 2464: 1929: 1869: 1849: 1658: 1622: 1510: 1413: 1197: 1046: 1014: 979: 933: 786: 766: 743: 605: 280: 155: 88: 8870: 8130: 8073: 8063:"Historical Summary of Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) Posts by State: Wisconsin" 7762: 7618:

Reeves, Thomas C. (Summer 1972). "The Search for the Chester Alan Arthur Papers".

7457: 5991: 5026: 4827: 2255: 2249:. Blaine did not remain in office long enough to see the effort through, and when 905: 13363: 13347: 13339: 13324: 13287: 13231: 12954: 12925: 12908: 12756: 12640: 12609: 12578: 12457: 11725: 11656: 11577: 11517: 11412: 11407: 11392: 11387: 11372: 11214: 11196: 11184: 11178: 11137: 11089: 11035: 10486: 10406: 10390: 10386: 10366: 10286: 10270: 10131: 10083: 10066: 10057: 10053: 9808: 9784: 9754: 9682: 9670: 9658: 9622: 9259: 9239: 9209: 9069: 9049: 8378: 7787: 7091: 7069: 7017: 6885: 5977: 5975: 3542: 3265: 2998: 2829: 2814: 2712: 2696: 2611: 2579: 2488: 2356: 2168: 2133:

examining the claims and pretensions of rival candidates for public employment."

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Malvina (1832–1920), the wife of Henry J. Haynesworth who was an official of the

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as New York City's next mayor. In September 1879 Arthur became chairman of the

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Ann (1828–1915), a career educator who taught school in New York and worked in

968: 876: 854: 312: 13103: 12682: 8392: 8372: 7985: 7970:"Sister of Arthur Dead: Mrs. Regina M. Caw Was Born In Dunham, Canada in 1822" 7936: 7898: 7881:"The Loyal Legion: Meeting Last Night; President Arthur Elected to Membership" 6666: 5972: 837:, but he signed a second version, which included a ten-year ban. He appointed 13473: 13425: 13267: 13239: 12341: 11666: 11607: 11492: 11316: 11047: 10586: 10566: 10526: 10506: 10466: 10450: 10430: 10174: 10161: 10135: 9878: 9796: 9724: 9309: 9279: 9019: 8949: 8784: 8147:

The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present

8012: 7969: 7934: 7916: 7880: 7843: 7829: 7815: 6819: 6723: 6638: 3806: 3277: 3228: 3063: 2844: 2790: 2662: 2641:. Reporters accompanied the presidential party, helping to publicize the new 2566: 2513: 2496: 2294: 2259: 2207: 2185: 2125: 1897: 1896:

when, on the night of September 19, he learned that Garfield had died. Judge

1813: 1689: 1645: 1558: 1553: 1541: 1393: 1354: 1251: 1208:, and then saving enough money to relocate, Arthur moved to New York City to 1158: 1138: 1086: 770: 601: 466: 7641:"The Diaries of Malvina Arthur: Windows Into The Past of Our 21st President" 7019:

Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument Visitor Center Interpretive Plan

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The Arthur administration was challenged by changing relations with western

2435:

record, but of the original twenty-five men, only seven survived to return.

2412:. The contracts to build the ABCD ships were all awarded to the low bidder, 2266:

were defeated by February 1885, and an existing reciprocity treaty with the

1865:, resigned in protest of Garfield's continuing opposition to their faction. 13272: 13016: 12761: 11686: 11681: 11602: 11582: 11537: 11487: 11457: 11422: 11346: 11328: 11113: 11101: 10993: 10981: 10969: 10786: 10766: 10746: 10096: 9688: 9359: 9349: 9329: 9299: 8959: 8711: 8639: 8313: 7922: 7083: 7023: 6100:

At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration During the Exclusion Era, 1882–1943

6044: 4892: 4852: 4836: 3522: 3355: 3257: 2833: 2806: 2279: 1767: 1633: 1549: 1518: 1487: 1426: 1417: 1323: 995: 964: 587: 62:"Chester Alan Arthur" and "Chester Arthur" redirect here. For his son, see 7410:

The Presidents A Reference History James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur

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Conkling and Pratt were ultimately denied re-election, being succeeded by

2017:

to the post, on Blaine's recommendation. Finally, when Interior Secretary

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result was more decisive—214 to 155—and Garfield and Arthur were elected.

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Arthur pronounced his middle name with the accent on the second syllable.

3059: 2779: 2700: 2575: 2545: 2472: 2263: 2054: 1826: 1513:'s candidacy for president, and Arthur raised funds for Grant's election 1313: 1278: 1209: 1166: 1105:

Arthur spent some of his childhood years living in the New York towns of

948: 838: 805:, the extended contest between Grant, identified with the Stalwarts, and 514: 7733: 7704: 6825: 6565: 6563: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6490: 6488: 6471: 6469: 6452: 6450: 5815: 5813: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5652: 5650: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5572: 5570: 5399: 5397: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 2992: 2711:

retired in January 1882. Arthur first nominated his old political boss,

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7899:"Leading Officials: The Three Principal Officers in the Nebraska Posts" 7770: 7631: 7610: 7542:. Vol. 1. Boston: American Biographical Society. pp. 146–151. 7494: 7445: 7262: 6426: 6391: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6060: 5930: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5609: 5413: 5348: 5252: 5236: 5160: 5141: 4979: 4805: 3354:

A small number of Arthur's papers survived and passed to his grandson,

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William Lewis Arthur (December 10, 1860 – July 7, 1863), died of "

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descent, and her maternal grandfather, Uriah Stone, had served in the

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Presidential Places: A Guide to the Historic Sites of U.S. Presidents

6855: 6579: 6560: 6520: 6485: 6466: 6447: 5810: 5730: 5714: 5666: 5647: 5586: 5567: 5394: 5309: 4512: 4510: 4508: 3669: 3538:"Top 10 Forgettable Presidents: Fail to the Chief; Chester A. Arthur" 2708: 2630: 2570: 2071: 1977: 1761:

As expected, the election was close. The Democratic nominee, General

1421: 869:

among contemporaries for his solid performance in office. Journalist

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Some older sources list the date as October 5, 1830, but biographer

3034: 2843:—a fifteen-foot (4.6 m), bronze figure of Arthur standing on a 12996: 12391: 11612: 11119: 10790: 10646: 10550: 9929: 8302: 7725: 7376:

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1877–1896

7040:"Where a President Took the Oath, Indifference May Become Official" 5487: 5471: 5101: 4963: 4944: 4491: 4489: 4165: 4163: 4119: 4117: 3879: 2537: 1246: 4574: 4572: 4505: 3616: 3614: 3180:$ 50,000 in 1871 is equal to $ 1.27 million in present terms. 2732:

health limited his activity with the firm, and Arthur served only

1371:, Virginia, in May 1862, shortly after forces under Major General 1180:. During his winter breaks, he served as a teacher at a school in 9850: 8178:

The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur

8044: 8010: 7382:; old, factual and heavily political, by winner of Pulitzer Prize 6672: 6595: 6105: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5628: 5548: 3812: 3367:

On his grave marker, his birth year is incorrectly given as 1830.

2484: 2443: 2242: 1947: 1840:

was divided among 37 Republicans, 37 Democrats, one independent (

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In 1861, Arthur was appointed to the military staff of Governor

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American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law

8335: 7857:"The New Administration; President Arthur Formally Inaugurated" 7691:

Schwartz, Sybil (Autumn 1978). "In Defense of Chester Arthur".

7385: 6891: 6355: 5179: 4995: 4569: 4443: 3794: 3611: 2626: 2176: 1787: 1137:, even participating in a brawl against students who supported 793:

in 1871, and he was an important supporter of Conkling and the

758:, Arthur served the remainder of the term until March 4, 1885. 8093: 6007: 3946:. Indianapolis, IN: Psi Upsilon Fraternity. September 11, 2019 3444:

Colonel Alexander K. McClure's recollections of Half a Century

3054:

List of presidents of the United States by previous experience

7983: 7967: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6028: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5079: 5077: 5016: 5014: 4632: 4553: 4541: 4377: 3770: 3764: 3728: 3599: 3096:

on September 19, 1881. This was prior to the adoption of the

1540:

In 1870, President Grant gave Conkling control over New York

1517:. The opposing Democratic machine in New York City, known as 4920: 4755: 4753: 4684: 4682: 3869: 3867: 2621:

Shortly after becoming president, Arthur was diagnosed with

2590:

to settlers by executive order in 1885. Arthur's successor,

1216:, an abolitionist lawyer and family friend. When Arthur was 13600:

Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees

7127:

The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur

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Candidates in the 1884 United States presidential election

13310: 12893: 8387: 8100:. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. 6739: 6702: 6690: 6308: 6149: 5850: 5502: 5444: 5297: 5285: 5268: 5224: 5207: 5195: 5117: 5074: 5011: 4781: 4531: 4529: 4352: 4350: 4325: 4323: 4304: 4077: 4075: 4019: 4017: 4015: 1952:

On the threshold of office, what have we to expect of him?

1812:

Arthur taking the oath of office as administered by Judge

1241:

When Arthur joined the firm, Culver and New York attorney

1176:

he was president of the debate society and was elected to

1157:) and a grammar school in Schenectady, Arthur enrolled at 8862: 8274: 8165:

Department of Oregon, Grand Army of the Republic (1919).

8072:. Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. Archived from 7896: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6831: 6369: 6367: 6365: 4750: 4738: 4706: 4694: 4679: 3864: 2692:. The first vacancy arose in July 1881 with the death of 2427:

During Arthur's term, the U.S. Signal Corps promoted the

2274:

then approved. He also signed in August of that year the

9573: 7878: 7392:. Vol. 96. Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons & Company. 7255:

Chester A. Arthur, A Quarter-Century of Machine Politics

6879: 6332: 6137: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3657: 3626: 3550: 3171:$ 10,000 in 1870 is equal to $ 240,947 in present terms. 1521:, worked for Grant's opponent, former New York Governor 1038:

in the years immediately before and after the Civil War.

888:

president. Arthur has also been described as one of the

7396: 7096:

The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction

6963: 6961: 5777: 5775: 4651: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4526: 4367: 4365: 4347: 4335: 4320: 4267: 4265: 4252: 4250: 4133: 4072: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4012: 3978: 3976: 3963: 3961: 3830:"Then Again: A Vermont politician faces the 'birthers'" 3675: 3212:

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

2823:

Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States

1498:

in 1867. Conkling, elected to the United States Senate

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Arthur made appointments to fill two vacancies on the

2536:

was under government pressure to stop the practice of

13610:

Republican Party vice presidents of the United States

8596:

List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur

7408:

Weisberger, Bernard A. (2002). Henry F. Graff (ed.).

