Child development - Knowledge

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one word with additional vocal and bodily cues. This stage usually occurs between 12 and 18 months of age. Second, between 18 months to two years, there is the modification stage where children communicate concepts by modifying a topic word. The third stage, between two and three years old, involves the child using complete subject-predicate structures to communicate concepts. Fourth, children make changes on basic sentence structure that enables them to communicate more complex concepts. This stage occurs between the ages of two and a half years to four years. The fifth stage of categorization involves children aged three and a half to seven years refining their sentences with more purposeful word choice that reflects their complex system of categorizing word types. Finally, children use structures of language that involve more complicated syntactic relationships between the ages of five years old to ten years old.

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quickly during childhood, while logic, which is controlled by the middle and front portions of the frontal lobe, usually will not develop until late childhood or early adolescence. Opportunities to carry out movements help establish the abilities to flex (move toward the trunk) and extend body parts; both capacities are necessary for good motor ability. Skilled voluntary movements such as passing objects from hand to hand develop as a result of practice and learning. Mastery Climates are autonomy-supportive climates that a teacher can adopt to as a suggested successful learning environment for children to promote and reinforce motor skills by their own motivation. This promotes participation and active learning in children, which

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and 3 years of age, the child is able to refer to themself as "me", combine nouns and verbs, use short sentences, use some simple plurals, answer "where" questions, and has a vocabulary of about 450 words. By age 4, children are able to use sentences of 4–5 words and have a vocabulary of about 1000 words. Children between the ages of 4 and 5 years old are able to use past tense, have a vocabulary of about 1,500 words, and ask questions like "why?" and "who?". By age 6, the child has a vocabulary of 2,600 words, is able to form sentences of 5–6 words and use a variety of different types of sentences. By the age of 5 or 6 years old, the majority of children have mastered the basics of their native language.

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babbling consonant and vowel sounds together that may sound like "ma" or "da". At around 8 months of age, babbling increases to include repetition of sounds, such as "ma-ma" and "da-da". Around this age infants also learn the forms for words and which sounds are more likely to follow other sounds. At this stage, much of the child's communication is open to interpretation. For example, if a child says "bah" when they are in a toy room with their guardian, it is likely to be interpreted as "ball" because the toy is in sight. However, if you were to listen to the same 'word' on a recorded tape without knowing the context, one might not be able to figure out what the child was trying to say.

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characteristics. When developmental change is discontinuous, however, researchers may identify not only milestones of development, but related age periods often called stages. These stages are periods of time, often associated with known age ranges, during which a behavior or physical characteristic is qualitatively different from what it is at other ages. When an age period is referred to as a stage, the term implies not only this qualitative difference, but also a predictable sequence of developmental events, such that each stage is preceded and followed by specific other periods associated with characteristic behavioral or physical qualities.

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testing he began developing a profound interest in the way children's intellectualism works. As a result, he developed his own laboratory, where he spent years recording children's intellectual growth and attempting to find out how children develop through various stages of thinking. This led Piaget to develop four important stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2), preoperational stage (age 2 to 7), concrete-operational stage (ages 7 to 12), and formal-operational stage (ages 11 to 12, and thereafter). Piaget concluded that adaption to an environment (behaviour) is managed through

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Language, "the general hypothesis access to social interaction is a prerequisite to normal language acquisition". Principles of conversation include two or more people focusing on one topic. All questions in a conversation should be answered, comments should be understood or acknowledged and any directions should, in theory, be followed. In the case of young children these conversations are expected to be basic or redundant. The role of a guardians during developing stages is to convey that conversation is meant to have a purpose, as well as teaching children to recognize the other speaker's emotions.

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Another useful concept for developmentalists is the attractor state, a condition (such as teething or stranger anxiety) that helps to determine apparently unrelated behaviors as well as related ones. Dynamic systems theory has been applied extensively to the study of motor development; the theory also has strong associations with some of Bowlby's views about attachment systems. Dynamic systems theory also relates to the concept of the transactional process, a mutually interactive process in which children and parents simultaneously influence each other, producing developmental change in both over time.

340:. An imaginary audience is when an adolescent feels that the world is just as concerned and judgemental of anything the adolescent does as they themselves are; an adolescent may feel as if they are "on stage" and everyone is a critic and they are the ones being critiqued. A personal fable is when the adolescent feels that he or she is a unique person and everything they do is unique. They feel as if they are the only ones that have ever experienced what they are experiencing and that they are invincible and nothing bad will happen to them, bad things only happen to other people. 38: 681:

type of plasticity, experience-expectant plasticity, involves the strong effect of specific experiences during limited sensitive periods of development. For example, the coordinated use of two eyes, and the experience of a single three-dimensional image rather than the two-dimensional images created by each eye, depends on experiences with vision during the second half of the first year of life. Experience-expectant plasticity works to fine-tune aspects of development that cannot proceed to optimum outcomes as a result of genetic factors alone.

1668:, the production of words, moves rapidly after its beginning at about a year of age, with a "vocabulary explosion" of rapid word acquisition occurring in the middle of the second year. Grammatical rules and word combinations appear at about age two. Between 20 and 28 months, children move from understanding the difference between high and low, hot and cold and begin to change "no" to "wait a minute", "not now" and "why". Eventually, they are able to add pronouns to words and combine them to form short sentences. Mastery of vocabulary and 1003: 991: 654:

parts, and the maturation of aspects of function such as vision and dietary needs. Because genes can be "turned off" and "turned on", the individual's initial genotype may change in function over time, giving rise to further developmental change. Environmental factors affecting development may include both diet and disease exposure, as well as social, emotional, and cognitive experiences. However, examination of environmental factors also shows that children can survive a fairly broad range of environmental experiences.

1789:(capacity to share oneself with others) to secondary intersubjectivity (capacity to share one's experience), which changes the infant from an unsociable to socially engaging creature. Around 12 months of age the use of communicative gestures begins, including communicative pointing where an infant points to request something, or to point to provide information. Another communicative gesture presents around the age of 10 and 11 months where infants start gaze-following, by looking where another person is looking. This 1769:, and to achieve communication competence, four components must be mastered. These components are: grammatical competence, including vocabulary knowledge, rules of word sentence formation, etc.; sociolinguistic competence, or the appropriate meanings and grammatical forms in different social contexts; discourse competence, which is having the knowledge required to combine forms and meanings; and strategic competence in the form of knowledge about verbal and nonverbal communication strategies. The attainment of 802:, which is the process of repeatedly showing a stimulus to an infant until they give no response. Then, when infants are presented with a novel stimulus, they show a response, which reveals patterns of cognition and perception. Using this study method, many different cognitive and perceptual ideas can be studied. Looking time, a common measure of habituation, is studied by recording how long an infant looks at a stimulus before they are habituated to it. Then, researchers record if an infant becomes 834:, as while it is important that children consent to participate in research, they cannot give legal consent; parents must give informed consent for their children. Children can informally consent though, and their continued agreement should be reliably checked for by both verbal and nonverbal cues throughout their participation. Also, due to the inherent power structure in most research settings, researchers must consider study designs that protect children from feeling coerced. 685:

occur. In passive genetic-environmental correlation, a child is likely to experience a particular environment because his or her parents' genetic make-up makes them likely to choose or create such an environment. In evocative genetic-environmental correlation, the child's genetically produced characteristics cause other people to respond in certain ways, providing a different environment than might occur for a genetically different child; for instance, a child with

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acquisition process. Usage-based theories define language as a set of formulas that emerge from the child's learning abilities in correlation with their social cognitive interpretation and their understanding of the speakers' intended meanings. Connectionist theory is a pattern-learning procedure that defines language as a system composed of smaller subsystems or patterns of sound or meaning. Behaviorist theories defined language as the establishment of

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individual's gender, including neonatal hormones, postnatal socialization, and genetic influences. Some believe that gender is malleable until late childhood, while others argue that gender is established early and gender-typed socialization patterns either reinforce or soften the individual's notion of gender. Since most people identify as the gender that is typically associated to their genitalia, studying the impact of these factors is difficult.

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they typically occur, have been established via study of when various developmental tasks are accomplished. However, there is considerable variation in when milestones are reached, even between children developing within the typical range. Some milestones are more variable than others; for example, receptive speech indicators do not show much variation among children with typical hearing, but expressive speech milestones can be quite variable.

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emotions before they can express them verbally. The child's nonverbal communication of how they are feeling is seen in babies 0 to 3 months who use wild, jerky movements of the body to show excitement or distress. This develops to more rhythmic movements of the entire body at 3 to 5 months to demonstrate the child's anger or delight. Between 9–12 months of age, children view themselves as joining the communicative world.

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child's development being adversely affected by the levels of nurturance, but the carers' provision of nurturance is not always a good indicator of the level of nurturance received by the child. Neglect may be occurring at school, outside of parental care. The child may be receiving nurturance from siblings or through a boarding school education, which compensates for the lack of nurturance provided by the parents.

1080: 2488:, and parental investment in their child's cognitive and educational success. Higher-income families are able to afford learning opportunities both inside and outside the classroom. Poverty-stricken children have fewer opportunities for stimulating recreational activities, often missing out on trips to libraries or museums, and are unable to access a tutor to help with problematic academic areas. 2596: 11824: 2703:

Exactly how to ascertain what a particular child needs, without referring back to their level of development, is not something theory and policy on neglect is clear about. Furthermore, determining whether a child is getting the requisite level of nurturance needs to take into account not just the intensity of the nurturance, but also the duration and frequency of the nurturance.

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belly crawl and crawl sooner. Not all infants belly crawl, however; those who skip stage this are not as proficient in their ability to crawl on their hands and knees. After the infant period, individual differences are strongly affected by opportunities to practice, observe, and be instructed on specific movements. Atypical motor development such as persistent

2465:, though the quality of the child care must be considered. Low income children tend to be cared for by grandparents or extended family and therefore form strong bonds with family. High income children tend to be cared for in a child care setting or in home care such as with a nanny. If the mother is highly educated, this can be a disadvantage to the child. 2694:

identifying neglect. If developmental levels are below normal, the identification of neglect then requires the professional to establish if this can be put down to the level of nurturance experienced by the child. Developmental delays caused by genetic conditions or disease need to be discounted, as they do not have their basis in a lack of nurturance.

205:. It specifies four types of nested environmental systems, with bi-directional influences within and between the systems; they are the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. Each system contains roles, norms, and rules that can powerfully shape development. Since its publication in 1979, Bronfenbrenner's major statement of this theory, 1343:, children may struggle to complete work in a timely manner or understand certain tasks they are asked to do. If a delay is noticed screenings can possibly find the source of the issue; if there is no underlying issue it is important to help aid the child by reading with them, playing games with them, or reaching out to professionals that can help. 2473:, which has been proven to improve developmental results. Effects are felt more strongly when women resume full-time work within the first year of the child's life. These effects may be due in part to pre-existing differences between mothers who return to work and those who do not, such as differences in character or reason for returning to work. 699:

skipping school grade levels yet still cries over childish matters and/or still looks their age. Asynchronous development presents challenges for schools, parents, siblings, peers, and the children themselves, such as making it hard for the child to fit in or frustrating adults who have become accustomed to the child's advancement in other areas.

768:. When this is being measured, researchers will code a baseline sucking rate for each baby before exposing them to the item of interest. A common finding of HAS shows a relaxed, natural sucking rate when exposed to something the infant is familiar with, like their mother's voice, compared to an increased sucking rate around novel stimuli. 1021:

15 years of age). Growth is not uniform in rate and timing across all parts of the body. At birth, head size is already relatively near that of an adult, but the lower parts of the body are much smaller than adult size. Thus during development, the head grows relatively little, while the torso and limbs undergo a great deal of growth.

2196:. Furthermore, the study indicates that maternal depression combined with a poor home environment is more likely to have an effect on cognitive development than maternal depression alone. However, the authors conclude that it may be that short term depression has no effect, but long term depression could cause more serious problems. 318:, which involves drawing conclusions from other observations in order to make a generalization. Unlike in the preoperational stage, children can now change and rearrange mental images and symbols to form a logical thought, an example of this is "reversibility," where the child now knows to reverse an action by doing the opposite. 2072:

gender identity postnatally. It is well documented that children actively seek out information on how to properly interact with others based on their gender, but the extent to which these role models, which can include parents, friends, and TV characters, influence gender identity is less clear and no consensus has been reached.

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possibility is that the child is in a daycare with too few adults to administer individual attention. Perhaps the most obvious environmental cause would be a child that suffers from psychosocial deprivation such as poverty, malnutrition, poor housing, neglect, inadequate linguistic stimulation, or emotional stress.

2508:) are associated with nutritional deficiencies known to be a risk to child development. Intestinal parasitism is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in the developed world, and harboring of this parasite could have several health implications in children that negatively affect childhood development and 107:. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence, yet has a unique course for every child. It does not always progress at the same rate and each stage is affected by the preceding developmental experiences. As genetic factors and events during prenatal life may strongly influence developmental changes, 2351:, and has an important effect on young children's weight and height. Children suffering malnutrition in Colombia weighed less than those living in upper class conditions at the age of 36 months (11.88 kg compared to 14 kg ), and were shorter (85.3 cm versus 94 cm ). 1235:, which are disabilities in any of the areas related to language, reading, and mathematics, with basic reading skills being the most common learning disability. The definition of a learning disability focuses on the difference between a child's academic achievement and their apparent capacity to learn. 2431:

Children in families who experience persistent financial hardships and poverty have significantly impaired cognitive abilities compared to those in families who do not face these issues. Poverty can also cause a number of other factors shown to effect child development, such as poor academic success,

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exposure may have long-term emotional and behavioral consequences, as at ten-years-old children who had been exposed to the drug during pregnancy reported more depressive symptoms than unexposed peers. Some other effects include executive function impairment, reading difficulty, and delayed emotional

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during and after pregnancy. Children exposed to cocaine in utero weigh less than those not exposed at ages ranging from 6 to 30 months. Additionally, studies indicate that the head circumference of children exposed to cocaine is lower than those that of children without cocaine exposure. However, two

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Although there are a large number of studies regarding the effect of maternal depression and postnatal depression on various areas of infant development, they are yet to come to a consensus regarding the true effects. Numerous studies indicate impaired development, while many others find no effect of

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In addition to the course of development, previous literature has looked at how race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status has affected child development. Some studies seem to speak to the importance of adult supervision of adolescent youth. Literature suggested that African American child development

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is a developmental reading disorder that occurs when the brain does not properly recognize and process the graphic symbols that represent the sounds of speech. Children with dyslexia may encounter problems in rhyming and separating the sounds that compose words, which is essential in learning to read

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Conversation is asymmetrical when a child interacts with an adult because the adult is the one to create structure in the conversation, and to build upon the child's contributions. In accordance to the child's developing conversational skills, asymmetrical conversation between adult and child advance

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Another theory is the multi-route model which argues that context-bound words and referential words follow different routes; the first being mapped onto event representations and the latter onto mental representations. In this model, parental input has a critical role but the children ultimately rely

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Infants, up to 15 month-olds, are initially unable to understand familiar words in their native language pronounced using an unfamiliar accent. This means that a Canadian-English speaking infant cannot recognize familiar words pronounced with an Australian-English accent. This skill develops close to

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of their language when they are able to join words together into sentences and understand multiple-word sentences said by other people. There appear to be six major stages in which a child's acquisition of syntax develops. First, is the use of sentence-like words in which the child communicates using

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Language serves the purpose of communication to express oneself through a systematic and conventional use of sounds, signs, or written symbols. There are four subcomponents a child must know to acquire language competence: phonology, lexicon, morphology and syntax, and pragmatics. These subcomponents

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Parenting practices have been shown to predict children's emotional intelligence. The amount of time mothers spent with their children and the quality of their interactions are important in terms of children's trait emotional intelligence, not only because those times of joint activity reflect a more

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There are typical individual differences in the ages at which specific cognitive abilities are achieved, but schooling for children in industrialized countries is based on the assumption that there are no large differences. Delays in cognitive development are problematic for children in cultures that

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Regardless of the culture a baby is born into, they are born with a few core domains of knowledge which allow them to make sense of their environment and learn upon previous experience by using motor skills such as grasping or crawling. There are some population differences in motor development, with

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showed that, for female babies, there was a significant difference between the left and right sides at 18 weeks and that the right side was usually dominant. Some factors are biological constraints that we cannot control, like male infants tending to have larger and longer arms, yet have an influence

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Genetic factors play a major role in determining the growth rate, particularly in the characteristic changes in proportions during early human development. However, genetic factors can produce maximum growth only if environmental conditions are adequate, as poor nutrition, frequent injury, or disease

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divided development, from infancy onward, into five stages. In accordance with his view that the sexual drive is a basic human motivation, each stage centered around the gratification of the libido within a particular area, or erogenous zone, of the body. He argued that as humans develop, they become

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Vygotsky was strongly focused on the role of culture in determining the child's pattern of development. He argued that "Every function in the child's cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then

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defines a child as now having the ability to "think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events". Some strengths during this time are that the child or adolescent begins forming their identity and begins understanding why people behave the way they behave. While

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If one starts by concluding that the levels of nurture received by the child are insufficient, one then needs to consider the developmental levels achieved by the child. Further challenges arise, however, as even when one has established developmental delay and exposure to low levels of nurture, one

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Children may experience varying and low levels of certain types of nurturance across a day and from time to time, however, the levels of nurturance should never cross thresholds of intensity, duration and frequency. For this reason, professionals must keep detailed histories of care provision, which

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An individual's genes are also thought to interact with the hormones during gestation and, in turn, affect gender identity, but the genes responsible for this and their effects have not been precisely documented and evidence is limited. It is unknown whether socialization plays a part in determining

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The ability to engage in extended discourse emerges over time from regular conversation with adults and peers. For this, a child needs to learn to combine their perspective with that of others and with outside events and learn to use linguistic indicators to show they are doing this. They also learn

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The speed of physical growth is rapid in the months after birth, then slows, so birth weight is doubled in the first four months, tripled by 1 year, but not quadrupled until 2 years. Growth then proceeds at a slow rate until a period of rapid growth occurs shortly before puberty (between about 9 and

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in 1961. In his experiments, he would show the infants in his study two different stimuli. If an infant looks at one image longer than the other, there are two things that can be inferred: the infant can see that they are two different images and that the infant is showing preference to one image in

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When conducting psychological research on infants and children, certain key aspects need to be considered. These include that infants cannot talk, have a limited behavioral repertoire, cannot follow instructions, have a short attention span, and that, due to how rapidly infants develop, methods need

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Asynchronous development occurs in cases when a child's cognitive, physical, and/or emotional development occur at different rates. This is common for gifted children when their cognitive development outpaces their physical and/or emotional maturity, such as when a child is academically advanced and

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In addition to plasticity, genetic-environmental correlations may function in several ways to determine the mature characteristics of the individual. Genetic-environmental correlations are circumstances in which genetic factors interact with the environment to make certain experiences more likely to

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One way the environment guides development is through experience-dependent plasticity, in which behavior is altered as a result of learning from the environment. Plasticity of this type can occur throughout the lifespan and involve many kinds of behavior, including some emotional reactions. A second

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as a framework for the consideration of development began in the early 1990s and has continued into the present. This theory stresses nonlinear connections (e.g., between earlier and later social assertiveness) and the capacity of a system to reorganize as a phase shift that is stage-like in nature.

