534:
548:
498:
1808:
1822:
1815:
205:
722:
84:
59:
700:
31:
635:
acoustic survey in the northern part of Chile, better catch rates apparent in all fisheries for which data are available, and increase in average age in the
Chilean fisheries) drive the increase. Near term spawning biomass is expected to increase from the 2018 estimate of 4.8 million t to 5.6 million t in 2019 (with approximate 90% confidence bounds of 4.5 – 7.0 million t)
408:, although they also eat squid and small fishes. They can live up to 16 years. Not a lot is known about their predators, though they have been found in the stomachs of albacore tuna and swordfish. Tunas, billfish, and sharks are known to prey on other carangid mackerels, and will presumably also prey on Chilean jack mackerels.
638:
In Chile, a small number of wealthy families own 87% of the jack mackerel harvest. With government agreement, they have been allocated quotas which scientists say are not sustainable. In 2012, a heated dispute developed between Peru and Chile over the fishing of the mackerel. Attempts have been made
634:
New data and indicators on the status of the jack mackerel stock suggest that conditions evaluated in detail from the last benchmark assessment (2022) are relatively unchanged. The population trend is estimated to be increasing. The indications of stock improvement (higher abundance observed in the
607:
has taken 75% of the global catch over the years. The
Peruvian fishery captured 800,000 tonnes in 2001, but overall is an order of magnitude smaller. On the western side of the south Pacific, New Zealand fishes jack mackerel mainly inside their own EEZ, peaking modestly at 25,000 tonnes in 1995–96.
340:
around coasts and in the open ocean. Normally it swims at depths between 10 and 70 m, but it can swim as deep as 300 m. They are found in the south
Pacific off the coasts of Chile and Peru, around New Zealand and south Australia, and in a band across the open ocean in between. In 1993, Elizarov et
299:
Chilean jack mackerels are commonly 45 cm (18 in) long, though they can grow to 70 cm (28 in). They have elongated and laterally compressed bodies. The head is large with well-developed transparent protective membranes (the adipose eyelid) covering the eyes. The mouth is also
591:
In the early 1970s, Chilean jack mackerels started flourishing along the west coast of South
America, and became important as a commercial species. The mackerel then expanded in a westward movement out into and across the open ocean, eventually reaching the coastal waters around New Zealand and
639:
since 2006 to empower the South
Pacific Regional Management Organisation so it can effectively regulate the jack mackerel industry on the high seas and across national boundaries. Geopolitical rivalries and lack of international cooperation is preventing this. In an interview with the
612:, taking 13 million tonnes. In subsequent years, other distant fishing nations, such as Belize, China, the Netherlands, and the Republic of Korea, have joined Russia fishing the jack mackerel belt, and by 2007, these nations were taking 18% of the global catch.
380:; a Peruvian stock which is also a straddling stock with the high seas; a central Pacific stock which exists solely in the high seas; and, a southwest Pacific stock which straddles the high seas and both the New Zealand and Australian
1570:
1646:
1624:
1246:
1064:
1585:
1613:
324:
is also long, but shorter than the second dorsal fin. At its front are two strong spines. The upper parts of the body are metallic blue in color, while the bottom surfaces are a silvery white.
1446:
291:. Since the 1970s, it has become one of the world's more important commercial fish species. High volumes have been harvested, but the fishery may now be in danger of collapsing.
1243:
1153:
1057:
805:
above is based on the figures supplied by the FAO for the capture of
Chilean jack mackerel, and presumably includes also the capture amounts for Pacific jack mackerel.
1343:
658:
in the 19th century from overhunting: "This is the last of the buffaloes. When they’re gone, everything will be gone ... This is the closing of the frontier."
971:
557:, such as occurred in 1997–98, weaker winds fail to draw the cold, nutrient-rich waters up to the surface, resulting in a fall in the jack mackerel abundance.
640:
996:
Jack mackerel, down 90 percent in 20 years in once-rich southern seas, foretells wider global calamity; world’s largest trawlers compete for what is left
592:
Australia. During 1997 and 1998, a precipitous decline occurred in the catch (see the graph on the right), which can be attributed to changes in the
661:
As a way to protect the migrating mackerel, in 2013 the countries Chile, Peru, New
Zealand and Australia, as well as six more agreed to form the "
2347:
665:". The act has led to significant improvements; in 2019 the species had already recovered to a degree simmilar to the population in the 1990s.
