394:
parents learn skills such as praise, verbal reflection, imitation, behavioral description, and enjoyment, to achieve the goal of warm and secure parenting styles. Parent-Directed interaction (PDI), the second phase, seeks to decrease the original disruptive behaviors exhibited by the child. Both phases are designed to be coached by the therapist via another room while the parent interacts with their child. This review found that certain cultural values may impede or contribute to the progress of this approach.
25:
357:
Directive attitudes however follow a facilitative pattern by asking specific questions to guide the clients artwork. With these two processes in mind, eclectic combines them to create a facilitative and lenient approach simultaneously and often utilizes emotion check-in's at the start of sessions, and emotion check-outs at the end of sessions.
134:
The term, "psychotherapy" includes the implementation of educational and psychoanalytic support for the client and is effective in problem-solving, emotional regulation, and encouraging pro-social behaviors as children develop positive changes to their current mindsets. Terms describing child-focused
425:
Many challenges associated with child psychotherapy derive from inefficient reports of client symptoms. The methods provided for obtaining information of symptoms typically involve questionnaires and interviews that may affect how the client will answer. Important characteristics of symptoms such as
393:
is meant to assist parents whom have children ages 2–7 years old who are prone to disruptive behaviors and emotional difficulties. Parent–child therapy utilizing two stages, each possessing their own goals and characteristics to create this approach. Beginning with child-directed interaction (CDI),
272:
The therapist's role is as an observer and an interpreter of the interaction between the infant and the parent. He might share some of his thoughts about the behavior of the child with the parent and by doing so offering the parent an alternative way of experiencing the child. This technique helps
253:
between parent and infant is disrupted, parent–infant psychotherapy is a catch-all term to describe psychotherapies that either aim to restore this bond or to work with vulnerable parents to overcome disruption and prevent further occurrence. Examples of this kind of therapy include, "Watch, Wait,
240:
There are various therapeutic assessments to address mental health concerns among children and adolescents. Some approaches are backed by strong scientific evidence, while some are not. Some research suggests that it is the quality of the relationship with the therapist, rather than the particular
196:
Psychoanalytic psychotherapy with infants, children and adolescents is mainly delivered by people qualified specifically in psychoanalytic child psychotherapy, or by trainees under supervision from a specialist in child-focused treatment. Recent evidence, covering 34 research papers (nine of which
381:
Art therapy can be implemented as a holistic therapeutic practice for child cancer patients as well (effecting 1 in 285 children in the US; 15,980 children each year). Given the alleviating effects that are addressed by this method, children were better able to discuss their needs and emotions to
281:
Group art therapy gives the child a safe environment to access their emotions through a creative medium in the presence of a therapist. This nonverbal therapeutic practice alleviates the stress that a child may feel when trying to find the words to express themselves; thus it helps rebuild social
356:
Within this approach, three types of behaviors can be exhibited by the therapist; non-directive, directive, and eclectic. Non-directive refers to a following behavior in which the therapist takes on an attitude of observing self-exploration of emotions rather than facilitation or interpretation.
416:
The child-parent dynamic in psychotherapy also has the tendency to increase disagreements regarding treatment processes. Children may be hesitant to accept the idea of undergoing psychotherapy if they were forced into it by a third party. This reluctancy to abide by a psychotherapeutic schedule
130:
refers to the psychological treatment of various mental disorders diagnosed in children and adolescents. The therapeutic techniques developed for younger age ranges specialize in prioritizing the relationship between the child and the therapist. The goal of maintaining positive therapist-client
407:
Therapeutic interventions among children and adolescents are subject to specific challenges, many of which stem from the reliance of family members as a result of the clients lack of independency at the current stage in their lives. Unlike adult psychotherapy, it is rare for a client to seek
179:
The attempt to create a unified method of child mental health care led to the increase of child guidance clinics in
England throughout the mid-twentieth century. The spread of clinics across Europe coincided with the absence of hospital care as the lack of distinction between child and adult
408:
treatment themselves in child psychotherapy. The involvement of parents in treatment referral often leads to the frequent disregard suppressed behavioral or emotional problems such as anxiety and depression with the majority of referrals relating to disruptive behaviors.