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is significant, as many of life's milestones happen during this time period such as first words, learning to crawl, and learning to walk. Middle childhood/preadolescence or ages 6–12 universally mark a distinctive period between major developmental transition points. Adolescence is the stage of life

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needs to rule out the possibility that the link between the two is coincidental. The developmental delay may be caused by a genetic disorder, disease or physical, sexual or emotional abuse. The developmental delay may be caused by a mixture of underexposure to nurture, abuse, genetics, and disease.

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A further factor in a child's educational attainment involves the school environment, more specifically teacher expectations and attitudes. If teachers perceive low-SES children as being less academically able then they may provide them with less attention and reinforcement. On the other hand, when

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and speech delay are usually correlated. Problems with verbal language is the most common sign of autism. Early diagnosis and treatment of autism can significantly help the child improve their speech skills. Autism is recognized as one of the five pervasive developmental disorders, distinguished by

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results in changes to their social cognitive skills between the ages of 9 and 15 months as their time is increasingly spent with others. Children's use of non-verbal communicative gestures predicts future language development. The use of non-verbal communication in the form of gestures indicate the

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Infants begin with cooing and soft vowel sounds. Shortly after birth, this system is developed as the infants begin to understand that their noises, or non-verbal communication, lead to a response from their caregiver. This will then progress into babbling around 5 months of age, with infants first

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There are few population differences in cognitive development: boys and girls show some differences in their skills and preferences, but there is a great deal of overlap between them. Some differences are seen in fluid reasoning and visual processing, as until about the age of four girls outperform

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performance as well as a measure of response speed also improved with age. Finally, WCST performance and response speed predicted temporal learning. Taken together, the results indicate that temporal learning continues to develop in pre-adolescents and that maturing executive function or processing

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of sounds with lips and tongue. Ethnic differences in reflex movements of newborn infants have been reported, suggesting that some biological factor is at work. Cultural differences may encourage learning of motor skills like using the left hand only for sanitary purposes and the right hand for all

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According to a study showing the relationship between coordination and limb growth in infants, genetic components have a huge impact on motor development. Intra-limb correlations, like the distance between hip and knee joints, were studied and proved to affect the way an infant will walk. There are

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Individual differences in height and weight during childhood can be considerable. Some of these differences are due to genetic or environmental factors, but individual differences in reproductive maturation strongly influence development at some points. For individuals falling outside these typical

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Although developmental change runs parallel with chronological age, age itself cannot cause development. The basic causes for developmental change are genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors are responsible for cellular changes like overall growth, changes in proportion of body and brain

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Stages of development may overlap or be associated with specific other aspects of development, such as speech or movement. Even within a particular developmental area, transition into a stage may not mean that the previous stage is completely finished. For example, in Erikson's stages, he suggests

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Vygotsky, a Russian theorist, proposed the sociocultural theory of child development. During the 1920s–1930s, while Piaget was developing his own theory, Vygotsky was an active scholar and at that time his theory was said to be "recent" because it was translated out of Russian and began influencing

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During this stage, young children begin analyzing their environment using mental symbols, including words and images; the child will begin to apply these in their everyday lives as they come across different objects, events, and situations. However, Piaget's main focus on this stage, and the reason

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has had widespread influence on the way psychologists and others approach the study of human beings and their environments. As a result of this influential conceptualization of development, these environments – from the family to economic and political structures – have come to be viewed as part of

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Val Danilov, Igor. (2022). Smartphone in Detecting Developmental Disability in Infancy: A Theoretical Approach to Shared Intentionality for Assessment Tool of Cognitive Decline and e-Learning. K. Arai (Ed.): Proceedings of the SAI 2022, LNNS 508, pp. 1–11, 2022. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

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is a preventive programme working with parents of children under 6 years old who are at risk of significant harm through neglect. The programme is delivered in the home by trained practitioners, and is 18 to 20 sessions focused on 3 key areas: parent-infant/child interaction, home safety and child

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through which a "guider" helps a client to enhance communication within relationships. The client is guided to analyse and reflect on video clips of their own interactions. Video Interaction Guidance has been used where concerns have been expressed over possible parental neglect in cases where the

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Besides routine pediatrician visits, another way of starting the process of identifying neglect is to determine if the child is experiencing a level of nurturance lower than that considered necessary to support normal development, which might be unique to the child's age, gender and other factors.

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this involves in having the ability to separate out the sounds in words and be able to match them with letter and groups of letters. Difficulty connecting the sounds of language to the letters of words may result difficulty in understanding sentences. Confusion between similar letters, such as "b"

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By age 1, children are able to say 1–2 words, respond to their name, imitate familiar sounds and follow simple instructions. Between 1–2 years old, the child uses 5–20 words, says 2-word sentences, expresses their wishes by saying words like "more" or "up", and understands the word "no". Between 2

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which is the attachment of meaning to words. This happens in three stages. First, each word means an entire sentence. For example, a young child may say "mama" but the child may mean "Here is Mama", "Where is Mama?", or "I see Mama." In the second stage, words have meaning but do not have complete

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is concerned with the sounds of language. It is the function, behavior, and organization of sounds as linguistic items. Phonology considers what the sounds of language are and what the rules are for combining sounds. Phonological acquisition in children can be measured by frequency and accuracy of

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and the understanding of social rules begin in the preschool period and continue to develop into adulthood. Middle childhood is characterized by friendships with age-mates, and adolescence by emotions connected with sexuality and the beginnings of romantic love. Anger seems most intense during the

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Individual differences in motor ability are common and depend in part on the child's weight and build. Infants with smaller, slimmer, and more mature builds (proportionally) tend to belly crawl and crawl earlier than infants with larger builds. Infants with more motor experience have been shown to

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to extremities) development, with movements at the head and in the more central areas coming under control before those of the lower part of the body or the hands and feet. Movement ability develops in stage-like sequences, for example: locomotion at 6–8 months involves creeping on all fours, then

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Milestones are changes in specific physical and mental abilities (such as walking and understanding language) that mark the end of one developmental period and the beginning of another; for stage theories, milestones indicate a stage transition. These milestones, and the chronological age at which

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The "core knowledge perspective" is an evolutionary theory in child development that proposes "infants begin life with innate, special-purpose knowledge systems referred to as core domains of thought". These five domains are each crucial for survival, and prepare us to develop key aspects of early

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owing to experiencing insufficient levels of nurturance. In practice, this means that when starting an assessment of neglect by identifying developmental delay one needs to then check the levels of nurturance received by the child. While some guidance on identifying neglect urges practitioners to

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This raises the question about what level of nurturance a carer or parent needs to fall under to provoke developmental delay, and how one goes about measuring that accurately. This definition, which focuses on the stimulation provided by the carer, can be subject to critique. Neglect is about the

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can be defined as the exchange and negotiation of information between two or more individuals through verbal and nonverbal symbols, oral and written (or visual) modes, and the production and comprehension processes of communication. According to First International Congress for the Study of Child

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is innate and language experience activates that innate knowledge. Social interactionist theories define language as a social phenomenon where children acquire language because they want to communicate with others; this theory is heavily based on social-cognitive abilities that drive the language

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develops posterio-anteriorally (from back to front), which is significant in motor development because the hind portion of the frontal lobe is known to control motor functions. This form of development (known as "Proportional Development") explains why motor functions typically develop relatively

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approach. Hyperscanning research studies show inter-brain coordinated activity under conditions without communication in pairs while subjects are solving a shared cognitive task This increased inter-brain activity is observed in pairs, which differs from the result in the condition where subjects

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Some professionals identify neglect by measuring the developmental levels of a child, as if those levels are normal, one can, by definition, conclude that a child is not being neglected. Measured areas of development can include weight, height, stamina, social and emotional responses, speech and

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involves how a person perceives themselves as male, female, or a variation of the two. Children can identify themselves as belonging to a certain gender as early as two years old, but how gender identity is developed is a topic of scientific debate. Several factors are involved in determining an

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and body movements than words. Younger children depend on gestures for a direct statement of their message. As they begin to acquire more language, body movements take on a different role and begin to complement the verbal message. These nonverbal bodily movements allow children to express their

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systems. By five years of age the child's use of language is very similar to that of an adult. From the age of about three children can indicate fantasy or make-believe linguistics, produce coherent personal stories and fictional narratives with beginnings and endings. It is argued that children

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Newborn infants do not seem to experience fear or have preferences for contact with any specific people. In the first few months they only experience happiness, sadness, and anger. A baby's first smile usually occurs between 6 and 10 weeks, as this usually occurs during social interactions it is

856:

of age-specific developmental milestones. Preventing, and intervening early, in developmental delays is a significant topic in the study of child development. Developmental delays are characterized by comparison with age variability of a milestone, not with respect to average age at achievement.

600:

hypothesis argues that nervous system synchronization provides non-local neuronal coupling in a mother-child pair, contributing to the proper development of the child's nervous system from the embryo onward. From the cognitive development perspective, this non-local neuronal coupling enables the

689:

may be protected more and challenged less than a child without Down syndrome. Finally, an active genetic-environmental correlation is one in which the child chooses experiences that in turn have their effect, for instance, a muscular, active child may choose after-school sports experiences that

270:

In the first stage in Piaget's theory, infants have the following basic senses: vision, hearing, and motor skills. In this stage, knowledge of the world is limited but is constantly developing due to the child's experiences and interactions. According to Piaget, when an infant reaches about 7–9

2215:

A similar effect has been found at 11 years: male children of depressed mothers score an average of 19.4 points lower on an IQ test than peers with healthy mothers, while this difference is less pronounced in girls. Three month olds with depressed mothers show significantly lower scores on the

2207:

This trend is continued in a study of children up to 2 years old, which revealed a significant difference on cognitive development between genders, with girls having a higher score; however girls scored higher regardless of the mother's history of depression. Infants with chronically depressed

1813:

Another function of communicating through language is related to pragmatic development. Pragmatic development includes the child's intentions of communication before they knows how to express these intentions, and throughout the first few years of life both language and communicative functions

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Vocabulary typically grows from about 20 words at 18 months to around 200 words at 21 months. Starting around 18 months the child begins to combine words into two-word sentences, which the adult typically expands to clarify its meaning. By 24–27 months the child is producing three or four-word

564:

The most influential theories emphasize social interaction's essential contribution to child development from birth (e.g., the theories of Bronfenbrenner, Piaget, Vygotsky). It means that organisms with simple reflexes begin to cognize the environment in collaboration with caregivers. However,

237:

branches off from philosophy and deals with the origin of knowledge, which Piaget believed came from Psychology. After travelling to Paris, he began working on the first "standardized intelligence test" at Alfred Binet laboratories, which influenced his career greatly. During this intelligence

2672:

Assessing and identifying neglect pose a number of challenges for practitioners. Given that neglect is a dynamic between the child's development and levels of nurturance, the question in identifying neglect, becomes one of where do you start, with the child's development or with the levels of

2067:

in the womb directly codes the brain for either male or female-typical development. This includes both the physical structure of the brain and the characteristics the person expresses because of it. People exposed to high levels of testosterone during gestation typically develop a male gender

1967:

There are many environmental causes that are linked to language delays, including situations where the child has their full attention on another skill, such as walking. The child may have a twin or a sibling close to their own age and may not be receiving the parent's full attention. Another

177:

The optimal development of children is considered vital to society and it is important to understand the social, cognitive, emotional, and educational development of children. Increased research and interest in this field has resulted in new theories and strategies, especially with regard to

2710:

Common guidance suggests professionals should focus on the levels of nurturance provided by the carers of the child, as neglect is understood as an issue of the parents' behaviour towards the child. Some authors feel that establishing the failure of parents and caregivers to provide care is

1939:

Simple speech delays are usually temporary. Most cases are solved on their own or with a little extra attention from the family. It is the parent's duty to encourage their baby to talk to them with gestures or sounds and for them to spend a great amount of time playing with, reading to, and

1443:

Population differences may occur in older children, if, for example, they have learned that it is appropriate for boys to express emotion or behave differently than girls, or if customs learned by children of one ethnic group are different than those learned by another. Social and emotional

619:

Although the identification of developmental milestones is of interest to researchers and caregivers, many aspects of development are continuous and do not display noticeable milestones. Continuous changes, like growth in stature, involve fairly gradual and predictable progress toward adult

2728:

measure developmental levels, other guidance focuses on how developmental levels can be attributed to parental behaviour. However, the narrow focus on parental behaviour can be criticised for unnecessarily ruling out the possible effect of institutionalised neglect, e.g. neglect at school.

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for well-baby check-ups. The physician initiates a more complete evaluation when the infant's development and functioning are found to be delayed. Then social work staff could consult medical notes to establish if the baby or child is failing to thrive, as a first step in a pathway towards

818:(EEG). MRI can be used to track brain activity, growth, and connectivity in children, and can track brain development from when a child is a fetus. EEG can be used to diagnose seizures and encephalopathy, but the conceptual age of the infant must be considered when analyzing the results. 1712:

Although the role of adult speech is important in facilitating the child's learning, there is considerable disagreement among theorists about the extent to which it influences children's early meanings and expressive words. Findings about the initial mapping of new words, the ability to

977:, to the adult's relatively small head and long torso and limbs. In a book directed toward pediatricians it says a child's pattern of growth is in a head-to-toe direction, or cephalocaudal, and in an inward to outward pattern (center of the body to the peripheral) called proximodistal. 1502:. Morphemes act as minimal meaning-bearing elements or building blocks of something in language that makes sense. For example, in the word "cat", the component "cat" makes sense as does "at", but "at" does not mean the same thing as "cat". In this example, "ca" does not mean anything. 527:, to observe the behavior of animals in a controlled situation and proved that behaviors are influenced by the environment. Furthermore, he used reinforcement and punishment to shape the desired behavior. Children's behavior can strongly depend on their psychological development. 275:, meaning the child now has the ability to understand that objects keep existing even when they cannot be seen. An example of this would be hiding the child's favorite toy under a blanket, and although the child cannot physically see it they still know to look under the blanket. 1776:

Language development is viewed as a motive to communication, and the communicative function of language in-turn provides the motive for language development. Jean Piaget uses the term "acted conversations" to explain a child's style of communication that relies more heavily on

2468:

Even with quality of care controlled for, studies still found that full-time work within the first year was correlated with negative effects on child development. Children whose mothers work are also less likely to receive regular well-baby doctor visits and less likely to be

2456:

On the other hand, maternal employment is associated with slightly lower test scores, regardless of socioeconomic status. Counterintuitively, maternal employment results in more disadvantages the higher the socioeconomic status, as these children are being removed from a more

1414:

Some aspects of social-emotional development, like empathy, develop gradually, but others, like fearfulness, seem to involve a rather sudden reorganization of the child's experiences of emotion. Sexual and romantic emotions develop in connection with physical maturation.

169:

Parents play a large role in a child's activities, socialization, and development; having multiple parents can add stability to a child's life and therefore encourage healthy development. Another influential factor in children's development is the quality of their care.

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The speed of motor development is rapid in early life, as many of the reflexes of the newborn alter or disappear within the first year, and slows later. Like physical growth, motor development shows predictable patterns of cephalocaudal (head to foot) and proximodistal

610:

enables social cooperation to be achieved in the unaware condition (unconsciously), it constitutes society. While this social interaction modality facilitates child development, it also contributes to grasping social norms and shaping individual values in children.

1325:. The degree of integrative learning was measured as the slowing in performance that resulted when phase-shifting the sequences. Learning was similar for the children and adults on average but increased with age for the children. Executive function measured by 2216:

Griffiths Mental Development Scale, which covers a range of developmental areas including cognitive, motor and social development. Furthermore, interactions between depressed mothers and their children may affect social and cognitive abilities in later life.

