185:
166:
88:
1423:
1819:. The Battle of Callao took place on May 2 after which both sides claimed victory. Peruvian defenders claimed that they had halted the Spanish from regaining their lost authority and prestige in South America, prevented them from enforcing their demands upon Peru, and forced the withdrawal of the Spanish fleet, which was technically correct since Peruvian cannons fired the last shots in the battle. The Spanish claimed to have visited punishment upon its former colony. Spanish guns had managed to cause only limited damage to defenses, and most of the cannons, artillery, and buildings in Callao itself survived the battle intact.
1726:) south to destroy the combined Chilean-Peruvian fleet. The Allied squadron had been placed under the command of Peruvian Captain Manuel Villar and had taken refuge at Abtao, a well-protected inlet near the gulf of Chiloé, in southern Chile. The Spanish squadron appeared at the entrance of the inlet on February 7, 1866, but the Spanish did not enter to avoid risking their ironclads running aground in the shallows. A cannonade, lasting several hours, was exchanged with little effect. In spite of being at anchor, without steam, and with some ships with their engines undergoing overhaul, the Allies mounted an energetic fight. The
1828:
colonial territories. The force sent by Spain, on the other hand, amounted to a mere squadron of ships with negligible capabilities for landing forces, and its intention may have been only to seize the islands for their valuable fertiliser resources as reparations and to regain some of Spain's lost prestige. Regardless of the reason behind the conflict, Spain found it impossible to hold its positions. With all ports south of
Colombia closed to it for coaling and provisioning, the Spanish fleet withdrew from patrolling the South American coastline, vacated the Chincha Islands, and returned to Spain via the
197:
116:
134:
146:
29:
2203:
2162:
2133:
2104:
2061:
2024:
1985:
1588:, who had replaced NarvĂĄez, ordered Pareja to withdraw, but the Spanish admiral chose to ignore the direct order. As he had no troops with which to attempt a landing, he decided to impose a blockade of the main Chilean ports. That action was unenforceable since a blockade of Chile's 1,800 miles (2,900 km) of coastline would have required a fleet that was several times larger than what Pareja had at his disposal. The blockade of the port of
3139:
3115:
208:
3127:
2327:
1802:
103:
3151:
1635:
3164:
2316:
2832:"South America: High-handed Movements in Bolivia – Miscellaneous. CEntrap America: Revolution in Panama – Bogus Canal and Railroad Companies – The Barbacoas Gold Mines – The Mines a Failure – All the Miners Anxious to Return – Over One Hundred already Returned to Panama – Naval Matters"
2854:"South America: From the Seat of War – Great Preparations and "Great Expectations" – The Grand Movement of the Allied Fleet Again Delayed â Paraguayan Spies and their Stories – The War Beginning to Affect the Finances of the Argentine Confederation. The Bombardment of Valparaiso: Letter from an Americal Naval Officer"
1257:
1667:
Chile and Peru formally signed an alliance against Spain on
December 5, 1865. The Peruvian Congress ratified the alliance on January 12, and two days later, Peru finally declared war on Spain. Chile's navy was weak and almost nonexistent. To reinforce its Chilean ally, a Peruvian squadron, commanded
1449:
The
Spanish squadron also blockaded principal Peruvian ports, disrupting commerce and fostering a high level of resentment throughout Latin America. Spain expected little resistance from Peru and believed its military capabilities to be negligible. A proposal to exchange the islands for British-held
1387:
When news of the incident reached PinzĂłn, he returned with his fleet to Peru on
November 13 and demanded for its government to issue an apology and for reparations be made to the affected Spanish nationals. In response, the Peruvians took the position that the episode was an internal police matter
1781:
The
Spanish could not attack land forces and had been frustrated in attempts to engage the Allied squadron at sea. The Spanish ships were isolated, short of supplies, and losing hope of victory. When the Chilean government ordered all vessels communicating with the Spanish fleet to be barred from
1410:. That was a deliberate insult to the government of Peru because a commissary is a colonial functionary, rather than an ambassador, the normal level of diplomatic contact during consultations between independent states. The snub doomed negotiations with the Peruvian Minister of Foreign Affairs,
1827:
Whether the suspicions of a
Spanish scheme to recapture its former colonies had any basis in fact is unknown. Many in South America saw Spain's meddling in Latin America and its occupation of the Chincha Islands as proof of a long-range Spanish plot to reassert its influence over its previous
1356:, on April 18, 1863. Spain had recognized Chilean independence since the 1840s, and both nations had maintained diplomatic relations. The expedition was cordially received, and the Admiral exchanged visits with local authorities. The vessels left Chile in July amicably and moved on to
1814:
Admiral Mendez NĂșñez, displeased at having to resort to destroying defenseless targets such as
Valparaiso and with the inconclusive result at Abtao, decided to change tactics and to attack a heavily defended port. As a result, he set sail for the Peruvian port city of
1786:
on March 31 and destroyed Chile's merchant fleet. A total of 33 vessels were burned or sunk. The damage to the
Chilean merchant marine was catastrophic. Twelve years later, the total tonnage under the Chilean flag was still less than half of what it had been in 1865.
