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277:. The shed next to the barn was the first building to be consumed by the fire. City officials never determined the cause of the blaze, but the rapid spread of the fire due to a long drought in that year's summer, strong winds from the southwest, and the rapid destruction of the water pumping system, explain the extensive damage of the mainly wooden city structures. There has been much speculation over the years on a single start to the fire. The most popular tale blames
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341:. All along the river, however, were lumber yards, warehouses, and coal yards, and barges and numerous bridges across the river. As the fire grew, the southwest wind intensified and became superheated, causing structures to catch fire from the heat and from burning debris blown by the wind. Around midnight, flaming debris blew across the river and landed on roofs and the South Side Gas Works.
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859:, along with a dozen other villages. It killed 1,200 to 2,500 people and charred approximately 1.5 million acres (6,100 km). The Peshtigo Fire remains the deadliest in American history but the remoteness of the region meant it was little noticed at the time, due to the fact that one of the first things that burned were the telegraph lines to Green Bay.
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The fire also led to questions about development in the United States. Due to
Chicago's rapid expansion at that time, the fire led to Americans reflecting on industrialization. Based on a religious point of view, some said that Americans should return to a more old-fashioned way of life, and that the
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mile (1 km) wide, encompassing an area of more than 2,000 acres (809 ha). Destroyed were more than 73 miles (117 km) of roads, 120 miles (190 km) of sidewalk, 2,000 lampposts, 17,500 buildings, and $ 222 million in property, which was about a third of the city's valuation in 1871.
728:, as they were often called) since its beginning, carrying over attitudes in England in the 17th century; as an Irish Catholic, Mrs. O'Leary was a target of both anti-Catholic and anti-Irish sentiment. This story was circulating in Chicago even before the flames had died out, and it was noted in the
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Almost from the moment the fire broke out, various theories about its cause began to circulate. The most popular and enduring legend maintains that the fire began in the O'Leary barn as Mrs. O'Leary was milking her cow. The cow kicked over a lantern (or an oil lamp in some versions), setting fire to
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The cottage of
Catherine and Patrick O'Leary, 137 (now 558) W. DeKoven St. As this view suggests, the neighborhood was congested with many wooden buildings and a variety of industry, a condition which helped to spread the fire of 1871 as rapidly as it did. A strong wind blowing towards the northeast
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The specific choice of Biela's Comet does not match with the dates in question, as the 6-year period of the comet's orbit did not intersect that of the Earth until 1872, one full year after the fire, when a large meteor shower was indeed observed. A common cause for the fires in the
Midwest in late
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Amateur historian
Richard Bales has suggested the fire started when Daniel "Pegleg" Sullivan, who first reported the fire, ignited hay in the barn while trying to steal milk. Part of Bales's evidence includes an account by Sullivan, who claimed in an inquiry before the Fire Department of Chicago on
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After the fire, A. H. Burgess of London proposed an "English Book
Donation", to spur a free library in Chicago, in their sympathy with Chicago over the damages suffered. Libraries in Chicago had been private with membership fees. In April 1872, the City Council passed the ordinance to establish the
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was a key concern, and in one ordinance, the city set the price of bread at 8¢ for a 12-ounce (340 g) loaf. Public buildings were opened as places of refuge, and saloons closed at 9 in the evening for the week following the fire. Many people who were left homeless after the incident were never
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sent messages to nearby towns asking for help. When the courthouse caught fire, he ordered the building to be evacuated and the prisoners jailed in the basement to be released. At 2:30 a.m. on the 9th, the cupola of the courthouse collapsed, sending the great bell crashing down. Some witnesses
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to protect the entire city. The initial response by the fire department was timely, but due to an error by the watchman, Matthias
Schaffer, the firefighters were initially sent to the wrong place, allowing the fire to grow unchecked. An alarm sent from the area near the fire also failed to register
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In 2014, the city of
Chicago and Redmoon Theater partnered to create The Great Chicago Fire Festival. Held on October 4, 2014, the event fell victim to technical difficulties as replicas of 1871 houses on floating barges in the Chicago River failed to ignite properly due to electrical problems and
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s first post-fire issue. In 1893 the reporter
Michael Ahern retracted the "cow-and-lantern" story, admitting it was fabricated, but even his confession was unable to put the legend to rest. Although the O'Learys were never officially charged with starting the fire, the story became so engrained in
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who was hypnotized by the segment's villain and lights fires instead of preventing fires. In the end of the segment, Do-Right took Stokey to
Chicago to stay with a friend but ends up starting major fires convicting that he started the Great Chicago Fire. The segment was later banned for more than
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situation unlikely to occur from meteorites. Methane gas is lighter than air and thus does not accumulate near the ground; any localized pockets of methane in the open air rapidly dissipate. Moreover, if a fragment of an icy comet were to strike the Earth, the most likely outcome, due to the low
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When firefighters finally arrived at DeKoven Street, the fire had grown and spread to neighboring buildings and was progressing toward the central business district. Firefighters had hoped that the South Branch of the
Chicago River and an area that had previously thoroughly burned would act as a
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to free the animals from the barn, one of which included a cow owned by Sullivan's mother. Bales's account does not have consensus. The Chicago Public Library staff criticized his account in their web page on the fire. Despite this, the Chicago city council was convinced of Bales's argument and
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are not known to start or spread fires and are cool to the touch after reaching the ground, so this theory has not found favor in the scientific community. Methane-air mixtures become flammable only when the methane concentration exceeds 5%, at which point the mixtures also become explosive, a
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In the days and weeks following the fire, monetary donations flowed into Chicago from around the country and abroad, along with donations of food, clothing, and other goods. These donations came from individuals, corporations, and cities. New York City gave $ 450,000 along with clothing and
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Chicago had a weakness for "big things", and liked to think that it was outbuilding New York. It did a great deal of commercial advertising in its house-tops. The faults of construction as well as of art in its great showy buildings must have been numerous. Their walls were thin, and were
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and some other neighborhood boys. When Mrs. O'Leary came out to the barn to chase the gamblers away at around 9:00, they knocked over a lantern in their flight, although Cohn states that he paused long enough to scoop up the money. The argument is not universally accepted.