1802:. According to this theory children view words as a means of social connection, in that words are used to connect the communicative intentions of the speaker to new words. Hence, the competence of verbal communication through language is achieved by gains in 1320:

depends upon a process of integrating timing patterns with action sequences. Children ages 6–13 and young adults performed a serial response time task in which a response and a timing sequence were presented repeatedly in a phase-matched manner, allowing for

2783:

is a positive parenting program. It is a multilevel parenting and family support strategy. The idea behind it is that if parents are educated on proper parenting and given the appropriate resources, it could help decrease the number of child neglect cases.

1704:

to adjust their language depending on who they are speaking to. Typically by the age of about 9 a child can recount other narratives in addition to their own experiences, from the perspectives of the author, the characters in the story and their own views.

297:, meaning the child is not able to see someone else's point of view, and they feel as if every other person is experiencing the same events and feelings that they are. However, at about 7, thought processes of children are no longer egocentric and are more 363:) could help children learn new tasks. This technique, called "scaffolding," builds new knowledge onto the knowledge children already have to help the child learn. An example of this might be when a parent "helps" an infant clap or roll their hands to the 4987: 293:, pretending to be people they are not, for example teachers or superheroes; they sometimes use different props to make this pretend play more real. Some weaknesses in this stage are that children who are about 3–4 years old often display what is called 2758:

Early intervention programs and treatments include individual counselling, family and group counselling, social support services, behavioural skills training programs to eliminate problematic behaviour and teach parents appropriate parenting behaviour.

1797:

Language acquisition and development contribute to the verbal form of communication. Children originate with a linguistic system where the words they learn are the words used for functional meaning. This instigation of speech has been termed pragmatic

7016: 1132:

The mechanisms involved in motor development involve some genetic components that determine aspects of muscle and bone strength, as well as the physical size of body parts at a given age. The main areas of the brain involved in motor skills are the

2273:, with exposed children achieving lower scores on measures of psychomotor and mental development. Again though, there is conflicting evidence, and a number of studies indicate no effect of maternal cocaine use on a child's cognitive development. 359:

Western thinking. He posited that children learn through hands-on experience, as Piaget suggested. However, unlike Piaget, he claimed that timely and sensitive intervention by adults when a child is on the edge of learning a new task (called the

1515:

is the study of the relationship between linguistic forms and speakers of the language, it also incorporates how speech is used to serve different functions. Pragmatics can be defined as the ability to communicate one's feelings and desires to

10983:

Ajjampur SS, Koshy B, Venkataramani M, Sarkar R, Joseph AA, Jacob KS, et al. (2011). "Effect of cryptosporidial and giardial diarrhoea on social maturity, intelligence and physical growth in children in a semi-urban slum in south India".

1832:

Within the first two years of life, a child's language ability progresses and conversational skills, such as the mechanics of verbal interaction, develop. Mechanics of verbal interaction include taking turns, initiating topics, repairing

661:, or the extent to which the direction of development is guided by environmental factors as well as initiated by genetic factors. When an aspect of development is strongly affected by early experience, it is said to show a high degree of 1680:

their second birthday. However, this can be overcome when a highly familiar story is read in the new accent prior to the test, suggesting the essential functions of underlying spoken language is in place earlier than previously thought.

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on cognitive processing to establish subsequent use of words. However, naturalistic research on language development has indicated that preschoolers' vocabularies are strongly associated with the number of words said to them by adults.

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sufficient to conclude that neglect is occurring. One definition is that, "a child experiences neglect when the adults who look after them fail to meet their needs", which clearly defines neglect as a matter of parental performance.

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sentences using a logical, if not strictly correct, syntax. The theory is that children apply a basic set of rules such as adding 's' for plurals or inventing simpler words out of words too complicated to repeat like "choskit" for

133:

There are various definitions of the periods in a child's development, since each period is a continuum with individual differences regarding starting and ending. Some age-related development periods with defined intervals include:

8715:

Cornish AM, McMahon CA, Ungerer JA, Barnett B, Kowalenko N, Tennant C (2005). "Postnatal depression and infant cognitive and motor development in the second postnatal year: The impact of depression chronicity and infant gender".

4541:

Szymanski C, Pesquita A, Brennan AA, Perdikis D, Enns JT, Brick TR, et al. (May 2017). "Teams on the same wavelength perform better: Inter-brain phase synchronization constitutes a neural substrate for social facilitation".

2366:(rather than just access to food) play a critical role in preventing undernutrition, malnutrition and stunting and ensuring normal early childhood development. Malnutrition has been indicated as a negative influence on childhood 1724:

There is no single accepted theory of language acquisition. Instead, there are current theories that help to explain theories of language, theories of cognition, and theories of development. They include the generativist theory,

10806:

Brooks-Gunn J, Han WJ, Waldfogel J (July 2002). "Maternal employment and child cognitive outcomes in the first three years of life: the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development".

10443:

Brody DJ, Pirkle JL, Kramer RA, Flegal KM, Matte TD, Gunter EW, Paschal DC (July 1994). "Blood lead levels in the US population. Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1991)".

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of the brain (working memory, timed inhibition and switching), which are generally considered essential to motor skills, though some argue the reverse dependence—that motor skills are actually precursors to executive function.

2331:, though the evidence is even more inconsistent than with parental cocaine exposure. There are also some unexpected negative consequences on a child, such as: less rhythmic swallowing, strabismus, and feelings of rejection. 2234:(mental illness) can independently influence infants' and toddlers' subsequent social-emotional development through effects on regulatory processes within the child-parent attachment. Maternal interpersonal violence-related 690:

increase athletic skills, but may forgo music lessons. In all of these cases, it becomes difficult to know whether the child's characteristics were shaped by genetic factors, by experiences, or by a combination of the two.

313:

In this stage, children between the age of 7 and 11 use appropriate logic to develop cognitive operations and begin applying this new way of thinking to different events they encounter. Children in this stage incorporate

232:

in the 1920s. Interested in the ways animals adapt to their environments, his first scientific article was published when he was 10 years old, and he pursued a Ph.D. in zoology, where he became interested in epistemology.

734:

in naturalistic conditions may be needed to develop a narrative describing and defining an aspect of developmental change, such as changes in reflex reactions in the first year. Observational research may be followed by

9361:

Graham K, Feigenbaum A, Pastuszak A, Nulman I, Weksberg R, Einarson T, et al. (August 1992). "Pregnancy outcome and infant development following gestational cocaine use by social cocaine users in Toronto, Canada".

739:

studies, which collect information about chronological age and some type of development, such as increasing vocabulary; such studies examine the characteristics of children at different ages. Other methods may include

412:. Bowlby's observations led him to believe that close emotional bonds or "attachments" between an infant and their primary caregiver were an important requirement for forming "normal social and emotional development". 371:

inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals."

786:

is a straightforward way of looking at infants' preferences. Using an eye tracking software, it is possible to see if infants understand commonly used nouns by tracking their eyes after they are cued with the target

5026: 2452:

is associated with better cognitive achievement. Those whose mothers' job entails problem-solving are more likely to be given stimulating tasks and games, and are likely to achieve more advanced verbal competency.

2223:, and tend to use unstructured vocal behaviours. Furthermore, compared to when interacting with healthy mothers, infants interacting with depressed mothers show signs of stress, such as increased pulse and raised 8641:

Parsons, C. E.; Young, K. S.; Rochat, T. J.; Kringelbach, M. L.; Stein, A. (1 March 2012). "Postnatal depression and its effects on child development: a review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries".

1118:

while holding an adult's hand, and finally walking independently. By middle childhood and adolescence, new motor skills are acquired by instruction or observation rather than in a predictable sequence. There are

1087:

Physical abilities change through childhood from the largely reflexive (unlearned, involuntary) movement young infants to the highly skilled voluntary movements characteristic of later childhood and adolescence.

1508:

is the study of words and how they are formed. Morphology is also the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure and how they are formed. It is also the mental system involved in word

806:

to a novel stimulus. This method can be used to measure preferences infants, including preferences for colors, and other discriminatory tasks, such as auditory discrimination between different musical excerpts.

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Ivanovic DM, Leiva BP, Pérez HT, Olivares MG, Díaz NS, Urrutia MS, et al. (2004). "Head size and intelligence, learning, nutritional status and brain development. Head, IQ, learning, nutrition and brain".

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spanning 7 years found no effect of maternal depression on cognitive development as a whole, however it found that boys are more susceptible to cognitive developmental issues when their mothers had depression.

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due to lead paint found on the walls of some houses; child blood levels of lead increase as income decreases. Income based poverty is associated with a 6–13 point reduction in IQ for those earning half of the

11130:

Calderón J, Navarro ME, Jimenez-Capdeville ME, Santos-Diaz MA, Golden A, Rodriguez-Leyva I, et al. (February 2001). "Exposure to arsenic and lead and neuropsychological development in Mexican children".

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The use of cocaine by pregnant women is not the only drug that can have a negative effect on the fetus. Tobacco, marijuana, and opiates can also affect an unborn child's cognitive and behavioral development.

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production of various vowels and consonants, the acquisition of phonemic contrasts and distinctive features, or by viewing development in regular stages and to characterizing systematic strategies they adopt.

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where girls tend to outscore boys, but again, as they age the gap lessens. Differences in cognitive achievement between different ethnic groups appears to result from cultural or other environmental factors.

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Rubenstein LD, Schelling N, Wilczynski SM, Hooks EN (October 2015). "Lived experiences of parents of gifted students with autism spectrum disorder: The struggle to find appropriate educational experiences".

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mother to indicate the relevant sensory stimulus of an actual cognitive problem to the child, helping the child to grasp the perception of the object. A growing body of evidence in neuroscience supports the

130:, or environmental factors and learning, but most commonly involves an interaction between the two. Development may also occur as a result of human nature and of human ability to learn from the environment. 9734:

Ngure FM, Reid BM, Humphrey JH, Mbuya MN, Pelto G, Stoltzfus RJ (January 2014). "Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development: making the links".

7020: 628:, described situations in which children could solve one type of problem using mature thinking skills, but could not accomplish this for less familiar problems, a phenomenon he called horizontal decalage. 572:

Recent advances in neuroscience and wisdom from physiology and physics studies reconsider the knowledge gap on how social interaction provides cognition in newborns and infants. Developmental psychologist

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other uses, producing a population difference. Cultural factors are play a role in practiced voluntary movements, such as the use of the foot to dribble a soccer ball or the hand to dribble a basketball.

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was sometimes differentiated between cultural socialization and racial socialization. Further, a different study found that most immigrant youth choose majors focusing on the fields of science and math.

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Low-income families are less likely to provide a stimulating home learning environment to their children due to time constraints and financial stress. Compared to two-parent households, children with a

10271:

Smith JR, Brooks-Gunn J, Klebanov P (1997). "The consequences of living in poverty for young children's cognitive and verbal ability and early school achievement.". In Duncan GJ, Brooks-Gunn J (eds.).

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demand advanced cognitive skills for work and for independent living. Everyday cognitive skills include problem-solving, reasoning, and abstract thinking among many others. In the absence of these

11324:

Low JA, Handley-Derry MH, Burke SO, Peters RD, Pater EA, Killen HL, Derrick EJ (December 1992). "Association of intrauterine fetal growth retardation and learning deficits at age 9 to 11 years".

1672:

continue gradually through the preschool and school years, with adolescents having smaller vocabularies than adults and experiencing more difficulty with constructions such as the passive voice.

596:. It explains the onset of childhood development, describing this cooperative interaction at different levels of bio-system complexity, from interpersonal dynamics to neuronal interactions. The 11839: 2656:

When a child is unable to meet their developmental goals because they have not been provided with the correct amount of care, stimulation or nutrition this situation is commonly referred to as

2448:

is the most significant socioeconomic factor in predicting the child's cognitive abilities, as those with a mother with a high IQ are likely to have higher IQs themselves. Similarly, maternal

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of a child's life can cause irreversible physical and mental stunting. Infections and parasites related to poor sanitation and hygiene can impact absorption of nutrients in the gut. Adequate

10162:"Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Zinc Investigators' Collaborative Group" 1692:, and imaginative play frequently includes conversations. Children's recorded monologues give insight into the development of the process of organizing information into meaningful units. 9991:

Halterman JS, Kaczorowski JM, Aligne CA, Auinger P, Szilagyi PG (June 2001). "Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States".

9964:

Arija V, Esparó G, Fernández-Ballart J, Murphy MM, Biarnés E, Canals J (2006). "Nutritional status and performance in test of verbal and non-verbal intelligence in 6 year old children".

2441:

compared to those earning twice the poverty threshold, and children coming from households featuring continual or temporary poverty perform lower than children in middle-class families.

10479:

DeGarmo DS, Forgatch MS, Martinez CR (2003). "Parenting of divorced mothers as a link between social status and boys' academic outcomes: unpacking the effects of socioeconomic status".

6207:

Ferrandez, A.M; Hugueville, L; Lehéricy, S; Poline, J.B; Marsault, C; Pouthas, V (August 2003). "Basal ganglia and supplementary motor area subtend duration perception: an fMRI study".

2574:

is associated with learning deficits in childhood, and as such, is related to lower IQ. Cognitive development can also be harmed by childhood exposure to violence and trauma, including

507:. He also helped bring a natural science perspective to child psychology by introducing objective research methods based on observable and measurable behavior. Following Watson's lead, 4595:

Astolfi L, Toppi J, De Vico Fallani F, Vecchiato G, Salinari S, Mattia D, et al. (September 2010). "Neuroelectrical hyperscanning measures simultaneous brain activity in humans".

2420:

is measured primarily based on income, educational attainment and occupation. Investigations into the role of socioeconomic factors on child development repeatedly show that continual

2022:

and "d" can occur. In general the symptoms of dyslexia are: difficulty in determining the meaning of a simple sentence, learning to recognize written words, and difficulty in rhyming.

495:, and he believed that all individual differences in behavior were due to different learning experiences. He wrote extensively on child development and conducted research, such as the 11603: 1936:

is three to four times more common in boys than in girls. Some children also display behavioral problems due to their frustration of not being able to express what they want or need.

657:

Rather than acting as independent mechanisms, genetic and environmental factors often interact to cause developmental change. Some aspects of child development are notable for their

2227:, and make more use of avoidance behaviours, for example looking away. Mother-infant interaction at 2 months has been shown to affect the child's cognitive performance at 5 years. 1785:

Before 9–12 months, babies interact with objects and interact with people, but they do not interact with people about objects. This developmental change is the change from primary

1498:

is similar to vocabulary as they both describe the complex dictionary of words used in speech production and comprehension. The lexicon of a language also includes that language's

9183:

Kilbride H, Castor C, Hoffman E, Fuger KL (February 2000). "Thirty-six-month outcome of prenatal cocaine exposure for term or near-term infants: impact of early case management".

6046:

Fathirezaie, Zahra; Matos, Sérgio; Khodadadeh, Elham; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Badicu, Georgian; Silva, Ana Filipa; Zamani Sani, Seyed Hojjat; Nahravani, Samaneh (25 March 2022).

3053:

Brundavani V, Murthy SR, Kurpad AV (May 2006). "Estimation of deep-abdominal-adipose-tissue (DAAT) accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in Indian men and women".

2029:

problems with language, speech, communication and social skills that present in early childhood. Some common types of language disorders are having limited to no verbal speech,

6448: 155: 10887:

Bradley RH, Corwyn RF, McAdoo HP, Coll CG (November 2001). "The home environments of children in the United States part I: variations by age, ethnicity, and poverty status".

8416:

Mora JO, Herrera MG, Suescun J, de Navarro L, Wagner M (September 1981). "The effects of nutritional supplementation on physical growth of children at risk of malnutrition".

2632: 2219:

Maternal depression has been shown to influence the mothers' interaction with her child. When communicating with their child, depressed mothers fail to make changes to their

780:

some capacity. Depending on the experiment, infants may prefer to look at the novel and more interesting stimulus or they may look at the more comforting and familiar image.

8843:

Reck C, Hunt A, Fuchs T, Weiss R, Noon A, Moehler E, et al. (2004). "Interactive regulation of affect in postpartum depressed mothers and their infants: an overview".

1300:, the responsiveness of parents, love, daily experiences, and physical activity can influence early brain development of children. However, although it is assumed that the 95:, with markers such as menarche and spermarche, typically occurring at 12–14 years of age. It has been defined as ages 10 to 24 years old by the World Happiness Report WHR. 957:

and weight occurs for 15–20 years following birth, as the individual changes from the average weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) and length of 50 cm (20 in) at

11806: 2664:, accounting for 78% of all child abuse cases in the United States in 2010 alone. Scientific studies show that child neglect can have lifelong consequences for children. 2624: 764:

High-amplitude sucking technique (HAS) is a common way to explore infants' preferences, and is appropriate from birth to four months since it takes advantage of infants'

11807:

Child neglect and Video Interaction Guidance: key findings and executive summary of an NSPCC service offered to parents where initial concerns of neglect have been noted

8307:"Racial Socialization, Racial Identity, and Academic Attitudes Among African American Adolescents: Examining the Moderating Influence of Parent–Adolescent Communication" 539:

fixated on different and specific objects throughout their stages of development. Each stage contains conflict which requires resolution to enable the child to develop.

2089:

Risk factors in child development include: malnutrition, maternal depression, maternal substance use and pain in infancy; though many more factors have been studied.

437:

stages of human development. Spanning from birth to death, they focus on "tasks" at each stage that must be accomplished to successfully navigate life's challenges.

6949:

Vilhjalmsson R, Kristjansdottir G (January 2003). "Gender differences in physical activity in older children and adolescents: the central role of organized sport".

13161: 8929:

Murray L, Kempton C, Woolgar M, Hooper R (October 1993). "Depressed mothers' speech to their infants and its relation to infant gender and cognitive development".