1540:
From the
Spanish point of view, the Chilean coaling embargo was taken as proof that Chile no longer was neutral. That was reinforced after two Peruvian steamers left the port of Valparaiso bearing weapons and Chilean volunteers bound for Peru. Vice Admiral
1622:, taking the crew prisoner and seizing the admiral's war correspondence. That humiliation was too much for Pareja, who committed suicide two days later aboard his flagship. The general command of the Spanish fleet in the Pacific was assumed by Commodore
1292:
At the end of 1862, Spain sent a scientific expedition to South
American waters with the covert purpose of reinforcing the financial and legal claims of Spanish citizens residing in the Americas. The expedition was under the command of Admiral
1268:
Military expenditures were greatly increased during Isabella's reign and Spain rose to a position as the world's fourth largest naval power. In the 1850's and 1860's, the Spanish engaged in colonial activities around the world, including in
2476:â Built 1864; Weight 445-tons; Speed 8 knots (15 km/h); Weapons two revolving 200 mm guns at the sides and one revolving 160 mm guns at the prow. Captured by Chile at Battle of Papudo on November 26, 1865.
1738:. The battle ended indecisively without further developments. Reluctant to enter shallow waters and realizing that a long-range gun duel would serve no purpose but to waste ammunition, the Spanish commanders withdrew.
2461:â Built in 1854, 854-ton weight, speed of 8 knots (14.82 km / h), armed with two guns boat 12 lb, 16 smoothbore muzzle-loading guns of 32 lb and 4 smooth-bore muzzle-loading guns of 32 lb.
1592:, however, caused such great economic damage to both Chilean and foreign interests that the navies of the United States and Great Britain, despite remaining neutral in the conflict, issued a formal protest.
1505:. Popular opinion in Peru considered the treaty as detrimental to its national honor. When the Peruvian Congress refused to ratify it, a general uprising followed, and Pezet's government fell on November 7.
1664:, the leader of the nationalist movement, deposed Canseco. The new government immediately declared its solidarity with Chile and its intention to declare war on Spain and to restore Peru's national honor.
1545:
thus took a hard line and demanded sanctions against Chile that were even heavier than those imposed upon Peru. He then detached four wooden ships from his squadron and dispatched them to Chile while the
1388:
that should be handled by the Peruvian justice system and that no apology was due. At that juncture, the Spanish government in Madrid decided to demand payment of Peruvian debts stemming from the
1384:. The details are fragmentary; but the episode involved a fight that broke out between two Spanish residents and 40 local citizens. As a result, one Spaniard died, and four others were injured.
1294:
1866:
1328:
310:
1494:
298:
372:
1393:
1906:
278:
1745:
were not at the anchorage on the day of the battle. The commodore had sailed to Ancud for coaling. On its way back to Valparaiso, the Spanish squadron captured a Chilean
2266:, Built 1864; Weight 445 tons; Speed 8 knots; Weapons two revolving 200 mm guns at the sides and one revolving 160 mm guns at the prow. Captured by Chile at
1446:. Spain considered the islands an important bargaining chip, as they were a major Peruvian economic asset and produced almost 60% of the government's annual revenue.