718:"Cognitive behavioural therapy and short-term psychoanalytical psychotherapy versus a brief psychosocial intervention in adolescents with unipolar major depressive disorder (IMPACT): a multicentre, pragmatic, observer-blind, randomised controlled superiority trial"
360:
This approach adopts various psychological elements such as psycho-educational, mindfulness, psychoanalysis, and cognitive analytic theories. This article sought to analyze this methods effectiveness on a broad spectrum, including the following:
258:. Many of these techniques require a three-way relationship between the parent, child, and therapist. During therapy sessions, the parent may express his or her thoughts and feelings which are based on a combination of factors including:
282:
skills and gain trust in others. Studies have also found that this practice can alleviate self-harm engagement. This method of psychotherapy has been found particularly helpful for children who exhibit any of the following:
273:
the parent to resolve issues with his or her own infancy-experiences in order to restore secure attachment with the infant. And it helps lower the risk for psychopathological developments of the child in the future.
224:
Furthermore, follow-up research shows that in psychoanalytic psychotherapy, therapeutic improvements continue well beyond the termination of the therapy itself. This has been termed a, "sleeper effect."
924:"Art Therapy for Psychosocial Problems in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Narrative Review on Art Therapeutic Means and Forms of Expression, Therapist Behavior, and Supposed Mechanisms of Change"
382:
their family members and healthcare team. The results of this study conveyed that art therapy lead to improved emotional and mental well-being and improved communication skills.
1276:
645:
Bateman, A.; Fonagy, P. (2001). "Treatment of borderline personality disorder with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: an 18-month follow-up".
1192:
Association of Child
Psychotherapists (ACP) the professional body for Psychoanalytic Child and Adolescent Psychotherapists in the UK and a core NHS profession
185:
589:
151:
Child
Psychotherapy has developed varied approaches over the last century. Two distinct historic pathways can be identified for present-day provision in
131:
relationships is typically achieved using therapeutic conversations and can take place with the client alone, or through engagement with family members.
229:
417:
contributes to the challenge of retaining clients in treatment as 40%-60% of children and adolescents end up dropping out due to demotivation.
557:"From Adult Lunatic Asylums to CAMHS Community Care: the Evolution of Specialist Mental Health Care for Children and Adolescents 1948-2018"
1478:
1218:
180:
psychiatry prevented further analysis of child diagnosis and treatment. The first Chair of Child
Psychiatry officially coined the term,
983:"The effectiveness and contribution of art therapy work with children in 2018 -what progress has been made so far? A systematic review"
135:
treatments may vary from one part of the world to another, with particular differences in the use of such terms, as "therapy", "child
610:
Midgely, N.; Kennedy, E. (2011). "Psychodynamic psychotherapy for children and adolescents: a critical review of the evidence base".
1713:
89:
61:
1642:
232:
as an evidence-based treatment for trauma from sexual abuse and severe depression in adolescents following the IMPACT study.
390:
68:
42:
426:
duration and intensity may not be reliable if the client omits crucial information out of fear or risk of embarrassment.
1429:
770:
845:
108:
75:
435:
1471:
1211:
801:
181:
1083:
Lieneman, Corey C.; Brabson, Laurel A.; Highlander, April; Wallace, Nancy M.; McNeil, Cheryl B. (20 July 2017).
57:
1424:
201:) showed psychoanalytic psychotherapy to be particularly effective for children with the following conditions:
46:
1487:
1281:
1723:
1521:
1445:
1332:
1301:
1142:
1029:
767:
Disseminating
Evidence-Based Practice For Children & Adolescents: a systems approach to enhancing care
1552:
255:
198:
1718:
1464:
1204:
764:
982:
1547:
1419:
836:
Lieberman, AF; Silverman, R; Pawl, JH (2000). "Infant-parent psychotherapy". In Zeanah, CH (ed.).
698:
1296:
716:
Goodyer, I. M.; Reynolds, S.; Barrett, B.; Byford, S.; Dubika, B.; Hill, J.; et al. (2017).
82:
35:
680:
509:
1733:
1728:
1251:
336:
art therapy as an easily accessible, positive and safe intervention by the use of art materials
1030:"The Efficacy of Art Therapy in Pediatric Oncology Patients: An Integrative Literature Review"
1261:
296:
Group art therapy has eight subcategories of specific mechanisms of change. Among them are:
1501:
1393:
1291:
1246:
1158:
865:
241:
form of therapeutic intervention, that is the strongest factor in helping change develop.
8:
1266:
1256:
1398:
1377:
1111:
1084:
1065:
1010:
958:
923:
901:
818:
742:
717:
627:
733:
1564:
1542:
1271:
1227:
1170:
1162:
1116:
1057:
1049:
1014:
1002:
963:
945:
893:
885:
841:
822:
747:
662:
532:
514:
250:
631:
527:
493:"General Principles for Psychotherapeutic Interventions in Children and Adolescents"
492:
1403:
1322:
1241:
1154:
1106:
1096:
1069:
1041:
994:
953:
935:
905:
877:
810:
737:
729:
654:
619:
568:
522:
504:
460:
168:
998:
922:
Bosgraaf, Liesbeth; Spreen, Marinus; Pattiselanno, Kim; Hooren, Susan van (2020).