8743:

Hay DF, Pawlby S, Sharp D, Asten P, Mills A, Kumar R (October 2001). "Intellectual problems shown by 11-year-old children whose mothers had postnatal depression".

9407:

Fetters L, Tronick EZ (November 1996). "Neuromotor development of cocaine-exposed and control infants from birth through 15 months: poor and poorer performance".

1525:

definitions. This stage occurs around age two or three. Third, around age seven or eight, words have adult-like definitions and their meanings are more complete.

8816:

Field T, Healy B, Goldstein S, Guthertz M (1990). "Behaviour-state matching and synchrony in mother-infant interactions of nondepressed versus depressed dyads".

7448:

Barrett M, Harris M, Chasin J (February 1991). "Early lexical development and maternal speech: a comparison of children's initial and subsequent uses of words".

1983:

Impaired hearing is another of the most common causes of language delay. A child who can not hear or process speech in a clear and consistent manner will have a

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are also related to experience and learning, especially for higher-level abilities like abstraction, which depend to a considerable extent on formal education.

1100:

can be divided into two categories: basic skills necessary for everyday life and recreational skills, including skills for employment or interest based skills.

9387: 2304:, and intrauterine death. After birth it can disturb maternal-infant interactions, reduce IQ, increase the risk of ADHD, and lead to tobacco use in the child. 7612:"Effects of Communication Expectancies, Actual Communication, and Expectancy Disconfirmation on Evaluations of Communicators and Their Communication Behavior" 1928:

Delays in language skills are the most frequent type of developmental delay. According to demographics 1 out of 6 children have a significant language delay;

1149:

is responsible for strategic processing, the parietal cortex is important in controlling perceptual-motor integration and the basal ganglia and supplementary

374:

Vygotsky felt that development was a process, and saw that during periods of crisis there was a qualitative transformation in the child's mental functioning.

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also genetic factors like the tendency to use the left or right side of the body more (which allows for early prediction of the dominant hand early). Sample

5838: 1165:

Nutrition and exercise also determine strength, flexibility, and the ease and accuracy with which a body part can be moved. It has also been shown that the

9450:

Swanson MW, Streissguth AP, Sampson PD, Olson HC (October 1999). "Prenatal cocaine and neuromotor outcome at four months: effect of duration of exposure".

8207: 6773:

Mendes DM, Seidl-de-Moura ML (November 2014). "Different kinds of infants' smiles in the first six months and contingency to maternal affective behavior".

5811: 1383:. By around 6–36 months, infants begin to prefer familiar people and show anxiety and distress when separated from them, and when approached by strangers. 3025: 665:; when the genetic make-up is the primary cause of development, plasticity is said to be low. Plasticity may involve guidance by endogenous factors like 624:

that a lifetime is spent in reworking issues that were originally characteristic of a childhood stage. Similarly, the theorist of cognitive development,

11567: 8547: 5556:"Child psychiatry branch of the National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging study of human brain development" 2409:

has also been shown to slow childhood growth and development. Zinc supplementation appears to be beneficial for growth in infants under six months old.

2068:

identity, while those not exposed to testosterone, or who lack the receptors necessary to interact with it, typically develop a female gender identity.

10081: 8778:

Galler JR, Harrison RH, Ramsey F, Forde V, Butler SC (September 2000). "Maternal depressive symptoms affect infant cognitive development in Barbados".

8258:"The Impact of African American Parents' Racial Discrimination Experiences and Perceived Neighborhood Cohesion on their Racial Socialization Practices" 6097:

Cameron, Claire E.; Brock, Laura L.; Murrah, William M.; Bell, Lindsay H.; Worzalla, Samantha L.; Grissmer, David; Morrison, Frederick J. (July 2012).

2481:

households have greater economic vulnerability and less parental involvement, leading to worse social, behavioral, educational, or cognitive outcomes.

752:; while other studies use randomized designs to compare outcomes for groups of children who receive different interventions or educational treatments. 11850: 10927:"The impact of poverty and low socioeconomic status on the socioemotional functioning of African-American children and adolescents: Mediating effects" 10380: 8256:

Saleem, Farzana T.; English, Devin; Busby, Danielle R.; Lambert, Sharon F.; Harrison, Aubrey; Stock, Michelle L.; Gibbons, Frederick X. (July 2016).

5642:. Second International Symposium on Qualitative Research (ISQR 2017). Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 621. pp. 91–100. 1030:

can reduce the individual's adult stature; though even the best environment cannot cause growth to a greater stature than is determined by heredity.

11064: 2343:, and by the age of two or three can be associated with cognitive deficits, poor school achievement, and, later in life, poor social relationships. 1794:

child's interest in communication development, and the meanings they choose to convey that are soon revealed through the verbalization of language.

11668: 6816: 2382:

on cognitive development and IQ has yet to reach consensus. Some evidence suggests that even well-nourished children with lower levels of iron and

569:

and the primary data entry problem - challenge the ability of children in this stage of development to meaningfully interact with the environment.

10121:"Effect of supplemental zinc on the growth and serum zinc concentrations of prepubertal children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 8545: 2370:(IQ). Although it has also been suggested that this effect is nullified when parental IQ is considered, implying that this difference is genetic. 178:

practices that promote development within the school systems. Some theories seek to describe a sequence of states that compose child development.

9110:

Azuma SD, Chasnoff IJ (September 1993). "Outcome of children prenatally exposed to cocaine and other drugs: a path analysis of three-year data".

7159:

What is the matter with communicative competence? : an analysis to encourage teachers of English to assess the very basis of their teaching

2743:

is a practice tool which gives an objective measure of the quality of care in terms of a parent/carer's commitment. It was developed in the UK.

1304:

causes cognition, it is not yet possible to measure specific brain changes and show the cognitive changes they cause. Developmental advances in

9067:

Hurt H, Brodsky NL, Betancourt L, Braitman LE, Malmud E, Giannetta J (February 1995). "Cocaine-exposed children: follow-up through 30 months".

1995:

can considerably affect language development. Generally the more the severe the impairment, the more serious the language delay. Nonetheless,

11423: 488: 11614: 4104:"Low-Frequency Oscillations for Nonlocal Neuronal Coupling in Shared Intentionality Before and After Birth: Toward the Origin of Perception" 2926:

Center on the Developing Child (2007). The Science of Early Childhood Development (InBrief). Retrieved from www.developingchild.harvard.edu.

14605: 3264: 3688: 3585: 1476:. Currently, there is no single accepted theory of language acquisition but various explanations of language development have been given. 12445: 11408:

Schechter DS, Willheim E (2009). "The Effects of Violent Experience and Maltreatment on Infants and Young Children". In Zeanah CH (ed.).

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Baum II CL (April 2003). "Does Early Maternal Employment Harm Child Development? An Analysis of the Potential Benefits of Leave Taking".

6285: 6249:

Piek JP, Gasson N, Barrett N, Case I (December 2002). "Limb and gender differences in the development of coordination in early infancy".

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Kurstjens S, Wolke D (July 2001). "Effects of maternal depression on cognitive development of children over the first 7 years of life".

13633: 13589: 12692: 10250: 9318:

Coles CD, Bard KA, Platzman KA, Lynch ME (1999). "Attentional response at eight weeks in prenatally drug-exposed and preterm infants".

6844:"The development of stranger fear in infancy and toddlerhood: normative development, individual differences, antecedents, and outcomes" 5886: 5699:"Brief Report: Ages of Language Milestones as Predictors of Developmental Trajectories in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder" 5675: 4449:

Hu Y, Pan Y, Shi X, Cai Q, Li X, Cheng X (March 2018). "Inter-brain synchrony and cooperation context in interactive decision making".

2397:

Other nutrients have been strongly implicated in brain development, including iodine and zinc. Iodine is required for the formation of

1717:

hypothesis, refers to the child's ability to infer meaning from cues by using grammatical information from the structure of sentences.

6914:

Alegre A (2012). "The Relation Between the Time Mothers and Children Spent Together and the Children's Trait Emotional Intelligence".

2544:

due to levels in drinking water is also associated with a reduced IQ of 6.2 points between the highest and lowest level of poisoning.

592:

Igor Val Danilov developed the idea of Michael Tomasello by introducing a hypothesis of neurophysiological processes occurring during

10771:, Waldfogel J, Brooks-Gunn J, Han WJ (November 2005). "Maternal employment and child development: a fresh look using newer methods". 6456: 1947:

It is important to take into consideration that sometimes delays can be a warning sign of more serious conditions that could include

1849:

in communication. Ordinarily, the development of communicative competence and the development of language are linked to one another.

1423:

Genetic factors appear to regulate some of the social-emotional developments that occur at predictable ages, such as fearfulness and

4320:"Shared Intentionality Modulation at the Cell Level: Low-Frequency Oscillations for Temporal Coordination in Bioengineering Systems" 2750:

is a tool that can be used by a practitioner to explore whether neglect is taking place across a range of family functioning areas.

1162:

on measures like when an infant's reach. Overall, there are both sociological and genetic factors that influence motor development.

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Piteo AM, Yelland LN, Makrides M (August 2012). "Does maternal depression predict developmental outcome in 18 month old infants?".

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Child language, an international perspective: selected papers from the First International Congress for the Study of Child Language

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American Academy of Pediatrics' Committee on Fetus and Newborn and Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (1 February 2016).

2432:

less family involvement, iron deficiency, infections, a lack of stimulation, and malnutrition. Poverty also increases the risk of

723:

Are there population differences in this aspect of development (for example, differences in the development of boys and of girls)?

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Aslin RN (1993). "Commentary : the strange attractiveness of dynamic systems to development". In Thelen E, Smith LC (eds.).

5908: 5638:

Barbosa B, Brito PQ (2018). "Ethical Challenges in Researching with Children: An Application Adopting a Mixed Method Approach".

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Shteynberg G, Galinsky AD (November 2011). "Implicit coordination: Sharing goals with similar others intensifies goal pursuit".

2266:

more recent studies found no significant differences in either measure between those exposed to cocaine and those who were not.

14696: 14393: 13184: 12609: 2747: 1695:

By age three the child begins to use complex sentences, including relative clauses, although they are still perfecting various

475: 12065:"Maturation of social attribution skills in typically developing children: an investigation using the social attribution task" 9228:"Increased incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and developmental delay in cocaine-exposed, very low birth weight infants" 7378:

van Heugten M, Johnson EK (February 2014). "Learning to contend with accents in infancy: benefits of brief speaker exposure".

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positive parenting, but because they are likely to promote modeling, reinforcement, shared attention, and social cooperation.

285:

why he named it "preoperational," is that children at this point are not able to apply specific cognitive operations, such as

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Chilton M, Chyatte M, Breaux J (October 2007). "The negative effects of poverty & food insecurity on child development".

7927:"Deaf Children of Hearing Parents Have Age-Level Vocabulary Growth When Exposed to American Sign Language by 6 Months of Age" 7594: 7548: 7500: 7319: 7277: 7191: 7126: 7101: 7076: 7051: 6731: 6553: 5821: 5655: 5315:"Infants prefer the faces of strangers or mothers to morphed faces: an uncanny valley between social novelty and familiarity" 5256: 5209: 5067: 4970: 4853: 4797: 4757: 4728: 4695: 3979: 3896: 3842: 3809: 3776: 3663: 3595: 3458: 3425: 3392: 3359: 3326: 3203: 3143: 3105: 2879: 2033:

or repeating words out of context, problems responding to verbal instruction and ignoring people who speak to them directly.

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Butler SC, O'Sullivan LP, Shah BL, Berthier NE (November 2014). "Preference for infant-directed speech in preterm infants".

1688:. Following this there is a rapid appearance of grammatical rules and ordering of sentences. There is often an interest in 1700:

devise narrative as a way of understanding their own experience and as a medium for communicating their meaning to others.

11027: 3742: 2323:, in utero decreases birth weight, birth length, and head circumference. Parental opiate exposure may impact the infant's 1330:

speed may play an important role in acquiring temporal patterns in sequenced actions and the development of this ability.

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Richardson GA, Conroy ML, Day NL (1996). "Prenatal cocaine exposure: effects on the development of school-age children".

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is primarily concerned with ways in which young children acquire, develop, and use internal mental capabilities such as

499:, which showed that a phobia could be created by classical conditioning. Watson was instrumental in the modification of 14762: 12895: 12870: 12705: 10301:

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Chasnoff IJ, Griffith DR, Freier C, Murray J (February 1992). "Cocaine/polydrug use in pregnancy: two-year follow-up".

7166: 6647: 5916: 5794: 5154: 5102: 1884: 585:. Other researchers developed the notion, by observing this collaborative interaction in psychophysiological research. 10203:"Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age" 6747: 4961:

Buchwald J (1987). "A comparison of plasticity in sensory and cognitive processing systems". In Gunzenhauser N (ed.).

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Steensma TD, Kreukels BP, de Vries AL, Cohen-Kettenis PT (July 2013). "Gender identity development in adolescence".

1892: 1821:), children also gain knowledge about how to participate in conversations and how to relay past experiences/events ( 1063:, and can be evaluated either by a low weight for the child's age, or by a low rate of weight gain. A similar term, 14446: 13773: 13010: 12981: 12922: 9832:"Malnutrition at age 3 years and lower cognitive ability at age 11 years: independence from psychosocial adversity" 4353:"Shared intentionality modulates interpersonal neural synchronization at the establishment of communication system" 11840:"Descriptions of NICHD career development projects related to child abuse, child maltreatment, and child violence" 9646: 7660:"Developmental Language Disorder: Early Predictors, Age for the Diagnosis, and Diagnostic Tools. A Scoping Review" 4243:"The language of cooperation: shared intentionality drives variation in helping as a function of group membership" 3889:

Minimizing high-risk parenting: a review of what is known and consideration of appropriate preventive intervention

14590: 14436: 13015: 12810: 12735: 12438: 12345: 11646: 10647:"Maternal Education, Changing Family Circumstances, and Children's Skill Development in the United States and UK" 5603:

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Research has provided conflicting evidence regarding the severity of effects on children's development posed by

2192:

while the children were 6 weeks and/or 6 months old found that maternal depression had no effect on the child's

1940:

communicating with their baby. In certain circumstances, parents will have to seek professional help, such as a

1444:

differences between boys and girls of the same age may also be associated with the differences in the timing of

1316:

The ability to learn temporal patterns in sequenced actions was investigated in elementary-school-age children.

14757: 14747: 13668: 13453: 13424: 12685: 8496:"Growth, development, and behavior in early childhood following prenatal cocaine exposure: a systematic review" 3036: 2686:, a professional looking to start an assessment of neglect might start with information collected by a doctor. 2235: 2164: 1956: 1888: 1220: 353: 6673:"Sex Similarities and Differences in Intelligence in Children Aged Two to Eight: Analysis of SON-R 2-8 Scores" 1354:

boys in tests of these skills, but by about six or seven boys and girls score similarly. This is also true of

14752: 14477: 14293: 14114: 13194: 12912: 12888: 12454: 12369: 11277:"Seven-year neurodevelopmental scores and prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos, a common agricultural pesticide" 2869: 962: 10419: 10102: 1203:. Lower motor coordination results in difficulties with speed accuracy and with trade-off in complex tasks. 717:

What are the mechanisms of development – what aspects of experience and heredity cause developmental change?

581:. He posed ideas about unaware processes during social learning after birth to explain processes in shaping 14671: 14517: 14413: 14388: 14159: 13857: 13394: 12927: 12772: 12488: 10872:

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Halim ML (2016-03-29). "Princesses and Superheroes: Social-Cognitive Influences on Early Gender Rigidity".

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Separation anxiety is a typical stage of development to an extent. Kicking, screaming, and throwing temper

1379:

called a "social smile". By about 8–12 months, they go through a fairly rapid change and become fearful of

1368: 360: 11361:"Interpersonal trauma exposure and cognitive development in children to age 8 years: a longitudinal study" 8592:

Slomian, Justine; Honvo, Germain; Emonts, Patrick; Reginster, Jean-Yves; Bruyère, Olivier (January 2019).

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Fishburn FA, Murty VP, Hlutkowsky CO, MacGillivray CE, Bemis LM, Murphy ME, et al. (September 2018).

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schools make an effort to increase family and school involvement, children perform better on state tests.

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are late to reach major motor skills milestones like sucking, grasping, rolling, sitting up and walking,

830:

that exist in studies with adults also exist in studying children, with some notable differences. Namely

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Fast Facts Handbook for Pediatric Primary Care: A Guide for Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants

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6048:"The Relationship between Executive Functions and Gross Motor Skills in Rural Children Aged 8–10 Years" 2904: 2762: 2724: 1713:

decontextualize words, and refine meaning of words are diverse. One hypothesis, known as the syntactic

1188: 853: 811: 577:

contributed to knowledge about the origins of social cognition in children by developing the notion of

409: 4319: 4103: 4048: 1630:

Irregular past: went, modal and verb: can/will; 28 to 436-word vocabulary; 93–265 utterances per hour

174:

programs may be beneficial for childhood development such as learning capabilities and social skills.

14742: 14701: 14537: 14257: 14089: 13862: 13831: 13209: 13092: 12678: 9687:"Can water, sanitation and hygiene help eliminate stunting? Current evidence and policy implications" 8594:"Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes" 6358: 3696: 2874: 2556: 2517: 2256: 2140: 2003:

develop infant babble and use a fully expressive sign language at the same pace as hearing children.

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Recognizing and Helping the Neglected Child: Evidence-Based Practice for Assessment and Intervention

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motor development. As all these features go into making a medical assessment of whether a child is

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This concept has been expanded to the intrauterine period. Research professor in bioengineering at

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some weaknesses include the child or adolescent developing some egocentric thoughts, including the

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to impair motor development, while others showed no effect of cocaine use on motor development.