443:
254:
1696:, also declared war on March 22, 1866. The moves resulted in all ports on South America's Pacific coast south of Colombia becoming closed to the Spanish fleet.
2371:â Built 1851; Weight 1,743-tons; Speed 9.43 knots (17 km/h); Weapons thirty-three 200 mm guns â Beached at Abtao, near Punta Quilque, 15 January 1886
293:
1462:
1782:
Chilean ports, Admiral Mendez NĂșñez decided to take punitive actions against the Allied ports. The Spanish fleet shelled and burned the town and the port of
638:
523:
365:
1360:. Even though Spain had never recognized Peruvian independence, which had been declared in 1821, the squadron received a friendly welcome at the port of
468:
2831:
315:
2853:
1064:
358:
643:
3198:
247:
1286:
2893:
2258:, Built 1861; Weight 778 tons; Speed 8 knots (15 km/h; 9 mph); weapons two 200 mm revolving guns and two 160 mm guns.
3079:
952:
900:
33:
1865 South America during the Chincha Islands War. Orange: Peru. Green: Bolivia. Yellow: Ecuador. Blue-Green: Colombia. Purple: Chile.
2948:
957:
848:
240:
1299:
1660:
Diez Canseco also tried to avoid war with Spain, which similarly led to his downfall only 20 days later. On November 26, General
533:
932:
2506:â Built 1855 in England; Acquired 1857; Displacement 450 tons; Speed 8 knots; armed with 1 68 lb gun and 4 32 lb guns
2422:â Built 1854, conversion to ironclad ordered in 1864; Weight 648-tons; Speed 10 knots (19 km/h); Weapons four 32 pdr. guns
2487:
1750:
1004:
967:
843:
2165:
1322:
3168:
2883:
2472:
2261:
1871:
1340:
1091:
1074:
999:
558:
488:
1525:, increased. Peru and its neighbors still remained wary of any moves that might foreshadow an attempt to re-establish the
3039:
915:
853:
543:
1430:
On April 14, 1864, in retaliation for Peru's refusal to pay an indemnity, the Spanish fleet seized the lightly defended
633:
3059:
2811:
1573:. He demanded for the Spanish flag to be given a 21-gun salute. He deliberately presented his demand on the day before
1477:. NarvĂĄez's conciliatory opinion soon changed, and he dispatched another four warships to reinforce the Pacific fleet.
1081:
433:
3193:
2937:
1059:
987:
784:
653:
1645:
On November 7, 1865, his unwillingness to declare war on Spain and the vilification arising from his signing of the
438:
416:
789:
658:
498:
463:
3019:
1577:(September 18). Under the circumstances, the Chileans refused, and war was declared a week later on September 24.
