29:
518:
breeds. It has been found to transmit well qualities such as growth-rate, meat quality, resistance to heat and cold and to insects and disease, and adaptation to rough terrain. Stock cross-bred with the
Chianina may reach slaughter weight a month earlier than normal. In 1971 semen was first exported to the United States, where there are now many half-blood and quarter-blood animals. The first American Chianina x Angus calf was born on 31 January 1972 at Tannehill Ranch, near
346:
250:
489:
and slaughter dates, identification number and other data of the animal in order to guarantee its origin. Each of the 18 principal cuts is branded with the "5R" symbol of the
Consorzio Produttori Carne Bovina Pregiata delle Razze Italiane (consortium of producers of quality beef from Italian breeds), signifying the five indigenous beef breeds of Italy, the Chianina, the
316:
From 1931 breeders began to favour selection of animals more suited to meat production, with shorter limbs, longer bodies and more heavily muscled rump and thighs; recently, selection is based also on factors such as growth rate, meat yield and, in cows, maternal ability. While one source reports a
357:
may reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in). It is not unusual for bulls to exceed 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) in weight. Males standing over 1.51 m (4 ft 11 in) at 12 months are considered top-grade. A Chianina bull named
Donetto holds the world record for the heaviest bull, reported
488:
The ideal slaughter weight is 650â700 kg (1,430â1,540 lb), reached at 16â18 months, where the yield may be 64â65%. The meat is renowned for its quality and nutritional values. In Italy it is sold by name at premium prices by approved butchers, the sales receipt detailing the breed, birth
517:
The
Chianina breed is widely used for cross-breeding. In the United States the Chianina has been cross-bred with British breeds to reduce the fat content of meat in line with current fashion; elsewhere it has been used to transmit size, growth-rate and its relatively low skeleton weight to local
484:
In beef production, Chianina cattle are chosen for their growth rate, which may exceed 2 kg (4.4 lb) per day, the high yield and high quality of the meat, and their tolerance of heat and sunlight. They are good foragers and have better resistance to disease and insects than many other
526:
register, since then the
Chiangus has achieved "all but total dominance" in U.S. steer shows. Chianina semen was first imported into Australia in 1973, from Canada; it has since been imported directly from Italy. The Chiangus is an established cross in Australia also.
366:, where he was bred. Cows usually weigh 800â900 kg (1,800â2,000 lb), but commonly exceed 1,000 kg (2,200 lb); those standing over 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) are judged top-grade. Calves routinely weigh over 50 kg (110 lb) at birth.
336:
Since the Second World War the
Chianina has become a world breed, raised almost exclusively for its high quality meat. Through exportation of breeding stock, of frozen semen and of embryos, it has reached China, Russia, Asian countries and the Americas.
358:
by one source as 1,740 kg (3,840 lb) when exhibited at the Arezzo show in 1955, but as 1,780 kg (3,920 lb) and 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) tall at the age of 8 by others including the Tenuta La Fratta, near
543:
369:
The coat of the
Chianina is white; very slight grey shading round the eyes and on the foreparts is tolerated. The skin, muzzle, switch, hooves and the tips of the horns are black, as are the natural openings â the
669:
L. Junius
Moderatus Columella of Husbandry, in Twelve Books: and his book, concerning Trees. Translated into English, with illustrations from Pliny, Cato, Varro, Palladius and other ancient and modern authors
333:, and a group of breeders had in 1899 formed a society, the SocietĂ degli Agricoltori della Valdichiana (society of farmers of the Valdichiana), of which a principal aim was the establishment of a herdbook.
317:
herdbook dating from 1856, others date the institution of the Libro
Genealogico ("genealogical herdbook") to 1933, when a breed standard was established and commissions were set up by the then
405:
Until recent years, when it was replaced by machinery, the
Chianina ox was used with excellent results both in agriculture and for road transport in its area of origin, the provinces of
293:
has such as are huge, and of a white colour". Chianina oxen were the principal source of agricultural power in the area until displaced by mechanisation and the collapse of the
1086:
505:, in accordance with a ministerial decree of 5 July 1984. For the three breeds present in central Italy, the Chianina, the Marchigiana and the Romagnola, there is also an
1261:
1161:
1166:
1236:
887:(in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (national association of breeders of Italian beef cattle breeds). Accessed October 2015.