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Neglect matters: a multi-agency guide for professionals working together on behalf of teenagers

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focus child is aged 2–12, and where the child is not the subject of a child protection plan.

2537: 2520:, other intestinal infections, and parasites during early childhood can lead to irreversible 2449: 2425: 2367: 2270: 2193: 2179: 1355: 1285: 1262: 1232: 745: 648: 607: 602: 597: 593: 578: 229: 127: 68:. It is—particularly from birth to five years— a foundation for a prosperous and sustainable 10514:

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Single-word stage and a few sentences; 2–3 word combinations; Articles: a/the; Plural: -s

744:, in which a group of children is re-examined on a number of occasions as they get older; 37: 8: 14600: 14527: 14451: 14272: 14252: 14207: 14144: 14027: 13979: 13795: 13777: 13740: 13730: 13584: 13486: 13463: 13311: 13303: 13082: 13060: 12788: 11176:"Intellectual impairment in school-age children exposed to manganese from drinking water" 5671: 4210:"Empirical Evidence of Shared Intentionality: Towards Bioengineering Systems Development" 2301: 2189: 1846: 1665: 1394:. The level of intensity of these symptoms can help determine whether or not a child has 1158: 1120: 315: 202: 126:

Developmental change may occur as a result of genetically controlled processes, known as

12364: 11984: 11931: 11144: 9748: 9331: 9150: 8371: 5379: 4377: 4352: 3891:. Radnor, Pa: Johnson & Johnson Baby Products Company pediatric round table series. 3517:

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for age and gender, which corresponds to the shortest 2.3% of individuals. In contrast,

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Third-person singular: -s; 896 to 1,507-word vocabulary; 1,500 to 1,700 words per hour

1391: 1048: 741: 727: 333: 286: 12183: 11275:

Rauh V, Arunajadai S, Horton M, Perera F, Hoepner L, Barr DB, Whyatt R (August 2011).

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Bryan J, Osendarp S, Hughes D, Calvaresi E, Baghurst K, van Klinken JW (August 2004).

9339: 9243: 9158: 6962: 6262: 6220: 6099:"Fine Motor Skills and Executive Function Both Contribute to Kindergarten Achievement" 4021: 4004: 1976:

Language delay can be caused by a substantial number of underlying disorders, such as

1817:

When children acquire language and learn to use language for communicative functions (

1398:, which is when a child constantly and intensely refuses to separate from the parent. 14737: 14580: 14502: 14482: 14353: 14232: 14227: 14192: 14169: 14084: 13704: 13229: 13219: 13151: 13077: 12961: 12531: 12326: 12283: 12240: 12197: 12187: 12160: 12154: 12141: 12096: 12051: 12008: 11955: 11916:"Auditory development between 7 and 11 years: an event-related potential (ERP) study" 11902: 11727: 11548: 11481: 11390: 11341: 11337: 11306: 11257: 11205: 11156: 11109: 11001: 10963: 10934: 10904: 10824: 10788: 10754: 10711: 10676: 10582: 10539: 10496: 10461: 10411: 10361: 10318: 10276: 10232: 10183: 10142: 10092: 10049: 10008: 9946: 9905: 9861: 9804: 9760: 9716: 9619: 9552: 9525: 9467: 9463: 9424: 9379: 9371: 9343: 9304: 9292: 9257: 9200: 9196: 9162: 9119: 9084: 9080: 9044: 8995: 8946: 8911: 8860: 8795: 8760: 8697: 8693: 8659: 8623: 8567: 8525: 8473: 8433: 8395: 8336: 8287: 8227: 8223: 8188: 8140: 8128: 8082: 8042: 8007: 7956: 7907: 7858: 7809: 7758: 7722: 7691: 7590: 7544: 7496: 7465: 7434: 7395: 7315: 7273: 7187: 7162: 7122: 7097: 7072: 7047: 6966: 6935: 6873: 6790: 6727: 6704: 6594: 6510: 6430: 6391: 6379: 6338: 6266: 6224: 6189: 6138: 6114: 6079: 5991: 5817: 5790: 5753: 5728: 5651: 5585: 5521: 5490: 5478: 5411: 5344: 5295: 5252: 5215: 5205: 5140: 5098: 5073: 5063: 5018: 4966: 4943: 4849: 4793: 4763: 4753: 4746: 4724: 4701: 4691: 4612: 4569: 4555: 4523: 4466: 4431: 4382: 4272: 4168: 4026: 3985: 3975: 3968: 3937: 3902: 3892: 3848: 3838: 3815: 3805: 3782: 3772: 3669: 3659: 3628: 3591: 3566: 3503: 3464: 3454: 3431: 3421: 3398: 3388: 3365: 3355: 3332: 3322: 3315: 3282: 3199: 3149: 3139: 3111: 3101: 3078: 3007: 2824: 2801: 2613: 2533: 2438: 2402: 2383: 2011: 1786: 1738: 1730: 1685: 1424: 1380: 1056: 1052: 574: 556:

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may reduce IQ by an average of 13.5 points compared to healthy individual.

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and other biological mechanisms, as is seen in the many genetic causes of

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SafeCare: evidence from a home based parenting programme for neglect

