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203:, which leased much of that land to settlers. This process took several years, but by 1910 nearly all the lands of the reservation were in the possession or control of settlers, leaving the Indians as a small minority of the population of the reservation and possessing only a small portion of their original lands. At noon April 19, 1892, the lands of the Cheyenne and Arapaho reservation were opened for settlement by homesteaders; the Indians retained 529,962 acres (2,144.68 km) located mostly along the North Fork of the Canadian River, the Canadian River, and the Washita River.
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155:, the Indian agent, called a council of chiefs and cattlemen on December 12, 1882 to consider grazing permits, and believed he had obtained the consent of the vast majority of the representatives of the tribes. There was still strong opposition, particularly among the Cheyenne camped at Cantonment. They killed some cattle for food and also as cultural resistance. The soldier societies began requiring the Cheyenne to participate in medicine ceremonies and punished Cheyenne who farmed or sent their children to school.
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142:. But, the Cheyenne and Arapaho could find little work, even for Carlisle graduates who returned to the reservation. The Indian agent's promising attempt to build a cattle herd was ended when the Office of Indian Affairs commanded distribution of the herd. They gave each Indian head of household an average of three cattle, too few to be productive. Shortages of rations continued, and the Indian agent had few resources available to develop work opportunities for his charges.
89:, the promised government rations were inadequate. The tribes also suffered from infectious diseases. Congress appropriated inadequate funds for support of the reservations, and poor quality cattle were sold to the government. Texas cattlemen illegally grazed thousands of cattle on the reservation, but refused to sell any to the Indian agent. Some cattle were confiscated on promise of payment.
179:...The United States now solemnly agrees that no persons except those herein authorized so to do, and except such officers, agents, and employés of the Government as may be authorized to enter upon Indian reservations in discharge of duties enjoined by law, shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in the territory described in this article....
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In the late 1870s and the early 1880s, both the
Cheyenne and Arapaho attempted some subsistence farming. The Arapaho were more committed and successful. Recurrent droughts resulted in crop failures. It took several years for the US Indian agent and these farmers to develop and learn basic techniques
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With the
Organic Act of 1870, the Arapaho retained a nominal tribal government, and twelve chiefs were selected by a scout and retired Arapaho chief named Ute. The twelve chiefs were Jesse Rowlodge, David Meat, John Hoof, Dan Blackhorse, Ben Spotted Wolf, Bill Williams, Wilburn Tabor, John Sleeper,
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On the advice of the army, fearful of an outbreak, Miles withheld ammunition from the tribes. This made them vulnerable to white horse thieves. Cheyenne women gained some paying work by tanning hides for white traders. In 1875, 1876, and 1877 the tribes had to compete with white buffalo hunters for
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a 160-acre parcel to each household for subsistence farming. The remainder was classified as surplus and sold to settlers. At the time, the government believed that forced assimilation to the
European-American farm model would help the Indian learn to fit into United States society, as would the
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Miles resigned on March 31, 1884. His replacement, D. B. Dyer, did not respect the
Cheyenne and his relations with them were strained. His approach to disorder was to request troops, which were not provided. Escalating conflict continued between Indians and the cattlemen. In July 1885, by
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During the early 1880s, the vast majority of the reservation was licensed for grazing to large cattle outfits in 8 large parcels, at the rate of 2 cents per acre, about a third of the fair market price. They were not leases, as a legal lease of reservation land was forbidden by law.
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language family. They have long been associated with the
Arapaho. The two tribes are referred to in Oklahoma as the Southern Cheyenne and the Southern Arapaho, a reference intended to distinguish them from their respective northern divisions on reservations in Montana
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the last of the diminishing buffalo herds. Many buffalo were taken, but never enough to satisfy the tribes' needs; by 1877 there were few left. In the winter of 1877-78 the remaining stragglers of the southern herd were hunted down.
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live near Thomas, Clinton, and
Weatherford, Custer County; Hammon (Red Moon), Roger Mills County; El Reno and Concho, Canadian County; Kingfisher, Kingfisher County, Watonga and Canton, Blaine County; Seiling, Dewey County.
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In 1877 nearly a thousand
Northern Cheyenne came or were escorted to the reservation from their home ranges in the north. Rations were inadequate, as was medical care. In September 1878, a band under the leadership of
114:. Some were rounded up and returned to the Darlington Agency. Most of the Northern Cheyenne remained on the reservation in Indian Territory. By 1883 all who wanted to were permitted to return to the north, where the
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issued an executive order to set aside lands instead on the North Fork of the
Canadian River for the tribes, closer to their territory. The lands were located in western Indian Territory south of the
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Annanita Washee, Scott
Youngman, Saul Birdshead, and Theodore Haury. Two Cheyenne were elected by custom to serve as Arapaho chiefs, Ben Buffalo and Ralph Whitetail.
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live mostly in rural areas near the towns of Canton, Greenfield and Geary in Blaine County, and at Colony in
Washita County. The name Arapaho originates in the
163:, the cattlemen were ordered off the reservation, which was placed under military control. Dyer was replaced by an army officer, Captain Jesse M. Lee.
