133:
new IT systems. Also as a business leader, the CIO is responsible for leading and directing the workforce of their specific organization. A CIO is typically "required to have strong organizational skills." This is particularly relevant for the chief information officer of an organization who must balance roles and responsibilities in order to gain a competitive advantage, whilst keeping the best interests of the organization's employees in mind. CIOs also have the responsibility of recruiting, so it is important that they work proactively to source and nurture the best employees possible.
174:(GDPR), CIOs have now become increasingly focused on how their role is regulated and can lead to financial and reputational damage to a business. However, regulations such as GDPR have also been advantageous to CIOs, enabling them to have the budget and authority in the organization to make significant changes to the way information is managed. Sabah Khan-Carter of Rupert Murdoch's
280:
resources. Many CIOs head the enterprise's efforts to integrate the
Internet into both its long-term strategy and its immediate business plans. CIOs are often tasked with either driving or heading up crucial IT projects that are essential to the strategic and operational objectives of an organization. A good example of this would be the implementation of an
114:, including policy and practice development, planning, budgeting, resourcing and training." Also, CIOs are playing an increasingly important role in helping to control costs and increase profits via the use of ICT, and to limit potential organizational damage by setting up appropriate IT controls and planning for IT recovery from possible disasters.
97:. The role of chief information officer was first defined in 1981 by William R. Synnott, former senior vice president of the Bank of Boston, and William H. Gruber, a former professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management. A CIO will sometimes serve as a member of the
123:
magazine highlights that "53% of IT leaders report a shortage of with a high-level of personal skills, such as communication and leadership" in the workplace. Because information technologies and digital tools evolve so quickly, organizations are sometimes challenged to find staff with the necessary
299:
and other flexible delivery techniques are brought into organizations the CIO usually manages these 3rd party services. In essence, a CIO in the modern organization needs business skills and the ability to relate to the organization as a whole, as opposed to being a technological expert with limited
336:
CIO Councils bring together a number of CIOs from different organizations which aim to work together, for example across healthcare or across government. Examples include the UK public sector's CIO Council, the London CIO Council for the healthcare sector, and the Chief
Information Officers Council
140:
strategy and ICT policy of an organization. The ICT strategy covers future-proofing, procurement, and the external and internal standards laid out by an organization. Similarly, the CIO must develop the ICT policy, which details how ICT is utilized and applied. Both are needed for the protection of
148:
In recent years, CIOs have become more closely involved in customer-facing products. With the rising awareness in organizations that their customers are expecting digital services as part of their relationship with an organization, CIOs have been tasked with more product-oriented responsibilities.
132:
The chief information officer of an organization is responsible for several business functions. First and most importantly, the CIO must fulfill the role of a business leader. The CIO makes executive decisions regarding matters such as the purchase of IT equipment from suppliers or the creation of
345:
It is not uncommon for CIOs to be recognized and awarded annually, particularly in the technology space. These awards are commonly dictated by the significance of their contribution to the industry and generally occur in local markets only. Awards are generally judged by industry peers, or senior
279:
Typically, the CIO is involved with driving the analysis and re-engineering of existing business processes, identifying and developing the capability to use new tools, reshaping the enterprise's physical infrastructure and network access, and identifying and exploiting the enterprise's knowledge
109:
CIOs and CDIOs play an important role in businesses that use technology and data because they provide a critical interface between the business needs, user needs, and the information and communication technology (ICT) used in the work. In recent years it has become increasingly understood that
320:
More specifically, CIOs oversee a business's IT systems and functions, create and deliver strategies and policies, and focus on internal customers. In contrast to this, CTOs focus on the external customers to the organization and how technology can make the company more profitable.
300:
functional business expertise. The CIO position is as much about anticipating technology and usage trends in the market place as it is about ensuring that the business navigates these trends with expert guidance and strategic planning aligned to the corporate strategy.
194:
degree. More recently, CIOs' leadership capabilities, business acumen, and strategic perspectives have taken precedence over technical skills. It is now quite common for CIOs to be appointed from the business side of the organization, especially if they have
166:
was forced into resignation in 2014 after the theft of 40 million credit card details and 70 million customer details by hackers. CIOs that are knowledgeable about their industry are able to adapt and thereby reduce their chances of error.