2496:
2491:
2466:
2386:
1461:
673:
Chilean jack mackerels are canned or marketed fresh for human consumption; they are a staple food in Africa. They are also processed into
2481:
1614:"An Overview of the New Zealand Jack Mackerel Fishery: Catch Composition, Catch Trends, Seasonality and Length-Frequency Composition"
2321:
1282:
2360:
1365:"Structure and trophic organization of subtidal fish assemblages on the northern Chilean coast: the effect of habitat complexity"
914:
883:
1385:
1669:
1596:
1497:
1088:
2412:
2365:
910:
349:, which means it has a north–south breadth of 10° (about 1100 km). "Spawning groups concentrate mainly in the north of
1340:
655:
2486:
1498:"Status of and trends in the use of small pelagic fish species for reduction fisheries and for human consumption in Peru"
1021:
1700:
458:
1656:
1555:
300:
large, with the rear edge of the lower jaw aligning with the front edge of the eyes. It possesses small teeth. Each
2438:
2391:
2501:
1814:
998:
739:
597:
554:
1966:
1317:
1102:
1821:
1154:"Resolution of the taxonomic status of Chilean and Californian jack mackerels using mitochondrial DNA sequence
631:
rate of 0.15. If the spawning stock is to rebuild, current catches should probably be less than 390,000 tons.
1996:
623:
of the stocks declined another 63%. Fisheries scientists provisionally estimated in 2011 that to achieve the
2069:
1670:
Outcome of the Third
Preparatory Conference of The South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization
341:
al. referred to this band on the high seas as the "jack mackerel belt". The jack mackerel belt ranges from
1807:
1429:"Determinism and plasticity of fish schooling behaviour as exemplified by the South Pacific jack mackerel
2282:
1916:
533:
677:, which is fed to swine and salmon; five kilograms of jack mackerel are needed to raise one kilogram of
1981:
1961:
1936:
786:
All three species are found schooling around the coast of New
Zealand. They are mainly captured using
353:
in spring and summer and south of 40° S in autumn and winter to feed". Chilean jack mackerel normally
83:
2443:
2079:
1991:
1941:
1921:
1911:
1533:
1206:
624:
2195:
2127:
2059:
850:
745:
728:
235:
1563:
1454:
2471:
2034:
593:
447:
1386:"Diel vertical behaviour, predator–prey relationships, and occupation of space by jack mackerel
1022:"Peruvian jack mackerel, Trachurus symmetricus murphyi, in the open waters of the South Pacific"
2476:
2352:
2250:
2064:
1986:
1748:
1693:
1586:"Distribution of early developmental stages of jack mackerel in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean"
427:
337:
194:
39:
751:
found around
Australia and New Zealand. The two species can be distinguished by the number of
603:
On the eastern side of the south Pacific, the Chilean fishery operating mainly within its own
2165:
2137:
2074:
2054:
1881:
1428:
706:
662:
477:
454:
439:
178:
2430:
2378:
547:
2142:
2122:
1084:
608:
From 1978 to 1991, the USSR fishing fleet intensively fished the jack mackerel belt on the
8:
2287:
2044:
1364:
417:
350:
346:
342:
48:
511:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2223:
2039:
1279:
581:
446:) but as a valid subspecies. It is treated as a valid species by most authorities. The
435:
222:
78:
1379:
2425:
2295:
1743:
1686:
1168:
1097:
827:
620:
577:
2300:
2190:
1931:
1830:
1523:
1400:
1375:
1164:
845:
644:
585:
373:
305:
2010:
1575:
of the purse seine fishery off south-central Chile (32° 10′ – 40° 10′ S) 1981–2005
1404:
825:
2399:
1976:
1956:
1946:
1793:
1788:
1347:
1286:
1250:
1068:
1002:
466:
354:
333:
1266:
1180:
1062:
fisheries relating to the South Pacific Regional Fishery Management Organisation
564:
Chilean jack mackerels are the most commonly fished species which is not a true
372:. However, four separate stocks have been proposed: "a Chilean stock which is a
2273:
2132:
1971:
1886:
1867:
1783:
1479:
710:
651:
628:
473:
462:
125:
63:
204:
2460:
2373:
2170:
2152:
1951:
1897:
1842:
1758:
1753:
1415:, Nichols from the subtropical convergence zone of the central South Pacific"
1256:, Annex SWG-10-03, Report of the Science Working Group, 19–23 September 2011.