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depicted Gary Hobson finding himself back in time in 1871 trying to prevent the fire. While he initially succeeds and stops the fire after the lantern is kicked over, subsequent events lead to the fire restarting, preserving the historical event while changing its
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St. Michael's Church and the Pumping Station were both gutted in the fire, but their exteriors survived, and the buildings were rebuilt using the surviving walls. Additionally, though the inhabitable portions of the building were destroyed, the bell tower of
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has two doctors sent back to 1871 Chicago to find a cure for a disease thought lost to the fire. The Fire is shown starting when flames burst out from the O'Leary's barn and various attempts to stop the fire with a fire carriage and dynamiting buildings are
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for two weeks under Gen. Sheridan's command structure with a mix of regular troops, militia units, police, and a specially organized civilian group "First Regiment of Chicago Volunteers." Former Lieutenant-Governor William Bross, and part owner of the
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Finally, late into the evening of October 9, it started to rain, but the fire had already started to burn itself out. The fire had spread to the sparsely populated areas of the north side, having thoroughly consumed the densely populated areas.
356:. As overheated air rises, it comes into contact with cooler air and begins to spin, creating a tornado-like effect. These fire whirls are likely what drove flaming debris so high and so far. Such debris was blown across the main branch of the
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during October 8–10, 1871. The fire killed approximately 300 people, destroyed roughly 3.3 square miles (9 km) of the city including over 17,000 structures, and left more than 100,000 residents homeless. The fire began in a neighborhood
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1871 is that the area had suffered through a tinder-dry summer, so that winds from the front that moved in that evening were capable of generating rapidly expanding blazes from available ignition sources, which were plentiful in the region.
764:. The bequest was given to the school on September 28, 1944, and the dedication contained a claim by Cohn to have been present at the start of the fire. According to Cohn, on the night of the fire, he was gambling in the O'Learys' barn with
376:. Within minutes, the interior of the building was engulfed in flames and the building was destroyed. With it, the city's water mains went dry and the city was helpless. The fire burned unchecked from building to building, block to block.
806:), suggesting a common root cause. Eyewitnesses reported sighting spontaneous ignitions, lack of smoke, "balls of fire" falling from the sky, and blue flames. According to Wood, these accounts suggest that the fires were caused by the
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Once the fire had ended, the smoldering remains were still too hot for a survey of the damage to be completed for many days. Eventually, the city determined that the fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6 km) long and averaging
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at the courthouse where the fire watchmen were, while the firefighters were tired from having fought numerous small fires and one large fire in the week before. These factors combined to turn a small barn fire into a conflagration.
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For two weeks Sheridan's men patrolled the streets, guarded the relief warehouses, and enforced other regulations. On October 24 the troops were relieved of their duties and the volunteers were mustered out of service.
912:, provided a large portion of the lumber to rebuild Chicago. As a result, the area was so heavily deforested that the land deteriorated into barren sand dunes that buried the town, and the town had to be abandoned.
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Despite the fire spreading and growing rapidly, the city's firefighters continued to battle the blaze. A short time after the fire jumped the river, a burning piece of timber lodged on the roof of the city's
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roofs. All of the city's sidewalks and many roads were also made of wood. Compounding this problem, Chicago received only 1 inch (25 mm) of rain from July 4 to October 9, causing severe
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cow, who allegedly knocked over a lantern; others state that a group of men were gambling inside the barn and knocked over a lantern. Still other speculation suggests that the blaze was related to
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spared the O'Leary cottage and the buildings seen here to its west. From a stereoptican view by A.H. Abbott, Photographer, whose studio at 976 (now 2201) N. Clark Street was consumed by the flames.
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fire was caused by people ignoring traditional morality. On the other hand, others believed that a lesson to be learned from the fire was that cities needed to improve their building techniques.
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were torn down for construction of the Chicago Fire Academy, a training facility for Chicago firefighters, known as the Quinn Fire Academy or Chicago Fire Department Training Facility. A bronze
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inhabitants of Chicago in 1871, 90,000 Chicago residents (about 28% of the population) were left homeless. 120 bodies were recovered, but the death toll may have been as high as 300. The county
452:, who saved Chicago three times: the Great Fire in October 1871, when he used explosives to stop the spread; again after the Great Fire, protecting the city; and lastly in 1877 during the "
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impacted the Midwest. Biela's Comet had broken apart in 1845 and had not been observed since. Wood argued that four large fires took place, all on the same day, all on the shores of
292:. More than two-thirds of the structures in Chicago at the time of the fire were made entirely of wood, with most of the houses and buildings being topped with highly combustible
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More than 20 years after the Great Fire, 'The World Columbian Exposition of 1893', known as the 'White City', for being lit up with newly invented light bulbs and electric power.
756:) suggesting that Louis M. Cohn may have started the fire during a craps game. Following his death in 1942, Cohn bequeathed $ 35,000 which was assigned by his executors to the
504:, along with other nearby cities, helped by sending fire-fighting equipment. Food, clothing and books were brought by train from all over the continent. Mayor Mason placed the
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The fire is said to have started at about 8:30 p.m. on October 8, in or around a small barn belonging to the O'Leary family that bordered the alley behind 137 W.