4294: 4292: 3891: 3840: 3693: 3681: 2319:

The "Squadron of Evolution" at anchor in 1889, after

1591:, but far less than what he had previously received. 8282:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

6958: 5772: 5062: 4584: 4362: 4277: 4262: 4247: 4235: 4191: 4179: 4104: 4102: 4087: 4029: 4000: 3973: 3958: 3452: 2946: 2258:. Similar efforts at reciprocal trade treaties with 8900: 8222:. Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co. pp. 170–171. 8198:

Department of Wisconsin, Grand Army of the Republic

8108:. The American Presidency Project. December 1, 1884 7986:"Sister of Late President Arthur Dies at Age of 87" 7841: 7192:

The Law of the Executive Branch: Presidential Power

6678: 6320: 4938: 3915: 3642: 3587: 3146:

Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

734:(October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was the 21st 8034:"Another Sister for Chester: Almeda Arthur Masten" 8011: 7984: 7968: 7952: 7935: 7915: 7897: 7879: 7855: 7842: 7828: 7814: 7353: 7271: 7146: 6778: 6630: 5462: 5432: 4289: 4060: 3988: 3575: 2908:Presidential dollar coin of Arthur, minted in 2012 2217: 1976:and his daughter, Nell, stayed in New York with a 1509:. The Conkling machine was solidly behind General 1009:Arthur had seven siblings who lived to adulthood: 853:to impose more restrictions on immigrants and the 7665:"The Mystery of Chester Alan Arthur's Birthplace" 6633:Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary 4150: 4148: 4099: 3734: 3710: 3422:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 83–84. 2793:who died just three months after leaving office. 1882:More troubling was the lack of legal guidance on 13605:Republican Party presidents of the United States 13471: 7844:"Organization of the Republican State Committee" 7662: 7510:. Vol. 24, no. 4. U.S. Naval Institute 7116:Lives of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur 6997: 6973: 5089: 3885: 3852: 3800: 3782: 3620: 3464: 1412:, a Republican politician, but also a friend of 1336:for the Second Brigade of the New York Militia. 1161:there in 1845, where he studied the traditional 59:President of the United States from 1881 to 1885 13490:1880 United States vice-presidential candidates 7979:. Washington, DC. November 17, 1910. p. 3. 7827: 4926: 4908: 4398: 4396: 3483:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (October 12, 2004). 3387: 3385: 3383: 1607:kicking Arthur out of the New York Custom House 7926:. Medford, OR. September 23, 1892 – via 7638: 7112: 6868:"Original Civil War Officer Members of MOLLUS" 4547: 4459: 4145: 3776: 3746: 3605: 3508:American Heritage History of the United States 3485:"Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton" 3214:, Senators were elected by state legislatures. 2726: 1458:(formerly the Merchants' Exchange building at 229:September 11, 1879 – October 11, 1881 13089: 12668: 12418: 9945: 9559: 8886: 8423: 8020:. Washington, DC. January 9, 1917. p. 9. 7917:"In the Encampment at the Reunion at Ashland" 7648:Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society 7356:Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur 6844:"In the Encampment at the Reunion at Ashland" 3903: 2648: 1707:New York State Republican Executive Committee 1692:. Hayes again offered Arthur the position of 1308:in Manhattan. The couple had three children: 920:. Arthur's mother, Malvina Stone was born in 388:Quartermaster General of the New York Militia 13505:19th-century presidents of the United States 8716: 8098:Original Civil War Officer Members of MOLLUS 7993:. Burlington, VT. April 12, 1915. p. 1. 7888:. Washington, DC. April 6, 1882 – via 7386:University of the State of New York (1883). 6089:57#1 (1978) pp. 32–45. DOI: 10.2307/25157814 5787: 4393: 3397: 3380: 2475:emerged with the growth of a new party, the 1133:. He joined other young Whigs in support of 773:. He served as quartermaster general of the 13590:People of Vermont in the American Civil War 12204:National Republican Congressional Committee 8175: 8143: 7813: 7501: 7113:Doyle, Burton T.; Swaney, Homer H. (1881). 6622: 6261: 4477: 3823: 3821: 3511:. Newbury, NH: New Word City. p. 274. 3482: 2226:A political cartoon from 1882, criticizing 2021:resigned that same month, Arthur appointed 1420:Democratic organization. Murphy was also a 1057:in the U.S. Army during Arthur's presidency 754:. Assuming the presidency after Garfield's 176:March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881 119:September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885 23: 13096: 13082: 12675: 12661: 12425: 12411: 12294:High School Republican National Federation 9952: 9938: 9914: 9566: 9552: 9528: 8893: 8879: 8430: 8416: 8040:. Greenwich, NY: Greenwich Town Historian. 7851:. Boston, MA. October 12, 1881. p. 1. 7837:. New York. September 12, 1879. p. 2. 7407: 6188: 6172: 6160: 5905:Federal-Budget and Fiscal Policy 1789–1958 1582:party and voted against Grant, but he was 325:January 1, 1861 – January 1, 1863 81: 24: 8171:. Salem, OR: State Publishing Department. 8106:"Chester A. Arthur Fourth Annual Message" 8046:"Supreme Court Nominations, present-1789" 7944:. Goff, KS. January 26, 1893 – via 7906:. Omaha, NE. August 30, 1891 – via 7403:. Montpelier: Vermont Secretary of State. 7278:. Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press. p. 7098:. New York: Oxford University Press, US. 6796:"James K Polk: Life After the Presidency" 5897: 3345:), which had lain uncompleted since 1877. 2935:. Since 1944 it has been the location of 2551: 2136: 1912: 1797: 1644:Hayes further struck at the heart of the 1616:, but the nomination was won by reformer 350:Inspector General of the New York Militia 270:December 1, 1871 – July 11, 1878 13110:1884 United States presidential election 12689:1880 United States presidential election 12387:Timeline of modern American conservatism 12219:Republican Attorneys General Association 12214:National Republican Senatorial Committee 8774:for Vice President of the United States 8503:1880 United States presidential election 8398:episode "The Day the Earth Stood Stupid" 8384:Chester A. Arthur's Personal Manuscripts 8251:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges 7823:. Lawrence, KS. July 9, 1871. p. 2. 7650:. Montpelier: Vermont Historical Society 7426:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 7301:. Bloomfield: Indiana University Press. 7299:Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life 7238:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 7216:. Indianapolis, IN: Dog ear Publishing. 7130:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 6793: 4423: 4403: 3827: 3818: 3501: 3250:administered the first presidential oath 2745: 2677: 2601: 2442: 2314: 2221: 2040: 1946: 1807: 1776: 1722: 1719:1880 United States presidential election 1598: 1449: 1360:9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 1232: 1143:1844 United States presidential election 904: 534: 530: 399:July 27, 1862 – January 1, 1863 32:This is an accepted version of this page 13555:Garfield administration cabinet members 13520:American people of Scotch-Irish descent 12209:National Republican Redistricting Trust 8513:Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site 8227:Waxman, Olivia B. (February 16, 2018). 8194: 7937:"Meeting of C. A. Arthur Post, No. 411" 7528: 7456:. New York City Statues. Archived from 7236:Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President 7036: 6820:"Meeting of C. A. Arthur Post, No. 411" 4446:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 3415: 3049:List of presidents of the United States 2805:posts were named for Arthur, including 2684:Chester A. Arthur judicial appointments 2112:that the law created, naming reformers 2093:annual presidential address to Congress 2036: 2009:, a Wisconsin Stalwart. Navy Secretary 1362:elected him commander with the rank of 821:As president, Arthur presided over the 361:April 14, 1862 – July 12, 1862 14: 13472: 12327:Republican National Coalition for Life 8561:United States Civil Service Commission 8348:"Life and Career of Chester A. Arthur" 8226: 8215: 7617: 7539:The Biographical Dictionary of America 7472: 7452: 7348: 7230: 7167: 7078:. Vol. 2. Peter Fenelon Collier. 7075:The Naval History of the United States 6991: 6944:"Chester Arthur Presidential $ 1 Coin" 6908: 6757: 6745: 6729: 6717: 6696: 6612: 6585: 6569: 6550: 6531: 6514: 6494: 6475: 6456: 6441: 6404: 6314: 6298: 6275: 6245: 6229: 6208: 6192: 6127: 6111: 6069: 6054: 6050: 6034: 6001: 5985: 5962: 5943: 5920: 5891: 5875: 5856: 5840: 5819: 5793: 5762: 5741: 5700: 5677: 5656: 5637: 5622: 5603: 5580: 5561: 5542: 5530: 5511: 5496: 5481: 5450: 5422: 5403: 5354: 5342: 5322: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5258: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5201: 5185: 5169: 5150: 5123: 5107: 5083: 5056: 5032: 5020: 4985: 4969: 4953: 4902: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4858: 4846: 4842: 4815: 4811: 4799: 4787: 4775: 4771: 4759: 4744: 4728: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4669: 4657: 4641: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4559: 4535: 4516: 4495: 4383: 4371: 4356: 4341: 4329: 4310: 4283: 4271: 4256: 4241: 4229: 4213: 4197: 4185: 4173: 4139: 4127: 4093: 4081: 4054: 4042: 4023: 4006: 3982: 3967: 3926: 3897: 3873: 3704: 3687: 3651: 3636: 3593: 3565: 3458: 3419:Presidents from Hayes Through McKinley 2342:In the years following the Civil War, 2162:engraved portrait of President Arthur 2124:as commissioners. The chief examiner, 2053:was exposed, in which contractors for 1462:) was Arthur's office for seven years. 1440: 1435:second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 1274:of the New York City streetcar lines. 738:, serving from 1881 to 1885. He was a 13309: 13077: 12892: 12656: 12406: 12269:Republican National Hispanic Assembly 9933: 9547: 8874: 8863:Articles related to Chester A. Arthur 8861: 8715: 8437: 8411: 8144:Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F. (2007). 8128: 8061:National GAR Records Program (2005). 7785: 7748: 7560: 7502:Jampoler, Andrew C.A. (August 2010). 7389:Annual Report of the Board of Regents 7195:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6760:"President Chester Arthur's birthday" 6350: 5724: 5708: 4444:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 3828:Bushnell, Mark (September 25, 2016). 3535: 2758:After spending the summer of 1886 in 1445: 1245:(the grandson of the Founding Father 785:'s political organization. President 13635:Vice presidents of the United States 13620:State and National Law School alumni 13560:Grand Army of the Republic officials 9959: 9904: 9575:Vice presidents of the United States 8332:"Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur" 7690: 7400:Vermont: The Land of Green Mountains 7397:Vermont Bureau of Publicity (1913). 7315: 7174:. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons. 7123: 7015: 6967: 6924:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum 6684: 6628: 6554: 6510: 6437: 6416: 6400: 6385: 6373: 6338: 6279: 6249: 6233: 6176: 6143: 6131: 6115: 6073: 6022: 5997: 5981: 5958: 5939: 5924: 5879: 5844: 5823: 5766: 5745: 5720: 5704: 5618: 5477: 5426: 5358: 5338: 5262: 5246: 5111: 5052: 5040: 5005: 4989: 4673: 4520: 4298: 4066: 3994: 3846: 2705:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court 2597: 2463:, conservative white Democrats (or " 1820:in New York City, September 20, 1881 1677:(all supporters of Conkling's rival 1627:disputes over twenty electoral votes 1544:, including the Custom House at the 1353:and assigned to the state militia's 1083:nominated for vice president in 1880 13525:American people of Scottish descent 13500:19th-century American Episcopalians 8807:Vice President of the United States 8508:1880 Republican National Convention 8465:Vice President of the United States 8341:American Presidents: Life Portraits 7475:The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 7423: 7209: 7144: 7119:. Washington, D.C.: Rufus H. Darby. 6892:University of the State of New York 5966: 5796:"Fourth State of the Union Address" 3940:"Notable Alumni, Chester A. Arthur" 3740: 3581: 3470: 2778:. He was laid beside his wife in a 2659:1884 Republican National Convention 2310: 1964:after President Garfield was shot. 1733:1880 Republican National Convention 1712: 1614:1876 Republican National Convention 1594: 1537:; Arthur declined the appointment. 1192:. Coincidentally, future president 900: 164:Vice President of the United States 56: 13585:People from Schaghticoke, New York 13550:Collectors of the Port of New York 13515:American people of English descent 12312:Republican Main Street Partnership 8556:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 8122: 8031: 7816:"Afternoon Dispatches: Pleasanton" 7711: 7639:Reeves, Thomas C. (July 1, 1970). 