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to handle the difficult conditions, such as conserving winter moisture. Some men earned money by hauling supplies, making hay, and cutting wood.
85:, nearly all of the Southern Cheyenne and the Southern Arapaho began to live on the reservation. Despite the best efforts of the Indian Agent,
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The Arapaho are one of the westernmost tribes of the Algonquian language family. Members of the Northern Arapaho who live on the
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The lands granted by the Treaty of Medicine Lodge were extensive, setting aside a substantial portion of western
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signed in 1867. The tribes never lived on the land described in the treaty and did not want to.
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The Cheyenne and Arapaho Ordeal: Reservation and Agency Life in the Indian Territory, 1875-1907.
291:), meaning, "He buys or trades", probably due to their being the dominant trading group in the
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Gradually more children were enrolled in the Indian boarding schools on the reservation and at
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489:
Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904.
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60th annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior.
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60th annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior
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243:) and Wyoming (Wind River), respectively. The southern bands were forced to move to the
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associated extinguishment of tribal government and communal tribal interest in land.
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in Pennsylvania. A separate facility patronized by the Cheyenne was established in
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Oct. 28, 1867; 15 Stats., 593.; Ratified July 25, 1868.; Proclaimed Aug. 19, 1868
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Page 341 to 345, Report of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, October 1, 1891,
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In 1890, the United States, operating through the agency of the
69:. The area occupied by the tribes is now referred to as the
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engraving by James D. Hutton, ca. 1860. Arapaho interpreter
65:. However, a portion of it was split off later to form the
175:for the exclusive use of the Cheyenne and Arapaho.
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escaped and fled north, in what became known as the
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Recognizing this fact, on August 10, 1869 President
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299:meaning "our people" or "people of our own kind."
400:. A map of the cattle leases is shown on page 97.
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71:Cheyenne-Arapaho Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area
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523:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.
480:Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, Vol. II.
411:TREATY WITH THE CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO, 1867
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40:Southern Cheyenne and the Southern Arapaho
199:The allotments were held in trust by the
67:Caddo-Wichita-Delaware Indian Reservation
565:American Indian reservations in Oklahoma
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63:Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Indian Reservation
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36:Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation
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187:, acting under the provisions of the
295:region. The Arapaho call themselves
241:Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation
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575:Former American Indian reservations
570:Native American history of Oklahoma
502:"Cheyenne-Arapaho Lands Genealogy."
306:in Wyoming call the Oklahoma group
255:as leader of the Southern Arapaho.
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21:Principal Chiefs of Arapaho Tribe,
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122:Agriculture, education, and work
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398:The Cheyenne and Arapaho Ordeal
271:, 1910, Oklahoma History Center
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116:Tongue River Indian Reservation
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331:"Cheyenne and Arapaho Reserve"
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215:Cheyenne beaded knife sheath,
146:Grazing licenses, 1882 to 1885
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304:Wind River Indian Reservation
267:Arapaho women's leggings and
251:of 1867, which was signed by
396:Pages 91 to 117, Berthrong,
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560:Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes
538:. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
38:were the lands granted the
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435:Bureau of Indian Affairs.
351:Berthrong, map, pp. 13-14
336:November 9, 2009, at the
118:was established in 1884.
470:Bureau of Indian Affairs
341:Oklahoma History Center.
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201:Bureau of Indian Affairs
112:Northern Cheyenne Exodus
455:Berthrong, pp. 148-181,
217:Oklahoma History Center
191:, broke the treaty. It
77:The last of the buffalo
534:Moore, John L. Moore.
416:June 29, 2009, at the
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159:presidential order of
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519:Berthrong, Donald J.
387:Berthrong, pp. 48-90,
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249:Medicine Lodge Treaty
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48:Medicine Lodge Treaty
31:, is seated at right.
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378:Berthrong, pp. 26-47
369:Berthrong, pp. 3-18
247:as a result of the
230:The Cheyenne are a
185:Cherokee Commission
167:Dawes Allotment Act
485:2009-06-29 at the
446:Moore, pp. 280-284
360:Berthrong, p. viii
310:or "Southerners."
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253:Chief Little Raven
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136:Carlisle Institute
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529:978-0-8061-2416-2
275:In Oklahoma, the
222:In Oklahoma, the
153:John DeBras Miles
97:Northern Cheyenne
87:John DeBras Miles
61:and north of the
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59:Cherokee Outlet
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409:Article 2,
259:The Arapaho
108:Little Wolf
554:Categories
514:References
236:Algonquian
104:Dull Knife
46:under the
25:Warshinun,
505:RootsWeb.
437:Pp. 3-10.
269:moccasins
189:Dawes Act
483:Archived
414:Archived
334:Archived
297:Inun-ina
289:larapihu
285:tirapihu
224:Cheyenne
193:allotted
173:Oklahoma
277:Arapaho
42:by the
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281:Pawnee
29:Friday
318:Notes
283:term
540:ISBN
525:ISBN
287:(or
106:and
127:of
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494:^
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239:(
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