1762:
895:
618:
593:
578:
513:
448:
320:
66:
1835:
Over the following several years, Spain and the republics agreed to peace treaties that formally ended the war:
406:
2765:
2725:
1398:
1069:
1049:
568:
401:
962:
740:
528:
1014:
977:
972:
823:
813:
799:
794:
755:
608:
508:
453:
1606:
Even before Chile and Peru were formally allied, Spain had suffered a humiliating naval defeat at the naval
3183:
1438:
resources. The Spanish placed the islands' Peruvian governor, RamĂłn Valle Riestra, under arrest aboard the
1411:
1389:
1044:
1034:
1009:
804:
538:
518:
92:
745:
329:
2623:
2310:
1474:
1054:
1029:
713:
503:
458:
3263:
3258:
3188:
3105:
1499:
1039:
982:
947:
880:
760:
283:
1920:
1883:
1623:
1534:
189:
1989:
1805:
1776:
1548:
1481:
1422:
1313:
1244:
1126:
1096:
920:
730:
708:
693:
688:
683:
678:
648:
573:
493:
473:
3223:
3218:
2979:
1672:, was immediately dispatched to the south. Among the ships in the squadron were the steam frigates
1153:
1019:
942:
890:
779:
668:
663:
598:
563:
548:
339:
2444:
1574:
1121:
937:
863:
603:
212:
2999:
2823:
History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to which the United States Has Been a Party
3253:
3243:
3238:
3228:
3213:
3203:
2897:
2345:
1669:
1581:
905:
818:
769:
725:
478:
3248:
3233:
3208:
1661:
1646:
1585:
1489:
1469:, who had been Minister of the Navy. Pareja had been born in Peru, and his father, Brigadier
1131:
885:
201:
3083:
2714:
1913:
1542:
1238:, to reassert its influence over its former South American colonies. The war saw the use of
1465:, disapproved of the unilateral actions taken by PinzĂłn and replaced him with Vice Admiral
1309:
1235:
1136:
1086:
613:
2365:â Built 1854; Weight 1,666-tons; Speed 9.43 knots (17 km/h); Weapons thirty-four guns
1879:
8:
2959:
1480:
Pareja arrived in Peru in December 1864 and immediately opened negotiations with General
1333:
875:
838:
833:
828:
698:
483:
421:
1513:
In the meantime, anti-Spanish sentiments in several South American countries, including
2923:
2836:
1677:
1654:
1650:
1485:
1466:
1282:
1173:
774:
750:
735:
170:
2530:"Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century (the 1800s)"
2202:
2161:
2132:
2103:
2060:
2023:
1984:
1305:
2933:
2879:
2807:
2788:
2761:
2744:
2721:
2691:
2412:
1783:
1693:
1116:
1111:
1024:
583:
28:
1756:
1537:
declared that coal was a war supply that could not be sold to a belligerent nation.
628:
2457:
2267:
2095:
1796:
1639:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1554:
1381:
1199:
623:
411:
334:
288:
174:
2927:
2875:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
2873:
2801:
1713:
1431:
1231:
1141:
927:
703:
303:
2705:
By Reason or Force: Chile and the Balancing of Power in South America, 1830â1905
2512:â Built 1852; Given by Peru to Chile for wartime use 1865; Displacement 450 tons
1529:. Given the climate of suspicion, no one was surprised when the Spanish gunboat
3143:
3119:
2758:
The Ten Cents War: Chile, Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific, 1879â1884
2385:
1731:
1718:
Spain's Admiral Mendez NĂșñez sent two of his most powerful ships (the frigates
1701:
1688:
joined the alliance on January 30, 1866 by declaring war on Spain on that day.
1526:
1470:
1426:
The Chincha Islands of Peru were occupied by Spanish marines on April 14, 1864.
1106:
382:
3177:
2792:
2748:
2695:
1443:
1365:
1158:
910:
858:
673:
350:
3063:
1878:) in Madrid, Spain, was named after this campaign. The street gave name to
3131:
3023:
2735:
Curana, J.; Koehler, R. B.; Silverstone, Paul H. (1990). "Question 12/89".
2360:
1316:. PinzĂłn's squadron was composed of four warships: the twin steam frigates
3155:
3040:"Guerra del PacĂfico â 1864â1865 Conflicto de España contra Chile y PerĂș"
2384:â Built 1854; Weight 250-tons; Speed 7 knots (13 km/h); Weapons two
2239:
1955:
1949:
1829:
1274:
1178:
1734:, managed to fire over an island and scored several hits on the frigate
1589:
1566:
1473:, had died in Chile in 1813 while he was fighting for Spain during the
1407:
1369:
1349:
588:
553:
2529:
1380:
On August 4, 1863, an incident took place at the Talambo hacienda, in
232:
1963:
1746:
1697:
1451:
1239:
65:
Peace treaties between Spain and Peru (1879), Bolivia (1879), Chile (
2493:â Captured by Spain; Speed 13 knots (24 km/h); armament 2 guns.