7588: 7339: 7296: 7269: 7188: 6794:Pinheiro, John (October 4, 2016). 6420: 5438: 5189: 5173: 5154: 5135: 4957: 3858: 3752: 3716: 2703:, a distinguished jurist from the 2526:Judge Advocate General of the Army 2102:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 2031:25th Amendment to the Constitution 1228: 863:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 57: 13646: 12254:Congressional Hispanic Conference 8586:Indian Appropriations Act of 1885 8541:Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur 8498:Collector of the Port of New York 8277:"Chester A. Arthur (id: A000303)" 8266: 8201:. Black Earth, WI: Trails Books. 8025: 7997: 7663:Reeves, Thomas C. (Autumn 1970). 7620:The Wisconsin Magazine of History 7325:. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 7090: 7068: 7037:Roberts, Sam (December 7, 2014). 6758:Hunter, Jeff (October 20, 2020). 6326: 6302: 6212: 6196: 6102:(U of North Carolina Press, 2003. 3788: 3192:filled Merritt's former position. 2847:pedestal—was created by sculptor 2828:Union College awarded Arthur the 2396:) and an armed dispatch-steamer ( 2070:for two minor conspirators and a 1861:the other senator from New York, 1804:Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur 791:Collector of the Port of New York 258:Collector of the Port of New York 13540:Burials at Albany Rural Cemetery 13530:American people of Welsh descent 12473: 12224:Republican Governors Association 10763:2020 (Charlotte/other locations) 9913: 9903: 9894: 9893: 9527: 9518: 9517: 8695: 8694: 8323:Chester Arthur: A Resource Guide 8306: 8168:Journal of the Annual Encampment 8092:Rhode Island Commandery (2009). 8032:Dolton, Trisha (July 12, 2013). 8000:"Obituary, Major William Arthur" 7522: 7274:The Handy Presidents Answer Book 7252: 7030: 7009: 7003: 6979: 6936: 6914: 6787: 6751: 6616: 6589: 6573: 6535: 6498: 6479: 6460: 6255: 6092: 6079: 6038: 6018: 5916: 5781: 5681: 5660: 5641: 5599: 5576: 5557: 5526: 5407: 5364: 5326: 5095: 5068: 5036: 5001: 4973: 4914: 4821: 4732: 4645: 4563: 4499: 4465: 4387: 4314: 4225: 4209: 4169: 4154: 4123: 4108: 3909: 3663: 3632: 3569: 3403: 3361: 3348: 3311: 3296: 3287: 3234: 3217: 3204: 3195: 3183: 3088:Arthur was Vice President under 3058:Arthur Cottage, ancestral home, 3033: 3019: 3005: 2991: 2977: 2963: 2949: 2901: 2886: 2867: 2451:pressed civil rights in Virginia 2160:Bureau of Engraving and Printing 2145: 1923: 1739:, concentrated their efforts on 1531:Commissioner of Internal Revenue 1304:. In 1859, they were married at 916:Chester Alan Arthur was born in 689:Second Brigade, New York Militia 641: 13630:Union College (New York) alumni 13595:Presidents of the United States 8902:Presidents of the United States 8318:Miller Center of Public Affairs 7504:"Disaster at Lady Franklin Bay" 7056: 6856:"GAR Posts by State: Wisconsin" 3932: 3529: 3495: 3174: 3165: 3151: 3138: 3125: 3116: 2721:Second Circuit Court of Appeals 2438: 2218:Foreign affairs and immigration 2091:30 years earlier. In his first 1919:Presidency of Chester A. Arthur 1727:Garfield–Arthur campaign poster 1223: 951:, County Antrim, Ireland, to a 746:who briefly served as the 20th 526: 13580:People from Fairfield, Vermont 12317:Republican Majority for Choice 12145:Steering and Policy Committees 8834:President of the United States 8454:President of the United States 8363:Chester A. Arthur's Presidency 8176:Greenberger, Scott S. (2017). 8150:. New York: Ballantine Books. 7998:Jenks, J. E. (March 6, 1915). 7344:. National Publishing Company. 7257:. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co. 7153:. Twenty-First Century Books. 6922:"21c Chester A. Arthur single" 5798:. Wikisource, The Free Library 3476: 3436: 3409: 3103: 3082: 2881:in New York City, cast in 1898 2719:, who had been a judge on the 2359:advocated reform of the Navy. 2191:House Ways and Means Committee 1603:A cartoon depicting President 1049:, before being appointed as a 736:president of the United States 107:President of the United States 13: 1: 12382:International Democracy Union 7807: 7763:10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00003 7566:"A Black Cadet At West Point" 7552:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 7360:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 7145:Feldman, Ruth Tenzer (2006). 4833:. Retrieved February 8, 2022. 3374: 3305:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 2402:), collectively known as the 1507:Republican National Committee 1431:presidential election of 1864 1367:inspect New York troops near 1202:State and National Law School 1045:government and a merchant in 947:, was born in 1796 in Dreen, 895: 861:. Arthur signed into law the 612:State and National Law School 92: 13615:Stalwarts (Republican Party) 13565:New York (state) Republicans 8094:"From the Headquarters Desk" 7124:Doenecke, Justus D. (1981). 6004:, pp. 398–399, 407–410. 5499:, pp. 252–253, 268–269. 4438:American Antiquarian Society 4418:American Antiquarian Society 2914:history". By 1975, however, 2429:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 2374:construction of three steel 1339: 1218:admitted to the New York bar 1145:. Arthur also supported the 1100: 7: 13408:National Equal Rights Party 12264:Republican Jewish Coalition 12179:Republican Governance Group 8612:Statue of Chester A. Arthur 8305:(public domain audiobooks) 8195:McCrory, Thomas J. (2005). 7591:Political Science Quarterly 7417: 6673:"Supreme Court Nominations" 5794:Arthur, Chester A. (1884). 3813:"Mrs. John E. McElroy Dead" 3676:Vermont Bureau of Publicity 2942: 2768:Church of the Heavenly Rest 2727:Post-presidency (1885–1886) 2690:United States Supreme Court 2629:ailment now referred to as 2606:Arthur on an expedition in 1838:47th United States Congress 1781:1880 electoral vote results 1375:seized the town during the 1095:natural-born-citizen clause 10: 13651: 12464:Frederick T. Frelinghuysen 12184:Republican Study Committee 8356:Kansas City Public Library 8299:Works by Chester A. Arthur 8290:Works by Chester A. Arthur 7794:. Vol. 11, no. 4 7412:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 3210:Before the passage of the 3092:and became President upon 2803:Grand Army of the Republic 2681: 2655:1884 presidential election 2649:1884 presidential election 2251:Frederick T. Frelinghuysen 2002:Frederick T. Frelinghuysen 1960:cartoon, Arthur faces the 1916: 1801: 1716: 1091:United States Constitution 816:1880 presidential election 419:Sebastian Visscher Talcott 61: 13439: 13406: 13377: 13323: 13305: 13249: 13222: 13205: 13165: 13138: 13121: 13049: 13014: 12983: 12906: 12888: 12833: 12806: 12789: 12744: 12717: 12700: 12627:Secretary of the Interior 12625: 12600: 12563: 12538: 12519: 12484:Secretary of the Treasury 12482: 12471: 12448: 12359: 12322:Republican Liberty Caucus 12302: 12232: 12194: 12125: 12114: 12069: 11808: 11794: 11734: 11365: 11356: 11147: 10950: 10813: 10009: 9969: 9889: 9581: 9513: 9385: 8908: 8868: 8840: 8831: 8823: 8813: 8804: 8796: 8791: 8781: 8766: 8758: 8748: 8742:New York Republican Party 8738: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8661: 8620: 8604: 8591:Bureau of Animal Industry 8531: 8475: 8445: 8253:. Federal Judicial Center 8216:Werner, Edgar A. (1889). 8129:Aubin, J. Harris (1906). 7786:Todd, A. L. (June 1960). 7340:McCabe, James D. (1881). 7297:Jordan, David M. (1988). 7270:Hudson, David L. (2012). 7253:Howe, George F. (1966) . 6629:Hall, Timothy L. (2001). 4581:, pp. 59, 63, 85–86. 3777:Reeves & July 1, 1970 3606:Reeves & July 1, 1970 3270:John Calvin Coolidge, Sr. 2957:American Civil War portal 2796: 2639:Yellowstone National Park 2608:Yellowstone National Park 2264:Spain's American colonies 2079:1880, Democratic Senator 1589:Secretary of the Treasury 1268:Elizabeth Jennings Graham 1263:New York Court of Appeals 1165:. He was a member of the 725: 702: 682: 672: 664: 654: 649: 637: 620: 594: 583: 566: 544: 508: 495: 484: 473: 456: 432: 427: 423: 413: 403: 392: 387: 377: 365: 354: 349: 339: 329: 318: 311:Engineer-in-Chief of the 310: 298: 286: 274: 263: 255: 243: 233: 222: 216:New York Republican Party 212: 200: 188: 180: 169: 161: 149: 137: 123: 112: 104: 100: 80: 73: 13575:New York (state) lawyers 12092:Northern Mariana Islands 8728:Party political offices 8717:Offices and distinctions 8275:United States Congress. 8180:. Da Capo. p. xii. 7168:Ferris, Gary W. (1999). 7062: 7016:Hook, Eileen M. (1986). 5988:, pp. 398–399, 409. 3666:, pp. 5, 25, 28–29. 3416:Sturgis, Amy H. (2003). 3075: 2927:Arthur's townhouse, the 2739: 2504:Civil Rights Act of 1875 2473:solidly Democratic South 2447:Readjuster Party leader 2110:Civil Service Commission 1848:with the Democrats, one 1306:Calvary Episcopal Church 1277:In 1856, Arthur courted 1237:Arthur as a young lawyer 1064:, and permanent rank of 965:Province of Lower Canada 39:latest accepted revision 8571:Immigration Act of 1882 8248:"Blatchford, Samuel M." 8219:The New-York Civil List 7751:The Journal of Politics 7213:Presidential Footprints 3765:"Burlington Free Press" 3729:"Sister of Arthur Dead" 3392:The New-York Civil List 3268:in 1923 (by his father 3027:New York (state) portal 2933:William Randolph Hearst 2760:New London, Connecticut 2516:ruling against a black 2284:intellectually disabled 2276:Immigration Act of 1882 2235:Garfield administration 1884:presidential succession 990:upbringing to join the 909:Arthur's birthplace in 851:Immigration Act of 1882 849:. He also enforced the 809:, the candidate of the 13570:New York (state) Whigs 12174:Problem Solvers Caucus 9000:William Henry Harrison 8634:Chester Alan Arthur II 8518:Chester A. Arthur Home 8004:Army and Navy Register 7788:"Ordeal In The Arctic" 7562:Marszalek, John F. Jr. 7508:Naval History Magazine 7189:Fisher, Louis (2014). 6637:. New York, New York: 6262:Jampoler (August 2010) 3442:Alexander K. McClure, 3246:Chancellor of New York 3098:Twenty-fifth Amendment 2929:Chester A. Arthur Home 2841:Arthur memorial statue 2755: 2618: 2584:Crow Creek Reservation 2552:Native American policy 2452: 2339: 2270:was allowed to lapse. 2230: 2203:Rivers and Harbors Act 2137:Surplus and the tariff 2063:Stephen Wallace Dorsey 2046: 1965: 1913:Presidency (1881–1885) 1902:New York Supreme Court 1821: 1798:Vice presidency (1881) 1782: 1763:Winfield Scott Hancock 1728: 1667:Theodore Roosevelt Sr. 1608: 1563:John Augustus Griswold 1463: 1334:Judge Advocate General 1320:Chester Alan Arthur II 1287:violent confrontations 1238: 1206:Ballston Spa, New York 913: 64:Chester Alan Arthur II 12934:Barzillai J. Chambers 12602:Secretary of the Navy 12259:Log Cabin Republicans 9230:Franklin D. Roosevelt 8687:Thomas A. Hendricks → 8576:Chinese Exclusion Act 8523:Albany Rural Cemetery 7991:Burlington Free Press 7954:"Monuments At Albany" 7714:Social Service Review 7210:Hambley, Del (2008). 5711:, pp. 52–53, 56. 5376:www.gilderlehrman.org 3536:James, Randy (2019). 3262:the first swearing in 2819:Ogdensburg, Wisconsin 2772:Albany Rural Cemetery 2752:Albany Rural Cemetery 2749: 2678:Judicial appointments 2605: 2446: 2414:John Roach & Sons 2409:Squadron of Evolution 2353:Western United States 2318: 2304:Chinese Exclusion Act 2225: 2212:the elections of 1882 2195:the bill that emerged 2173:internal improvements 2114:Dorman Bridgman Eaton 2044: 1950: 1942:Louis Comfort Tiffany 1894:Lexington Avenue home 1889:president pro tempore 1811: 1780: 1726: 1602: 1492:New York Custom House 1456:New York Custom House 1453: 1295:anti-slavery settlers 1283:William Lewis Herndon 1236: 1190:North Pownal, Vermont 1004:Schenectady, New York 908: 857:to attempt to reduce 831:Chinese Exclusion Act 769:and practiced law in 665:Years of service 478:Albany Rural Cemetery 213:10th Chairman of the 13444:Other 1884 elections 13054:Other 1880 elections 12554:Benjamin H. Brewster 12289:Republicans Overseas 12279:Teen Age Republicans 12082:District of Columbia 10483:1964 (San Francisco) 10443:1956 (San Francisco) 9979:National Union Party 9737:Charles W. Fairbanks 9665:John C. Breckinridge 9250:Dwight D. Eisenhower 8682:← William A. Wheeler 7866:. September 22, 1881 7693:The Wilson Quarterly 7534:Arthur, Chester Alan 7374:Rhodes, James Ford. 6946:. United States Mint 6615:, pp. 260–261; 6588:, pp. 387–389; 6572:, pp. 380–381; 6553:, pp. 373–375; 6534:, pp. 368–371; 6513:, pp. 124–125; 6497:, pp. 364–367; 6478:, pp. 355–359; 6459:, pp. 317–318; 6301:, pp. 307–309; 6278:, pp. 306–308; 6248:, pp. 349–350; 6232:, pp. 343–345; 6211:, pp. 342–343; 6195:, pp. 342–343; 6130:, pp. 338–341; 6072:, pp. 278–279; 6053:, pp. 277–278; 6021:, pp. 168–169; 6000:, pp. 175–178; 5984:, pp. 173–175; 5965:, pp. 289–293; 5961:, pp. 129–132; 5923:, pp. 281–282; 5919:, pp. 196–197; 5878:, pp. 280–282; 5843:, pp. 330–333; 5822:, pp. 328–329; 5765:, pp. 325–327; 5703:, pp. 320–324; 5680:, pp. 303–305; 5659:, pp. 301–302; 5640:, pp. 299–300; 5602:, pp. 162–163; 5579:, pp. 160–161; 5425:, pp. 244–248; 5406:, pp. 241–243; 5357:, pp. 238–241; 5325:, pp. 233–237; 5261:, pp. 216–219; 5245:, pp. 213–216; 5172:, pp. 196–197; 5153:, pp. 194–196; 5039:, pp. 107–108; 5035:, pp. 177–178; 4988:, pp. 158–159; 4972:, pp. 153–155; 4956:, pp. 153–155; 4901:, pp. 382–384; 4861:, pp. 370–371; 4845:, pp. 353–355; 4774:, pp. 322–325; 4731:, pp. 118–119; 4727:, pp. 322–325; 3944:Distinguished Alumni 3886:Reeves (Autumn 1970) 3801:Reeves (Autumn 1970) 3621:Reeves (Autumn 1970) 3284:revealed it in 1932. 