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(VIG)" 11702:Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 10207:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9578: 8670: 7782:Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 7380:Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 7373: 7371: 7369: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7200: 7156: 6021: 5972:Current Directions in Psychological Science 5627:. Bristol University Press. pp. 31–64. 4911: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4723:. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 4498:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 4448: 4317: 4101: 4046: 3793: 3416:Carton AS, Vygotskiĭ LS, Rieber RW (1987). 3218: 2929: 2188:A study of 18-month-olds whose mothers had 1999:children that are born to families who use 1923: 1891:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1438: 1348: 1333: 1296:. Environmental factors including food and 1253:Mental and emotional aspects of development 924:(testicular enlargement) 11.5y (9.5y–13.5y) 714:What are the rate and speed of development? 693: 453:Industry vs. inferiority (young adolescent) 13963: 13949: 13590:Other specified feeding or eating disorder 12857: 12693: 12679: 12446: 12432: 12393:"child development activities for parents" 11582: 11517:Zeanah CH, Humphreys KL (September 2018). 11430:. Harvard University. 2015. Archived from 10962:. Teachers College Press. pp. 63–85. 10920: 10918: 10125:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 9882:Webb KE, Horton NJ, Katz DL (April 2005). 9737:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 9487: 9485: 9483: 9481: 8836: 8444: 8418:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 7826: 7744: 7490: 7247: 6570: 6551: 6300: 5969: 5887:"FDA Approves Humatrope for Short Stature" 5789:. 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The Learning House, Inc. 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Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2938: 2631:any relevant information, and removing 2412: 2212:, contrasting with many older studies. 2173: 1962: 1024: 939:(first ejaculation) 13.5y (11.5y–15.5y) 14: 14776: 12301:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 12254:"Normal development of brain circuits" 12152: 11506:. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 10924: 10513: 10358:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 10261: 9888:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 9801:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.11.022 9545:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 8964:Schechter DS, Willheim E (July 2009). 8885: 8806: 8484: 7980:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 7567:Richards JC, Schmidt WR, eds. (1986). 7146:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 6913: 6748:"Infant Emotion: Lifespan Development" 6455:. Princeton University. Archived from 6356:Rudisill ME, Johnson JL (2018-07-24). 6030: 5784: 5771: 4965:. 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Delhi: Prerna Parkashan. 7248:Hart B, Risley TR (1999). 6065:10.3390/healthcare10040616 5465:10.3758/s13423-019-01688-5 4418:10.1038/s42003-021-02319-3 4369:10.1038/s42003-023-05197-z 4304:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.012 3767:Tyson P, Tyson RL (1990). 3496:10.1177/019263658807250914 3420:. New York: Plenum Press. 3269:Introduction to Psychology 2994:10.1016/j.tins.2006.01.007 2978:"Mapping brain maturation" 2905:Child development in India 2763:Video interaction guidance 2585: 2566: 2283: 2254: 2250: 2177: 2096: 2045: 1455: 1373: 1366: 1207:Children with disabilities 933:Growth spurt 13y (11y–15y) 930:(pubic hair) 12y (10y–14y) 841: 812:Magnetic Resonance Imaging 676:Child playing with bubbles 646: 473: 419: 381: 347: 257: 217: 190: 29: 14743:National Childbirth Trust 14720: 14629: 14546: 14538:Stress in early childhood 14470: 14422: 14281: 14258:Taking children seriously 14178: 14090:Applied behavior analysis 14073: 13978: 13906: 13895: 13871: 13863:Simple-type schizophrenia 13840: 13832:Schizophreniform disorder 13809: 13788: 13784: 13763: 13716: 13698: 13667: 13644: 13598: 13565: 13561: 13550: 13472: 13439: 13387: 13330: 13321: 13302: 13298: 13277: 13243: 13210:Mild cognitive impairment 13195:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 13175: 13137: 13133: 13122: 13093:Major depressive disorder 13046: 13032: 12998:Psychological development 12997: 12972: 12869: 12865: 12852: 12781: 12728: 12724: 12713: 12647: 12555: 12497: 12461: 12365:Resources in your library 12227:10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4 11714:10.1007/s10567-017-0250-5 11519:"Child Abuse and Neglect" 11467:10.1186/s12887-020-2015-4 11035:World Health Organisation 10166:The Journal of Pediatrics 9660:Chambers R (2 May 2012). 9232:The Journal of Pediatrics 9031:10.1080/14616730701453762 8982:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.001 8323:10.1007/s10964-015-0351-8 8274:10.1007/s10964-016-0499-x 7931:The Journal of Pediatrics 7845:10.1016/j.chc.2017.03.001 7751:American Family Physician 7715:American Family Physician 7643:Ninio A, Snow EC (1996). 7462:10.1017/S0305000900013271 7450:Journal of Child Language 7427:10.1207/s15327817la0101_2 6928:10.1007/s10566-012-9180-z 6724:Structural Bioinformatics 6625:www.stanfordchildrens.org 6175:10.3389/fnhum.2021.645209 6005:Lang D (August 1, 2022). 5921:Merck Manual Professional 5752:. 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Prolonged exposure to 2257:Prenatal cocaine exposure 2041: 1827:sociolinguistic knowledge 874: 253: 213: 193:Ecological systems theory 14789:Developmental psychology 14399:The talk (sex education) 14110:Developmental psychology 13911:Impulse-control disorder 13827:Schizoaffective disorder 13822:Brief reactive psychosis 13519:Mass psychogenic illness 13482:Body dysmorphic disorder 13261:Post-concussion syndrome 12871:Emotional and behavioral 12127:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00076 11377:10.1136/jech-2011-200727 10954:Bowman B, Ray A (2012). 10773:Developmental Psychology 10663:10.1177/0002716217729471 10315:10.1136/jech.2010.121228 10087:. 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(1984). 2860:Developmental psychology 2835:Child development stages 2578:between the parents and 2354:Malnutrition during the 2329:autonomic nervous system 1771:communicative competence 1083:A child learning to walk 844:Child development stages 694:Asynchronous development 549:dynamical systems theory 542: 530: 497:Little Albert experiment 426:Psychosocial development 260:Child development stages 230:intellectual development 117:developmental psychology 14606:Parental responsibility 14566:Cost of raising a child 13848:Childhood schizophrenia 13200:Frontotemporal dementia 13157:High-functioning autism 12974:Intellectual disability 12258:Neuropsychopharmacology 10821:10.1111/1467-8624.00457 10493:10.1111/1467-8624.00089 10005:10.1542/peds.107.6.1381 9901:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602103 9666:Sanitation Learning Hub 8792:10.1111/1469-7610.00662 8757:10.1111/1469-7610.00784 8682:Early Human Development 8470:10.1111/1469-7610.00758 8381:10.1073/pnas.1812041116 6752:Open Education Resource 6677:Journal of Intelligence 6483:Frontiers in Psychology 6284:Bell S (14 June 2011). 6015:10.31274/isudp.2022.122 5984:10.1111/1467-8721.00042 5560:Neuropsychopharmacology 5389:10.1073/pnas.1113380109 4918:Neuropsychopharmacology 4141:Journal of Intelligence 2982:Trends in Neurosciences 2698:Starting the assessment 2141:stress response systems 2129:physiologic instability 2092: 2075: 2059:Evidence suggests that 1978:intellectual disability 1390:are normal symptoms of 1294:intellectual disability 1225:frequent ear infections 756:Infant research methods 746:cross-sectional studies 643:playing in a playground 267:(birth to about age 2) 13365:Specific social phobia 13256:Organic brain syndrome 13098:Melancholic depression 12859:Childhood and learning 12215:Neuropsychology Review 12082:10.1186/1744-9081-6-10 11794:– via vimeo.com. 11678:. 2015. Archived from 11653:. 2015. Archived from 11153:10.1006/enrs.2000.4106 11133:Environmental Research 11037:. 1987. Archived from 10458:10.1001/jama.272.4.277 10388:The Future of Children 10251:"Socioeconomic Status" 10138:10.1093/ajcn/75.6.1062 8564:10.1542/peds.2015-4271 8430:10.1093/ajcn/34.9.1885 7157:Peterwagner R (2005). 6251:Human Movement Science 6035:. Harcourt Assessment. 5331:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0346 5121:Gifted Child Quarterly 5054:. In Johnson M (ed.). 4406:Communications Biology 4357:Communications Biology 4318:Val Danilov I (2023). 4259:10.1098/rspb.2017.1682 4102:Val Danilov I (2023). 3743:"Definition: Fixation" 2774:The SafeCare programme 2719:Linking to stimulation 2446:educational attainment 2347:is a large problem in 2325:central nervous system 2263:maternal substance use 2169: 2161: 2007:Developmental Dyslexia 1924:Individual differences 1744:positive reinforcement 1729:, usage-based theory ( 1439:Population differences 1349:Population differences 1334:Individual differences 1258:Cognitive/intellectual 1239:Population differences 1191:or conditions such as 1178:Individual differences 1084: 1047:as height more than 2 822:Ethical considerations 816:electroencephalography 795: 732:observational research 677: 644: 560:Beginning of cognition 493:classical conditioning 166:(ages 18 - 25 years). 162:(ages 10 - 25 years); 158:(ages 13 – 19 years); 142:(ages 3 – 11 months); 46: 14728:Families Need Fathers 14289:After-school activity 14213:Concerted cultivation 14208:Buddha-like parenting 14140:Nature versus nurture 14105:Cognitive development 13921:Psychomotor agitation 13711:and substance-related 13654:Postpartum depression 13534:Somatization disorder 13420:Acute stress reaction 13185:AIDS dementia complex 11434:on 12 September 2018. 11061:IDS Working Paper 450 9942:10.1093/jn/131.2.649S 9606:10.1093/nutrit/nuy068 9570:Dominguez EI (2017). 9421:10.1542/peds.98.5.938 9289:10.1542/peds.89.2.284 8067:Hormones and Behavior 6848:Developmental Science 5249:10.4135/9781483346441 4451:Biological Psychology 4015:(1): 105–10, 111–25. 3613:American Psychologist 2840:Child life specialist 2754:Intervention programs 2538:intelligence quotient 2459:enriching environment 2368:intelligence quotient 2271:cognitive development 2194:cognitive development 2180:Postpartum depression 2162: 2102: 1286:Cognitive development 1263:Cognitive development 1082: 793: 675: 649:Nature versus nurture 639: 608:Shared intentionality 603:Shared intentionality 598:Shared intentionality 594:Shared intentionality 579:Shared intentionality 154:(ages 5 – 12 years); 138:(ages 0 – 2 months); 40: 18:Childhood development 14586:Right to family life 14513:Dysfunctional family 14223:Free-range parenting 14198:Attachment parenting 14188:Achievement ideology 13916:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 13746:Substance dependence 13659:Postpartum psychosis 13205:Huntington's disease 12987:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 12836:Personality disorder 12270:10.1038/npp.2009.115 11823:Churchill G (2015). 11685:on 20 November 2015. 11657:on 21 November 2015. 11620:on 20 November 2015. 11067:on 13 December 2021. 11044:on 26 February 2015. 10700:The Economic Journal 7721:(11): 3121–8, 3135. 7541:Language development 7415:Language Acquisition 7360:Education Psychology 7184:Language acquisition 7094:Language acquisition 7044:Language acquisition 6566:on 14 November 2014. 6453:futureofchildren.org 5897:on February 14, 2005 5572:10.1038/npp.2014.236 5201:How children develop 4930:10.1038/npp.2009.115 4682:Patterson C (2008). 4189:Tomasello M (2019). 3519:Psychologies of 1925 3352:Thought and Language 2965:. 23 September 2021. 2850:Clinical social work 2635:that may be against 2418:Socioeconomic status 2413:Socioeconomic status 2174:Postnatal depression 2153:exaggerated response 1963:Environmental causes 1885:improve this section 1458:Language development 1323:integrative learning 1189:developmental delays 1071:in early childhood. 1025:Mechanisms of change 742:longitudinal studies 513:operant conditioning 150:(ages 3 – 4 years); 146:(ages 1 – 2 years); 113:prenatal development 14601:Parental alienation 14528:Narcissistic parent 14452:Positive discipline 14273:Work at home parent 14253:Strict father model 14238:Nurturant parenting 14145:Parental investment 13980:Kinship terminology 13796:Delusional disorder 13741:Stimulant psychosis 13731:Physical dependence 13585:Rumination syndrome 13487:Conversion disorder 13464:Psychogenic amnesia 13314:with depressed mood 13312:Adjustment disorder 13215:Parkinson's disease 13190:Alzheimer's disease 13083:Atypical depression 12919:Social functioning 12794:Munchausen syndrome 12789:Factitious disorder 12419:on 30 January 2009. 12387:. 15 February 2022. 12381:"Child development" 12313:10.2214/AJR.08.2246 11985:2011PLoSO...620726F 11932:2011PLoSO...618993B 11856:on 10 October 2021. 11611:Action for Children 11566:Sullivan S (2000). 11293:10.1289/ehp.1003160 11244:10.1289/ehp.1003185 11192:10.1289/ehp.1002321 11145:2001ER.....85...69C 10958:. In Falk B (ed.). 10257:on 31 January 2019. 10108:on 30 January 2019. 10066:Reavley N. (1998). 9749:2014NYASA1308..118N 9697:(Suppl 1): 91–105. 9332:1999NTxT...21..527C 9238:(5 Pt 1): 765–771. 9151:1996NTxT...18..627R 8604:: 174550651984404. 8372:2019PNAS..116..484R 7993:10.2147/NDT.S331987 7023:on 13 December 2012 6903:on 6 November 2012. 6891:Robinson L (2012). 6821:HealthyChildren.org 6787:10.1017/sjp.2014.86 6579:Brain and Cognition 6286:"Flexibility diets" 5672:"Child Development" 5623:Aldridge J (2015). 5380:2012PNAS..109.3253B 5178:Goodwin CJ (2009). 5159:HealthyChildren.org 4844:Feldman RS (2011). 4744:Erikson EH (1968). 4510:10.1093/scan/nsy060 3881:Sameroff A (1983). 3749:. Purdue University 3383:Wertsch JV (1985). 3194:Shaffer DR (2009). 3138:. Wiley-Blackwell. 2725:developmental delay 2606:a different subject 2542:Manganese poisoning 2424:is more harmful on 2302:placental abruption 2190:depressive symptoms 1972:Neurological causes 1847:narrative discourse 1823:discourse knowledge 1666:expressive language 1614:50-word vocabulary 1606:10-word vocabulary 1547:Child Age in Months 1543: 1528:A child learns the 1233:learning disability 1121:executive functions 1049:standard deviations 953:Physical growth in 854:delayed development 519:. Skinner used the 327:The final stage of 316:inductive reasoning 203:Urie Bronfenbrenner 14647:T. Berry Brazelton 14384:Social integration 14120:Identity formation 13815:schizophrenia-like 13459:Dissociative fugue 12908:Movement disorders 12610:Emerging adulthood 12153:Mooney CG (2000). 11877:Brain and Language 10925:McLoyd VC (2013). 9757:10.1111/nyas.12330 9637:Scoones I (2015). 8656:10.1093/bmb/ldr047 8039:10.1111/cdep.12176 7144:What is Morphology 6860:10.1111/desc.12058 5785:Tanner JM (1990). 5155:"Newborn Reflexes" 4963:Infant Stimulation 4253:(1863): 20171682. 2374:Specific nutrients 2349:developing nations 2201:longitudinal study 2061:neonatal androgens 1989:hearing impairment 1658:receptive language 1541: 1392:separation anxiety 1185:primitive reflexes 1085: 828:ethical challenges 796: 728:Empirical research 678: 645: 590:Liepaja University 334:imaginary audience 322:Formal operations: 303:rational thinking. 187:Ecological systems 47: 14784:Child development 14771: 14770: 14581:Family disruption 14503:Cinderella effect 14483:Child abandonment 14457:Tactical ignoring 14354:Moral development 14233:Helicopter parent 14228:Gatekeeper parent 14193:Atlas personality 14170:Social psychology 14115:Human development 14100:Child development 14085:Attachment theory 13938: 13937: 13934: 13933: 13891: 13890: 13887: 13886: 13759: 13758: 13694: 13693: 13690: 13689: 13546: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13435: 13434: 13273: 13272: 13269: 13268: 13230:Vascular dementia 13152:Asperger syndrome 13118: 13117: 13028: 13027: 13024: 13023: 12962:Tourette syndrome 12848: 12847: 12844: 12843: 12668: 12667: 12532:Adult development 12510:Child development 12351:Child development 12346:Library resources 12193:978-0-12-374470-8 12166:978-1-884834-85-1 12159:. Redleaf Press. 11838:Slack KS (2006). 11786:on 22 August 2016 11631:Official Report. 11371:(11): 1005–1010. 10969:978-0-8077-5310-1 10940:978-1-135-45262-9 10889:Child Development 10809:Child Development 10516:Child Development 10481:Child Development 10282:978-0-87154-143-7 10098:978-1-882345-03-8 10032:Nutrition Reviews 9703:10.1111/mcn.12258 9594:Nutrition Reviews 8888:Child Development 8857:10.1159/000081983 8506:(12): 1613–1625. 8212:Child Development 8175:10.1111/jne.12562 7894:10.3205/cto000108 7757:(10): 1183–1188. 7596:978-0-8391-1608-0 7550:978-0-495-50820-5 7502:978-1-55766-197-5 7321:978-1-292-04106-3 7279:978-1-55766-420-4 7209:Children's Speech 7193:978-0-674-50931-3 7128:978-3-11-018969-8 7103:978-0-674-50931-3 7078:978-0-521-28183-6 7053:978-0-674-50931-3 6733:978-0-470-18105-8 6407:Child Development 6103:Child Development 6031:Bayley N (2005). 5823:978-0-8261-5184-1 5657:978-3-319-61120-4 5258:978-1-4522-5876-8 5211:978-1-319-18456-8 5069:978-0-631-18222-1 4995:Child Development 4972:978-0-931562-15-0 4855:978-0-205-80591-4 4799:978-0-534-33977-7 4786:Mercer J (1998). 4759:978-0-393-31144-0 4730:978-0-8191-5788-1 4697:978-0-07-234795-1 4686:Child development 3981:978-0-205-61559-9 3970:Child development 3898:978-0-931562-07-5 3866:Gleick J (1987). 3844:978-0-585-03867-4 3811:978-0-7619-6943-3 3778:978-0-300-04578-9 3665:978-0-13-144451-5 3597:978-1-133-95809-3 3527:10.1037/11020-001 3460:978-0-205-00505-5 3427:978-0-306-45707-4 3394:978-0-521-33830-1 3361:978-0-262-51771-3 3328:978-0-674-57628-5 3205:978-0-495-60038-1 3145:978-1-4051-7601-9 3107:978-0-674-22456-8 2825:Attachment theory 2802:Psychology portal 2654: 2653: 2534:arsenic poisoning 2439:poverty threshold 2403:Iodine deficiency 2246:Maternal drug use 2115:but also because 1921: 1920: 1913: 1787:intersubjectivity 1739:universal grammar 1686:chocolate biscuit 1650: 1649: 1410:Speed and pattern 1401:The capacity for 1381:perceived threats 1318:Temporal learning 1312:Speed and pattern 1104:Speed and pattern 1057:failure to thrive 1016:Speed and pattern 951: 950: 750:randomized design 575:Michael Tomasello 392:and developed by 384:Attachment theory 273:object permanence 152:school-aged child 99:, the individual 50:Child development 16:(Redirected from 14801: 14621:Shared parenting 14432:Blanket training 14424:Child discipline 14064:In loco parentis 14043:Shared parenting 13965: 13958: 13951: 13942: 13941: 13897: 13896: 13786: 13785: 13765: 13764: 13700: 13699: 13575:Anorexia nervosa 13563: 13562: 13552: 13551: 13529:Psychogenic pain 13497:Globus pharyngis 13345:Childhood phobia 13328: 13327: 13300: 13299: 13279: 13278: 13135: 13134: 13124: 13123: 13034: 13033: 12933:Selective mutism 12884:Conduct disorder 12867: 12866: 12854: 12853: 12831:Trichotillomania 12806:Gender dysphoria 12801:Fear of intimacy 12758:Sexual anhedonia 12726: 12725: 12715: 12714: 12702:Mental disorders 12695: 12688: 12681: 12672: 12671: 12648:Social and legal 12448: 12441: 12434: 12425: 12424: 12420: 12415:. 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Archived from 10385: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10298: 10287: 10286: 10268: 10259: 10258: 10247: 10241: 10240: 10230: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10181: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10140: 10131:(6): 1062–1071. 10116: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10101:. Archived from 10086: 10077: 10071: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10047: 10023: 10017: 10016: 9999:(6): 1381–1386. 9988: 9982: 9981: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9944: 9920: 9914: 9913: 9903: 9879: 9870: 9869: 9859: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9795:(8): 1118–1131. 9789:Neuropsychologia 9783: 9777: 9776: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9714: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9645:. Archived from 9634: 9628: 9627: 9617: 9585: 9576: 9575: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9523: 9513: 9489: 9476: 9475: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9392: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9255: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9180: 9171: 9170: 9134: 9128: 9127: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9064: 9053: 9052: 9042: 9010: 9004: 9003: 8993: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8937:(7): 1083–1101. 8926: 8920: 8919: 8894:(4): 1089–1096. 8883: 8877: 8876: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8813: 8804: 8803: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8677: 8668: 8667: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8621: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8558:(2): e20154271. 8543: 8534: 8533: 8523: 8491: 8482: 8481: 8453: 8442: 8441: 8424:(9): 1885–1892. 8413: 8404: 8403: 8393: 8383: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8334: 8317:(6): 1141–1155. 8302: 8296: 8295: 8285: 8268:(7): 1338–1349. 8253: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8234:. Archived from 8218:(5): 1129–1141. 8203: 8197: 8196: 8186: 8154: 8145: 8144: 8108: 8099: 8098: 8062: 8051: 8050: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8005: 7995: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7954: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7905: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7856: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7807: 7797: 7788:(5): 1642–1646. 7773: 7767: 7766: 7742: 7731: 7730: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7689: 7679: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7582: 7573: 7572: 7564: 7555: 7554: 7536: 7507: 7506: 7495:. P.H. Brookes. 7488: 7482: 7481: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7392:10.1037/a0032192 7375: 7364: 7363: 7355: 7326: 7325: 7307: 7284: 7283: 7265: 7254: 7253: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7233:Wood BS (1976). 7230: 7213: 7212: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7013: 7007: 7004: 6983: 6982: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6899:. Archived from 6888: 6882: 6881: 6871: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6754:. Lumen Learning 6744: 6738: 6737: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6702: 6692: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6652:Cleveland Clinic 6644: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6558: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6508: 6498: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6361: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6325:10.1037/a0014618 6304: 6298: 6297: 6296:on 28 June 2018. 6292:. Archived from 6281: 6275: 6274: 6246: 6233: 6232: 6215:(4): 1532–1544. 6204: 6198: 6197: 6187: 6177: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6136: 6126: 6109:(4): 1229–1244. 6094: 6088: 6087: 6077: 6067: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6028: 6019: 6018: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5782: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5726: 5709:(7): 2501–2507. 