213:
Executive
Programs conducted a global CIO survey and received responses from 2,053 CIOs from 41 countries and 36 industries. Gartner reported that survey results indicated that the top ten technology priorities for CIOs for 2013 were
157:
The CIO faces a rather high risk of error and failures, as a result of the challenging nature of the role, along with a large number of responsibilities – such as the provision of finance, recruitment of professionals, establishing
124:
combination of skills in the marketplace, and may look to train existing staff to mitigate skill shortages. CIOs are needed to bridge the gap between IT and non-IT professional roles to support effective working relationships.
316:
are often mixed up. It has been stated that CTOs are concerned with technology itself, often customer-facing, whereas CIOs are much more concerned with its applications within the business and how they can be managed.
110:
knowledge limited to just business or just IT is not sufficient for success in this role. Instead, CIOs need both kinds of knowledge to manage IT resources and to manage and plan "
324:
The traditional definition of CTOs focused on using technology as an external competitive advantage now includes CDOs who use the power of modern technologies, online design and
871:
897:
975:
521:
481:
Synnott W.R. and Gruber W.H. (1981) Information
Resource Management: Opportunities and Strategies for the 1980s. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
950:
145:, also outlines the role of the CIO in IT governance, which he refers to as the "clarifying accountability and the role of committees".
1543:
1147:
793:
661:
137:
111:
17:
875:
988:
741:
715:
495:
901:
1579:
141:
the organization in the short and long term and the process of strategizing for the future. Paul
Burfitt, former CIO of
1290:
390:
171:
206:, of 890 CIOs across 23 countries found that 62% of CIOs spend 60% or more of their time on day to day IT activities.
187:
1069:
243:
845:
579:
1589:
1466:
460:
191:
846:"Gartner Executive Program Survey of More Than 2,000 CIOs Shows Digital Technologies Are Top Priorities in 2013"
1140:
924:
1599:
1594:
1280:
1099:
1004:
1584:
1400:
1175:
296:
281:
255:
175:
1021:
529:
264:
magazine's "State of the CIO 2008" survey asked 558 IT leaders whom they report to, and the results were:
1461:
1365:
1330:
1170:
435:
292:
767:
440:
1350:
1133:
700:
1405:
1380:
1335:
1300:
1295:
1260:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1190:
604:
425:
395:
313:
1410:
1390:
1340:
1320:
1305:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1250:
1180:
430:
420:
415:
410:
355:
351:
347:
273:
269:
265:
90:
86:
82:
625:
Peppard, Joe (August 2010). "Unlocking the
Performance of the Chief Information Officer (CIO)".
1538:
1456:
1395:
1385:
1360:
1310:
1230:
1200:
662:"Roles, Responsibilities and Futures of chief information officers (CIOs) in the Public Sector"
235:
231:
75:
978:, published 4 October 2010 under the 2010-2015 coalition government, accessed 24 February 2021
1370:
1355:
1345:
1325:
1245:
1225:
1205:
1185:
687:
405:
309:
288:
219:
74:, is a job title commonly given to the most senior executive in an enterprise who works with
1533:
1441:
1270:
1240:
797:
287:
Another way that the CIO role has changed is an increasing focus on service management. As
668:
8:
1195:
1008:
223:
1528:
1451:
1375:
1235:
642:
196:
163:
98:
94:
468:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1436:
1415:
646:
552:
284:(ERP) system, which typically has wide-ranging implications for most organizations.
634:
559:. Journal of Information, Information Technology, and Organizations, Volume 5, 2010
400:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1446:
1315:
1156:
496:"The role of a Chief Information Officers (CIO) or equivalent Senior ICT Manager"
358:. Generally, awards recognize substantial impact to the local technology market.
227:
159:
119:
1471:
374:
247:
1573:
849:
638:
370:
239:
759:
1431:
378:
142:
707:
1512:
1502:
1487:
1077:
1051:
819:
202:
Despite the strategic nature of the role, a 2017 survey, conducted by
898:"CIO Magazine: Recession Shifts IT Service Management into Fast Lane"
362:
215:
203:
178:
described GDPR as "a really big opportunity for most organizations".