644:(in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (national association of breeders of Italian beef cattle breeds). Accessed October 2015.
614:(in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (national association of breeders of Italian beef cattle breeds). Accessed October 2015.
1316:
1045:
considered in Italy to be wholly or partly of Italian origin. Inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively Italian.
1126:
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321:(ministry of agriculture and forestry) to identify, mark and register morphologically suitable animals; the standard of the Chianina breed was fixed by
1141:
1116:
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437:. It was highly adapted to the steep hill terrain and entirely suitable to the farms of the time, to mixed agriculture and to the smallholdings of the
1311:
1306:
1271:
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In North America Chianina oxen are trained for participation in ox-pulling contests. Conroy shows a pair pulling 6,045 kg (13,327 lb) on a
1206:
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1156:
1146:
318:
1171:
1066:
1201:
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At the end of 2010 there were 47,236 head registered in Italy, of which more than 90% were in Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio; it is, after the
1394:
1336:
1221:
462:(since 1985 considered a separate breed) in the hilly country of the province of Florence, and the Perugina in the province of Perugia.
1216:
523:
447:
or rural farmhouse in the area had substantial stabling for oxen on the ground floor, while the habitable part was on the floor above.
1176:
933:
727:
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The Chianina is both the tallest and the heaviest breed of cattle. Mature bulls stand up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), and
899:
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The Chianina is a dual purpose breed, raised both for meat and for draught use; the milk is barely sufficient for suckling.
1014:
842:
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963:
868:
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differences resulting from different environments: the Chianina of the Valdichiana, the Chianina of the
1341:
469:. Today Chianina oxen are rarely seen in Italy other than at public events such as the Palio di Siena.
741:
Relazione sull'indirizzo necessario per il miglioramento razionale della razza bovina di Val di Chiana
730:(in Italian). La Razza Chianina: valore del passatoâpatrimonio del futuro. Archived 5 September 2010.
303:; they were in use in agriculture until at least 1970 and are still used in processions such as the
1331:
1231:
228:
509:, or certification of region of origin, in accordance with European Community regulation 2081/92.
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of 7 August 1935. A private register was previously kept by the largest cattle breeder of the
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The oxen, both male and female, were invariably worked in pairs, yoked with a type of neck
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8:
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The Chianina is one of the oldest breeds of cattle. It originates in the area of the
921:. World Association for Transport Animal Welfare and Studies. Accessed October 2015.
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Atlante delle razze autoctone: Bovini, equini, ovicaprini, suini allevati in Italia
422:
300:
210:
84:
1071:
953:
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629:(in Italian). Atlante delle razze bovine â Razze da carne. Accessed October 2015.
28:
839:
771:
744:
1301:
1291:
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310:
305:
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Origini, evoluzione e prospettive attuali e future della razza bovina chianina
1383:
544:
List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources
330:
611:
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At this time four varieties were distinguishable within the breed, based on
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1211:
1042:
425:(parts only) and Siena, and in some parts of the more distant provinces of
266:
549:
The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
226:. It is the largest and one of the oldest cattle breeds in the world. The
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522:. Within four years the American Chianina Association had established a
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743:(in Italian). Florence: ; cited in: Lucia Mazzetti (September 1996).
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Ezio Marchi â lo scienziato 'amico degli allevatori' (in Italian).
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1106:
552:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
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270:
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Consorzio Produttori Carne Bovina Pregiata delle Razze Italiane
274:
182:
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Photograph of Donetto, the heaviest bull in the world, c. 1955
958:, eighth edition. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.