1193:
953:
879:
836:
721:
678:
573:
451:
424:
421:
278:
135:
68:
1661:
in the open part (outside 200-mile zone) of the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean"
2089:
2084:
1769:
1460:
Cárdenas L, Silva AX, Magoulas A, Cabezas J, Poulinc E and Ojeda FP (2009)
1384:
Arnaud Bertranda A, Barbierib MA, Hernández C, Gómezc F and Leiva F (2004)
1301:
1225:
772:
647:
569:
313:
2404:
1411:"Description and surface distribution of juvenile Peruvian jack mackerel,
1410:
2334:
2094:
1926:
1267:"FIRMS - Marine Resource fact sheets - Jack mackerel - Southeast Pacific"
1181:"FIRMS - Marine Resource fact sheets - Jack mackerel - Southeast Pacific"
787:
616:
393:
369:
368:
Not enough data are available to know for sure the Chilean jack mackerel
1124:
699:
2326:
2213:
2208:
2109:
2099:
1527:
1508:
995:
798:
764:
752:
401:
317:
309:
288:
145:
2339:
2313:
1601:
collected with a scientific echosounder installed on a fishing vessel"
42:
of about 400 tons of Chilean jack mackerel encircled by a purse seine
30:
2021:
1717:
609:
377:
283:
155:
95:
2244:
1152:
Poulin E, Cárdenas L, Hernández CE, Kornfield I and Ojeda FP (2004)
1122:
2308:
2267:
2228:
1709:
892:
674:
565:
358:
321:
115:
1625:"Preliminary estimation of current state of Chilean Jack Mackerel
1534:"Impact of El Niño events on pelagic fisheries in Peruvian waters"
1427:
Bertrand A, MA Barbieri, F Gerlotto, F Leiva and J Cordova (2006)
2233:
1729:
1207:"The jack mackerel fishery and El Niño 1997–98 effects off Chile"
627:
a spawning biomass of about 7.4 million tons was required with a
405:
362:
301:
2417:
1664:
Atlantic Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography
1647:
Crisis management and jack mackerel fishing in the south Pacific
1480:"The spatial structure of the oceanic spawning of jack mackerel
790:
nets, and are managed as though they were one species or stock.
1597:"In situ target-strength measurements of Chilean jack mackerel
1302:
Peru and Chile in heated dispute over Jack Mackerel overfishing
1226:
Preventing the collapse of one of the world’s largest fisheries
826:
Smith-Vaniz, B.; Robertson, R.; Dominici-Arosemena, A. (2010).
397:
105:
821:
819:
817:
320:
is below the bottom point of attachment of the pectorals. The
1856:
1020:
Elizarov AA, Grechina AS, Kotenev BN and Kuzetsov AN (1993)"
768:
663:
South Pacific Regional Fishing Management Organisation (RFMO)
539:
Capture of Chilean jack mackerel in tonnes from 1970 to 2022
1462:"Genetic population structure in the Chilean jack mackerel,
1678:
1478:
Cubillos LA, Paramo J, Ruiz P, Nunez S, Sepulveda A (2008)
814:
797:
still treats the Pacific jack mackerel as though it were a
1123:
Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara (10 August 2019).