1692:
1608:
623:
440:
1456:
765:
APA Task Force on
Evidence-Based Practice with Children and Adolescents (2008).
1632:
1317:
1045:
455:
341:
By bundling together these specific groups, the general groups are as follows:
160:
152:
140:
940:
814:
658:
1707:
1362:
1357:
1342:
1286:
1166:
1053:
1006:
949:
889:
881:
556:
518:
450:
156:
136:
1372:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1174:
1120:
1061:
967:
897:
751:
699:"Therapeutic Interventions for Moderate to Severe Depression – Guidance 28"
666:
536:
188:
where a full list of distinct child psychiatric disorders were mentioned.
1687:
1654:
1637:
1327:
1101:
590:"The dangerous age of childhood: child guidance in Britain c. 1918–1955"
1659:
1574:
1537:
445:
164:
573:
1613:
1367:
1196:
1191:
326:
the specifics of the art materials/techniques offered in art therapy
24:
799:
Lieberman, AF (1992). "Infant-parent psychotherapy with toddlers".
1664:
1603:
1557:
681:"Therapeutic Interventions after Abuse and Neglect – Guidance 76"
235:
1082:
921:
1598:
1569:
1511:
1506:
174:
1671:
1649:
1627:
1618:
1579:
1516:
715:
385:
265:
The parent's expectations and hopes for the child's future
228:
In the UK, psychoanalytic psychotherapy is recommended by
1085:"Parent–Child Interaction Therapy: current perspectives"
1277:
Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
840:(2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. p. 432.
835:
316:
integrative activation of the brain through experience
191:
402:
397:
167:
or psychological medicine, which evolved a separate
561:
146:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
866:"Art Therapy for Children: How It Leads to Change"
268:The relationships the parent has with other people
1486:
980:
703:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
685:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
603:
1705:
981:Cohen-Yatziv, Liat; Regev, Dafna (3 July 2019).
638:
490:
420:
301:As a form of expression to reveal what's inside
609:
554:
244:
236:Evidence-based child and adolescent psychiatry
1472:
1212:
829:
792:
644:
1143:"Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents"
673:
587:
175:The separation of child and adult psychology
1089:Psychology Research and Behavior Management
510:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_811_19
1479:
1465:
1219:
1205:
783:
691:
491:Bhide, Ajit; Chakraborty, Kaustav (2020).
368:who have educational needs or disabilities
256:psychoanalytic parent-infant psychotherapy
1110:
1100:
957:
939:
798:
741:
709:
572:
526:
508:
331:as a form to practice and/or learn skills
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
870:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry
786:Being Taken In: The Framing Relationship
163:Movement, the other stemming from adult
128:mental health interventions for children
1027:
386:Parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT)
351:the therapeutic alliance in art therapy
321:a form of exploration and/or reflection
1706:
1159:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145105
1140:
863:
581:
346:art therapy as a form of group process
1460:
1226:
1200:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1028:Aguilar, Bree A. (1 September 2017).
917:
915:
859:
857:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
411:
306:As a way of becoming aware of oneself
987:International Journal of Art Therapy
550:
548:
546:
276:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1420:Attachment-based therapy (children)
705:. HM Government. 26 September 2005.
262:The parent's experiences as a child
13:
1430:Dyadic developmental psychotherapy
1127:
912:
854:
771:American Psychological Association
473:
192:Psychoanalytic child psychotherapy
184:in 1973, but it was not until the
14:
1745:
1185:
1141:Kazdin, Alan E. (February 2003).
543:
403:Disregarding suppressed behaviors
398:Challenges of child psychotherapy
311:a way to form a narrative of life
838:Handbook of infant mental health
687:. HM Government. 9 October 2017.
436:British Psychotherapy Foundation
391:Parent–child interaction therapy
374:children with none of the former
371:children with medical conditions
147:Evolution of child psychotherapy
23:
1714:Child and adolescent psychiatry
1076:
1021:
974:
802:Development and Psychopathology
777:
182:Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
34:needs additional citations for
1425:Attachment-based psychotherapy
758:
647:American Journal of Psychiatry
612:Journal of Child Psychotherapy
292:Anxiety and behavior disorders
208:anxiety and behavior disorders
1:
1488:Development of the human body
1282:Fathers as attachment figures
999:10.1080/17454832.2019.1574845
734:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30378-9
466:
1446:History of attachment theory
1333:Patricia McKinsey Crittenden
1302:Reactive attachment disorder
1034:Journal of Pediatric Nursing
864:Waller, Diane (April 2006).