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Almost immediately, the city began to rewrite its fire standards, spurred by the efforts of leading insurance executives, and fire-prevention reformers such as
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594:, secured a loan and rebuilt the hotel to higher standards, across the street from the original, proclaiming it to be "The World's First Fireproof Building".
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the barn. The O'Leary family denied this, stating that they were in bed before the fire started, but stories of the cow began to spread across the city.
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was strong in Chicago and throughout the United States. This was intensified as a result of the growing political power of the city's Irish population.
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quickly set about rebuilding the city. The first load of lumber for rebuilding was delivered the day the last burning building was extinguished. By the
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survived the fire and was incorporated into the rebuilt church. The stones near the top of the tower are still blackened from the soot and smoke.
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213:. A long period of hot, dry, windy conditions, and the wooden construction prevalent in the city, led to the conflagration. The fire leapt the
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Olmsted also believed that with brick walls, and disciplined firemen and police, the deaths and damage caused would have been much less.
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As more buildings succumbed to the flames, a major contributing factor to the fire's spread was a meteorological phenomenon known as a
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improved building codes to stop the rapid spread of future fires and rebuilt rapidly to those higher standards. A donation from the
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866:, and other nearby areas burned to the ground. Some 100 miles (160 km) to the north of Holland, the lumbering community of
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speculated that an accurate count was impossible, as some victims may have drowned or had been incinerated, leaving no remains.
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423:"The Preservation of the Good Order and Peace of the city is hereby intrusted to Lieut. General P.H. Sheridan, U.S. Army."
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Recollections of a Fire Insurance Man: Including His Experience in U.S. Navy (Mississippi Squadron) During the Civil War
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stated that the actions of Sullivan on that day should be scrutinized after the O'Leary family was exonerated in 1997.
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With the fire across the river and moving rapidly toward the heart of the city, panic set in. About this time, Mayor
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1869 map of Chicago, altered to show the area destroyed by the fire (location of O'Leary's barn indicated by red dot)
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conditions before the fire, while strong southwest winds helped to carry flying embers toward the heart of the city.
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Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman
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able to get their normal lives back since all their personal papers and belongings burned in the conflagration.
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440:"Never did deeper emotions of joy overcome me. Thank God, those most dear to me and the city as well are safe."
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The fire's spread was aided by the city's use of wood as the predominant building material in a style called
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is centered on the fire, with a highly fictionalized portrayal of the O'Leary family as the main characters.
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1076:" was inspired by the fabled cause of the Great Chicago Fire, and served as the representation for the
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portrays the nationwide impact the 1871 Chicago fire had on the stock markets and the financial world.
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came quickly to the aid of the city and was placed in charge by a proclamation, given by mayor
368:. The fire had jumped the river a second time and was now raging across the city's north side.
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On that hot, dry, and windy autumn day, three other major fires occurred along the shores of
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at the same time as the Great Chicago Fire. Some 250 miles (400 km) to the north, the
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November 25, 1871, that he saw the fire coming through the side of the barn and ran across
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2528:"'The night America burned': The deadliest – and most overlooked – fire in U.S. history"
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717:: she was a poor, Irish Catholic immigrant. During the latter half of the 19th century,
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2252:"Odds Improve That A Hot Game of Craps in Mrs. O'Leary's Barn Touched Off Chicago Fire"
2123:"Was Daniel "Peg Leg" Sullivan the Real Culprit? | the Cause of the Great Chicago Fire"
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of such bodies, would be for it to disintegrate in the upper atmosphere, leading to an
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local lore that Chicago's city council officially exonerated them—and the cow—in 1997.
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hotel burned to the ground in the fire 13 days after its grand opening. Its developer,
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901:, 140 miles (230 km) south of Chicago, destroying portions of its downtown area.
794:, engineer and physicist Robert Wood suggested that the fire began when a fragment of
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3225:"Mrs. O'Leary's Comet: Cosmic Causes of the Great Chicago Fire" by Mel Waskin (1985)
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Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History
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represents the Great Chicago fire with one of the four red stars present on the flag.
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1853:"The Great Chicago Fire: What Part Did the Celebrated O'Leary Cow Play in Disaster?"
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Police Constable Bellinger's cottage at 21 Lincoln Place (2121 North Hudson, today).
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Chicago's Great Fire: The Destruction and Resurrection of an Iconic American City
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532:, starting with the donation from the United Kingdom of more than 8,000 volumes.
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1880:"Mrs. O'Leary's Cow and Other Newspaper Tales about the 1871 Great Chicago Fire"
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was founded on October 8, 1997, the 126th anniversary of the Great Chicago Fire.
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The Burning of the World: The Great Chicago Fire and the War for a City's Soul
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1971:
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1122:– a lesser-known fire that occurred on the same day in Wisconsin and was the
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In 1956, the remaining structures on the original O'Leary property at 558 W.
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Pauly, John J. (Winter 1984). "The Great Chicago Fire as a National Event".
567:. Chicago soon developed one of the country's leading fire-fighting forces.
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1241:"Tragedy in the Chicago Fire and Triumph in the Architectural Response"
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A History of Chicago: Volume III: The Rise of a Modern City, 1871–1893
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The following structures from the burned district are still standing:
625:
A pre-fire house in Chicago on Cleveland Avenue (photographed in 2016)
456:", riding in from 1,000 mi (1,600 km) away to restore order.