794:
604:
381:
1196:
Fishing Gear Types, FAO, Rome. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
1083:
641:
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
1447:"Updated Status of the Chilean Jack Mackerel Stock"
744:The Chilean jack mackerel looks very much like the
472:The Chilean jack mackerel has been recognised as a
1584:Núñez S, S Vásquez, P Ruiz and A Sepúlveda (2008)
1087:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
972:In mackerel's plunder, hints of epic fish collapse
308:has a distinct notch on its rear edge. The second
1629:stock in the high seas of the South East Pacific"
1466:(Nichols) across the South-eastern Pacific Ocean"
2458:
1571:"Catch per Unit Effort of Chilean Jack Mackerel
1129:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
959:FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
740:Pacific jack mackerel § Taxonomy and naming
615:There are fears the fishery may collapse due to
465:. Murphy collected the type off Central Island,
1537:Oceanography of the Eastern Pacific: Volume III
1633:South Pacific Regional Management Organisation
1618:South Pacific Regional Management Organisation
1590:South Pacific Regional Management Organisation
1579:South Pacific Regional Management Organisation
1560:South Pacific Regional Management Organisation
1451:South Pacific Regional Management Organisation
1254:South Pacific Regional Management Organisation
851:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183965A8207652.en
1694:
1058:Information describing Chilean jack mackerel
1350:NZ Forest and Bird. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
1239:
1237:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
365:, that is, they float free in the open sea.
1657:"El-Nino and distribution of Jack mackerel
1500:Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper,
1131:. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara
327:
1701:
1687:
1609:(4): 594–604. {doi|10.1093/icesjms/fsn043}
1205:Arcos DF, Cubillos LA and Núñez SP (2001)
1016:
1014:
874:
872:
870:
868:
203:
57:
29:
1507:Kawahara S, Uozumi Y and Yamada H (1988)
1234:
1148:
1146:
1034:
967:
965:
849:
457:(1887-1973), the Curator of Birds at the
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
316:are long and pointed. The origin of the
2224:Butterfly kingfish (butterfly mackerel)
1295:
1273:
1116:
1011:
915:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
878:
865:
416:The Chilean jack mackerel was original
2459:
1143:
1079:
1077:
962:
905:
903:
411:
2249:
2248:
1682:
1318:"Chilean Jack Mackerel: Bust To Boom"
980:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
2497:Taxa named by John Treadwell Nichols
2492:Western South American coastal fauna
2467:IUCN Red List data deficient species
1244:Report of the Jack Mackerel Subgroup
568:. They are caught commercially with
491:
1635:, Chilean Jack Workshop, CHJMWS:22.
1620:, Chilean Jack Workshop, CHJMWS:19.
1581:, Chilean Jack Workshop, CHJMWS:10.
1074:
900:
837:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
312:is much longer than the first. The
13:
1592:, Chilean Jack Workshop, CHJMWS:2.
1509:"First record of a carangid fish,
1496:Durand NS and Seminario MG (2009)
928:
684:
459:American Museum of Natural History
392:Chilean jack mackerels mainly eat
14:
2513:
2482:Marine fish of Southern Australia
1640:
1623:Vasilyev D and A Glubokov (2008)
1820:
1813:
1806:
1169:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00514.x
793:In its statistical returns, the
720:
698:
546:
532:
496:
332:The Chilean jack mackerel is an
82:
1599:(Trachurus symmetricus murphyi)
1516:Japanese Journal of Ichthyology
1334:
1310:
1259:
1219:
1199:
1187:
1173:
1967:Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel
1532:Ñiquen M and Bouchon M (2004)
1484:off central Chile (1998–2001)"
1436:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1368:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1103:California Academy of Sciences
802:
430:(1883-1958), in 1996 Konchina
294:
1:
1997:West African Spanish mackerel
1612:Penney A and P Taylor (2008)
1445:Canales C and R Serra (2008)
1405:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.06.010
1380:10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00043-X
1125:"Order CARANGIFORMES (Jacks)"
808:
731:is very similar in appearance
713:to the Chilean jack mackerel
596:that accompanied the 1997–98
2070:Mediterranean horse mackerel
1708:
1363:Angel A and Ojeda FP (2001)
487:
216: Estimated distribution
7:
1917:Australian spotted mackerel
1322:MSC International - English
801:. The capture graph in the
650:compared jack mackerels to
572:designed for small pelagic
10:
2518:
2487:Marine fish of New Zealand
1982:Queensland school mackerel
1962:Monterrey Spanish mackerel
1937:Indo-Pacific king mackerel
737:
668:
387:
2257:
2204:
2183:
2151:
2108:
2080:Yellowtail horse mackerel
2020:
2009:
1992:Streaked Spanish mackerel
1942:Japanese Spanish mackerel
1922:Broadbarred king mackerel
1912:Atlantic Spanish mackerel
1895:
1865:
1840:
1829:
1804:
1767:
1727:
1716:
1566:, 30 June to 4 July 2008.