624:10.1080/0075417X.2011.614738
497:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
421:Problems of reporting styles
199:randomized controlled trials
7:
1147:Annual Review of Psychology
429:
245:Parent–infant psychotherapy
10:
1750:
1046:10.1016/j.pedn.2017.06.015
16:Mental health intervention
1680:
1588:
1530:
1494:
1438:
1412:
1386:
1310:
1234:
941:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584685
815:10.1017/s0954579400004879
659:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.36
882:10.1177/1359104506061419
249:If the normal course of
1297:Object relations theory
928:Frontiers in Psychology
555:Barrett, Susan (2019).
365:traumatic events (PTSD)
1252:Attachment in children
1413:Clinical applications
1262:Attachment and health
588:John Stewart (2012).
214:learning difficulties
211:personality disorders
58:"Child psychotherapy"
1394:Attachment parenting
1292:Maternal deprivation
1247:Attachment in adults
220:developmental issues
43:improve this article
1724:Transdisciplinarity
1267:Attachment measures
1257:Attachment disorder
1102:10.2147/prbm.s91200
784:Sutton, S. (2014).
124:Child psychotherapy
1643:Emerging adulthood
1399:Attachment therapy
1378:Nikolaas Tinbergen
769:. Washington, DC:
412:Lack of motivation
377:juvenile offenders
159:: one through the
1719:Child development
1701:
1700:
1565:Adult development
1543:Child development
1454:
1453:
1311:Notable theorists
1272:Attachment theory
1228:Attachment theory
788:. London: Karnac.
722:Lancet Psychiatry
574:10.4000/rfcb.4138
277:Group art therapy
251:secure attachment
119:
118:
111:
93:
1741:
1681:Social and legal
1481:
1474:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1404:Candace Newmaker
1323:William E. Blatz
1242:Affectional bond
1221:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1179:
1178:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1025:
1019:
1018:
978:
972:
971:
961:
943:
919:
910:
909:
861:
852:
851:
833:
827:
826:
796:
790:
789:
781:
775:
774:
762:
756:
755:
745:
713:
707:
706:
695:
689:
688:
677:
671:
670:
642:
636:
635:
607:
601:
600:
598:
596:
585:
579:
578:
576:
552:
541:
540:
530:
512:
503:(8): S299–S318.
488:
461:Donald Winnicott
217:eating disorders
169:child psychiatry
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1693:Age of majority
1676:
1609:Early childhood
1584:
1531:Birth and after
1526:
1522:Gestational age
1490:
1485:
1455:
1450:
1434:
1408:
1382:
1306:
1230:
1225:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1139:
1128:
1081:
1077:
1026:
1022:
979:
975:
920:
913:
862:
855:
848:
834:
830:
797:
793:
782:
778:
763:
759:
714:
710:
697:
696:
692:
679:
678:
674:
643:
639:
608:
604:
594:
592:
586:
582:
553:
544:
489:
474:
469:
441:Michael Fordham
432:
423:
414:
405:
400:
388:
279:
247:
238:
194:
177:
149:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1747:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:Preadolescence
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1318:Mary Ainsworth
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1186:External links
1184:
1181:
1180:
1153:(1): 253–276.
1126:
1075:
1020:
993:(3): 100–112.
973:
911:
876:(2): 271–282.
853:
846:
828:
809:(4): 559–574.
791:
776:
757:
728:(3): 109–119.
708:
690:
672:
637:
618:(3): 232–260.