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To protect the city from looting and violence, the city was put under
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Furthermore, the United States had been distrustful of Catholics (or
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2309:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Archived from
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Annotation (National Historical Publications and Records Commission)
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1560:, by a Chicago Clergyman, Published by J.W. Goodspeed, Chicago, 1871
500:, all commercial rivals, donated hundreds and thousands of dollars.
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Site of the First Self-Sustaining Controlled Nuclear Chain Reaction
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1885:. Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.
1452:"Why it's called Sheridan Road – or how the general saved Chicago"
1197:
City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America
1132:– 19th-century evangelist whose church was burned down in the fire
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22 years later, Chicago hosted more than 21 million visitors. The
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Aftermath of the fire, corner of Dearborn and Monroe Streets, 1871
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1991:"America's Dark and Not-Very-Distant History of Hating Catholics"
807:
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observed that poor building practices in Chicago were a problem:
488:, Scotland (pop. 40,000) a town meeting raised £518 on the spot.
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gave 1,000 guineas, as well as £7,000 from private donations. In
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1269:. Republished. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 4.
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writing as Dana Fuller Ross occur around the Great Chicago Fire.
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2644:. Urbana Firefighters Local 1147. March 7, 2008. Archived from
2200:"Who Caused The Great Chicago Fire: The Cow? Or Louis M. Cohn?"
1144:— another disastrous structural fire in Chicago, 87 years later
236:
Help flowed to the city from near and far after the fire. The
1912:. By Bales, Richard F. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
1591:(Winter 1984). "The Great Chicago Fire as a National Event".
654:
2323 and 2339 North Cleveland Avenue also survived the blaze.
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790:. At a 2004 conference of the Aerospace Corporation and the
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Anthony DeBartolo reported evidence in two articles of the
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reported hearing the sound from a mile (1.6 km) away.
316:
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2021:. Catholic University of America Press. pp. 201–202.
1223:"$ 222,000,000 in 1871 → 2024 | Inflation Calculator"
2597:
2397:"Gases – Explosive and Flammability Concentration Limits"
1910:
The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Mrs. O'Leary's Cow
293:
2628:
History of Manistee, Mason and Oceana counties, Michigan
2304:"Did Biela's Comet Cause the Chicago and Midwest Fires?"
1859:(82). National Underwriter Company: 10. October 8, 1921
1024:
pinball "Fire!" was inspired by the Great Chicago Fire.
929:
since 1982, in commemoration of the Great Chicago Fire.
897:. On October 9, 1871, a fire swept through the city of
3088:– Elias Colbert and Everett Chamberlin, 1871, 528 pp.
2019:
Papist Devils: Catholics in British America, 1574–1783
3153:– James W. Sheahan and George P. Upton, 1871, 458 pp.
2095:"Mrs. O'Leary, Cow Cleared by City Council Committee"
1707:"The Chicago Fire of 1871 and the 'Great Rebuilding'"
1531:"The Chicago Fire of 1871 and the 'Great Rebuilding'"
1477:"The Chicago Fire of 1871 and the 'Great Rebuilding'"
786:. This was described as a "fringe theory" concerning
3123:
Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan
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tells the story of the fire for children, and was a
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overweighted with gross and coarse misornamentation.
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870:also went up in flames in what became known as the
3100:History of the Great Fires in Chicago and the West
2973:Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC)
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1679:(5). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 673–674.
1632:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 7.
1194:
963:The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends
792:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
772:An alternative theory, first suggested in 1882 by
752:(October 8, 1997, and March 3, 1998, reprinted in
260:1871 Chicago view before the 'Great Conflagration'
3014:"Some feel burned by Great Chicago Fire Festival"
2757:Dreiser, Theodore (2010). Mulligan, Roark (ed.).
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1044:A 1998 episode of the American television series
519:began taking steps to preserve order in Chicago.
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3687:Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain and Garden
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2214:
2172:"Did a Cow Really Cause the Great Chicago Fire?"
1903:
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3136:"People & Events: The Great Fire of 1871".
1630:A History of Chicago: The Rise of a Modern City
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3718:Site of the Origin of the Chicago Fire of 1871
2783:"In Old Chicago | film by King [1937]"
2586:
2584:
2147:. Chicago Public Library. 2009. Archived from
1601:(5). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 671.
1430:The Great Chicago Fire & The Web of Memory
1402:The Great Chicago Fire & The Web of Memory
1373:"What (or Who) Caused the Great Chicago Fire?"
1234:
1232:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
613:, was erected on the point of origin in 1961.
3555:
3270:
2857:"Chicago Fire, American Football Association"
2672:Settling Canada's South: How Windsor Was Made
1896:
578:Business owners and land speculators such as
3138:The Public Broadcasting System (PBS) Website
2416:
2414:
2088:
2086:
1936:American Anti-Catholicism and its Literature
3697:Illinois–Indiana State Line Boundary Marker
2593:"October 8, 1871: The Night America Burned"
2581:
1782:
1780:
1666:
1664:
1313:
1311:
1229:
1155:
3562:
3548:
3277:
3263:
3250:Great Chicago Fire & the Web of Memory
2526:Rosenwald, Michael S. (December 6, 2017).
981:shortly after its original airing in 1961.
2525:
2411:
2249:
2223:
2114:
2083:
1820:
862:Across the lake to the east, the town of
3723:Site of the Origins of the I&M Canal
3188:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2660:
2490:
1953:
1907:
1777:
1661:
1449:
1308:
1251:– via Illinois Periodicals Online.
1238:
988:football team played in the short-lived
693:
620:
569:
548:
508:in charge of the city's relief efforts.