3274:justice of the peace 3013:New York City portal 2985:United States portal 2849:George Edwin Bissell 2754:in Menands, New York 2643:National Park system 2562:American Indian Wars 2469:were disenfranchised 2344:American naval power 2037:Civil service reform 1998:Benjamin H. Brewster 1974:Princeton University 1406:United States Senate 1392:, took office. When 1163:classical curriculum 963:and migrated to the 533:; died 305:Edwin Atkins Merritt 13625:Union Army generals 13178:Thomas A. Hendricks 13156:Thomas A. Hendricks 12876:Thomas A. Hendricks 12871:William R. Morrison 12816:Winfield S. Hancock 12616:William E. Chandler 12573:Thomas Lemuel James 12529:Robert Todd Lincoln 12242:College Republicans 10663:2000 (Philadelphia) 10403:1948 (Philadelphia) 10363:1940 (Philadelphia) 10180:1900 (Philadelphia) 10089:1872 (Philadelphia) 10037:1856 (Philadelphia) 9989:Fourth Party System 9707:Thomas A. Hendricks 9180:William Howard Taft 9100:Rutherford B. Hayes 8817:Thomas A. Hendricks 8667:← James A. Garfield 8652:Mary Arthur McElroy 8327:Library of Congress 7976:The Washington Post 7886:National Republican 7460:on October 13, 2012 7454:"Chester A. Arthur" 7322:Chester Alan Arthur 6832:"Leading Officials" 6748:, pp. 418–419. 6720:, pp. 416–418. 6699:, pp. 412–414. 6592:, pp. 265–266. 6576:, pp. 264–265. 6557:, pp. 181–182. 6538:, pp. 254–257. 6517:, pp. 366–367. 6501:, pp. 247–248. 6482:, pp. 244–246. 6463:, pp. 243–244. 6444:, pp. 362–363. 6423:, pp. 452–454. 6407:, pp. 362–363. 6341:, pp. 112–114. 6317:, pp. 310–313. 6282:, pp. 105–108. 6252:, pp. 152–153. 6236:, pp. 149–151. 6215:, pp. 346–347. 6199:, pp. 346–347. 6179:, pp. 147–149. 6146:, pp. 147–149. 6134:, pp. 145–147. 6057:, pp. 387–389. 5969:, pp. 653–671. 5946:, pp. 284–289. 5859:, pp. 334–335. 5847:, pp. 169–171. 5784:, pp. 209–210. 5769:, pp. 102–104. 5748:, pp. 101–102. 5723:, pp. 99–100; 5684:, pp. 189–193. 5663:, pp. 185–189. 5625:, pp. 297–298. 5606:, pp. 257–258. 5583:, pp. 255–257. 5564:, pp. 254–255. 5514:, pp. 275–276. 5453:, pp. 247–248. 5410:, pp. 152–154. 5329:, pp. 147–149. 5306:, pp. 230–233. 5294:, pp. 223–230. 5282:, pp. 220–223. 5233:, pp. 205–207. 5221:, pp. 203–204. 5204:, pp. 198–202. 5176:, pp. 297–302. 5157:, pp. 294–295. 5138:, pp. 292–305. 5126:, pp. 190–194. 5086:, pp. 179–181. 5071:, pp. 107–108. 5023:, pp. 160–165. 4905:, pp. 138–148. 4865:, pp. 136–137. 4849:, pp. 126–131. 4818:, pp. 125–126. 4790:, pp. 121–123. 4762:, pp. 121–122. 4747:, pp. 119–120. 4715:, pp. 318–319. 4703:, pp. 106–107. 4691:, pp. 100–105. 3888:, pp. 292–293. 3876:, pp. 202–203. 2879:Madison Square Park 2764:cerebral hemorrhage 2616:Robert Todd Lincoln 2471:. One crack in the 2364:William E. Chandler 2118:John Milton Gregory 2081:George H. Pendleton 2061:and former senator 2027:Robert Todd Lincoln 2015:William E. Chandler 1970:Mary Arthur McElroy 1831:Thomas Lemuel James 1686:recess appointments 1663:consulship in Paris 1618:Rutherford B. Hayes 1605:Rutherford B. Hayes 1441:New York politician 1021:and village trustee 938:American Revolution 799:Rutherford B. Hayes 761:Arthur was born in 732:Chester Alan Arthur 480:, Menands, New York 437:Chester Alan Arthur 207:Thomas A. Hendricks 29:Page version status 13418:Belva Ann Lockwood 13283:William T. Sherman 13193:Joseph E. McDonald 12970:Alexander Campbell 12950:Stephen D. Dillaye 12945:Hendrick B. Wright 12824:William H. English 12772:Elihu B. Washburne 12635:Samuel J. Kirkwood 12565:Postmaster General 12450:Secretary of State 12274:Republicans Abroad 12139:Legislative Digest 10603:1988 (New Orleans) 10543:1976 (Kansas City) 10523:1972 (Miami Beach) 10503:1968 (Miami Beach) 10303:1928 (Kansas City) 10167:1896 (Saint Louis) 10154:1892 (Minneapolis) 9999:Sixth Party System 9994:Fifth Party System 9984:Third Party System 9827:Nelson Rockefeller 9749:Thomas R. Marshall 9731:Theodore Roosevelt 9695:William A. Wheeler 9635:Richard M. Johnson 9617:Daniel D. Tompkins 9170:Theodore Roosevelt 8800:William A. Wheeler 8792:Political offices 8762:William A. Wheeler 8752:B. Platt Carpenter 8674:Grover Cleveland → 8551:Star Route scandal 8484:Lemmon v. New York 8350:, presentation by 7963:. January 7, 1894. 7961:The New York Times 7942:The Goffs Advocate 7864:The New York Times 7046:The New York Times 6880:"The Loyal Legion" 6780:The New York Times 6440:, pp. 89–90; 6403:, pp. 89–92; 6087:California History 5942:, pp. 55–57; 5707:, pp. 96–97; 5621:, pp. 93–95; 5480:, pp. 53–54; 5464:The New York Times 5004:, pp. 98–99; 4672:, pp. 95–96; 4644:, pp. 79–84; 4548:Doyle & Swaney 4519:, pp. 61–67; 4498:, pp. 51–53; 4386:, pp. 49–50; 4228:, pp. 29–30; 4212:, pp. 30–31; 4172:, pp. 26–27; 4126:, pp. 20–21; 3282:Harry M. Daugherty 3225:Elbridge G. Lapham 3066:, Northern Ireland 2811:Lawrence, Nebraska 2756: 2750:Arthur's grave at 2635:George Graham Vest 2619: 2509:Civil Rights Cases 2493:Frederick Douglass 2453: 2376:protected cruisers 2340: 2239:War of the Pacific 2231: 2169:balance the budget 2067:Richard T. Merrick 2055:star postal routes 2047: 2019:Samuel J. Kirkwood 1966: 1928:Arthur arrived in 1877:Charles J. Guiteau 1858:tie-breaking votes 1836:The Senate in the 1822: 1783: 1729: 1671:L. Bradford Prince 1609: 1580:Liberal Republican 1486:At the time, U.S. 1464: 1446:Conkling's machine 1416:, the boss of the 1408:. He was hired by 1377:Peninsula Campaign 1281:, the daughter of 1258:Lemmon v. New York 1249:) were pursuing a 1239: 1147:Fenian Brotherhood 1071:George (1836–1838) 1062:lieutenant colonel 992:Free Will Baptists 922:Berkshire, Vermont 918:Fairfield, Vermont 914: 911:Fairfield, Vermont 779:American Civil War 763:Fairfield, Vermont 715:Peninsula campaign 710:American Civil War 692:Staff of Governor 450:Fairfield, Vermont 409:Cuyler Van Vechten 383:Cuyler Van Vechten 372:Marsena R. Patrick 250:B. Platt Carpenter 195:William A. Wheeler 35: 13480:Chester A. Arthur 13467: 13466: 13461: 13460: 13435: 13434: 13379:Prohibition Party 13356:Other candidates: 13301: 13300: 13293:Robert T. Lincoln 13263:George F. Edmunds 13257:Chester A. Arthur 13201: 13200: 13188:Samuel J. Randall 13071: 13070: 13045: 13044: 13036:Samuel C. Pomeroy 13005:Henry A. Thompson 12986:Prohibition Party 12975:Thompson H. Murch 12942:Other candidates: 12884: 12883: 12846:Samuel J. Randall 12785: 12784: 12767:George F. Edmunds 12735:Chester A. Arthur 12727:James A. Garfield 12650: 12649: 12585:Walter Q. Gresham 12504:Walter Q. Gresham 12498:Charles J. Folger 12441:Chester A. Arthur 12400: 12399: 12355: 12354: 12284:Young Republicans 12152:Senate Conference 12110: 12109: 11790: 11789: 10102:1876 (Cincinnati) 9927: 9926: 9839:George H. W. Bush 9803:Lyndon B. Johnson 9701:Chester A. Arthur 9541: 9540: 9320:George H. W. Bush 9270:Lyndon B. Johnson 9200:Warren G. Harding 9140:Benjamin Harrison 9120:Chester A. Arthur 9110:James A. Garfield 8970:John Quincy Adams 8920:George Washington 8855: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8841:Succeeded by 8827:James A. Garfield 8814:Succeeded by 8782:Succeeded by 8749:Succeeded by 8709: 8708: 8439:Chester A. Arthur 8294:Project Gutenberg 8187:978-0-30-682389-3 8157:978-0-345-49773-4 8038:Greenwich History 8006:. Washington, DC. 7792:American Heritage 7570:American Heritage 7548:cite encyclopedia 7530:Johnson, Rossiter 7367:978-0-394-46095-6 7350:Reeves, Thomas C. 7332:978-0-8050-6951-8 7317:Karabell, Zachary 7308:978-0-253-36580-4 7289:978-1-57859-317-0 7245:978-0-7006-0641-2 7202:978-0-19-985621-3 7181:978-0-89587-176-3 7160:978-0-8225-1512-8 7149:Chester A. Arthur 7137:978-0-7006-0208-7 7105:978-0-19-532688-8 6894:, pp. 21–22. 6652:978-0-8160-4194-7 6388:, pp. 85–89. 6376:, pp. 84–85. 6329:, pp. 47–48. 6305:, pp. 46–47. 6076:, pp. 81–84. 5903:Lewis A. Kimmel, 5727:, pp. 57–63. 5429:, pp. 61–63. 5382:on August 7, 2018 5361:, pp. 53–54. 5265:, pp. 54–56. 5249:, pp. 52–53. 5114:, pp. 40–41. 5043:, pp. 39–40. 5008:, pp. 38–39. 4992:, pp. 38–39. 4976:, pp. 96–99. 4735:, pp. 68–69. 4676:, pp. 26–27. 4660:, pp. 87–89. 4629:, pp. 78–79. 4617:, pp. 76–77. 4605:, pp. 69–70. 4566:, pp. 46–47. 4538:, pp. 57–58. 4502:, pp. 44–45. 4359:, pp. 71–73. 4344:, pp. 42–45. 4332:, pp. 40–41. 4232:, pp. 34–35. 4216:, pp. 33–34. 4176:, pp. 28–29. 4142:, pp. 24–25. 4130:, pp. 22–23. 4111:, pp. 18–19. 4084:, pp. 17–18. 4057:, pp. 19–20. 4026:, pp. 14–15. 3849:, pp. 53–54. 3836:. Montpelier, VT. 3518:978-1-6123-0857-9 3503:Brinkley, Douglas 3429:978-0-3133-1712-5 3254:George Washington 3242:Robert Livingston 3190:Charles K. Graham 3090:James A. Garfield 2851:and installed at 2776:Menands, New York 2717:Samuel Blatchford 2694:Associate Justice 2667:George F. Edmunds 2598:Health and travel 2522:Johnson Whittaker 2465:Bourbon Democrats 2368:Naval War College 2291:Burlingame Treaty 2268:Kingdom of Hawaii 2228:Chinese exclusion 2182:William D. Kelley 2098:lame-duck session 1990:Charles J. Folger 1968:Arthur's sister, 1934:Morrison R. Waite 1904:administered the 1792:Electoral College 1788:protective tariff 1679:William M. Evarts 1655:Alonzo B. Cornell 1535:Alfred Pleasonton 1527:state legislature 1381:William H. Seward 1351:brigadier general 1214:Erastus D. Culver 1212:at the office of 1194:James A. Garfield 982:, and finally to 943:Arthur's father, 871:Alexander McClure 843:Samuel Blatchford 835:Burlingame Treaty 789:appointed him as 752:James A. Garfield 729: 728: 677:Brigadier general 460:November 18, 1886 335:George F. Nesbitt 184:James A. Garfield 144:James A. Garfield 75:Chester A. Arthur 47:22 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 13642: 13359:Allen G. Thurman 13307: 13306: 13278:Joseph R. Hawley 13250:Other candidates 13238:Vice President: 13220: 13219: 13208:Republican Party 13183:Allen G. Thurman 13173:Thomas F. Bayard 13166:Other candidates 13154:Vice President: 13148:Grover Cleveland 13136: 13135: 13124:Democratic Party 13098: 13091: 13084: 13075: 13074: 12890: 12889: 12866:Stephen J. Field 12861:Allen G. Thurman 12856:Samuel J. Tilden 12841:Thomas F. Bayard 12834:Other candidates 12822:Vice President: 12804: 12803: 12792:Democratic Party 12752:Ulysses S. Grant 12745:Other candidates 12733:Vice President: 12715: 12714: 12703:Republican Party 12677: 12670: 12663: 12654: 12653: 12540:Attorney General 12521:Secretary of War 12477: 12476: 12427: 12420: 12413: 12404: 12403: 12157:Policy Committee 12133:House Conference 12123: 12122: 11806: 11805: 11363: 11362: 10783:2024 (Milwaukee) 10743:2016 (Cleveland) 10643:1996 (San Diego) 10343:1936 (Cleveland) 10283:1924 (Cleveland) 10063:1864 (Baltimore) 9963: 9962:Republican Party 9954: 9947: 9940: 9931: 9930: 9917: 9916: 9907: 9906: 9897: 9896: 9791:Alben W. Barkley 9779:Henry A. Wallace 9761:Charles G. Dawes 9743:James S. Sherman 9653:Millard Fillmore 9647:George M. Dallas 9629:Martin Van Buren 9593:Thomas Jefferson 9568: 9561: 9554: 9545: 9544: 9531: 9530: 9521: 9520: 9160:William McKinley 9150:Grover Cleveland 9130:Grover Cleveland 9090:Ulysses S. Grant 9040:Millard Fillmore 8990:Martin Van Buren 8940:Thomas Jefferson 8895: 8888: 8881: 8872: 8871: 8859: 8858: 8844:Grover Cleveland 8824:Preceded by 8797:Preceded by 8759:Preceded by 8733:Preceded by 8725: 8724: 8713: 8712: 8698: 8697: 8468: 8457: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8409: 8408: 8399: 8352:Zachary Karabell 8344:, August 6, 1999 8310: 8309: 8286: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8223: 8212: 8191: 8172: 8161: 8140: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8101: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8079:on July 27, 2020 8078: 8067: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8041: 8021: 8018:Washington Times 8015: 8007: 7994: 7988: 7980: 7972: 7964: 7958: 7949: 7939: 7931: 7919: 7911: 7901: 7893: 7883: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7861: 7852: 7846: 7838: 7832: 7824: 7818: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7782: 7745: 7708: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7669: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7645: 7635: 7614: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7557: 7551: 7543: 7526: 7525: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7498: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7449: 7413: 7404: 7393: 7371: 7359: 7345: 7336: 7312: 7293: 7277: 7266: 7249: 7227: 7223:978-159858-800-2 