602:
580:
542:
471:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
458:
456:Michael Rutter
453:
448:
443:
438:
431:
428:
422:
419:
413:
410:
404:
401:
399:
396:
387:
384:
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
354:
353:
348:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
294:
293:
290:
287:
278:
275:
270:
269:
266:
263:
246:
243:
237:
234:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
193:
190:
176:
173:
161:Child Guidance
153:Western Europe
148:
145:
141:child analysis
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1746:
1735:
1734:Psychotherapy
1732:
1730:
1729:Child welfare
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:Konrad Lorenz
1361:
1359:
1358:Melanie Klein
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:Sigmund Freud
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Human bonding
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
969:
965:
960:
955:
951:
947:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
918:
916:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
858:
849:
847:1-59385-171-5
843:
839:
832:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:
795:
787:
780:
772:
768:
761:
753:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
704:
700:
694:
686:
682:
676:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
591:
584:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
551:
549:
547:
538:
534:
529:
524:
520:
516:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
472:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
451:Melanie Klein
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
427:
418:
409:
395:
392:
383:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
363:
362:
358:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
342:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
297:
291:
288:
285:
284:
283:
274:
267:
264:
261:
260:
259:
257:
254:Wonder," and
252:
242:
233:
231:
226:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
202:
200:
189:
187:
183:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:United States
154:
144:
142:
138:
137:psychotherapy
132:
129:
125:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1660:Middle adult
1595:Early years
1495:Before birth
1353:Jerome Kagan
1348:Harry Harlow
1338:Erik Erikson
1150:
1146:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1037:
1033:
1023:
990:
986:
976:
931:
927:
873:
869:
837:
831:
806:
800:
794:
785:
779:
766:
760:
725:
721:
711:
702:
693:
684:
675:
653:(1): 36–42.
650:
646:
640:
615:
611:
605:
593:. Retrieved
583:
564:
560:
500:
496:
424:
415:
406:
389:
380:
359:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
280:
271:
248:
239:
227:
223:
195:
178:
171:specialism.
150:
133:
127:
123:
122:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1665:Elder adult
1655:Young adult
1638:Adolescence
1502:Development
1387:Controversy
1328:John Bowlby
1095:: 239–256.
1040:: 173–178.
155:and in the
1708:Categories
1575:Senescence
1373:René Spitz
934:: 584685.
467:References
446:Anna Freud
289:Asperger's
205:depression
165:psychiatry
99:April 2008
69:newspapers
1650:Adulthood
1614:Childhood
1368:Mary Main
1167:0066-4308
1054:0882-5963
1015:151138642
1007:1745-4832
950:1664-1078
890:1359-1045
823:145171277
595:9 January
519:0019-5545
1175:12185210
1121:28790873
1062:28888499
968:33132993
898:17086689
752:27914903
667:11136631
632:28367786
537:32055072
430:See also
1604:Toddler
1558:Puberty
1112:5530857
1070:1784960
959:7578380
906:8241451
743:5285447
186:DSM-III
83:scholar
1599:Infant
1589:Phases
1570:Ageing
1548:Stages
1512:Embryo
1507:Zygote
1439:Others
1235:Theory
1173:
1165:
1119:
1109:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1013:
1005:
966:
956:
948:
904:
896:
888:
844:
821:
750:
740:
665:
630:
535:
525:
517:
286:Autism
139:" or "
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1688:Minor
1672:Dying
1628:Youth
1619:Child
1580:Death
1553:Early
1538:Birth
1517:Fetus
1066:S2CID
1011:S2CID
902:S2CID
819:S2CID
628:S2CID
567:(3).
197:were
126:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
1171:PMID
1163:ISSN
1117:PMID
1058:PMID
1050:ISSN
1003:ISSN
964:PMID
946:ISSN
894:PMID
886:ISSN
842:ISBN
748:PMID
663:PMID
597:2020
565:XXIV
533:PMID
528:1347
515:ISSN
230:NICE
143:"."
62:news
1155:doi
1107:PMC
1097:doi
1042:doi
995:doi
954:PMC
936:doi
878:doi
811:doi
738:PMC
730:doi
655:doi
651:158
620:doi
569:doi
523:PMC
505:doi
45:by
1710::
1169:.
1161:.
1151:54
1149:.
1145:.
1129:^
1115:.
1105:.
1093:10
1091:.
1087:.
1064:.
1056:.
1048:.
1038:36
1036:.
1032:.
1009:.
1001:.
991:24
989:.
985:.
962:.
952:.
944:.
932:11
930:.
926:.
914:^
900:.
892:.
884:.
874:11
872:.
868:.
856:^
817:.
805:.
746:.
736:.
724:.
720:.
701:.
683:.
661:.
649:.
626:.
616:37
614:.
563:.
559:.
545:^
531:.
521:.
513:.
501:62
499:.
495:.
475:^
1480:e
1473:t
1466:v
1220:e
1213:t
1206:v
1177:.
1157::
1123:.
1099::
1072:.
1044::
1017:.
997::
970:.
938::
908:.
880::
850:.
825:.
813::
807:4
773:.
754:.
732::
726:4
669:.
657::
634:.
622::
599:.
577:.
571::
539:.
507::
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