443:
387:
327:
263:
255:
2756:
2738:. The University of Illinois at Chicago
2642:"History Of The Urbana Fire Department"
2590:
2389:
1988:
1932:
1786:
1557:The Great Fires in Chicago and The West
616:
14:
3749:
3159:"The Chicago Fire – Fifty Years After"
2932:
2912:"Williams 'Fire! (Champagne Edition)'"
2707:. Dog Ear Publishing. pp. 58–59.
2616:
2559:
2334:
2328:
2278:"The Great Debate over the Great Fire"
2275:
2224:DeBartolo, Anthony (October 8, 1997).
2169:
2060:
2016:
1908:Schwartz, Thomas F. (2005). Foreword.
1877:
1641:
1639:
1627:
1370:
1317:
1261:
1192:
1124:deadliest wildfire in recorded history
971:four decades due to protests from the
704:depicting Mrs. O'Leary milking the cow
50:. The view faces northeast across the
46:An artist's rendering of the fire, by
3713:Site of the John and Mary Jones House
3644:National Register of Historic Places,
3635:Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite
3543:
3258:
3202:
3183:
3011:
2700:
2630:. Chicago: H. R. Page & Co. 1882.
2449:
2443:
2197:
2120:
2092:
2041:
1892:from the original on October 9, 2022.
1733:"Of Grids and the Great Chicago Fire"
1670:
1587:
1420:
1418:
1289:
992:. Another Chicago Fire played in the
915:
666:
3736:Wigwam (Site of the Sauganash Hotel)
3628:National Register of Historic Places
3585:National Register of Historic Places
3157:Shaw, William B. (October 5, 1921).
3156:
3066:
2969:"1996 Newbery Medal and Honor Books"
2880:
2491:Gess, Denise; Lutz, William (2003).
2484:
2430:Illinois Department of Public Health
2359:
2301:
2250:DeBartolo, Anthony (March 3, 1998).
1989:Carroll, Rory (September 12, 2015).
1789:"The Cider House and the Great Fire"
779:Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
204:that burned in the American city of
3086:Chicago and the Great Conflagration
2914:. Internet Pinball Machine Database
2760:The Financier: The Critical Edition
2553:
1956:"Religion and the Founding Fathers"
1821:Critchell, Robert Siderfin (1909).
1636:
1450:Grossman, Ron (December 11, 2014).
1283:
825:explosion analogous to that of the
803:
782:, is that the fire was caused by a
283:other fires in the Midwest that day
24:
3060:
3012:Pratt, Gregory (October 5, 2014).
2854:
1787:Schmidt, John R. (July 19, 2011).
1415:
1201:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1142:Our Lady of the Angels School fire
810:that is commonly found in comets.
27:1871 conflagration in Illinois, US
25:
3803:
3237:
2704:Traveling Michigan's Sunset Coast
2302:Wood, Robert (February 3, 2004).
2276:Potash, Larry (October 6, 2006).
2069:. New York: Rutledge Hill Press.
1371:Abbott, Karen (October 4, 2012).
1066:heavy rain on the preceding days.
923:University of Illinois at Chicago
905:, likewise burned on October 12.
877:Farther east, along the shore of
836:
244:spurred the establishment of the
3772:Urban fires in the United States
3524:
3523:
3513:
3246:1996, Chicago Historical Society
2887:Illinois! (Wagons West, book 18)
2093:Mills, Steve (October 6, 1997).
1954:Kaminski, John P. (March 2002).
1136:Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
1104:
966:featured a bear character named
689:
673:
40:
3762:1871 fires in the United States
3031:
3005:
2987:
2961:
2926:
2904:
2874:
2848:
2823:
2805:
2775:
2750:
2728:
2694:
2634:
2560:Tasker, G. (October 10, 2003).
2519:
2452:"The Problem of Ice Meteorites"
2426:Environmental Health Fact Sheet
2373:. July 27, 2001. Archived from
2295:
2269:
2163:
2137:
2121:Bales, Richard (May 12, 2004).
2054:
2035:
2010:
1982:
1947:
1926:
1871:
1845:
1814:
1751:
1725:
1699:
1621:
1581:
1563:
1549:
1523:
1495:
1469:
1443:
684:Attributed to George N. Barnard
177:(approx. $ 5.7 billion in 2024)
3147:. Retrieved September 3, 2004.
2763:. University of Illinois Press
2701:Royce, Julie Albrecht (2007).
2591:Wilkins, A. (March 29, 2012).
2337:"Was It A Cow Or A Meteorite?"
2335:Calfee, Mica (February 2003).
2170:Soniak, Matt (June 23, 2014).
2050:. University of Chicago Press.
2017:Curran, Robert Emmett (2014).
1838:– via Internet Archive.
1390:
1364:
1338:
1290:Owens, L.L. (August 1, 2007).
1255:
1215:
1089:Adopted on April 4, 1917, the
932:Although set in Philadelphia,
644:Chicago Avenue Pumping Station
634:St. Michael's Church, Old Town
506:Chicago Relief and Aid Society
13:
1:
3612:Site of the Haymarket Tragedy
1628:Pierce, Betty Louise (1957).
1148:
1072:' instrumental track titled "
994:American Football Association
925:athletic teams are named the
605:of stylized flames, entitled
411:On October 11, 1871, General
2668:"The Timeline: Fire of 1871"
2562:"Worst fire largely unknown"
1878:Fedler, Fred (August 1985).
1352:. October 8, 1871. p. 3
584:World's Columbian Exposition
383:
229:of the river, consuming the
211:southwest of the city center
71:– October 10, 1871
7:
3626:National Historic Landmark,
3284:
2939:. Scholastic Incorporated.