7206: 7185: 7164: 7152: 7141: 7120: 7109: 7092:Ayers, Edward L. 7087: 7070:Abbot, Willis J. 7051: 7050: 7042: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6791: 6785: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6636: 6626: 6620: 6610: 6593: 6583: 6577: 6567: 6558: 6548: 6539: 6529: 6518: 6508: 6502: 6492: 6483: 6473: 6464: 6454: 6445: 6435: 6424: 6414: 6408: 6398: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6360: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6296: 6283: 6273: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6243: 6237: 6227: 6216: 6206: 6200: 6186: 6180: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6125: 6119: 6109: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6067: 6058: 6048: 6042: 6032: 6026: 6016: 6005: 5995: 5989: 5979: 5970: 5956: 5947: 5937: 5928: 5914: 5908: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5873: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5838: 5827: 5817: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5770: 5760: 5749: 5739: 5728: 5718: 5712: 5698: 5685: 5675: 5664: 5654: 5645: 5635: 5626: 5616: 5607: 5597: 5584: 5574: 5565: 5555: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5524: 5515: 5509: 5500: 5494: 5485: 5475: 5469: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5420: 5411: 5401: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5378:. Archived from 5368: 5362: 5352: 5346: 5336: 5330: 5320: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5266: 5256: 5250: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5183: 5177: 5167: 5158: 5148: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5050: 5044: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5009: 4999: 4993: 4983: 4977: 4967: 4961: 4951: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4856: 4850: 4840: 4834: 4825: 4819: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4677: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4639: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4567: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4524: 4514: 4503: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4441: 4435: 4421: 4415: 4400: 4391: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4360: 4354: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4318: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4260: 4254: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4223: 4217: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4167: 4158: 4152: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4121: 4112: 4106: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4027: 4021: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3825: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3640: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3563: 3548: 3547: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3491:. Arlington, VA. 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3315: 3309: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3238: 3232: 3221: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3111:Thomas C. Reeves 3107: 3101: 3094:Garfield's death 3086: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2973: 2971:Biography portal 2968: 2967: 2966: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2939:Spice Emporium. 2921:Zachary Karabell 2916:Thomas C. Reeves 2905: 2896:, issued in 1938 2890: 2875:Statue of Arthur 2871: 2672:Grover Cleveland 2623:Bright's disease 2592:Grover Cleveland 2588:Dakota Territory 2567:allotment system 2497:Blanche K. Bruce 2323:had been added: 2311:Naval resurgence 2241:being fought by 2149: 1930:Washington, D.C. 1713:Election of 1880 1659:George H. Sharpe 1623:Samuel J. Tilden 1595:Clash with Hayes 1546:Port of New York 1511:Ulysses S. Grant 1414:William M. Tweed 1198:Cohoes, New York 1151:Irish republican 1047:Albany, New York 1024:Jane (1824–1842) 1017:, who served as 1015:Cohoes, New York 934:Continental Army 901:Birth and family 787:Ulysses S. Grant 775:New York Militia 767:upstate New York 750:under President 659:New York Militia 650:Military service 645: 538: 536: 532: 528: 463: 446: 444: 428:Personal details 416: 406: 397: 380: 368: 359: 345:Isaac Vanderpoel 342: 332: 323: 313:New York Militia 301: 289: 281:Ulysses S. Grant 277: 268: 246: 236: 227: 218: 203: 191: 174: 156:Grover Cleveland 152: 140: 128: 117: 94: 89:Abraham Bogardus 85: 71: 70: 21: 13650: 13649: 13645: 13644: 13643: 13641: 13640: 13639: 13470: 13469: 13468: 13463: 13462: 13457: 13431: 13402: 13373: 13364:James B. Weaver 13348:Absolom M. West 13340:Benjamin Butler 13328: 13319: 13297: 13288:Philip Sheridan 13245: 13232:James G. Blaine 13211: 13197: 13161: 13127: 13117: 13102: 13072: 13067: 13041: 13010: 12979: 12965:Edward P. Allis 12955:Benjamin Butler 12926:James B. Weaver 12912: 12909:Greenback Party 12902: 12880: 12829: 12795: 12781: 12757:James G. Blaine 12740: 12706: 12696: 12681: 12651: 12646: 12641:Henry M. Teller 12621: 12610:William H. Hunt 12596: 12579:Timothy O. Howe 12559: 12534: 12515: 12478: 12474: 12469: 12458:James G. Blaine 12444: 12431: 12401: 12396: 12351: 12304: 12298: 12234: 12228: 12196: 12190: 12117: 12106: 12065: 11801: 11799: 11786: 11735:Chair elections 11730: 11352: 11251:D. B. Henderson 11239:T. J. Henderson 11164: 11161: 11159: 11154: 11150: 11143: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10946: 10819:administrations 10817: 10809: 10703:2008 (St. Paul) 10683:2004 (New York) 10028: 10025: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10005: 9965: 9961: 9958: 9928: 9923: 9885: 9884: 9809:Hubert Humphrey 9785:Harry S. Truman 9755:Calvin Coolidge 9719:Adlai Stevenson 9683:Schuyler Colfax 9671:Hannibal Hamlin 9659:William R. King 9623:John C. Calhoun 9577: 9572: 9542: 9537: 9509: 9435:F. D. Roosevelt 9387: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9260:John F. Kennedy 9240:Harry S. Truman 9210:Calvin Coolidge 9070:Abraham Lincoln 9050:Franklin Pierce 8910: 8904: 8899: 8864: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8837: 8829: 8819: 8810: 8802: 8787: 8776: 8764: 8754: 8745: 8736: 8718: 8710: 8705: 8657: 8616: 8600: 8527: 8492:Central America 8471: 8460: 8449: 8441: 8436: 8393: 8379:David Pietrusza 8307: 8269: 8256: 8254: 8246: 8237: 8235: 8209: 8188: 8158: 8125: 8123:Further reading 8120: 8111: 8109: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8065: 8051: 8049: 8028: 7956: 7904:Omaha Daily Bee 7869: 7867: 7859: 7810: 7797: 7795: 7681: 7679: 7672:Vermont History 7667: 7653: 7651: 7643: 7603:10.2307/2150708 7579: 7577: 7564:(August 1971). 7545: 7544: 7532:, ed. (1906). " 7523: 7513: 7511: 7487:10.2307/3348178 7463: 7461: 7438:10.2307/1889232 7420: 7380:online complete 7368: 7333: 7309: 7290: 7246: 7232:Hoogenboom, Ari 7224: 7203: 7182: 7161: 7138: 7106: 7065: 7059: 7054: 7035: 7031: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6792: 6788: 6777: 6773: 6756: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6627: 6623: 6611: 6596: 6584: 6580: 6568: 6561: 6549: 6542: 6530: 6521: 6509: 6505: 6493: 6486: 6474: 6467: 6455: 6448: 6436: 6427: 6415: 6411: 6399: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6363: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6297: 6286: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6256: 6244: 6240: 6228: 6219: 6207: 6203: 6191:, p. 277; 6189:Weisberger 2002 6187: 6183: 6175:, p. 277; 6173:Weisberger 2002 6171: 6167: 6161:Weisberger 2002 6159: 6150: 6142: 6138: 6126: 6122: 6114:, p. 337; 6110: 6106: 6097: 6093: 6084: 6080: 6068: 6061: 6049: 6045: 6037:, p. 162; 6033: 6029: 6017: 6008: 5996: 5992: 5980: 5973: 5957: 5950: 5938: 5931: 5915: 5911: 5902: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5874: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5839: 5830: 5818: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5773: 5761: 5752: 5744:, p. 324; 5740: 5731: 5719: 5715: 5699: 5688: 5676: 5667: 5655: 5648: 5636: 5629: 5617: 5610: 5598: 5587: 5575: 5568: 5560:, p. 161; 5556: 5549: 5541: 5537: 5529:, p. 160; 5525: 5518: 5510: 5503: 5495: 5488: 5476: 5472: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5421: 5414: 5402: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5353: 5349: 5337: 5333: 5321: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5269: 5257: 5253: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188:, p. 196; 5184: 5180: 5168: 5161: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5110:, p. 179; 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5051: 5047: 5031: 5027: 5019: 5012: 5000: 4996: 4984: 4980: 4968: 4964: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4857: 4853: 4841: 4837: 4826: 4822: 4814:, p. 352; 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4680: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4570: 4558: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4527: 4515: 4506: 4494: 4487: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4433: 4425:McCusker, J. J. 4413: 4405:McCusker, J. J. 4401: 4394: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4321: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4224: 4220: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4122: 4115: 4107: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4030: 4022: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3826: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3707:, pp. 7–8. 3703: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3643: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3564: 3551: 3546:. New York, NY. 3534: 3530: 3519: 3500: 3496: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3353: 3349: 3316: 3312: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3266:Calvin Coolidge 3239: 3235: 3231:, respectively. 3222: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3104: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3011: 3006: 3004: 2999:Politics portal 2997: 2990: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2909: 2906: 2897: 2894:Stamp of Arthur 2891: 2882: 2872: 2830:honorary degree 2815:Medford, Oregon 2799: 2742: 2729: 2713:Roscoe Conkling 2697:Nathan Clifford 2686: 2680: 2651: 2612:Philip Sheridan 2600: 2580:Henry M. Teller 2558:Native American 2554: 2495:and ex-Senator 2489:Greenback Party 2441: 2357:William H. Hunt 2313: 2220: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2139: 2130:Customs Service 2122:Leroy D. Thoman 2089:Franklin Pierce 2059:Thomas J. Brady 2039: 2023:Henry M. Teller 2011:William H. Hunt 2007:Timothy O. Howe 1926: 1921: 1915: 1863:Thomas C. Platt 1806: 1800: 1741:James G. Blaine 1721: 1715: 1688:of Merritt and 1650:executive order 1597: 1523:Horatio Seymour 1476:Roscoe Conkling 1448: 1443: 1386:Horatio Seymour 1346:Edwin D. Morgan 1342: 1301:Central America 1231: 1229:New York lawyer 1226: 1103: 1029:Cohoes Cataract 1019:town supervisor 903: 898: 890:least memorable 807:James G. Blaine 783:Roscoe Conkling 721: 698: 694:Edwin D. Morgan 633: 616: 579: 562: 540: 524: 520: 517: 497: 496:Other political 485:Political party 465: 461: 448: 447:October 5, 1829 442: 440: 439: 438: 414: 404: 398: 393: 378: 366: 360: 355: 340: 330: 324: 319: 299: 287: 275: 269: 264: 244: 234: 228: 223: 214: 201: 189: 175: 170: 150: 138: 124: 118: 113: 96: 76: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13648: 13638: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13465: 13464: 13459: 13458: 13456: 13455: 13450: 13440: 13437: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13429: 13421: 13412: 13410: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13397:William Daniel 13392: 13383: 13381: 13375: 13374: 13372: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13352: 13351: 13343: 13334: 13332: 13321: 13320: 13303: 13302: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13253: 13251: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13243: 13235: 13226: 13224: 13217: 13203: 13202: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13169: 13167: 13163: 13162: 13160: 13159: 13151: 13142: 13140: 13133: 13119: 13118: 13101: 13100: 13093: 13086: 13078: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13065: 13060: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13043: 13042: 13040: 13039: 13031: 13028:John W. Phelps 13022: 13020: 13017:American Party 13012: 13011: 13009: 13008: 13000: 12991: 12989: 12981: 12980: 12978: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12938: 12937: 12929: 12920: 12918: 12904: 12903: 12886: 12885: 12882: 12881: 12879: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12851:Henry B. Payne 12848: 12843: 12837: 12835: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12827: 12819: 12810: 12808: 12801: 12787: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12780: 12779: 12777:William Windom 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12748: 