1393:Journal of Marine Science
763:51–65) and the number of
654:, whose populations also
625:maximum sustainable yield
619:. From 2006 to 2011, the
505:This section needs to be
228:
221:
211:
202:
184:
177:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2196:Scombroid food poisoning
2128:Blacksail snake mackerel
2060:Greenback horse mackerel
1210:Progress In Oceanography
882:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
746:greenback horse mackerel
729:greenback horse mackerel
328:Distribution and habitat
265:), sometimes called the
2234:Bonitos (tribe Sardini)
2035:Atlantic horse mackerel
1655:Nesterov AA and Chu VN
1157:Journal of Fish Biology
594:sea surface temperature
2502:Fish described in 1920
2229:Tunas (tribe Thunnini)
2065:Japanese jack mackerel
1987:Serra Spanish mackerel
1833:(tribe Scomberomorini)
1749:Atlantic chub mackerel
1025:Journal of Ichthyology
896:. August 2019 version.
428:John Treadwell Nichols
275:Peruvian jack mackerel
24:Chilean jack mackerel
2166:Okhotsk atka mackerel
2138:Violet snake mackerel
2075:Pacific jack mackerel
2055:Cunene horse mackerel
2050:Chilean jack mackerel
1882:Double-lined mackerel
1564:Chilean Jack Workshop
1504:: 325–369. FAO, Rome.
1455:Chilean Jack Workshop
1085:Eschmeyer, William N.
844:: e.T183965A8207652.
707:Pacific jack mackerel
482:Trachurus symmetricus
478:Pacific jack mackerel
455:Robert Cushman Murphy
450:honours the American
444:Trachurus symmetricus
440:Pacific jack mackerel
257:Chilean jack mackerel
2214:Subfamily Scombrinae
2143:White snake mackerel
2123:Black snake mackerel
1595:Peña, Hector (2008)
749:(Trachurus declivis)
461:, who collected the
376:with respect to the
2045:Cape horse mackerel
1673:WWF draft statement
1659:(Trachurus murphyi)
1650:Greenpeace briefing
1573:(Trachurus murphyi)
1482:(Trachurus murphyi)
1388:(Trachurus murphyi)
1231:, 14 February 2012.
1060:(Trachurus murphyi)
911:"Trachurus murphyi"
412:Taxonomy and naming
49:Conservation status
2040:Blue jack mackerel
1675:, 3 February 2012.
1652:, 25 January 2012.
1627:(Trachurus murhyi)
1569:Canales C (2008)
1528:10.1007/BF02905408
1487:Fisheries Research
1469:Fisheries Research
1346:2012-03-05 at the
1307:, 8 February 2012.
1292:, 25 January 2012.
1285:2012-03-20 at the
1249:2013-02-27 at the
1067:2013-02-27 at the
1008:, 25 January 2012.
1001:2012-03-18 at the
977:, 25 January 2012.
975:The New York Times
400:, and other small
277:, is a species of
243:Trachurus peruanus
2454:
2453:
2426:Open Tree of Life
2288:Trachurus_murphyi
2259:Trachurus murphyi
2251:Taxon identifiers
2242:
2241:
2209:Family Scombridae
2179:
2178:
2005:
2004:
1831:Spanish mackerels
1802:
1801:
1744:Atlantic mackerel
1720:(tribe Scombrini)
1604:ICES J. Mar. Sci.
1556:Meeting documents
1513:from New Zealand"
1511:Trachurus murphyi
1464:Trachurus murphyi
1431:Trachurus murphyi
1413:Trachurus murphyi
1280:Lords of the fish
1098:Catalog of Fishes
1091:Trachurus murphyi
955:Trachurus murphyi
886:Trachurus murphyi
830:Trachurus murphyi
803:fisheries section
629:fishing mortality
526:
525:
357:in summer. Their
262:Trachurus murphyi
253:
252:
247:
239:
188:Trachurus murphyi
72:
2509:
2447:
2446:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2408:
2407:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2381:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2330:
2329:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2303:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2246:
2245:
2191:Mackerel as food
2159:
2158:
2116:
2115:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2017:
1932:Chinese mackerel
1905:
1904:
1875:
1874:
1850:
1849:
1838:
1837:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1777:
1776:
1737:
1736:
1725:
1724:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1418:Fishery Bulletin
1409:Bailey K (1989)
1399:(7): 1105–1112.