2835:wfl.charlottehornetswfl.com
2450:Beech, M. (November 2006).
2367:"Meteorites Don't Pop Corn"
2042:Ellis, John Tracy (1969) .
1933:Mannard, Joseph G. (1981).
1711:National Geographic Society
1535:National Geographic Society
1097:
1080:on their abandoned project
999:The 1976 made-for-TV movie
975:who disliked the parody of
758:Medill School of Journalism
513:First Congregational Church
10:
3808:
3580:National Historic Landmark
3125:, Crown Publishing, 1992,
2465:(4): 17–19. Archived from
2226:"Col. Mustard with A Bic?"
1398:"Military Rule in Chicago"
1243:. Illinois History Teacher
840:
698:An 1871 illustration from
648:St. Ignatius College Prep.
580:Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard
146:2,112 acres (8.55 km)
3671:
3643:
3625:
3578:
3509:
3312:Colleges and universities
3292:
3143:January 27, 2017, at the
2999:MLS (Major League Soccer)
1867:– via Google Books.
1239:Rayfield, Jo Ann (1997).
1138:– A similar event in 1911
1009:Events of the 1986 novel
323:
315:with just 17 horse-drawn
251:
186:
181:
171:
163:
155:
150:
142:
137:
98:
83:
63:October 8, 1871
58:
39:
34:
3680:Abraham Lincoln: The Man
2624:"The Great Fire of 1871"
1649:. Chicago Public Library
1647:"CPL History, 1871–1872"
482:Common Council of London
480:gave $ 300,000, and the
175:$ 222 million (1871 USD)
3573:memorials and monuments
3151:The Great Conflagration
3067:Berg, Scott W. (2023).
2831:"World Football League"
2787:Encyclopædia Britannica
2497:. New York: Macmillan.
2061:Cromie, Robert (1994).
1857:Fire Protection Service
1193:Miller, Donald (1996).
762:Northwestern University
309:Chicago Fire Department
3244:The Great Chicago Fire
3071:. New York: Pantheon.
2995:"Chicago Fire History"
2855:AC (August 12, 2015).
2736:"History: UIC mascots"
2678:. 2002. Archived from
2676:Windsor Public Library
2399:. Engineering Tool Box
2065:The Great Chicago Fire
1827:. The author. p.
1573:The Greenock Telegraph
1503:"Chicago Fire of 1871"
1292:The Great Chicago Fire
1078:classical element fire
705:
626:
575:
557:
547:
530:Chicago Public Library
457:
442:
425:
393:
333:
270:
261:
246:Chicago Public Library
221:and destroyed much of
52:Randolph Street Bridge
3708:Site of Fort Dearborn
3692:Heald Square Monument
3617:Union Stock Yard Gate
2472:on September 27, 2011
2210:on November 24, 2005.
2133:on February 23, 2007.
1350:Chicago Daily Tribune
1263:Pierce, Bessie Louise
990:World Football League
855:consumed the town of
841:Further information:
697:
624:
573:
552:
542:
538:Frederick Law Olmsted
515:, city officials and
464:Of the approximately
447:
438:
421:
391:
331:
267:
259:
3203:Smith, Carl (2020).
3184:Smith, Carl (1995).
3043:www.architecture.org
3001:. February 23, 2012.
2933:Murphy, Jim (1995).
2198:DeBartolo, Anthony.
2046:American Catholicism
1943:on October 21, 2002.
1802:on December 24, 2015
1737:The MIT Press Reader
1570:"The Chicago Fire".
1377:Smithsonian Magazine
1318:Murphy, Jim (1995).
887:Port Huron, Michigan
774:Ignatius L. Donnelly
719:anti-Irish sentiment
617:Surviving structures
164:Structures destroyed
18:Chicago fire of 1871
3792:October 1871 events
2975:. November 30, 1999
2861:Fun While It Lasted
2793:on October 12, 2016
2682:on October 26, 2007
2459:Meteorite Quarterly
2377:on October 27, 2011
1759:"Chicago Landmarks"
1576:. October 17, 1871.
1481:National Geographic
1426:"Rescue and Relief"
1294:. ABDO. p. 7.
1056:Major League Soccer
973:U.S. Forest Service
910:Singapore, Michigan
872:Great Michigan Fire
857:Peshtigo, Wisconsin
843:Great Fires of 1871
713:seemed the perfect
661:St. James Cathedral
639:Chicago Water Tower
511:Operating from the
225:and then leapt the
122:41.8693°N 87.6418°W
118: /
3757:Great Chicago Fire
3104:Edgar J. Goodspeed
3039:"The Chicago Flag"
2819:. August 27, 2000.
2341:Meteorite Magazine
2145:"The Chicago Fire"
2127:thechicagofire.com
1978:on March 27, 2008.
1713:. January 25, 2011
1673:American Quarterly
1594:American Quarterly
1537:. January 25, 2011
1483:. January 25, 2011
1324:. Scholastic Inc.