12746: 12742: 12741: 12739: 12738: 12730: 12721: 12719: 12712: 12698: 12697: 12680: 12679: 12672: 12665: 12657: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12644: 12638: 12631: 12629: 12623: 12622: 12620: 12619: 12613: 12606: 12604: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12594: 12588: 12582: 12576: 12569: 12567: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12557: 12551: 12548:Wayne MacVeagh 12544: 12542: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12532: 12525: 12523: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12513: 12510:Hugh McCulloch 12507: 12501: 12495: 12492:William Windom 12488: 12486: 12480: 12479: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12461: 12454: 12452: 12446: 12445: 12430: 12429: 12422: 12415: 12407: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12363: 12361: 12357: 12356: 12353: 12352: 12350: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12337:Liberty Caucus 12334: 12332:ConservAmerica 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12308: 12306: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12250: 12249: 12238: 12236: 12230: 12229: 12227: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12200: 12198: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12188: 12187: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12169:Freedom Caucus 12161: 12160: 12159: 12149: 12148: 12147: 12142: 12129: 12127: 12120: 12112: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12102:Virgin Islands 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12077:American Samoa 12073: 12071: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12011:South Carolina 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11976:North Carolina 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11812: 11810: 11803: 11792: 11791: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11738: 11736: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11369: 11367: 11360: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11350: 11344: 11338: 11332: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11308: 11302: 11296: 11290: 11284: 11278: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11242: 11236: 11230: 11224: 11218: 11212: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11188: 11182: 11176: 11169: 11167: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11141: 11135: 11129: 11123: 11117: 11111: 11105: 11099: 11093: 11087: 11081: 11075: 11069: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10966: 10964: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10938: 10932: 10926: 10920: 10914: 10908: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10884: 10878: 10872: 10866: 10860: 10854: 10848: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10823: 10821: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10807: 10804:2028 (Houston) 10800: 10799: 10798: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10760: 10759: 10758: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10700: 10699: 10698: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10660: 10659: 10658: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10623:1992 (Houston) 10620: 10619: 10618: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10563:1980 (Detroit) 10560: 10559: 10558: 10540: 10539: 10538: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10463:1960 (Chicago) 10460: 10459: 10458: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10423:1952 (Chicago) 10420: 10419: 10418: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10383:1944 (Chicago) 10380: 10379: 10378: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10340: 10339: 10338: 10323:1932 (Chicago) 10320: 10319: 10318: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10280: 10279: 10278: 10263:1920 (Chicago) 10260: 10259: 10258: 10243:1916 (Chicago) 10240: 10239: 10238: 10219:1912 (Chicago) 10216: 10206:1908 (Chicago) 10203: 10193:1904 (Chicago) 10190: 10177: 10164: 10151: 10141:1888 (Chicago) 10138: 10128:1884 (Chicago) 10125: 10115:1880 (Chicago) 10112: 10099: 10086: 10076:1868 (Chicago) 10073: 10060: 10050:1860 (Chicago) 10047: 10033: 10031: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10003: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9957: 9956: 9949: 9942: 9934: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9911: 9901: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9881:(2021–present) 9876: 9870: 9864: 9858: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9833:Walter Mondale 9830: 9824: 9818: 9812: 9806: 9800: 9794: 9788: 9782: 9776: 9773:John N. Garner 9770: 9767:Charles Curtis 9764: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9713:Levi P. Morton 9710: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9680: 9677:Andrew Johnson 9674: 9668: 9662: 9656: 9650: 9644: 9638: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9611:Elbridge Gerry 9608: 9605:George Clinton 9602: 9596: 9590: 9583: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9571: 9570: 9563: 9556: 9548: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9535: 9525: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9391: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9378: 9377: 9367: 9357: 9347: 9340:George W. Bush 9337: 9327: 9317: 9307: 9297: 9287: 9277: 9267: 9257: 9247: 9237: 9227: 9220:Herbert Hoover 9217: 9207: 9197: 9190:Woodrow Wilson 9187: 9177: 9167: 9157: 9147: 9137: 9127: 9117: 9107: 9097: 9087: 9080:Andrew Johnson 9077: 9067: 9060:James Buchanan 9057: 9047: 9037: 9030:Zachary Taylor 9027: 9017: 9007: 8997: 8987: 8980:Andrew Jackson 8977: 8967: 8957: 8947: 8937: 8927: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8909:Presidents and 8906: 8905: 8898: 8897: 8890: 8883: 8875: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8853: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8839: 8830: 8825: 8821: 8820: 8815: 8812: 8803: 8798: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8780: 8765: 8760: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8747: 8737: 8734: 8730: 8729: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8690: 8689: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8670: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8655: 8649: 8646:William Arthur 8643: 8637: 8631: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8614: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8566:Tariff of 1883 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8546:Foreign policy 8543: 8537: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8487: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8458: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8435: 8434: 8427: 8420: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8390: 8381: 8370: 8359: 8358:, May 23, 2012 8345: 8329: 8320: 8311: 8296: 8287: 8272: 8268: 8267:External links 8265: 8264: 8263: 8244: 8224: 8213: 8207: 8192: 8186: 8173: 8162: 8156: 8141: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8102: 8089: 8070:garrecords.org 8058: 8042: 8027: 8026:Other websites 8024: 8023: 8022: 8008: 7995: 7981: 7965: 7950: 7946:Newspapers.com 7932: 7928:Newspapers.com 7912: 7908:Newspapers.com 7894: 7890:Newspapers.com 7876: 7853: 7839: 7825: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7783: 7746: 7726:10.1086/643524 7720:(3): 451–463. 7709: 7699:(4): 180–184. 7688: 7660: 7636: 7626:(4): 310–319. 7615: 7597:(4): 703–716. 7586: 7558: 7520: 7499: 7481:(2): 161–173. 7470: 7450: 7432:(4): 653–671. 7419: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7405: 7394: 7383: 7372: 7366: 7346: 7337: 7331: 7313: 7307: 7294: 7288: 7267: 7250: 7244: 7228: 7222: 7207: 7201: 7186: 7180: 7165: 7159: 7142: 7136: 7121: 7110: 7104: 7088: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7029: 7008: 7006:, p. 290. 6996: 6994:, p. 420. 6984: 6982:, p. 288. 6972: 6970:, p. 139. 6957: 6935: 6913: 6911:, p. 419. 6896: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6786: 6771: 6750: 6738: 6722: 6701: 6689: 6677: 6665: 6651: 6621: 6619:, p. 195. 6594: 6578: 6559: 6540: 6519: 6503: 6484: 6465: 6446: 6425: 6419:, p. 91; 6409: 6390: 6378: 6361: 6343: 6331: 6319: 6307: 6284: 6265: 6254: 6238: 6217: 6201: 6181: 6177:& Doenecke 6165: 6163:, p. 277. 6148: 6136: 6132:& Doenecke 6120: 6118:, p. 145. 6104: 6091: 6078: 6059: 6043: 6041:, p. 169. 6027: 6006: 5990: 5971: 5948: 5929: 5909: 5896: 5894:, p. 281. 5884: 5861: 5849: 5828: 5826:, p. 168. 5809: 5786: 5771: 5750: 5729: 5713: 5686: 5665: 5646: 5644:, p. 182. 5627: 5608: 5585: 5566: 5547: 5545:, p. 254. 5535: 5533:, p. 254. 5516: 5501: 5486: 5484:, p. 248. 5470: 5455: 5443: 5441:, p. 764. 5431: 5412: 5393: 5363: 5347: 5345:, p. 237. 5341:, p. 59; 5331: 5308: 5296: 5284: 5267: 5251: 5235: 5223: 5206: 5194: 5192:, p. 301. 5178: 5159: 5140: 5128: 5116: 5100: 5098:, p. 109. 5088: 5073: 5061: 5059:, p. 178. 5055:, p. 41; 5045: 5025: 5010: 4994: 4978: 4962: 4960:, p. 704. 4943: 4931: 4919: 4907: 4891: 4889:, p. 354. 4879: 4877:, p. 370. 4867: 4851: 4835: 4820: 4804: 4802:, p. 123. 4792: 4780: 4778:, p. 121. 4764: 4749: 4737: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4678: 4662: 4650: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4583: 4568: 4562:, p. 60; 4552: 4550:, p. 188. 4540: 4525: 4523:, p. 182. 4504: 4485: 4470: 4458: 4442:1800–present: 4392: 4376: 4361: 4346: 4334: 4319: 4313:, p. 39; 4303: 4288: 4276: 4261: 4246: 4234: 4218: 4202: 4190: 4178: 4159: 4144: 4132: 4113: 4098: 4086: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4028: 4011: 3999: 3987: 3972: 3957: 3931: 3914: 3902: 3900:, p. 127. 3890: 3878: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3817: 3805: 3803:, p. 295. 3793: 3791:, p. 310. 3781: 3779:, p. 184. 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3719:, p. 246. 3709: 3692: 3690:, p. 436. 3680: 3668: 3656: 3641: 3625: 3623:, p. 294. 3610: 3608:, p. 179. 3598: 3586: 3584:, p. 103. 3574: 3549: 3528: 3517: 3494: 3475: 3463: 3461:, p. 423. 3451: 3435: 3428: 3408: 3396: 3394:, pp. 170–171. 3378: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3360: 3347: 3310: 3295: 3286: 3233: 3216: 3203: 3194: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3150: 3137: 3124: 3115: 3102: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3056: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3030: 3016: 3002: 2988: 2974: 2960: 2944: 2941: 2931:, was sold to 2911: 2910: 2907: 2900: 2898: 2892: 2885: 2883: 2873: 2866: 2853:Madison Square 2798: 2795: 2784:Ephraim Keyser 2741: 2738: 2728: 2725: 2682:Main article: 2679: 2676: 2650: 2647: 2599: 2596: 2553: 2550: 2542:Utah Territory 2530:David G. Swaim 2461:Reconstruction 2449:William Mahone 2440: 2437: 2433:Farthest North 2312: 2309: 2299:John F. Miller 2219: 2216: 2186:protectionists 2154: 2153: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2049:In the 1870s, 2045:Arthur in 1882 2038: 2035: 1994:Wayne MacVeagh 1986:William Windom 1925: 1922: 1917:Main article: 1914: 1911: 1906:oath of office 1854:William Mahone 1802:Main article: 1799: 1796: 1752:Levi P. Morton 1717:Main article: 1714: 1711: 1696:in Paris as a 1694:consul general 1648:by issuing an 1596: 1593: 1571:New York Times 1472:Andrew Johnson 1460:55 Wall Street 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1373:Irvin McDowell 1369:Fredericksburg 1341: 1338: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1317: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1178:Phi Beta Kappa 1102: 1099: 1079: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1058: 1053:and assistant 1039: 1036:South Carolina 1032: 1025: 1022: 969:Dunham, Quebec 945:William Arthur 902: 899: 897: 894: 877:New York World 855:Tariff of 1883 748:vice president 727: 726: 723: 722: 720: 719: 718: 717: 706: 704: 700: 699: 697: 696: 690: 686: 684: 680: 679: 674: 670: 669: 666: 662: 661: 656: 655:Branch/service 652: 651: 647: 646: 639: 635: 634: 632: 631: 628: 624: 622: 618: 617: 615: 614: 609: 598: 596: 592: 591: 585: 581: 580: 578: 577: 574:William Arthur 570: 568: 564: 563: 561: 560: 557: 552: 548: 546: 542: 541: 522: 518: 513: 512: 510: 506: 505: 499: 493: 492: 486: 482: 481: 475: 471: 470: 464:(aged 57) 458: 454: 453: 436: 434: 430: 429: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 411: 410: 407: 401: 400: 390: 389: 385: 384: 381: 375: 374: 369: 363: 362: 352: 351: 347: 346: 343: 337: 336: 333: 327: 326: 316: 315: 308: 307: 302: 296: 295: 290: 284: 283: 278: 272: 271: 261: 260: 253: 252: 247: 241: 240: 237: 231: 230: 220: 219: 210: 209: 204: 198: 197: 192: 186: 185: 182: 178: 177: 167: 166: 159: 158: 153: 147: 146: 141: 135: 134: 129: 126:Vice President 121: 120: 110: 109: 102: 101: 98: 97: 86: 78: 77: 74: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 18:Chester Arthur 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13647: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13535:Arthur