375:
326:
278:
269:. Chianina cattle have been raised in the Italian regions of
466:
371:
289:..." (VI.I.2), which in the first English translation is "
42:
978:. Chianina Society of Australia. Accessed October 2015.
940:(in Italian). Il mondo agricolo. Accessed October 2015.
354:
219:
218:
of large white cattle. It was formerly principally a
285:, writing about types of oxen in about 55 AD, says "
378:, eyelids, palate, tongue, and lower part of the
1381:
840:La Fratta nel sistema della fattoria in Toscana
807:Storia e situazione attuale dei bovini chianini
745:La Fratta nel sistema della fattoria in Toscana
542:Barbara Rischkowsky, D. Pilling (eds.) (2007).
265:, from which it takes its name, and the middle
952:James R. Gillespie, Frank B. Flanders (2010).
1015:
918:Ox Yokes: Culture, Comfort and Animal Welfare
389:, the second indigenous beef breed of Italy.
666:Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, (1745).
329:Valdichiana, the Eredi del conte Bastogi of
1029:
1022:
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319:Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste
27:
653:L. Iunius Moderatus Columella (c.55 AD).
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955:Modern livestock and poultry production
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991:Elvio Borgioli, Aldo Olivetti (1975).
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900:La Razza Chianina: Le Caratteristiche
890:
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829:. Blandford, Dorset: Blandford Press.
816:(6): 123. Edizioni PubblicitĂ Italia.
790:
764:
704:Beef Cattle Breeding & Management
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943:
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578:Daniele Bigi, Alessio Zanon (2008).
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222:breed; it is now raised mainly for
13:
1395:Cattle breeds originating in Italy
995:(in Italian). Bologna: Edagricole.
984:
647:
479:
33:A Chianina cow and calf in Tuscany
14:
1411:
1355:
838:Lucia Mazzetti (September 1996).
706:. Frenchs Forest: Popular Books.
582:(in Italian). Milan: Edagricole.
512:
248:
507:Indicazione Geografica Protetta
657:(in Latin). The Latin Library.
400:
94:dual-purpose, draught and beef
1:
1367:Mediterranea Italiana buffalo
869:La Razza Chianina: Le Origini
530:
1087:Bruna Italiana Vecchio Ceppo
906:. Archived 22 November 2021.
875:. Archived 22 November 2021.
849:(excerpt only, in Italian).
779:(2). Accessed October 2015.
754:(excerpt only, in Italian).
642:Standards di razza: Chianina
349:A bull of the Chianina breed
7:
856:(1). Accessed October 2015.
770:Lucia Mazzetti (May 2008).
702:William A. Beattie (1990).
655:De Re Rustica, Liber Sextus
232:is produced from its meat.
10:
1416:
1342:Varzese-Ottonese-Tortonese
805:Aldo Focacci (June 2006).
560:. Accessed September 2017.
235:
56:Chianina della Valdichiana
1364:
1350:
1262:Pugliese del basso Veneto
1052:
1037:
885:Consistenze al 31.12.2014
281:for at least 2200 years.
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1332:Valdostana Pezzata Rossa
681:Matthew Spender (1992).
331:Abbadia di Montepulciano
229:bistecca alla fiorentina
165:white hair, black switch
1327:Valdostana Pezzata Nera
1167:Grigia di Val di Fiemme
825:John B. Friend (1978).
392:
1237:Pezzata Rossa Italiana
1031:Cattle breeds of Italy
350:
287:Umbria vastos et albos
207:Italian pronunciation:
1232:Pezzata Rossa d'Oropa
1162:Grigia di Val d'Adige
936:24 March 2012 at the
851:Quaderni Sinalunghesi
784:24 March 2012 at the
774:Quaderni Sinalunghesi
756:Quaderni Sinalunghesi
520:King City, California
348:
299:system following the
59:Chianina del Valdarno
1267:Pustertaler Sprinzen
915:Drew Conroy (2004).
845:12 July 2011 at the
750:12 July 2011 at the
672:. London: A. Millar.