1074:Mrs. O'Leary's Cow
916:In popular culture
706:
667:Panorama of damage
627:
576:
558:
458:
450:Philip H. Sheridan
413:Philip H. Sheridan
394:
334:
271:
262:
198:Great Chicago Fire
35:Great Chicago Fire
3777:Chicago Landmarks
3744:
3743:
3702:Rosehill Cemetery
3537:
3536:
3420:Metropolitan area
3231:978-0-897-33181-4
3218:978-0-802-14811-7
3195:978-0-226-76416-0
3121:Morris, Roy Jr.,
3116:978-1-173-32335-6
3094:978-1-608-41016-3
2946:978-0-590-47267-8
2882:Ross, Dana Fuller
2813:"Stokey the Bear"
2648:on April 25, 2012
2567:The Baltimore Sun
2504:978-0-8050-7293-8
2316:on March 25, 2009
2076:978-1-55853-264-9
1919:978-0-7864-2358-3
1739:. January 3, 2020
1511:. August 21, 2018
1276:978-0-226-66842-0
864:Holland, Michigan
766:one of their sons
711:Catherine O'Leary
701:Harper's Magazine
194:
193:
127:41.8693; -87.6418
16:(Redirected from
3799:
3787:1870s in Chicago
3782:Fires in Chicago
3767:1871 in Illinois
3672:Chicago Landmark
3663:Victory Monument
3646:Chicago Landmark
3590:Chicago Landmark
3571:Chicago Landmark
3564:
3557:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3527:
3526:
3517:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3222:
3199:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3082:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2890:. Bantam Books.
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2789:. Archived from
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2456:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2206:. Archived from
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2129:. Archived from
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2068:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1974:. Archived from
1951:
1945:
1944:
1939:. Archived from
1930:
1924:
1923:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1798:. Archived from
1784:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:. Archived from
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1346:"The Fire Fiend"
1342:
1336:
1335:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1190:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1107:
934:Theodore Dreiser
903:Windsor, Ontario
899:Urbana, Illinois
819:tensile strength
677:
417:Roswell B. Mason
406:
405:
401:
346:Roswell B. Mason
167:17,500 buildings
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
123:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
79:
78:
76:
70:
68:
48:Currier and Ives
44:
32:
31:
21:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3667:
3645:
3639:
3627:
3621:
3588:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3538:
3533:
3505:
3317:Community areas
3288:
3283:
3240:
3219:
3196:
3174:
3172:
3145:Wayback Machine
3079:
3063:
3061:Further reading
3058:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3018:Chicago Tribune
3010:
3006:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2947:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2589:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2532:Washington Post
2524:
2520:
2505:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2282:Chicago Tribune
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2256:Chicago Tribune
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2230:Chicago Tribune
2222:
2215:
2204:Hyde Park Media
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2100:Chicago Tribune
2091:
2084:
2077:
2059:
2055:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1987:
1983:
1952:
1948:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1906:
1897:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1833:
1831:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1785:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1685:10.2307/2712866
1669:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1626:
1622:
1607:10.2307/2712866
1586:
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1569:
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1528:
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1514:
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1500:
1496:
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1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1456:Chicago Tribune
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1369:
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1343:
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1316:
1309:
1302:
1288:
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1277:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1191:
1156:
1151:
1130:Dwight L. Moody
1110:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1091:flag of Chicago
978:Smokey the Bear
957:Dudley Do-Right
918:
883:Port Huron Fire
845:
839:
754:Hyde Park Media
750:Chicago Tribune
731:Chicago Tribune
692:
687:
686:
685:
683:
678:
669:
619:
565:Arthur C. Ducat
554:Chicago Tribune
454:communist riots
403:
399:
398:
386:
326:
254:
238:city government
231:Near North Side
223:central Chicago
176:
126:
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120:
117:
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109:
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94:, United States
74:
72:
66:
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54:
28:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
3805:
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3607:
3604:Nuclear Energy
3594:
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3496:Transportation
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3238:External links
3236:
3235:
3234:
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3209:Grove Atlantic
3200:
3194:
3181:
3154:
3148:
3134:
3119:
3097:
3083:
3078:978-0804197847
3077:
3062:
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3055:
3030:
3004:
2986:
2960:
2945:
2936:The great fire
2925:
2903:
2897:978-0553260229
2896:
2873:
2847:
2822:
2817:New York Times
2804:
2774:
2749:
2727:
2714:978-1598583212
2713:
2693:
2659:
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2615:
2580:
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2422:"Landfill Gas"
2410:
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2327:
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2190:
2162:
2151:on May 5, 2010
2136:
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2075:
2053:
2034:
2028:978-0813225838
2027:
2009:
1981:
1946:
1925:
1918:
1895:
1870:
1844:
1813:
1776:
1765:on May 4, 2009
1750:
1724:
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1635:
1620:
1589:Pauly, John J.
1580:
1562:
1548:
1522:
1494:
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1442:
1414:
1389:
1363:
1337:
1330:
1321:The Great Fire
1307:
1301:978-1604538076
1300:
1282:
1275:
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1228:
1214:
1208:978-0684831381
1207:
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1112:Chicago portal
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1096:
1095:
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1087:
1070:The Beach Boys
1067:
1063:
1052:
1042:
1030:The Great Fire
1027:The 1995 book
1025:
1018:
1007:
1002:Time Travelers
997:
982:
952:
948:In Old Chicago
945:The 1938 film
943:
936:'s 1912 novel
930:
917:
914:
885:swept through
838:
837:Related events
835:
827:Tunguska event
804:related events
742:DeKoven Street
691:
688:
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672:
671:
670:
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607:Pillar of Fire
599:DeKoven Street
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279:Mrs. O'Leary's
275:DeKoven Street
253:
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242:United Kingdom
192:
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159:300 (estimate)
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3430:Neighborhoods
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3131:0-517-58070-5
3128:
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3098:
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3087:
3084:
3080:
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3070:
3065:
3064:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3023:September 26,
3019:
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3008:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2974:
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2742:September 26,
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2257:
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2235:September 25,
2231:
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2218:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2155:September 30,
2150:
2146:
2140:
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2124:
2117:
2106:September 25,
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2087:
2078:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2002:September 25,
1998:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
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1915:
1911:
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1900:
1888:
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1743:September 15,
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1120:Peshtigo fire
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1092:
1088:
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1084:
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1068:
1064:
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1049:
1048:
1047:Early Edition
1043:
1041:book in 1996.