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5620: 5611: 5610: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5583: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5476: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5429: 5420: 5419: 5409: 5391: 5374:(9): 3253–3258. 5359: 5353: 5352: 5342: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5195: 5184: 5183: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5031: 5025:. Archived from 4992: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4941: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4841: 4804: 4803: 4783: 4772: 4771: 4751: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4719:Gross J (1987). 4716: 4710: 4709: 4689: 4679: 4642: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4597:Brain Topography 4592: 4586: 4585: 4567: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4521: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4429: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4380: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4324:OBM Neurobiology 4315: 4309: 4307: 4298:(6): 1291–1294. 4287: 4281: 4280: 4270: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4214:OBM Neurobiology 4205: 4199: 4198: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4166: 4156: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4108:OBM Neurobiology 4099: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4053:OBM Neurobiology 4044: 4035: 4034: 4024: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3973: 3966:Berk LE (2009). 3963: 3954: 3953: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3870:. Penguin Books. 3863: 3857: 3856: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3625:10.1037/h0045185 3608: 3602: 3601: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3558:10.1037/h0069608 3537: 3531: 3530: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3320: 3310: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3225: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3191: 3158: 3157: 3131: 3120: 3119: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3042:on 20 June 2017. 3041: 3035:. Archived from 3030: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3005: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2936: 2927: 2924: 2818: 2813: 2812: 2804: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2633:excessive detail 2598: 2597: 2590: 2557:Organophosphates 2399:thyroid hormones 2298:low birth weight 2221:vocal intonation 2121:adverse sequelae 1942:speech therapist 1916: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1865: 1857: 1853:Causes of delays 1835:miscommunication 1544: 1540: 1470:sociolinguistics 1363:Social-emotional 1039:variations, the 1005: 993: 872: 871: 832:informed consent 21: 14809: 14808: 14804: 14803: 14802: 14800: 14799: 14798: 14774: 14773: 14772: 14767: 14716: 14697:Matthew Sanders 14652:Rudolf Dreikurs 14625: 14611:Parents' rights 14571:Deadbeat parent 14548: 14542: 14466: 14418: 14394:The talk (race) 14277: 14268:Tiger parenting 14174: 14069: 14018:Extended family 13974: 13969: 13939: 13930: 13902: 13883: 13867: 13836: 13814: 13805: 13780: 13755: 13712: 13709:substance abuse 13686: 13663: 13640: 13594: 13580:Bulimia nervosa 13557: 13538: 13514:Hypochondriasis 13509:False pregnancy 13492:Ganser syndrome 13474:Somatic symptom 13468: 13431: 13383: 13372:Specific phobia 13317: 13294: 13265: 13239: 13171: 13167:Savant syndrome 13139:Autism spectrum 13129: 13114: 13042: 13020: 12999: 12993: 12968: 12861: 12840: 12816:Dermatillomania 12777: 12763:Sexual anorexia 12720: 12709: 12699: 12669: 12664: 12660:Age of majority 12643: 12576:Early childhood 12551: 12498:Birth and after 12493: 12489:Gestational age 12457: 12452: 12411: 12399: 12391: 12379: 12376: 12375: 12374: 12354: 12353: 12349: 12342: 12337: 12194: 12167: 11866: 11864:Further reading 11861: 11853: 11842: 11836: 11832: 11821: 11817: 11809: 11803: 11799: 11789: 11787: 11774: 11773: 11769: 11759: 11757: 11744: 11743: 11739: 11694: 11690: 11682: 11671: 11667: 11666: 11662: 11645: 11644: 11640: 11630: 11629: 11625: 11617: 11606: 11602: 11601: 11597: 11589: 11581: 11577: 11564: 11560: 11515: 11511: 11500: 11493: 11446: 11439: 11422: 11421: 11417: 11406: 11402: 11357: 11353: 11322: 11318: 11273: 11269: 11224: 11217: 11172: 11168: 11128: 11121: 11096:10.21106/ijma.8 11076: 11072: 11053: 11049: 11041: 11030: 11026: 11025: 11021: 10981: 10977: 10970: 10952: 10948: 10941: 10923: 10916: 10885: 10881: 10870: 10866: 10855: 10851: 10840: 10836: 10804: 10800: 10766: 10762: 10731: 10727: 10692: 10688: 10643: 10639: 10624:10.2307/3559009 10607: 10601: 10594: 10571:10.2307/2786675 10555: 10551: 10528:10.2307/1125882 10512: 10508: 10477: 10473: 10441: 10437: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10400:10.2307/1602387 10383: 10377: 10373: 10342: 10338: 10299: 10290: 10283: 10269: 10262: 10249: 10248: 10244: 10213:(4): CD010205. 10199: 10195: 10158: 10154: 10117: 10113: 10105: 10099: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10065: 10061: 10024: 10020: 9989: 9985: 9962: 9958: 9921: 9917: 9880: 9873: 9828: 9824: 9784: 9780: 9732: 9728: 9683: 9679: 9670: 9668: 9658: 9654: 9635: 9631: 9586: 9579: 9568: 9564: 9541: 9537: 9490: 9479: 9448: 9444: 9405: 9401: 9390: 9359: 9355: 9316: 9312: 9273: 9269: 9224: 9220: 9181: 9174: 9135: 9131: 9108: 9104: 9065: 9056: 9011: 9007: 8962: 8958: 8927: 8923: 8900:10.2307/1130275 8884: 8880: 8845:Psychopathology 8841: 8837: 8814: 8807: 8776: 8772: 8741: 8737: 8713: 8709: 8678: 8671: 8639: 8635: 8590: 8586: 8576: 8574: 8544: 8537: 8492: 8485: 8454: 8445: 8414: 8407: 8352: 8348: 8303: 8299: 8254: 8250: 8241: 8239: 8204: 8200: 8155: 8148: 8109: 8102: 8063: 8054: 8023: 8019: 7972: 7968: 7923: 7919: 7874: 7870: 7825: 7821: 7774: 7770: 7743: 7734: 7707: 7703: 7656: 7652: 7641: 7637: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7583: 7576: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7539:Hoff E (2009). 7537: 7510: 7503: 7489: 7485: 7446: 7442: 7411: 7407: 7376: 7367: 7358:Pal BK (2011). 7356: 7329: 7322: 7308: 7287: 7280: 7268:Hart B (1999). 7266: 7257: 7246: 7242: 7231: 7216: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7180: 7176: 7169: 7155: 7151: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7067:Lass R (1984). 7065: 7061: 7054: 7040: 7036: 7026: 7024: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7005: 6986: 6947: 6943: 6912: 6908: 6889: 6885: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6734: 6720: 6716: 6669: 6665: 6656: 6654: 6646: 6645: 6638: 6629: 6627: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6556: 6550: 6546: 6537: 6535: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6475: 6471: 6462: 6460: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6419:10.2307/1132267 6413:(5): 1299–312. 6403: 6399: 6354: 6350: 6305: 6301: 6282: 6278: 6257:(5–6): 621–39. 6247: 6236: 6205: 6201: 6154: 6150: 6095: 6091: 6044: 6040: 6029: 6022: 6003: 5999: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5930: 5928: 5913: 5909: 5900: 5898: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5871: 5869: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5847: 5845: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5783: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5744: 5740: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5636: 5632: 5621: 5614: 5601: 5597: 5552: 5548: 5537: 5533: 5502: 5498: 5445: 5441: 5430: 5423: 5360: 5356: 5319:Biology Letters 5311: 5307: 5276: 5272: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5231: 5227: 5212: 5196: 5187: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5161: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5091:Berk L (2005). 5089: 5085: 5070: 5048: 5044: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5007:10.2307/1130197 4990: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4959: 4955: 4910: 4906: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4842: 4807: 4800: 4784: 4775: 4760: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4717: 4713: 4698: 4680: 4645: 4636: 4632: 4593: 4589: 4539: 4535: 4490: 4486: 4447: 4443: 4398: 4394: 4349: 4345: 4316: 4312: 4288: 4284: 4239: 4235: 4206: 4202: 4187: 4180: 4133: 4129: 4100: 4087: 4078: 4074: 4045: 4038: 4001: 3997: 3982: 3964: 3957: 3918: 3914: 3899: 3879: 3875: 3864: 3860: 3845: 3831: 3827: 3812: 3798: 3794: 3779: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3750: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3724: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3702: 3700: 3685: 3681: 3666: 3652: 3648: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3582: 3575: 3538: 3534: 3515: 3511: 3490:(509): 95–100. 3480: 3476: 3461: 3447: 3443: 3428: 3414: 3410: 3395: 3381: 3377: 3362: 3348: 3344: 3329: 3311: 3300: 3291: 3289: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3261: 3257: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3192: 3161: 3146: 3132: 3123: 3108: 3094: 3090: 3067:10.2307/1602366 3051: 3047: 3039: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3019: 2974: 2970: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2855:Critical period 2814: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2756: 2738: 2736:Measuring tools 2721: 2700: 2679: 2670: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2623:Please help by 2622: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2569: 2530: 2498: 2486:parenting style 2415: 2407:Zinc deficiency 2380:low iron levels 2376: 2356:first 1000 days 2337: 2300:, prematurity, 2286: 2259: 2253: 2248: 2232:psychopathology 2225:cortisol levels 2182: 2176: 2157:noxious stimuli 2109:preterm infants 2107:, particularly 2101: 2095: 2087: 2078: 2053:Gender identity 2050: 2048:Gender identity 2044: 2039: 1974: 1965: 1926: 1917: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1882: 1866: 1855: 1791:joint attention 1752: 1710: 1550:Language Skill 1539: 1482: 1465: 1460: 1454: 1441: 1421: 1412: 1376: 1371: 1365: 1351: 1336: 1314: 1283: 1267:problem-solving 1260: 1255: 1241: 1209: 1180: 1139:parietal cortex 1130: 1106: 1094: 1077: 1036: 1027: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1006: 998: 997: 994: 985: 984: 868: 866:Physical growth 863: 846: 840: 824: 777:Robert L. Fantz 758: 705: 696: 651: 634: 617: 567:binding problem 562: 545: 533: 521:operant chamber 517:verbal behavior 505:behavior theory 478: 472: 428: 420:Main articles: 418: 386: 380: 356: 348:Main articles: 346: 279:Preoperational: 262: 256: 226: 218:Main articles: 216: 195: 189: 184: 80:early childhood 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14807: 14797: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14738:Mothers' Union 14735: 14730: 14724: 14722: 14718: 14717: 14715: 14714: 14712:Benjamin Spock 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14692:Penelope Leach 14689: 14687:Annette Lareau 14684: 14679: 14677:Alan E. Kazdin 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14637:Mary Ainsworth 14633: 14631: 14627: 14626: 14624: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14552: 14550: 14549:social aspects 14544: 14543: 14541: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14474: 14472: 14468: 14467: 14465: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14428: 14426: 14420: 14419: 14417: 14416: 14411: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14314:Dishabituation 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14285: 14283: 14279: 14278: 14276: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14243:Slow parenting 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14184: 14182: 14176: 14175: 14173: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14081: 14079: 14074:Theories 14071: 14070: 14068: 14067: 14060: 14055: 14053:Blended family 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14033:Nuclear family 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13984: 13982: 13976: 13975: 13968: 13967: 13960: 13953: 13945: 13936: 13935: 13932: 13931: 13929: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13907: 13904: 13903: 13893: 13892: 13889: 13888: 13885: 13884: 13882: 13881: 13875: 13873: 13869: 13868: 13866: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13844: 13842: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13818: 13816: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13803: 13798: 13792: 13790: 13782: 13781: 13761: 13760: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13736:Rebound effect 13733: 13728: 13723: 13717: 13714: 13713: 13696: 13695: 13692: 13691: 13688: 13687: 13685: 13684: 13679: 13677:Hypersexuality 13673: 13671: 13665: 13664: 13662: 13661: 13656: 13650: 13648: 13642: 13641: 13639: 13638: 13637: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13616: 13611: 13605: 13603: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13571: 13569: 13559: 13558: 13548: 13547: 13544: 13543: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13484: 13478: 13476: 13470: 13469: 13467: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13445: 13443: 13437: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13429: 13428: 13427: 13422: 13412: 13410:Panic disorder 13407: 13402: 13397: 13391: 13389: 13385: 13384: 13382: 13381: 13380: 13379: 13377:Claustrophobia 13369: 13368: 13367: 13362: 13360:Anthropophobia 13352: 13350:Social anxiety 13347: 13342: 13336: 13334: 13325: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13315: 13308: 13306: 13296: 13295: 13275: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13247: 13245: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13220:Pick's disease 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13181: 13179: 13173: 13172: 13170: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13143: 13141: 13131: 13130: 13120: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13112: 13107: 13106: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13075: 13074: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13047: 13044: 13043: 13030: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13022: 13021: 13019: 13018: 13013: 13007: 13005: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12978: 12976: 12970: 12969: 12967: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12954: 12953: 12952: 12947: 12937: 12936: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12905: 12904: 12903: 12893: 12892: 12891: 12881: 12875: 12873: 12863: 12862: 12850: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12785: 12783: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12754: 12753: 12748: 12738: 12732: 12730: 12722: 12721: 12711: 12710: 12706:Classification 12698: 12697: 12690: 12683: 12675: 12666: 12665: 12663: 12662: 12657: 12651: 12649: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12635: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12614: 12613: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12600:Preadolescence 12592: 12591: 12590: 12589: 12588: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12559: 12557: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12507: 12501: 12499: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12465: 12463: 12459: 12458: 12451: 12450: 12443: 12436: 12428: 12422: 12421: 12409: 12397: 12395:. 3 June 2024. 12389: 12373: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12356: 12355: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12340:External links 12338: 12336: 12335: 12292: 12264:(1): 147–168. 12249: 12221:(4): 327–348. 12206: 12192: 12171: 12165: 12150: 12105: 12060: 12032:(5): 728–734. 12017: 11964: 11911: 11883:(2): 115–125. 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11859: 11830: 11815: 11797: 11767: 11756:on 3 June 2016 11737: 11708:(2): 171–202. 11688: 11660: 11638: 11623: 11595: 11575: 11558: 11529:(9): 637–644. 11509: 11491: 11454:BMC Pediatrics 11437: 11415: 11400: 11351: 11316: 11267: 11215: 11186:(1): 138–143. 11166: 11119: 11070: 11047: 11019: 10992:(3): 205–212. 10975: 10968: 10946: 10939: 10914: 10879: 10864: 10849: 10834: 10798: 10779:(6): 833–850. 10760: 10747:10.1086/345563 10741:(2): 409–448. 10725: 10706:(501): 29–47. 10686: 10637: 10618:(1): 155–192. 10592: 10549: 10522:(2): 215–228. 10506: 10471: 10452:(4): 277–283. 10435: 10371: 10336: 10309:(8): 716–722. 10288: 10281: 10260: 10242: 10193: 10172:(6): 689–697. 10152: 10111: 10097: 10072: 10068:Vitamins, etc. 10059: 10038:(8): 295–306. 10018: 9983: 9972:(2): 141–149. 9956: 9915: 9894:(4): 618–620. 9871: 9842:(6): 593–600. 9822: 9778: 9743:(1): 118–128. 9726: 9677: 9652: 9649:on 2021-12-13. 9629: 9600:(4): 240–253. 9577: 9562: 9551:(4): 262–272. 9535: 9511:10.1.1.290.287 9477: 9458:(5): 325–334. 9442: 9415:(5): 938–943. 9399: 9370:(4): 384–394. 9353: 9326:(5): 527–537. 9310: 9283:(2): 284–289. 9267: 9218: 9172: 9145:(6): 627–634. 9129: 9118:(3): 396–402. 9102: 9054: 9025:(3): 187–205. 9005: 8976:(3): 665–686. 8956: 8921: 8878: 8851:(6): 272–280. 8835: 8805: 8786:(6): 747–757. 8770: 8751:(7): 871–889. 8735: 8724:(4): 407–417. 8707: 8688:(8): 651–655. 8669: 8633: 8598:Women's Health 8584: 8535: 8483: 8464:(5): 623–636. 8443: 8405: 8366:(2): 484–489. 8346: 8297: 8248: 8198: 8146: 8119:(4): 398–406. 8100: 8073:(2): 288–297. 8052: 8033:(3): 155–160. 8017: 7966: 7917: 7868: 7839:(3): 539–554. 7819: 7768: 7732: 7701: 7664:Brain Sciences 7650: 7635: 7602: 7595: 7574: 7556: 7549: 7508: 7501: 7483: 7440: 7405: 7386:(1): 340–350. 7365: 7327: 7320: 7285: 7278: 7255: 7240: 7214: 7199: 7192: 7174: 7168:978-3825884871 7167: 7149: 7134: 7127: 7109: 7102: 7084: 7077: 7059: 7052: 7034: 7008: 6984: 6957:(2): 363–374. 6941: 6922:(5): 493–508. 6906: 6883: 6854:(6): 864–878. 6834: 6808: 6765: 6739: 6732: 6714: 6663: 6636: 6612: 6585:(1): 106–114. 6569: 6544: 6533:www.cde.ca.gov 6520: 6469: 6440: 6397: 6348: 6319:(1): 129–138. 6299: 6290:livestrong.com 6276: 6234: 6199: 6148: 6089: 6038: 6020: 5997: 5978:(6): 178–182. 5962: 5937: 5907: 5878: 5854: 5829: 5822: 5802: 5796:978-0674306929 5795: 5787:Fetus into Man 5770: 5738: 5689: 5663: 5656: 5630: 5612: 5595: 5546: 5531: 5512:(4): 697–704. 5496: 5439: 5421: 5354: 5325:(5): 725–728. 5305: 5286:(4): 505–511. 5270: 5257: 5225: 5210: 5185: 5170: 5146: 5127:(4): 283–298. 5110: 5104:978-0205511389 5103: 5083: 5068: 5042: 5001:(3): 539–559. 4978: 4971: 4953: 4924:(1): 147–168. 4904: 4861: 4854: 4805: 4798: 4773: 4758: 4736: 4729: 4711: 4696: 4643: 4630: 4603:(3): 243–256. 4587: 4533: 4504:(8): 841–849. 4484: 4441: 4392: 4343: 4310: 4282: 4233: 4200: 4178: 4127: 4085: 4072: 4036: 3995: 3980: 3955: 3928:(2): 255–283. 3912: 3897: 3873: 3858: 3843: 3825: 3810: 3792: 3777: 3759: 3733: 3709: 3679: 3664: 3646: 3619:(8): 503–515. 3603: 3596: 3573: 3532: 3509: 3484:NASSP Bulletin 3474: 3459: 3441: 3426: 3408: 3393: 3375: 3360: 3342: 3327: 3298: 3274: 3255: 3237: 3211: 3204: 3159: 3144: 3121: 3106: 3088: 3061:(5): 658–666. 3045: 3017: 2988:(3): 148–159. 2968: 2950: 2941:"Introduction" 2928: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2816:Biology portal 2805: 2789: 2786: 2755: 2752: 2737: 2734: 2720: 2717: 2699: 2696: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2652: 2651: 2602: 2600: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2568: 2565: 2561:working memory 2529: 2528:Toxin exposure 2526: 2497: 2494: 2434:lead poisoning 2414: 2411: 2378:The effect of 2375: 2372: 2336: 2333: 2319:drug, such as 2285: 2282: 2255:Main article: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2178:Main article: 2175: 2172: 2099:Pain in babies 2097:Main article: 2094: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2046:Main article: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2019:writing system 1985:language delay 1973: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1934:language delay 1925: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1869: 1867: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1751: 1748: 1709: 1706: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1538: 1535: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1503: 1493: 1481: 1478: 1464: 1461: 1456:Main article: 1453: 1450: 1440: 1437: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1375: 1372: 1367:Main article: 1364: 1361: 1350: 1347: 1335: 1332: 1313: 1310: 1282: 1279: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1240: 1237: 1211:Children with 1208: 1205: 1197:cerebral palsy 1179: 1176: 1135:frontal cortex 1129: 1126: 1105: 1102: 1093: 1090: 1076: 1073: 1065:stunted growth 1035: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1017: 1014: 1007: 1000: 999: 995: 988: 987: 986: 982: 981: 980: 979: 949: 948: 947: 946: 943: 940: 934: 931: 925: 917: 916: 915: 912: 909: 903: 900: 894: 885: 884: 881: 877: 876: 867: 864: 862: 859: 839: 836: 823: 820: 766:sucking reflex 757: 754: 725: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 704: 701: 695: 692: 633: 630: 616: 613: 583:Intentionality 561: 558: 544: 541: 532: 529: 481:John B. Watson 474:Main article: 471: 468: 467: 466: 463: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 435:"psychosocial" 417: 414: 394:Mary Ainsworth 382:Main article: 379: 376: 345: 342: 338:personal fable 265:Sensory Motor: 258:Main article: 255: 252: 215: 212: 191:Main article: 188: 185: 183: 180: 84:preadolescence 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14806: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14781: 14779: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14725: 14723: 14721:Organizations 14719: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14707:B. F. Skinner 14705: 14703: 14702:William Sears 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14672:Thomas Gordon 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14634: 14632: 14628: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14561:Child support 14559: 14557: 14556:Child custody 14554: 14553: 14551: 14545: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14498:Child neglect 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14475: 14473: 14469: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14425: 14421: 14415: 14412: 14409: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14374: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14329:Homeschooling 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14286: 14284: 14280: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14181: 14177: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14165:Socialization 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14150:Paternal bond 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14135:Maternal bond 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14072: 14066: 14065: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14048:Single parent 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14008:Alloparenting 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13983: 13981: 13977: 13973: 13966: 13961: 13959: 13954: 13952: 13947: 13946: 13943: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13908: 13905: 13898: 13894: 13880: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13870: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13841:Schizophrenia 13839: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13812: 13808: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13793: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13770:Schizophrenia 13766: 13762: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13721:Drug overdose 13719: 13718: 13715: 13710: 13706: 13701: 13697: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13669:Sexual desire 13666: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13647: 13643: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13621: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13606: 13604: 13602: 13597: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13568: 13564: 13560: 13553: 13549: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13475: 13471: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13442: 13438: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13386: 13378: 13375: 13374: 13373: 13370: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13357: 13356: 13355:Social phobia 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13337: 13335: 13333: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13320: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13305: 13301: 13297: 13293: 13290:-related and 13289: 13285: 13280: 13276: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13248: 13246: 13242: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13182: 13180: 13178: 13174: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13125: 13121: 13111: 13108: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13080: 13079: 13076: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13053: 13052: 13049: 13048: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13031: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13008: 13006: 13003: 12996: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12975: 12971: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12955: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12941: 12938: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12920: 12918: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12909: 12906: 12902: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12894: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12855: 12851: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12784: 12780: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12716: 12712: 12707: 12703: 12696: 12691: 12689: 12684: 12682: 12677: 12676: 12673: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12646: 12640: 12637: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12618: 12615: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12597: 12596: 12593: 12587: 12584: 12583: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12554: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12496: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12449: 12444: 12442: 12437: 12435: 12430: 12429: 12426: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12377: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12332: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12172: 12168: 12162: 12158: 12157: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11986: 11982: 11979:(6): e20726. 