1125:
794:"Should You Get an MBA? - CIO.com - Business Technology Leadership"
325:
251:
1107:
872:"State of the CIO 2008 Data Shows CIO Salaries, Influence Rising"
653:
210:
1029:
181:
162:
and development of policy and strategy. The CIO of U.S company
117:
These objectives also demand a combination of personal skills.
366:
78:
and computer systems, in order to support enterprise goals.
1011:, last reviewed 13 December 2013, accessed 24 February 2021
951:"Sanity check: What's the difference between CIO and CTO?"
995:, published 16 September 2015, accessed 24 February 2021
989:
London CIO Council - Leading the capital's healthcare IT
303:
660:
Lawry, Rachel; Waddell, Dianne; Singh, Mohini (2007).
618:
553:"The Chief Information Officer: A Review of the Role"
1009:
The
Federal Chief Information Officers (CIO) Council
493:
365:, the top 50 CIOs are recognized annually under the
93:. In military organizations, the CIO reports to the
742:"Target CIO Beth Jacob resigns in breach aftermath"
716:"What exactly does a chief information officer do?"
489:
487:
942:
791:
659:
170:With the introduction of legislation such as the
1571:
765:
484:
820:"Logicalis CIO Survey 2017-2018 | Think Hub |"
597:
571:
1141:
768:"CIO Podcast: GDPR is a business opportunity"
381:CIOs are recognized under the CIO100 banner.
127:
513:
182:Educational background and technology skills
900:. Cio.com. 26 February 2010. Archived from
713:
605:"CIOWaterCooler - The Changing Shape of IT"
580:"From manager to chief information officer"
276:(16%), corporate CIO (7%) and other (13%).
1544:List of business and finance abbreviations
1148:
1134:
916:
519:
81:Normally, the CIO reports directly to the
340:
890:
577:
308:The roles of chief information officer,
624:
14:
1572:
136:CIOs are required to map out both the
1129:
976:The Chief Information Officer Council
948:
304:Distinction between CIO, CDO, and CTO
1155:
739:
104:
24:
922:
550:
520:von Simson, Ernest (22 May 2013).
391:Chief information security officer
172:General Data Protection Regulation
25:
1611:
792:Meridith Levinson (5 July 2007).
346:qualified executives such as the
188:Master of Business Administration
152:
56:chief digital information officer
925:"CIO or CTO- What's in a Title?"
244:customer relationship management
29:Information technology executive
1092:
1062:
1044:
1014:
998:
981:
968:
864:
838:
812:
785:
733:
331:
192:Master of Science in Management
1052:"CIO 100 Symposium and Awards"
578:Manwani, Sharm; Flint, David.
544:
475:
453:
13:
1:
1005:National Institutes of Health
949:Hiner, Jason (22 June 2008).
465:Information Technology -- CIO
446:
85:, but may also report to the
746:www.nakedsecurity.sophos.com
627:California Management Review
282:enterprise resource planning
256:enterprise resource planning
7:
740:Vaas, Lisa (6 March 2014).
436:Chief accessibility officer
384:
10:
1616:
1580:Chief information officers
1100:"CIO 100- CIO New Zealand"
1070:"CIO 100 Archive - CIO UK"
824:www.logicalis-thinkhub.com
494:University of Nottingham.
441:Public information officer
232:collaboration technologies
128:Roles and responsibilities
1521:
1480:
1424:
1163:
848:. Gartner. Archived from
796:. CIO.com. Archived from
522:"The new role of the CIO"
48:Chief information officer
37:
33:Chief information officer
18:Chief Information Officer
639:10.1525/cmr.2010.52.4.73
426:Chief investment officer
396:Chief technology officer
371:United States of America
328:to digitize a business.
314:chief technology officer
1467:Representative director
431:Chief knowledge officer
421:Chief operating officer
416:Chief financial officer
411:Chief executive officer
356:chief financial officer
352:chief operating officer
348:chief executive officer
186:Many candidates have a
91:chief financial officer
87:chief operating officer
83:chief executive officer
1590:Management occupations
1539:Executive compensation
1457:Non-executive director
720:www.computerweekly.com
695:Cite journal requires
584:www.computerweekly.com
341:Awards and recognition
76:information technology
64:information technology
874:. CIO. Archived from
766:Horizon CIO Network.