1040:
1039:Newbery Honor
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
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1004:
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995:
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984:In 1974, the
983:
980:
979:
974:
969:
965:
964:
959:
958:
953:
950:
949:
944:
941:
940:
939:The Financier
935:
931:
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920:
919:
913:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
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873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
853:Peshtigo Fire
850:
849:Lake Michigan
844:
834:
830:
828:
824:
820:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
800:Lake Michigan
797:
796:Biela's Comet
793:
789:
788:Biela's Comet
785:
784:meteor shower
781:
780:
775:
770:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
743:
737:
734:
732:
727:
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720:
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703:
702:
696:
690:Precise start
682:
676:
664:
662:
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650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
623:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
592:Potter Palmer
589:
585:
581:
572:
568:
566:
561:
555:
551:
546:
541:
539:
533:
531:
525:
522:
521:Price gouging
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
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483:
479:
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462:
455:
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420:
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409:
390:
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377:
375:
369:
367:
363:
359:
358:Chicago River
355:
350:
347:
342:
340:
330:
321:
318:
317:steam pumpers
314:
310:
307:In 1871, the
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:balloon frame
286:
284:
280:
276:
266:
258:
249:
247:
243:
239:
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219:Chicago River
216:
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202:conflagration
199:
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170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
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136:
131:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3730:The Republic
3729:
3717:
3679:
3653:Douglas Tomb
3602:
3339:Demographics
3297:Architecture
3207:. New York:
3204:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3168:
3162:
3150:
3122:
3099:
3085:
3068:
3046:. Retrieved
3042:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3017:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2979:November 16,
2977:. Retrieved
2972:
2963:
2935:
2928:
2916:. Retrieved
2906:
2886:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:the original
2786:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2759:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2703:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:the original
2671:
2662:
2652:November 11,
2650:. Retrieved
2646:the original
2636:
2627:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2603:Gawker Media
2596:
2571:. Retrieved
2565:
2555:
2545:February 23,
2543:. Retrieved
2531:
2521:
2493:
2486:
2476:November 13,
2474:. Retrieved
2467:the original
2462:
2458:
2445:
2435:November 13,
2433:. Retrieved
2425:
2403:November 13,
2401:. Retrieved
2391:
2381:November 10,
2379:. Retrieved
2375:the original
2361:
2351:November 10,
2349:. Retrieved
2344:
2340:
2330:
2320:November 27,
2318:. Retrieved
2311:the original
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:
2208:the original
2203:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:Mental Floss
2175:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:the original
2139:
2131:the original
2126:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2098:
2064:
2056:
2045:
2037:
2018:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:The Guardian
1994:
1984:
1976:the original
1963:
1959:
1949:
1941:the original
1935:
1928:
1909:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1856:
1847:
1839:
1832:. Retrieved
1823:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1792:
1769:December 14,
1767:. Retrieved
1763:the original
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1736:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1710:
1701:
1676:
1672:
1651:. Retrieved
1629:
1623:
1598:
1592:
1583:
1571:
1565:
1555:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1534:
1525:
1515:February 19,
1513:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1487:February 19,
1485:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1382:February 24,
1380:. Retrieved
1376:
1366:
1356:November 27,
1354:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1320:
1291:
1285:
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1217:
1196:
1081:
1060:Chicago Fire
1045:
1028:
1010:
1000:
986:Chicago Fire
976:
967:
961:
955:
946:
937:
908:The city of
907:
889:and much of
876:
861:
846:
831:
812:
777:
771:
753:
749:
747:
738:
729:
723:
707:
699:
657:
628:
609:by sculptor
606:
596:
588:Palmer House
577:
562:
559:
553:
543:
534:
526:
510:
476:provisions,
474:
463:
459:
439:
433:
426:
422:
410:
395:
378:
370:
362:railroad car
351:
343:
335:
313:firefighters
306:
287:
272:
235:
215:south branch
197:
195:
29:
3501:Visual arts
3481:Skyscrapers
3356:Expressways
3164:The Outlook
3048:October 13,
2767:January 15,
1840:Milk Punch.
1717:February 2,
1541:February 2,
1508:History.com
1435:January 10,
1407:January 10,
1015:Noel Gerson
960:segment in
611:Egon Weiner
429:martial law
143:Burned area
125: /
100:Coordinates
3751:Categories
3728:Statue of
3658:Getty Tomb
3413:Newspapers
3403:Literature
3371:Government
3110:, 677 pp.
2797:October 8,
2608:October 9,
2573:October 9,
1149:References
1035:Jim Murphy
879:Lake Huron
814:Meteorites
490:Cincinnati
374:waterworks
354:fire whirl
138:Statistics
113:87°38′30″W
110:41°52′09″N
75:1871-10-10
67:1871-10-08
3457:musicians
3398:Landmarks
3366:Geography
3349:companies
3171:: 176–178
2686:March 14,
2540:0190-8286
1972:0160-8460
1265:(2007) .
1020:The 1987
1011:Illinois!
1006:depicted.
823:air burst
715:scapegoat
603:sculpture
556:editorial
502:Milwaukee
494:Cleveland
478:St. Louis
384:Aftermath
364:carrying
339:firebreak
227:main stem
3704:entrance
3529:Category
3391:timeline
3386:politics
3175:July 30,
3141:Archived
2955:30070801
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