11978: 11974: 11970: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11933: 11929: 11926:(5): e18993. 11925: 11921: 11917: 11912: 11908: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11869: 11868: 11852: 11848: 11841: 11834: 11826: 11819: 11808: 11801: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11771: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11741: 11733: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11692: 11681: 11677: 11670: 11664: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11642: 11634: 11627: 11616: 11612: 11605: 11599: 11588: 11587: 11579: 11571: 11570: 11562: 11554: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11513: 11505: 11498: 11496: 11487: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11444: 11442: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11419: 11411: 11404: 11396: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11355: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11320: 11312: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11271: 11263: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11222: 11220: 11211: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11170: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11134: 11126: 11124: 11115: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11074: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11051: 11040: 11036: 11029: 11023: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10979: 10971: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10950: 10942: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10921: 10919: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10883: 10875: 10868: 10860: 10853: 10845: 10838: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10802: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10764: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10729: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10690: 10682: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10606: 10599: 10597: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10553: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10510: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10475: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10439: 10425:on 2017-06-17 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10382: 10375: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10340: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10284: 10278: 10274: 10267: 10265: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10197: 10189: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10156: 10148: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10115: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10063: 10055: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10022: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9987: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9960: 9952: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9919: 9911: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9878: 9876: 9867: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9826: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9782: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9730: 9722: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9681: 9667: 9663: 9656: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9633: 9625: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9584: 9582: 9573: 9566: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9539: 9531: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9446: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9403: 9395: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9357: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9314: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9271: 9263: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9222: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9179: 9177: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9133: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9106: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9050: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9009: 9001: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8960: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8882: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8839: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8812: 8810: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8774: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8739: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8711: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8674: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8611: 8607: 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August 2009 6822: 6818: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6735: 6729: 6725: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6667: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6626: 6622: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6459:on 2016-06-04 6458: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6124:2027.42/92367 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6034: 6027: 6025: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5927:on 2012-11-29 5926: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5806: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5659: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5626: 5619: 5617: 5608: 5607: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5435: 5428: 5426: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5181: 5174: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5032:on 2017-08-10 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4740: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4640: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4338: 4333: 4329: 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2712: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2658:child neglect 2648: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2576:spousal abuse 2573: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2479:single-parent 2474: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2461:to be put in 2460: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2243: 2241: 2240:dysregulation 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2137:somatosensory 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2090: 2082: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2002: 2001:sign language 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1969: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1915: 1912: 1904: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1870:This section 1868: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:bootstrapping 1795: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1755:Communication 1750:Communication 1747: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1715:bootstrapping 1705: 1701: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1523: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1416: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1370: 1360: 1357: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1250: 1247: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213:Down syndrome 1204: 1202: 1201:down syndrome 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143:basal ganglia 1140: 1136: 1125: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1101: 1099: 1089: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045:short stature 1042: 1031: 1022: 1004: 992: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 919: 918: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 888: 887: 886: 882: 879: 878: 873: 870: 858: 855: 850: 845: 835: 833: 829: 819: 817: 813: 808: 805: 804:dishabituated 801: 792: 788: 785: 781: 778: 774: 769: 767: 762: 753: 751: 747: 743: 738: 737:correlational 733: 729: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 709: 708: 700: 691: 688: 687:Down syndrome 682: 674: 670: 668: 664: 660: 655: 650: 642: 638: 629: 627: 621: 612: 609: 604: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 570: 568: 557: 553: 550: 540: 537: 536:Sigmund Freud 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501:William James 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 442: 441: 438: 436: 432: 427: 423: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398:psychological 395: 391: 385: 375: 372: 368: 366: 362: 355: 351: 341: 339: 335: 330: 325: 323: 319: 317: 311: 309: 305: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 282: 280: 276: 274: 268: 266: 261: 251: 249: 248:accommodation 245: 241: 236: 231: 225: 221: 211: 208: 204: 200: 199:human ecology 194: 179: 175: 173: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 131: 129: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58:psychological 55: 52:involves the 51: 44: 39: 33: 19: 14657:David Elkind 14508:Codependency 14493:Child labour 14349:Latchkey kid 14339:Introjection 14125:Introjection 14099: 14075: 14062: 14028:Noncustodial 13801:Folie à deux 13726:Intoxication 13707:substances, 13705:Psychoactive 13624:Night terror 13441:Dissociative 13405:Panic attack 12957:Tic disorder 12627:Middle adult 12562:Early years 12509: 12462:Before birth 12417:the original 12404: 12384: 12360:Online books 12350: 12304: 12300: 12261: 12257: 12218: 12214: 12175: 12155: 12117: 12113: 12072: 12068: 12029: 12025: 11976: 11972: 11923: 11919: 11880: 11876: 11851:the original 11846: 11833: 11818: 11800: 11788:. Retrieved 11784:the original 11779: 11770: 11758:. Retrieved 11754:the original 11749: 11740: 11705: 11701: 11691: 11680:the original 11675: 11663: 11655:the original 11650: 11641: 11632: 11626: 11615:the original 11610: 11598: 11585: 11578: 11568: 11561: 11526: 11522: 11512: 11503: 11457: 11453: 11432:the original 11427: 11418: 11409: 11403: 11368: 11364: 11354: 11329: 11325: 11319: 11284: 11280: 11270: 11235: 11231: 11183: 11179: 11169: 11139:(2): 69–76. 11136: 11132: 11090:(1): 73–82. 11087: 11083: 11073: 11065:the original 11060: 11050: 11039:the original 11034: 11022: 10989: 10985: 10978: 10959: 10949: 10930: 10892: 10888: 10882: 10873: 10867: 10858: 10852: 10843: 10837: 10812: 10808: 10801: 10776: 10772: 10763: 10738: 10734: 10728: 10703: 10699: 10689: 10657:(1): 59–84. 10654: 10650: 10640: 10615: 10611: 10562: 10559:JAMA Surgery 10558: 10552: 10519: 10515: 10509: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10449: 10445: 10438: 10427:. 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Skinner 479: 439: 429: 422:Erik Erikson 416:Erik Erikson 402:evolutionary 387: 373: 369: 357: 350:Lev Vygotsky 326: 321: 320: 312: 307: 306: 291:pretend play 283: 278: 277: 269: 264: 263: 247: 244:assimilation 243: 235:Epistemology 227: 206: 196: 176: 168: 132: 125: 74: 49: 48: 14667:Haim Ginott 14642:John Bowlby 14488:Child abuse 14408:educational 14324:Habituation 14309:Co-sleeping 14095:Behaviorism 14023:Foster care 14013:Coparenting 13774:schizotypal 13609:Hypersomnia 13599:Nonorganic 13340:Agoraphobia 13071:Cyclothymia 13066:Bipolar NOS 13041:(affective) 12913:Stereotypic 12821:Kleptomania 12632:Elder adult 12622:Young adult 12605:Adolescence 12469:Development 10694:Berger LM, 10352:: 371–399. 8824:(1): 7–14. 8577:8 September 7937:: 229–236. 7421:(1): 3–55. 5950:www.who.int 5867:MedicineNet 5837:Graber EG. 4550:: 425–436. 4330:(4): 1–17. 4220:(2): 1–20. 4114:(4): 1–17. 3741:Felluga D. 3552:(1): 1–14. 2830:Birth order 2662:child abuse 2608:, or place 2278:cocaine use 2145:Nociceptive 1843:temperament 1341:life skills 963:proportions 800:habituation 547:The use of 525:Skinner box 485:behaviorism 406:ethological 390:John Bowlby 295:egocentrism 287:mental math 220:Jean Piaget 164:college age 160:adolescence 148:preschooler 66:adolescence 14778:Categories 14682:Truby King 14576:Disownment 14389:Television 14379:Role model 14304:Child care 14282:Techniques 14248:Soccer mom 14218:Enmeshment 14155:Pediatrics 13926:Stereotypy 13789:Delusional 13778:delusional 13751:Withdrawal 13619:Parasomnia 13524:Nosophobia 13304:Adjustment 13292:somatoform 13225:Sundowning 13078:Depression 13061:Bipolar II 12950:Stuttering 12945:Cluttering 12741:Paraphilia 12542:Senescence 11790:31 October 11760:31 October 11460:(1): 113. 10565:(2): 119. 10429:2012-12-06 9993:Pediatrics 9671:2021-12-13 9409:Pediatrics 9277:Pediatrics 9112:Pediatrics 8552:Pediatrics 8242:2020-10-18 7670:(5): 654. 6657:2023-04-13 6630:2023-04-13 6538:2024-01-09 6463:2016-05-05 6209:NeuroImage 6058:(4): 616. 6052:Healthcare 5931:2010-03-23 5901:2009-01-13 5872:2020-11-14 5848:2020-11-14 5749:StatPearls 5264:2022-05-08 5220:1137233012 5164:2017-01-24 5036:2012-08-04 4544:NeuroImage 4412:(1): 816. 4363:(1): 832. 4059:(1): 156. 3753:2020-12-08 3727:2020-12-08 3703:2020-12-08 3292:2017-01-24 2912:References 2629:relocating 2549:pesticides 2502:Giardiasis 2463:child care 2450:occupation 2360:sanitation 1819:pragmatics 1697:linguistic 1656:A child's 1582:Imitation 1513:Pragmatics 1509:formation. 1506:Morphology 1480:Components 1463:Mechanisms 1425:attachment 1419:Mechanisms 1281:Mechanisms 1128:Mechanisms 1092:Definition 1051:below the 937:Spermarche 922:Gonadarche 842:See also: 838:Milestones 663:plasticity 659:plasticity 647:See also: 632:Mechanisms 470:Behavioral 378:Attachment 365:pat-a-cake 172:Child-care 128:maturation 121:pediatrics 54:biological 14794:Childhood 14616:Paternity 14547:Legal and 14447:Grounding 14344:Kommune 1 14319:Education 14294:Allowance 14203:Baby talk 14058:Surrogacy 13972:Parenting 13879:Catatonia 13811:Psychosis 13646:Postnatal 13629:Nightmare 13235:Wandering 13088:Dysthymia 13056:Bipolar I 13011:Pervasive 12826:Pyromania 12751:Voyeurism 12746:Fetishism 12617:Adulthood 12581:Childhood 11827:(Report). 11424:"Neglect" 10755:222330144 9506:CiteSeerX 9376:121200190 9305:245214695 8141:143918530 8133:0165-0254 8047:1750-8592 7888:: Doc05. 7622:: 67–96. 7435:144713838 6936:144031333 6758:3 October 6683:(2): 11. 6392:150213725 6384:0730-3084 5992:143942008 5491:209407243 5141:146380252 4877:: 86–98. 4768:750885788 4706:179102376 4457:: 54–62. 4147:(2): 21. 3990:232605723 3942:1048-1885 3633:1935-990X 3504:144082864 3469:660087952 3436:312913751 3403:715955821 3370:768728899 3234:(2): 1–5. 3154:620124946 2645:July 2023 2510:morbidity 2506:helminths 2496:Parasites 2471:breastfed 2444:Parental 2388:deficient 2309:marijuana 2307:Prenatal 2149:gestation 2031:echolalia 2010:as early 1901:July 2023 1872:does not 1814:develop. 1767:nonverbal 1731:Tomasello 1522:semantics 1500:morphemes 1489:Phonology 1306:cognition 1298:nutrition 1229:hypotonia 959:full term 891:Thelarche 308:Concrete: 299:intuitive 76:Childhood 62:emotional 14662:Jo Frost 14596:Marriage 14462:Time-out 14038:Orphaned 14003:Adoptive 13614:Insomnia 13284:Neurotic 13251:Delirium 13177:Dementia 13016:Specific 12331:19380541 12288:19794405 12245:21042938 12202:19673160 12146:22509161 12101:20181076 12056:20826305 12013:21695183 11973:PLOS ONE 11960:21573058 11920:PLOS ONE 11907:20656105 11732:29204796 11553:30196867 11486:32145740 11395:22493459 11311:21507777 11262:21507776 11210:20855239 11161:11161656 11114:27621960 11006:21781414 10909:11768149 10829:12146733 10793:16351331 10720:80026676 10681:29563643 10587:34878518 10544:13427072 10501:10546342 10366:11752490 10331:24683428 10323:21507894 10237:32266964 10188:10586170 10147:12036814 10054:15478684 10013:11389261 9951:11160596 9910:15688080 9866:12796242 9809:15093150 9773:21280033 9765:24571214 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These 2016:alphabet 1779:gestures 1708:Theories 1474:literacy 1388:tantrums 1356:IQ tests 1275:language 1043:defines 928:Pubarche 906:Menarche 897:Pubarche 667:hormones 344:Vygotsky 336:and the 182:Theories 109:genetics 105:autonomy 14630:Experts 14406: ( 14371: ( 14299:Bedtime 14263:Theybie 13323:Anxiety 13162:PDD-NOS 13051:Bipolar 12704: ( 12571:Toddler 12525:Puberty 12322:2791163 12279:3055433 12236:2989000 12137:3321411 12092:2830993 12047:3285464 12004:3113799 11981:Bibcode 11951:3090390 11928:Bibcode 11898:2962416 11750:YouTube 11723:5899109 11544:6615750 11477:7060650 11386:3731065 11346:1471654 11302:3237355 11253:3237357 11201:3018493 11141:Bibcode 11105:4948163 11014:4667351 10769:Hill JL 10672:5857959 10632:3559009 10579:2786675 10536:1125882 10466:8028140 10416:9299837 10408:1602387 10228:7140593 9857:3975917 9817:2114185 9745:Bibcode 9712:5084825 9615:6394759 9521:3188826 9429:8909489 9394:5556914 9384:1516296 9328:Bibcode 9297:1370867 9262:7513757 9253:4181569 9167:8947939 9147:Bibcode 9124:7689727 9089:7730454 9040:2078523 8991:2690512 8951:8245134 8916:3168616 8908:1130275 8619:6492376 8521:2504866 8438:7282613 8391:6329961 8368:Bibcode 8332:5407464 8283:5192560 8184:6677266 8003:9578461 7952:8085057 7903:4273166 7854:5801738 7805:6559061 7687:8156743 7470:2010501 7027:5 March 6869:4129944 6781:: E80. 6700:6630280 6506:3927078 6435:9839417 6427:1132267 6334:2805173 6185:8165195 6134:3399936 6075:9026807 5724:4903886 5581:4262916 5474:7000485 5407:3295309 5376:Bibcode 5340:3440980 5060:319–322 5023:3038480 5015:1130197 4939:3055433 4625:3488268 4582:3807834 4519:6123517 4427:8242020 4268:5627217 4164:9036231 3950:1327081 3907:8689673 3337:3517053 3116:4515541 3075:1602366 3003:3113697 2586:Neglect 2422:poverty 2392:anaemic 2364:hygiene 2294:tobacco 2251:Cocaine 2113:ethical 2012:reading 1893:removed 1878:sources 1808:grammar 1735:Skinner 1670:grammar 1516:others. 1496:Lexicon 1446:puberty 1403:empathy 1374:Factors 1290:genetic 1221:talking 1159:t-tests 1116:walking 975:neonate 973:of the 955:stature 814:(MRI), 431:Erikson 396:, is a 240:schemas 144:toddler 136:newborn 93:puberty 70:society 14523:Incest 14442:Curfew 14180:Styles 13998:Father 13993:Mother 13988:Parent 13567:Eating 13415:Stress 13332:Phobia 13288:stress 13147:Autism 12940:Speech 12729:Sexual 12566:Infant 12556:Phases 12537:Ageing 12515:Stages 12479:Embryo 12474:Zygote 12348:about 12329: 12319: 12286: 12276: 12243: 12233: 12200: 12190: 12163: 12144: 12134: 12120:: 76. 12099: 12089: 12075:: 10. 12054: 12044: 12026:Neuron 12011: 12001: 11958: 11948: 11905: 11895: 11730: 11720: 11551: 11541: 11484: 11474: 11393: 11383: 11344: 11309: 11299: 11260: 11250: 11208: 11198: 11159: 11112: 11102: 11012: 11004: 10966: 10937: 10907: 10827: 10791: 10753: 10718: 10696:Hill J 10679: 10669: 10630: 10585: 10577: 10542: 10534: 10499: 10464: 10414: 10406: 10364: 10329: 10321: 10279: 10235: 10225: 10186: 10145: 10095: 10052: 10011: 9949: 9908: 9864: 9854: 9815: 9807: 9771: 9763: 9719: 9709: 9622: 9612: 9555: 9528: 9518: 9508: 9470: 9435: 9427: 9391: 9382: 9374: 9346: 9303: 9295: 9260: 9250: 9211: 9203: 9165: 9122: 9097:241091 9095: 9087: 9047: 9037: 8998: 8988: 8949: 8914: 8906: 8871: 8863: 8798: 8763: 8700: 8662: 8626: 8616: 8570: 8528: 8518: 8476: 8436: 8398: 8388: 8339: 8329: 8290: 8280: 8230: 8191: 8181: 8139: 8131: 8093: 8085: 8045: 8010: 8000: 7959: 7949: 7910: 7900: 7861: 7851: 7812: 7802: 7761: 7725: 7694: 7684: 7593: 7547: 7499: 7476: 7468: 7433: 7398: 7318: 7276: 7190: 7165: 7125: 7100: 7075: 7050: 6977: 6969: 6934: 6876: 6866: 6801: 6793: 6730: 6707: 6697: 6605: 6597: 6513: 6503: 6489:: 82. 6433: 6425: 6390: 6382: 6341: 6331: 6269: 6227: 6192: 6182: 6141: 6131: 6082: 6072: 5990: 5820: 5793: 5756: 5731: 5721: 5654: 5588: 5578: 5524: 5489: 5481: 5471: 5414: 5404: 5396: 5347: 5337: 5298: 5255: 5218: 5208: 5139: 5101: 5076: 5066: 5021: 5013: 4969: 4946: 4936: 4897: 4889: 4852: 4796: 4766: 4756: 4727: 4704: 4694: 4623: 4615: 4580: 4572: 4526: 4516: 4477: 4469: 4434: 4424: 4385: 4375: 4275: 4265: 4171: 4161: 4029: 4009:Neuron 3988: 3978: 3948: 3940: 3905: 3895: 3851: 3841: 3818: 3808: 3785: 3775: 3672: 3662: 3639: 3631: 3594: 3502: 3467: 3457: 3434: 3424: 3401: 3391: 3368: 3358: 3335: 3325: 3202: 3152: 3142: 3114: 3104: 3081: 3073: 3010: 3000: 2384:folate 2321:heroin 2317:opiate 2139:, and 2042:Gender 2026:Autism 1930:speech 1804:syntax 1763:verbal 1662:speech 1530:syntax 1273:, and 1271:memory 1193:autism 1145:. 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