406:Chief digital officer
310:chief digital officer
220:business intelligence
1600:Business occupations
1595:Corporate executives
1534:Corporate governance
1481:Mid-level executives
1442:Development director
1291:Information security
955:www.techrepublic.com
500:www.nottingham.ac.uk
236:legacy modernization
1585:Information systems
1110:on 20 February 2018
1022:"Home- CIO 50- CIO"
987:Chillingworth, M.,
800:on 25 February 2012
667:: 3. Archived from
551:Hunter, M. Gordon.
224:mobile technologies
34:
1529:Board of directors
1452:Executive director
826:. 15 November 2017
772:horizoncio.network
674:on 27 October 2014
197:project management
99:board of directors
95:commanding officer
32:
1567:
1566:
1559:Talent management
1554:Supervisory board
1549:Senior management
1437:Creative director
1425:Senior executives
714:Computer Weekly.
105:The need for CIOs
45:
44:
16:(Redirected from
1607:
1157:Corporate titles
1150:
1143:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1106:. Archived from
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1080:on 18 March 2018
1076:. Archived from
1066:
1060:
1059:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1028:. Archived from
1018:
1012:
1002:
996:
985:
979:
974:Cabinet Office,
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
878:on 14 March 2010
868:
862:
861:
859:
857:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
763:
757:
756:
754:
752:
737:
731:
730:
728:
726:
711:
705:
704:
698:
693:
691:
683:
681:
679:
673:
666:
657:
651:
650:
622:
616:
615:
613:
611:
601:
595:
594:
592:
590:
575:
569:
568:
566:
564:
557:researchgate.net
548:
542:
541:
539:
537:
528:. Archived from
517:
511:
510:
508:
506:
491:
482:
479:
473:
472:
467:, archived from
457:
401:Chief AI officer
35:
31:
21:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1517:
1508:Product manager
1498:Account manager
1493:General manager
1476:
1447:General counsel
1420:
1281:Human resources
1159:
1154:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1104:CIO New Zealand
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1003:
999:
986:
982:
973:
969:
959:
957:
947:
943:
933:
931:
923:Zetlin, Minda.
921:
917:
907:
905:
896:
895:
891:
881:
879:
870:
869:
865:
855:
853:
852:on 13 July 2013
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
818:
817:
813:
803:
801:
790:
786:
776:
774:
764:
760:
750:
748:
738:
734:
724:
722:
712:
708:
696:
694:
685:
684:
677:
675:
671:
664:
658:
654:
623:
619:
609:
607:
603:
602:
598:
588:
586:
576:
572:
562:
560:
549:
545:
535:
533:
532:on 13 June 2013
518:
514:
504:
502:
492:
485:
480:
476:
471:on 9 April 2003
461:"williamgruber"
459:
458:
454:
449:
387:
369:banner. In the
343:
334:
306:
228:cloud computing
184:
160:data protection
155:
130:
120:Computer Weekly
107:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1613:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1522:Related topics
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1472:Vice president
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1401:Sustainability
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1216:Communications
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1176:Administrative
1173:
1167:
1165:
1164:Chief officers
1161:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1091:
1061:
1043:
1032:on 6 July 2016
1013:
997:
980:
967:
941:
929:www.oracle.com
915:
904:on 20 May 2010
889:
863:
837:
811:
784:
758:
732:
706:
697:|journal=
652:
617:
596:
570:
543:
512:
483:
474:
451:
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
386:
383:
375:United Kingdom
342:
339:
333:
330:
305:
302:
248:virtualization
183:
180:
154:
153:Risks involved
151:
129:
126:
106:
103:
43:
42:
39:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1612:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Restructuring
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:Merchandising
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:Accessibility
1169:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1079:
1075:
1074:www.cio.co.uk
1071:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1001:
994:
990:
984:
977:
971:
956:
952:
945:
930:
926:
919:
903:
899:
893:
877:
873:
867:
851:
847:
841:
825:
821:
815:
799:
795:
788:
773:
769:
762:
747:
743:
736:
721:
717:
710:
702:
689:
670:
663:
656:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
606:
600:
585:
581:
574:
558:
554:
547:
531:
527:
526:Bloomberg.com
523:
516:
501:
497:
490:
488:
478:
470:
466:
462:
456:
452:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
338:
329:
327:
322:
318:
315:
311:
301:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:IT management
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
207:
205:
200:
198:
193:
189:
179:
177:
173:
168:
165:
161:
150:
146:
144:
139:
134:
125:
122:
121:
115:
113:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
40:
36:
27:
19:
1285:
1112:. Retrieved
1108:the original
1103:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:the original
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:the original
1025:
1016:
1000:
992:
983:
970:
958:. Retrieved
954:
944:
932:. Retrieved
928:
918:
906:. Retrieved
902:the original
892:
880:. Retrieved
876:the original
866:
854:. Retrieved
850:the original
840:
828:. Retrieved
823:
814:
802:. Retrieved
798:the original
787:
775:. Retrieved
771:
761:
749:. Retrieved
745:
735:
723:. Retrieved
719:
709:
688:cite journal
676:. Retrieved
669:the original
655:
630:
626:
620:
608:. Retrieved
599:
587:. Retrieved
583:
573:
561:. Retrieved
556:
546:
534:. Retrieved
530:the original
525:
515:
503:. Retrieved
499:
477:
469:the original
464:
455:
360:
344:
337:in the USA.