1755:, which was transporting sailors to crew the new Peruvian ironclads
2326:
1938:
1801:
1168:
1226:
from 1865 to 1879. The conflict began with Spain's seizure of the
2656:
1933:
1689:
1685:
1522:
1514:
1270:
1223:
1219:
1163:
151:
139:
1634:
3163:
2315:
1816:
1559:
1361:
1278:
2932:(in Spanish). Vol. IâXVI. Santiago, Chile: Rafael Jover.
2591:
1610:
on November 26, 1865. The engagement had the Chilean corvette
1364:. It stayed in port for a few weeks and then sailed bound for
2334:
being fitted after its conversion in the Callao harbour, 1864
1944:
1518:
1435:
1353:
1261:
1227:
1215:
1207:
207:
184:
165:
108:
87:
1653:
from office. He was replaced by his vice president, General
1403:
to settle the issue directly with the Peruvian authorities.
2707:. Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press.
2603:
1357:
1256:
1211:
196:
121:
16:
1864â79 Spanish war with its former South American colonies
2632:
2734:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2012:
At the time among the most powerful ships of the world.
1442:, occupied the islands with 400 marines, and raised the
2621:
1832:, completing a circumnavigation of the globe to do so.
1700:
refused to join the alliance, as it was embroiled in a
1629:
1454:
was even entertained for a time. During the blockade,
3103:
2711:
2662:
2644:
2536:
1206:), was a series of coastal and naval battles between
2825:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1626:, who quickly received a promotion to rear admiral.
1492:
was signed on January 27, 1865 on board the frigate
1417:
1406:
Salazar arrived in March 1864, bearing the title of
2829:
2806:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing.
2597:
2579:
1484:, the special representative of Peruvian President
1312:on his voyage that resulted in the modern European
2713:
1533:stopped at a Chilean port for coal, and President
1248:, the first ironclad to circumnavigate the world.
2922:
2910:without appreciating that they were the same ship
2906:both under her original name, and under the name
2716:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860â1905
2567:
3175:
2851:
2609:
3000:"Peru guards its guano as demand soars in 2008"
2946:
2712:Chesneau, Roger; Eugene Kolesnik, eds. (1979).
1234:in one of a series of attempts by Spain, under
2892:
2638:
1569:on September 17, 1865 aboard his flagship the
921:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762â63)
380:
2760:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.
1864:
1858:
911:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762â63)
366:
248:
2678:Budino, José M. (2008). "Re: The Capture of
1770:
2016:
373:
359:
255:
241:
2997:
2977:
2775:Greene, Jack (2008). "Re: The Capture of
1348:The Spanish ships arrived at the port of
2325:
2314:
1800:
1633:
1421:
1392:as well, and it sent the representative
1255:
2896:(in Spanish). p. 4. Archived from
2878:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
2243:on the night of 25 to 26 November 1864
1287:the last of which it briefly reoccupied
262:
3176:
2871:
2799:
2774:
2755:
2677:
2585:
2561:
2549:
2949:"La Campaña del PacĂfico (1862â1866)"
2820:
2650:
2216:11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph)
2175:11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph)
2144:12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
2115:12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
2072:12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
2035:15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
1998:12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
1458:was destroyed by an accidental fire.
1264:-rich Chincha Islands of Peru in 1863
906:Caribbean and North America (1739â48)
354:
236:
3199:Spanish colonization of the Americas
2947:GarcĂa MartĂnez, JosĂ© RamĂłn (1997).
2702:
2573:
2238:Lost in accidental fire in front of
2092:Arrived to the Pacific in April 1866
1790:
1630:War with Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia
1595:
1375:
407:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
13:
2916:
1889:
1730:, under the command of Lieutenant
1707:
14:
3275:
3099:
3080:"The War with Spain of 1865â1866"
3020:"España y la Guerra del PacĂfico"
1867:Avenida de la Ciudad de Barcelona
1508:
1418:Occupation of the Chincha Islands
3162:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3113:
2622:Davis, William Columbus (1950).