family 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13477: 13475: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13438: 13428: 13427: 13426:Marietta Stow 13422: 13420: 13419: 13414: 13413: 13411: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13398: 13393: 13391: 13390: 13389:John St. John 13385: 13384: 13382: 13380: 13376: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13350: 13349: 13344: 13342: 13341: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13331: 13330:Anti-Monopoly 13326: 13322: 13317: 13313: 13308: 13304: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13268:John A. Logan 13266: 13264: 13261: 13258: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13248: 13242: 13241: 13240:John A. Logan 13236: 13234: 13233: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13221: 13218: 13215: 13210: 13209: 13204: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13164: 13158: 13157: 13152: 13150: 13149: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13137: 13134: 13131: 13126: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13111: 13107: 13099: 13094: 13092: 13087: 13085: 13080: 13079: 13076: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13048: 13038: 13037: 13032: 13030: 13029: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13019: 13018: 13013: 13007: 13006: 13001: 12999: 12998: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12988: 12987: 12982: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12940: 12939: 12936: 12935: 12930: 12928: 12927: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12911: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12896: 12891: 12887: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12832: 12826: 12825: 12820: 12818: 12817: 12812: 12811: 12809: 12805: 12802: 12799: 12794: 12793: 12788: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12743: 12737: 12736: 12731: 12729: 12728: 12723: 12722: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12710: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12678: 12673: 12671: 12666: 12664: 12659: 12658: 12655: 12642: 12639: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12624: 12617: 12614: 12611: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12592: 12589: 12586: 12583: 12580: 12577: 12574: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12566: 12562: 12555: 12552: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12537: 12530: 12527: 12526: 12524: 12522: 12518: 12511: 12508: 12505: 12502: 12499: 12496: 12493: 12490: 12489: 12487: 12485: 12481: 12465: 12462: 12459: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12451: 12447: 12442: 12439: 12435: 12428: 12423: 12421: 12416: 12414: 12409: 12408: 12405: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12358: 12348: 12347:The Wish List 12345: 12343: 12342:Ripon Society 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12301: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12248: 12245: 12244: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12231: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12193: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12165: 12162: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12140: 12136: 12135: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12118:organizations 12113: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12068: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12051:West Virginia 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11956:New Hampshire 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11916:Massachusetts 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11807: 11804: 11797: 11793: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11355: 11348: 11345: 11342: 11339: 11336: 11333: 11330: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11318: 11315: 11312: 11309: 11306: 11303: 11300: 11297: 11294: 11291: 11288: 11285: 11282: 11279: 11276: 11273: 11270: 11267: 11264: 11261: 11258: 11255: 11252: 11249: 11246: 11243: 11240: 11237: 11234: 11231: 11228: 11225: 11222: 11219: 11216: 11213: 11210: 11207: 11204: 11201: 11198: 11195: 11192: 11189: 11186: 11183: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11157: 11152: 11146: 11139: 11136: 11133: 11130: 11127: 11124: 11121: 11118: 11115: 11112: 11109: 11106: 11103: 11100: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11070: 11067: 11064: 11061: 11058: 11055: 11052: 11049: 11046: 11043: 11040: 11037: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11025: 11022: 11019: 11016: 11013: 11010: 11007: 11004: 11001: 10998: 10995: 10992: 10989: 10986: 10983: 10980: 10977: 10974: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10963: 10955: 10949: 10942: 10939: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10929:G. H. W. Bush 10927: 10924: 10921: 10918: 10915: 10912: 10909: 10906: 10903: 10900: 10897: 10894: 10891: 10888: 10885: 10882: 10879: 10876: 10873: 10870: 10867: 10864: 10861: 10858: 10855: 10852: 10849: 10846: 10843: 10840: 10837: 10834: 10831: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10806: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10701: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10681: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10653: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10628: 10627:G. H. W. Bush 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10608: 10607:G. H. W. Bush 10604: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10591:G. H. W. Bush 10588: 10584: 10583:1984 (Dallas) 10581: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10572: 10571:G. H. W. Bush 10568: 10564: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10541: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10401: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10321: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10241: 10237: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10021: 10014: 10008: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9968: 9964: 9955: 9950: 9948: 9943: 9941: 9936: 9935: 9932: 9920: 9912: 9910: 9902: 9900: 9892: 9891: 9888: 9880: 9879:Kamala Harris 9877: 9874: 9871: 9868: 9865: 9862: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9846: 9843: 9840: 9837: 9834: 9831: 9828: 9825: 9822: 9819: 9816: 9813: 9810: 9807: 9804: 9801: 9798: 9797:Richard Nixon 9795: 9792: 9789: 9786: 9783: 9780: 9777: 9774: 9771: 9768: 9765: 9762: 9759: 9756: 9753: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9725:Garret Hobart 9723: 9720: 9717: 9714: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9696: 9693: 9690: 9687: 9684: 9681: 9678: 9675: 9672: 9669: 9666: 9663: 9660: 9657: 9654: 9651: 9648: 9645: 9642: 9639: 9636: 9633: 9630: 9627: 9624: 9621: 9618: 9615: 9612: 9609: 9606: 9603: 9600: 9597: 9594: 9591: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9569: 9564: 9562: 9557: 9555: 9550: 9549: 9546: 9534: 9526: 9524: 9516: 9515: 9512: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9480:G. H. W. Bush 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9455:L. B. Johnson 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9384: 9375: 9371: 9368: 9365: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9315: 9311: 9310:Ronald Reagan 9308: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9295: 9291: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9280:Richard Nixon 9278: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9258: 9255: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9241: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9228: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9215: 9211: 9208: 9205: 9201: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9181: 9178: 9175: 9171: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9135: 9131: 9128: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9065: 9061: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9020:James K. Polk 9018: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8950:James Madison 8948: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8913: 8907: 8903: 8896: 8891: 8889: 8884: 8882: 8877: 8876: 8873: 8867: 8860: 8845: 8836: 8835: 8828: 8822: 8818: 8809: 8808: 8801: 8795: 8790: 8786: 8785:John A. Logan 8779: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8763: 8757: 8753: 8744: 8743: 8740:Chair of the 8731: 8726: 8721: 8714: 8702: 8701: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8433: 8428: 8426: 8421: 8419: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377:by historian 8376: 8375: 8371: 8369: 8366:, a video by 8365: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8315: 8312: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8234: 8230: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8208:1-931599-28-9 8204: 8200: 8199: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8179: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8090: 8075: 8071: 8064: 8059: 8048:. U.S. Senate 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8030: 8029: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7971: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7924: 7918: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7865: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7811: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7689: 7677: 7673: 7666: 7661: 7649: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7521: 7509: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7422: 7421: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7358: 7357: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7300: 7295: 7291: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7275: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7151: 7150: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7048: 7047: 7041: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7012: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6962: 6945: 6939: 6923: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6893: 6888: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6858:, p. 12. 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6834:, p. 13. 6833: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6801: 6800:Miller Center 6797: 6790: 6783: 6781: 6775: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6731: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6698: 6693: 6687:, p. 76. 6686: 6681: 6674: 6669: 6654: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6639:Facts on File 6635: 6634: 6625: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6545: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6496: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6395: 6387: 6382: 6375: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6162: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6145: 6140: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6095: 6088: 6082: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6025:, p. 81. 6024: 6020: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5927:, p. 90. 5926: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5882:, p. 81. 5881: 5877: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5858: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5552: 5544: 5539: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5498: 5493: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5467: 5465: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5398: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5145: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5070: 5065: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4948: 4940: 4939:"Boston Post" 4935: 4928: 4923: 4917:, p. 85. 4916: 4911: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4829: 4824: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4648:, p. 49. 4647: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4628: 4623: 4616: 4611: 4604: 4599: 4593:, p. 68. 4592: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4544: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4482: 4480: 4474: 4468:, p. 42. 4467: 4462: 4447: 4439: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4397: 4390:, p. 42. 4389: 4385: 4380: 4374:, p. 48. 4373: 4368: 4366: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4326: 4324: 4317:, p. 37. 4316: 4312: 4307: 4301:, p. 17. 4300: 4295: 4293: 4286:, p. 38. 4285: 4280: 4274:, p. 37. 4273: 4268: 4266: 4259:, p. 84. 4258: 4253: 4251: 4244:, p. 35. 4243: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4200:, p. 33. 4199: 4194: 4188:, p. 30. 4187: 4182: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4157:, p. 25. 4156: 4151: 4149: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4096:, p. 21. 4095: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4069:, p. 14. 