335:
332:CIO Councils
323:
319:
307:
286:
278:
261:
260:
208:
201:
190:degree or a
185:
169:
156:
147:
135:
131:
118:
116:
108:
80:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
26:
1432:Chairperson
1351:Procurement
1286:Information
882:27 February
379:New Zealand
143:AstraZeneca
1574:Categories
1503:Supervisor
1406:Technology
1336:Networking
1301:Investment
1296:Innovation
1261:Experience
1221:Compliance
1211:Commercial
1191:Automation
960:27 October
934:27 October
830:22 January
777:19 October
751:27 October
725:26 October
678:26 October
589:26 October
536:26 October
505:26 October
447:References
1462:President
1411:Visionary
1391:Solutions
1341:Operating
1321:Marketing
1306:Knowledge
1276:Happiness
1266:Financial
1256:Executive
1251:Diversity
1181:Analytics
647:154762904
363:Australia
216:analytics
209:In 2012,
204:Logicalis
176:News Corp
41:CIO, CDIO
1396:Strategy
1386:Security
1361:Research
1311:Learning
1231:Creative
1201:Business
908:28 March
804:28 March
633:(4): 5.
385:See also
326:big data
252:security
199:skills.
72:director
38:Synonyms
1513:Foreman
1488:Manager
1381:Science
1371:Revenue
1356:Product
1346:Privacy
1326:Medical
1246:Digital
1226:Content
1206:Channel
1114:24 July
1084:24 July
1036:24 July
856:12 July
610:15 June
272:(23%),
268:(41%),
211:Gartner
1271:Gaming
1241:Design
645:
563:20 May
254:, and
164:Target
1316:Legal
1196:Brand
1186:Audit
672:(PDF)
665:(PDF)
643:S2CID
367:CIO50
62:) or
1376:Risk
1236:Data
1116:2017
1086:2017
1038:2017
962:2014
936:2014
910:2012
884:2010
858:2013
832:2018
806:2012
779:2017
753:2014
727:2014
701:help
680:2014
612:2017
591:2014
565:2022
538:2014
507:2014
377:and
312:and
293:IaaS
289:SaaS
218:and
60:CDIO
1416:Web
1056:CIO
1026:CIO
993:CIO
635:doi
361:In
354:or
297:BPO
274:COO
270:CFO
266:CEO
262:CIO
222:,
138:ICT
112:ICT
89:or
54:),
52:CIO
1576::
1102:.
1072:.
1054:.
1024:.
1007:,
991:,
953:.
927:.
822:.
770:.
744:.
718:.
692::
690:}}
686:{{
641:.
631:52
629:.
582:.
555:.
524:.
498:.
486:^
463:,
373:,
350:,
295:,
291:,
258:.
250:,
246:,
242:,
238:,
234:,
230:,
226:,
101:.
70:)
68:IT
1149:e
1142:t
1135:v
1118:.
1088:.
1058:.
1040:.
964:.
938:.
912:.
886:.
860:.
834:.
808:.
781:.
755:.
729:.
703:)
699:(
682:.
649:.
637::
614:.
593:.
567:.
540:.
509:.
66:(
58:(
50:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.