2201:
2160:
2131:
2102:
2059:
2022:
1983:
1852:
1461:The new Spanish Prime Minister,
206:
195:
183:
164:
144:
132:
114:
101:
86:
27:
3044:Historia y Arqueologia MarĂtima
1810:, flagship of the Spanish fleet
1692:, under the command of General
1434:, the main source for Peruvian
629:Argentine Northwest (1560â1667)
2980:"Chile: A Brief Naval History"
2615:
2598:NYT staff & April 10, 1866
2522:
1638:A Peruvian battery during the
1:
2800:Guinot, Dolores Luna (2009).
1848:With Ecuador: 28 January 1885
1616:capture the Spanish schooner
1304:, a direct descendant of the
1295:Luis HernĂĄndez-PinzĂłn Ălvarez
1251:
1242:, including the Spanish ship
3060:"Liberation of the Chinchas"
3022:(in Spanish). Archived from
2958:(in Spanish). Archived from
2821:Moore, John Bassett (1898).
1842:With Bolivia: 21 August 1879
1822:
1412:Juan Antonio Ribeyro Estrada
1097:Dominican Republic (1863â65)
7:
2872:Tucker, Spencer C. (1967).
2830:NYT staff (10 April 1866).
2610:NYT staff & May 6, 1866
2497:
2450:
2311:List of Peruvian Navy ships
1475:Chilean War of Independence
1394:Eusebio Salazar y Mazarredo
1210:and its former colonies of
1204:Guerra hispano-sudamericana
10:
3280:
2998:NYT staff (May 30, 2008).
2671:
2663:Chesneau and Kolesnik 1979
2308:
1794:
1774:
1711:
1649:forced Peruvian President
1599:
1196:SpanishâSouth American War
953:Banda Oriental (1776â1777)
384:Spanish colonial campaigns
22:SpanishâSouth American War
2929:Historia Jeneral de Chile
2756:Farcau, Bruce W. (2000).
2720:. Conway Maritime Press.
1977:
1865:
1859:
1777:Bombardment of Valparaiso
1771:Bombardment of Valparaiso
1482:Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
1314:discovery of the Americas
1005:Spanish America (1808â33)
1000:RĂo de la Plata (1806â07)
392:
274:
218:
157:
79:
37:
26:
21:
3194:History of South America
2852:NYT staff (6 May 1866).
2703:Burr, Robert N. (1967).
2516:
2432:
1894:
1845:With Chile: 12 June 1883
1839:With Peru: 14 April 1879
1174:Western Sahara (1973â76)
1102:Peru and Chile (1864â66)
901:Banda Oriental (1735â37)
402:Canary Islands (1402â96)
54:Coasts of Peru and Chile
2984:Historical Text Archive
2978:LĂłpez Urrutia, Carlos.
2625:The Last Conquistadores
2445:Juan Williams Rebolledo
2304:
2228:2 150 mm howitzers
2187:2 150 mm howitzers
2082:2 150 mm howitzers
2045:2 150 mm howitzers
1863:("Pacific street", now
958:North America (1779â83)
876:North America (1702â13)
714:Philippines (1599-1600)
649:Philippines (1565â1898)
2335:
2323:
2281:Marqués de la Victoria
1811:
1642:
1582:Spanish prime minister
1427:
1308:, who had accompanied
1265:
1203:
158:Commanders and leaders
128:Nominal participation:
3171:at Wikimedia Commons
2900:on October 14, 2007.
2803:Conspiracy In Mendoza
2781:Warship International
2737:Warship International
2684:Warship International
2406:â Built 1864 â 2 guns
2400:â Built 1864 â 2 guns
2350:Captain Manuel Villar
2329:
2318:
2270:on November 26, 1865.