4068: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4045:, p. 16. 4044: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4009:, p. 14. 4008: 4003: 3997:, p. 12. 3996: 3991: 3985:, p. 11. 3984: 3979: 3977: 3970:, p. 10. 3969: 3964: 3962: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3911: 3906: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3868: 3861:, p. 28. 3860: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3743:, p. 13. 3742: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3689: 3684: 3678:, p. 84. 3677: 3672: 3665: 3660: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3635:, p. 7; 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3571: 3568:, p. 4; 3567: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3473:, p. 95. 3472: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3446:(1902) p 115 3445: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3364: 3357: 3351: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3278:notary public 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3229:Warner Miller 3226: 3220: 3213: 3207: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3064:County Antrim 3061: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3017: 3014: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2975: 2972: 2961: 2958: 2947: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2917: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845:Barre Granite 2842: 2839:In 1898, the 2837: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2791:James K. Polk 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2735: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2663:John A. Logan 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2637:, he visited 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514:court-martial 2511: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485:whipping post 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2445: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2422:48th Congress 2419: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2295:Panic of 1873 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260:Santo Domingo 2257: 2252: 2248: 2245:, Chile, and 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2224: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2156: 2148: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2126:Silas W. Burt 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2043: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1938:John P. Jones 1935: 1931: 1924:Taking office 1920: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898:John R. Brady 1895: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1819: 1818:Arthur's home 1815: 1814:John R. Brady 1810: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1772:secessionists 1769: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1703:Edward Cooper 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690:Silas W. Burt 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1675:Edwin Merritt 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1657:and Surveyor 1656: 1651: 1647: 1646:spoils system 1642: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1606: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567:William Orton 1564: 1560: 1559:Reuben Fenton 1555: 1554:war profiteer 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488:custom houses 1484: 1481: 1478:(an eloquent 1477: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410:Thomas Murphy 1407: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1394:Reuben Fenton 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1355:quartermaster 1352: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279:Ellen Herndon 1275: 1273: 1272:desegregation 1269: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1252:habeas corpus 1248: 1244: 1235: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159:Union College 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:James K. Polk 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:United States 1084: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1055:quartermaster 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1005: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 912: 907: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878: 872: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 847:Supreme Court 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 771:New York City 768: 765:, grew up in 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 724: 716: 713: 712: 711: 708: 707: 705: 701: 695: 691: 688: 687: 685: 681: 678: 675: 671: 667: 663: 660: 657: 653: 648: 644: 640: 636: 630:civil servant 629: 626: 625: 623: 619: 613: 610: 607: 603: 602:Union College 600: 599: 597: 593: 589: 586: 582: 575: 572: 571: 569: 565: 558: 556: 553: 550: 549: 547: 543: 516: 515:Ellen Herndon 511: 507: 504:(before 1854) 503: 500: 494: 490: 487: 483: 479: 476: 474:Resting place 472: 468: 467:New York City 459: 455: 451: 435: 431: 426: 422: 418: 412: 408: 402: 396: 391: 386: 382: 376: 373: 370: 364: 358: 353: 348: 344: 338: 334: 328: 322: 317: 314: 309: 306: 303: 297: 294: 293:Thomas Murphy 291: 285: 282: 279: 273: 267: 262: 259: 254: 251: 248: 242: 239:John F. Smyth 238: 232: 226: 221: 217: 211: 208: 205: 199: 196: 193: 187: 183: 179: 173: 168: 165: 160: 157: 154: 148: 145: 142: 136: 133: 130: 127: 122: 116: 111: 108: 103: 99: 90: 84: 79: 72: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 13443: 13424:VP nominee: 13423: 13415: 13395:VP nominee: 13394: 13386: 13369:Jesse Harper 13355: 13346:VP nominee: 13345: 13337: 13273:John Sherman 13256: 13237: 13229: 13206: 13153: 13145: 13122: 13114:1888 → 13106:← 1880 13053: 13034:VP nominee: 13033: 13025: 13015: 13003:VP nominee: 13002: 12994: 12984: 12941: 12932:VP nominee: 12931: 12923: 12907: 12821: 12813: 12790: 12762:John Sherman 12734: 12732: 12724: 12701: 12693:1884 → 12685:← 1876 12591:Frank Hatton 12440: 12377:Bibliography 12137: 12016:South Dakota 12006:Rhode Island 12001:Pennsylvania 11981:North Dakota 10815:Presidential 10802: 10723:2012 (Tampa) 10122: 10027:presidential 10011:Presidential 9700: 9689:Henry Wilson 9405:T. Roosevelt 9374:2021–present 9360:Donald Trump 9350:Barack Obama 9330:Bill Clinton 9300:Jimmy Carter 9119: 8960:James Monroe 8911:presidencies 8832: 8805: 8767: 8739: 8693: 8672: 8665: 8640:Gavin Arthur 8605:Public image 8491: 8482: 8438: 8395: 8373: 8362: 8339: 8280: 8255:. Retrieved 8250: 8238:September 1, 8236:. Retrieved 8232: 8218: 8197: 8177: 8167: 8146: 8131: 8110:. Retrieved 8097: 8081:. Retrieved 8074:the original 8069: 8052:February 11, 8050:. Retrieved 8037: 8017: 8003: 7990: 7974: 7960: 7941: 7923:Medford Mail 7921: 7903: 7885: 7868:. Retrieved 7863: 7848: 7834: 7820: 7798:December 27, 7796:. Retrieved 7791: 7757:(1): 50–68. 7754: 7750: 7717: 7713: 7696: 7692: 7682:September 1, 7680:. Retrieved 7675: 7671: 7654:September 1, 7652:. Retrieved 7647: 7623: 7619: 7594: 7590: 7580:September 1, 7578:. Retrieved 7573: 7569: 7537: 7514:December 25, 7512:. Retrieved 7507: 7478: 7474: 7462:. 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The 2555: 2524:, after the 2507: 2501: 2454: 2439:Civil rights 2426: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2372: 2361: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2288: 2280:mentally ill 2272: 2232: 2200: 2166: 2106: 2077: 2048: 1982: 1967: 1955: 1951: 1927: 1887: 1881: 1874: 1867: 1835: 1823: 1784: 1768:bloody shirt 1760: 1749: 1730: 1683: 1643: 1637: 1634:John Sherman 1631: 1610: 1576: 1570: 1550:Jersey Shore 1539: 1533:, replacing 1519:Tammany Hall 1504: 1496:Century Club 1485: 1465: 1427:Thurlow Weed 1418:Tammany Hall 1403: 1399: 1343: 1331: 1324:Gavin Arthur 1300: 1276: 1256: 1250: 1240: 1224:Early career 1186: 1182:Schaghticoke 1119:Lansingburgh 1104: 1080: 1028: 1008: 1000: 996:abolitionist 988:Presbyterian 973: 953:Presbyterian 942: 915: 892:presidents. 875: 867: 820: 760: 742:lawyer from 731: 730: 703:Battles/wars 588:Gavin Arthur 498:affiliations 462:(1886-11-18) 415:Succeeded by 394: 379:Succeeded by 356: 341:Succeeded by 320: 300:Succeeded by 276:Appointed by 265: 245:Succeeded by 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1975 6950:December 5, 6928:December 5, 6909:Reeves 1975 6746:Reeves 1975 6730:Reeves 1972 6718:Reeves 1975 6697:Reeves 1975 6641:. pp. 6613:Reeves 1975 6586:Reeves 1975 6570:Reeves 1975 6551:Reeves 1975 6532:Reeves 1975 6515:Reeves 1975 6495:Reeves 1975 6476:Reeves 1975 6457:Reeves 1975 6442:Reeves 1975 6405:Reeves 1975 6315:Reeves 1975 6299:Reeves 1975 6276:Reeves 1975 6246:Reeves 1975 6230:Reeves 1975 6209:Reeves 1975 6193:Reeves 1975 6128:Reeves 1975 6112:Reeves 1975 6098:Erika Lee, 6070:Reeves 1975 6051:Reeves 1975 6002:Reeves 1975 5986:Reeves 1975 5963:Reeves 1975 5944:Reeves 1975 5921:Reeves 1975 5892:Reeves 1975 5876:Reeves 1975 5857:Reeves 1975 5841:Reeves 1975 5820:Reeves 1975 5763:Reeves 1975 5742:Reeves 1975 5701:Reeves 1975 5678:Reeves 1975 5657:Reeves 1975 5638:Reeves 1975 5623:Reeves 1975 5604:Reeves 1975 5581:Reeves 1975 5562:Reeves 1975 5543:Reeves 1975 5531:Reeves 1975 5512:Reeves 1975 5497:Reeves 1975 5482:Reeves 1975 5451:Reeves 1975 5423:Reeves 1975 5404:Reeves 1975 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by 367:Preceded by 331:Preceded by 288:Preceded by 235:Preceded by 190:Preceded by 139:Preceded by 13474:Categories 13318:candidates 13214:Convention 13130:Convention 12915:Convention 12901:candidates 12798:Convention 12709:Convention 12046:Washington 11966:New Mexico 11961:New Jersey 11836:California 11647:Fahrenkopf 11642:Fahrenkopf 11563:Gabrielson 11173:Pennington 11163:Conference 11149:U.S. House 10970:J. P. Hale 10960:Conference 10935:G. W. Bush 10905:Eisenhower 10687:G. W. Bush 10667:G. W. Bush 10447:Eisenhower 10427:Eisenhower 9873:Mike Pence 9845:Dan Quayle 9641:John Tyler 9599:Aaron Burr 9587:John Adams 9490:G. W. Bush 9445:Eisenhower 9395:Washington 9386:Presidency 9010:John Tyler 8930:John Adams 8838:1881–1885 8769:Republican 8746:1879–1881 8735:John Smyth 8642:(grandson) 8533:Presidency 7808:Newspapers 7263:B00089DVIG 6055:Hoogenboom 6035:Hutchinson 5386:August 10, 4899:Hoogenboom 4887:Hoogenboom 4875:Hoogenboom 4859:Hoogenboom 4843:Hoogenboom 4812:Hoogenboom 4772:Hoogenboom 4725:Hoogenboom 4713:Hoogenboom 3950:August 18, 3375:References 3330:Amphitrite 3160:Burlington 3070:Julia Sand 3041:Law portal 2857:Elihu Root 2734:of counsel 2534:LDS Church 2518:West Point 2404:ABCD Ships 1850:Readjuster 1745:dark horse 1584:re-elected 1170:fraternity 1135:Henry Clay 1131:Whig Party 984:Waterville 976:Burlington 955:family of 896:Early life 882:Mark Twain 811:Half-Breed 740:Republican 621:Profession 590:(grandson) 555:Chester II 489:Republican 443:1829-10-05 13416:Nominee: 13387:Nominee: 13338:Nominee: 13325:Greenback 13026:Nominee: 12995:Nominee: 12924:Nominee: 12438:President 12367:Primaries 12303:Factional 12233:Sectional 12070:Territory 12056:Wisconsin 12021:Tennessee 11926:Minnesota 11901:Louisiana 11802:territory 11800:state and 11687:Gillespie 11672:Nicholson 11608:R. Morton 11588:T. Morton 11473:Rosewater 11463:Hitchcock 11453:Cortelyou 11275:Longworth 11138:McConnell 11018:Gallinger 10875:Roosevelt 10796:primaries 10776:primaries 10756:primaries 10736:primaries 10716:primaries 10696:primaries 10676:primaries 10656:primaries 10636:primaries 10616:primaries 10596:primaries 10576:primaries 10556:primaries 10536:primaries 10516:primaries 10496:primaries 10487:Goldwater 10476:primaries 10456:primaries 10436:primaries 10416:primaries 10396:primaries 10376:primaries 10356:primaries 10336:primaries 10316:primaries 10296:primaries 10276:primaries 10256:primaries 10251:Fairbanks 10236:primaries 10201:Fairbanks 10197:Roosevelt 10188:Roosevelt 10029:primaries 9867:Joe Biden 9855:1993–2001 9388:timelines 9370:Joe Biden 9364:2017–2021 9354:2009–2017 9344:2001–2009 9334:1993–2001 9324:1989–1993 9314:1981–1989 9304:1977–1981 9294:1974–1977 9284:1969–1974 9274:1963–1969 9264:1961–1963 9254:1953–1961 9244:1945–1953 9234:1933–1945 9224:1929–1933 9214:1923–1929 9204:1921–1923 9194:1913–1921 9184:1909–1913 9174:1901–1909 9164:1897–1901 9154:1893–1897 9144:1889–1893 9134:1885–1889 9124:1881–1885 9104:1877–1881 9094:1869–1877 9084:1865–1869 9074:1861–1865 9064:1857–1861 9054:1853–1857 9044:1850–1853 9034:1849–1850 9024:1845–1849 9014:1841–1845 8994:1837–1841 8984:1829–1837 8974:1825–1829 8964:1817–1825 8954:1809–1817 8944:1801–1809 8934:1797–1801 8924:1789–1797 8325:from the 8083:March 26, 7779:153890814 7742:143506388 7094:(2007) . 6351:Marszalek 5725:Theriault 5709:Theriault 4927:"The Sun" 3834:VT Digger 3336:Monadnock 2836:in 1883. 2709:Ward Hunt 2631:nephritis 2571:Dawes Act 2457:the South 2072:hung jury 2051:a scandal 1978:governess 1542:patronage 1437:in 1865. 1429:. 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