1351:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1203:
1197:
1194:Surrounding nets
1191:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1163:(4): 1160–1164.
1150:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1081:
1072:
1051:
1032:
1018:
1009:
993:
978:
969:
960:
951:
926:
925:
923:
921:
907:
898:
897:
876:
863:
862:
860:
858:
853:
823:
724:
702:
645:marine biologist
550:
536:
521:
518:
512:
500:
499:
492:
434:treated it as a
374:straddling stock
245:
234:
215:
207:
190:
87:
86:
66:
61:
60:
33:
21:
20:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2424:
2416:
2411:
2403:
2400:Observation.org
2398:
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2220:Other Scombrids
2200:
2175:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2113:
2112:
2110:Snake mackerels
2104:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2001:
1977:Papuan seerfish
1957:Korean mackerel
1947:Kanadi kingfish
1902:
1901:
1891:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1847:
1846:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1818:
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1798:
1794:Island mackerel
1789:Indian mackerel
1774:
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1763:
1734:
1733:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1643:
1638:
1543:(6–9): 563–574.
1354:
1348:Wayback Machine
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1305:Digital Journal
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1216:(1–4): 597–617.
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957:(Nichols, 1920)
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694:
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692:Similar species
687:
685:Similar species
671:
578:midwater trawls
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467:Chincha Islands
420:in 1920 by the
414:
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370:stock structure
334:epipelagic fish
330:
297:
246:(Tschudi, 1846)
232:Caranx peruanus
217:
213:
198:
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186:
173:
170:T. murphyi
81:
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62:
58:
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17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
2515:
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2472:Jack mackerels
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2133:Snake mackerel
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2105:
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2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
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2077:
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2062:
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2031:
2029:
2022:Jack mackerels
2015:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
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1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:Pacific sierra
1969:
1964:
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1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1893:
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1890:
1889:
1887:Shark mackerel
1884:
1878:
1876:
1868:Grammatorcynus
1863:
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1835:
1827:
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1784:Short mackerel
1780:
1778:
1765:
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1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1722:
1718:True mackerels
1714:
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1705:
1698:
1691:
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1642:
1641:External links
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1522:(2): 212–214.
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880:Froese, Rainer
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711:sister species
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484:, since 2004.
474:sister species
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336:that swims in
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281:in the genus
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64:Data Deficient
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2171:Atka mackerel
2169:
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2153:Hexagrammidae
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1985:
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1952:King mackerel
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1927:Cero mackerel
1925:
1923:
1920:
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1898:Scomberomorus
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1843:Acanthocybium
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1759:Chub mackerel
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1754:Blue mackerel
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723:
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682:
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679:farmed salmon
676:
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649:
646:
643:, the French
642:
636:
632:
630:
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583:
579:
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574:purse seining
571:
570:surround nets
567:
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503:
494:
493:
485:
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468:
464:
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452:ornithologist
449:
448:specific name
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429:
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425:ichthyologist
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314:pectoral fins
311:
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286:
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279:jack mackerel
276:
272:
268:
264:
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210:
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196:
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179:Binomial name
176:
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159:
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140:
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136:Carangiformes
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65:
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50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2258:
2090:Arabian scad
2085:African scad
2049:
2026:(15 species)
2011:Non-Scombrid
1903:(18 species)
1896:
1866:
1841:
1770:Rastrelliger
1768:
1728:
1672:
1663:
1658:
1649:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1589:
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1572:
1559:
1549:FAO workshop
1548:
1540:
1536:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1457:, CHJMWS:6..