827:Cattle of the World
685:. London : Viking.
211:[kjaËniËna]
45:(2007): not at risk
39:Conservation status
23:
1322:Valdostana Castana
1127:Chianino-Maremmana
739:E. Marchi (1901).
351:
323:ministerial decree
21:
1377:
1376:
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1077:Bianca Val Padana
728:La Razza Chianina
726:Clara Sargentini
485:domestic cattle.
364:province of Siena
341:Breed description
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71:
64:
61:
58:
55:
54:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
1257:Pontremolese
1212:Mucca Pisana
1121:
992:
971:
954:
926:
917:
911:
903:
880:
872:
853:
850:
834:
826:
821:
813:
810:
776:
773:
766:
758:
755:
740:
735:
703:
698:
682:
677:
668:
662:
649:
579:
548:
538:
516:
487:
483:
471:
464:
449:
444:
443:. A typical
438:
404:
396:
384:
368:
352:
335:
315:
304:
294:
290:
286:
267:Tiber Valley
260:
227:
202:
200:
188:
112:1200â1500 kg
73:Distribution
18:
1400:Grey cattle
1297:Sardo Bruna
1182:Marchigiana
612:La Chianina
546:, annex to
491:Marchigiana
401:Draught use
387:Marchigiana
263:Valdichiana
170:Horn status
119:800â1000 kg
50:Other names
1384:Categories
1242:Piemontese
1172:Grossetana
1152:Garfagnina
1067:Bardigiana
712:0730100405
691:0670838365
531:References
452:phenotypic
154:Skin color
144:155â165 cm
137:160â170 cm
76:world-wide
1337:Valtarese
1282:Romagnola
1247:Pinzgauer
1222:Pasturina
1187:Maremmana
1117:Carniella
1112:Camandona
1102:Calabrese
1097:Cabannina
1062:Agerolese
1057:Abruzzese
811:Eurocarni
592:p. 18â20.
499:Romagnola
495:Maremmana
474:stoneboat
360:Sinalunga
296:mezzadria
283:Columella
1312:Valdarno
1307:Sicilian
1272:Reggiana
1252:Podolica
1227:Perugina
1217:Ossolana
1197:Modicana
1192:Modenese
1132:Cinisara
1122:Chianina
934:Archived
843:Archived
782:Archived
748:Archived
627:Chianina
524:Chiangus
503:Podolica
501:and the
456:Valdarno
440:mezzadri
411:Florence
203:Chianina
142:Female:
117:Female:
81:Standard
65:Perugina
22:Chianina
1358:bovines
1277:Rendena
1207:Montana
1202:Mölltal
1137:Demonte
1107:Calvana
1092:Burlina
460:Calvana
427:Caserta
419:Perugia
415:Livorno
380:scrotum
362:in the
327:Sienese
309:of the
271:Tuscany
236:History
220:draught
62:Calvana
1356:Other
1287:Romana
1177:Lucana
1147:Friuli
962:
710:
689:
586:
556:
497:, the
493:, the
458:, the
431:Latina
407:Arezzo
291:Umbria
275:Umbria
183:Cattle
173:horned
135:Male:
129:Height
110:Male:
104:Weight
99:Traits
85:ANABIC
1292:Sarda
435:Terni
376:vulva
279:Lazio
216:breed
157:black
960:ISBN
814:2006
761:(1).
708:ISBN
687:ISBN
584:ISBN
554:ISBN
467:yoke
433:and
423:Pisa
393:Uses
372:anus
355:oxen
277:and
224:beef
201:The
162:Coat
313:.
91:Use
43:FAO
1386::
945:^
892:^
861:^
792:^
777:18
719:^
634:^
619:^
598:^
590:.
565:^
476:.
429:,
421:,
417:,
413:,
409:,
382:.
374:,
273:,
1023:e
1016:t
1009:v
966:.
854:7
759:7
714:.
693:.
205:(
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