1450:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1371:
1367:
1336:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:
1312:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1275:
1261:
1253:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1189:
1175:
1160:
1156:
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1096:
1090:
1059:
1053:
1028:
1024:
1005:
974:
954:
918:. Retrieved
891:
885:
855:. Retrieved
841:
835:
829:
792:
785:
780:
776:
773:lateral line
760:
756:
748:
743:
672:
660:
648:Daniel Pauly
637:
633:
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602:
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563:
514:
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481:
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415:
391:
367:
331:
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274:
270:
266:
261:
260:
256:
254:
242:
231:
187:
185:
169:
168:
156:
18:
2335:iNaturalist
2157:(2 species)
2114:(5 species)
2095:Crozet scad
1873:(2 species)
1848:(1 species)
1775:(3 species)
1735:(4 species)
1290:iWatch News
1006:iWatch News
857:19 November
788:purse seine
777:T. declivis
757:T. declivis
753:gill rakers
617:overfishing
402:crustaceans
394:fish larvae
318:pelvic fins
306:gill covers
295:Description
2461:Categories
2100:Rough scad
1493:: 261–270.
1475:: 109–115.
1442:: 145–156.
1424:: 273–278.
1390:off Chile"
1327:2024-08-03
1135:7 December
1108:7 December
809:References
799:subspecies
781:T. murphyi
761:T. murphyi
738:See also:
586:longlining
576:, or with
553:During an
517:March 2015
310:dorsal fin
289:Carangidae
146:Carangidae
2013:mackerels
1374:: 81–91.
1031:: 86–104.
783:89–113).
656:collapsed
610:high seas
488:Fisheries
418:described
378:high seas
284:Trachurus
271:Inca scad
164:Species:
157:Trachurus
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
2353:11405558
2309:FishBase
2274:Q2703257
2268:Wikidata
1710:Mackerel
1344:Archived
1283:Archived
1247:Archived
1065:Archived
999:Archived
893:FishBase
675:fishmeal
582:trolling
580:, or by
566:mackerel
469:, Peru.
422:American
406:copepods
404:such as
322:anal fin
223:Synonyms
142:Family:
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
2327:5210470
2184:Related
1730:Scomber
1357:Sources
1056:(2009)
920:8 March
779:81–82,
771:in the
759:50–57,
669:As food
621:biomass
598:El Niño
555:El Niño
507:updated
476:of the
438:of the
436:synonym
388:Ecology
363:pelagic
338:schools
304:of the
302:opercle
236:Tschudi
195:Nichols
152:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
2444:273303
2431:798563
2418:273303
2405:907293
2392:192602
2379:183965
2366:168597
2340:114273
1054:SPRFMO
769:scutes
765:scales
398:shrimp
238:, 1846
214:
197:, 1920
40:school
2439:WoRMS
2348:IRMNG
2301:57PKV
1857:Wahoo
1631:FAO:
1616:FAO:
1588:FAO:
1577:FAO:
1558:FAO:
1449:FAO:
709:is a
432:et al
355:spawn
351:40° S
347:45° S
267:Jurel
2413:OBIS
2387:NCBI
2374:IUCN
2361:ITIS
2322:GBIF
1137:2019
1110:2019
922:2012
859:2021
842:2010
767:and
727:The
705:The
463:type
382:EEZs
361:are
359:eggs
255:The
2314:367
2296:CoL
2283:AFD
1524:doi
1502:518
1473:100
1440:311
1401:doi
1376:doi
1372:217
1165:doi
846:doi
795:FAO
605:EEZ
584:or
384:."
345:to
273:or
2463::
2441::
2428::
2415::
2402::
2389::
2376::
2363::
2350::
2337::
2324::
2311::
2298::
2285::
2270::
1607:65
1562:,
1541:51
1539:,
1520:35
1518:,
1491:90
1489:,
1471:,
1453:,
1438:,
1422:87
1420:,
1397:61
1395:,
1370:,
1320:.
1236:^
1214:49
1212:,
1161:65
1159:,
1145:^
1127:.
1101:.
1095:.
1076:^
1036:^
1029:33
1027:,
1013:^
982:^
964:^
930:^
913:.
902:^
890:.
867:^
840:.
834:.
816:^
681:.
600:.
588:.
480:,
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343:35
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1378::
1330:.
1269:.
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1167::
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1089:"
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888:"
884:"
861:.
848::
832:"
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775:(
755:(
519:)
515:(
509:.
442:(
259:(
71:)
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