2094:only days before the
1907:Luis HernĂĄndez PinzĂłn
1804:
1662:Mariano Ignacio Prado
1647:Vivanco-Pareja Treaty
1637:
1490:Vivanco-Pareja Treaty
1425:
1259:
1179:Western Sahara (1975)
1132:Philippines (1896â98)
1087:Cochinchina (1858â62)
988:Caribbean (1796â1802)
849:Lake Maracaibo (1669)
785:Philippines (1638-46)
659:Philippines (1567â72)
514:El Salvador (1524â39)
509:Guatemala (1524â1697)
469:Puerto Rico (1511â29)
219:Casualties and losses
69:) and Ecuador (1885).
3086:on December 31, 2007
3026:on December 11, 2009
3006:. New York, New York
2894:"Old Peruvian ships"
2006:34 200 mm guns
1575:Chilean National Day
1310:Christopher Columbus
859:New Mexico (1680â92)
3184:Chincha Islands War
3169:Chincha Islands War
2924:Barros Arana, Diego
2564:, pp. 307â308.
2473:Virgen de Covadonga
2428:â Built 1865; 1 gun
2263:Virgen de Covadonga
2226:14 160 mm guns
2224:20 200 mm guns
2185:14 160 mm guns
2183:20 200 mm guns
2080:14 160 mm guns
2078:30 200 mm guns
2043:14 160 mm guns
2041:30 200 mm guns
1463:RamĂłn MarĂa NarvĂĄez
1390:War of Independence
1342:Virgen de Covadonga
1192:Chincha Islands War
1092:Morocco (1859â1860)
1082:Balanguingui (1848)
1050:Venezuela (1811â23)
1015:Argentina (1810â18)
529:YucatĂĄn (1527â1697)
504:Chiapas (1523â1695)
266:Chincha Islands War
3004:The New York Times
2858:The New York Times
2837:The New York Times
2639:Old Peruvian Ships
2438:General Commanders
2339:General Commanders
2336:
2324:
2319:The screw-frigate
2232:2 80 mm guns
2230:2 120 mm guns
2222:1 220 mm guns
2191:2 80 mm guns
2189:2 120 mm guns
2181:1 220 mm guns
2086:2 80 mm guns
2084:2 120 mm guns
2049:2 80 mm guns
2047:2 120 mm guns
1978:Ironclad frigates
1921:Casto MĂ©ndez NĂșñez
1914:José Manuel Pareja
1900:General Commanders
1860:calle del PacĂfico
1812:
1655:Pedro Diez Canseco
1651:Juan Antonio Pezet
1643:
1624:Casto MĂ©ndez NĂșñez
1586:Leopoldo O'Donnell
1565:Pareja arrived at
1558:remained to guard
1543:José Manuel Pareja
1535:JosĂ© JoaquĂn PĂ©rez
1486:Juan Antonio Pezet
1467:Juan Manuel Pareja
1428:
1283:Dominican Republic
1266:
1137:Puerto Rico (1898)
1107:Puerto Rico (1868)
1065:Colombia (1819â20)
1060:Colombia (1815â16)
1040:El Salvador (1811)
1025:Paraguay (1810â11)
968:New Granada (1781)
938:Philippines (1762)
844:Porto Bello (1668)
814:Philippines (1646)
770:Philippines (1630)
726:Philippines (1602)
709:Puerto Rico (1598)
699:Philippines (1596)
694:Puerto Rico (1595)
689:Cambodia (1593â97)
569:Colombia (1537â40)
519:Honduras (1524â39)
484:Mexico (1519â1821)
190:Casto MĂ©ndez NĂșñez
171:Juan Manuel Pareja
3264:Conflicts in 1865
3259:Conflicts in 1864
3189:Conflicts in 1866
3167:Media related to
3066:on March 12, 2008
2956:Revista de Marina
2489:Paquete del Maule
2247:
2246:
1752:Paquete del Maule
1741:Williams and the
1702:war with Paraguay
1694:Mariano Melgarejo
1372:, United States.
1339:and the schooner
1187:
1186:
1169:Morocco (1957â58)
1164:Morocco (1920â26)
1159:Morocco (1911â12)
1122:Morocco (1893â94)
1070:Ecuador (1820â22)
1010:Bolivia (1809â25)
943:Chile (1766â1767)
891:Chile (1723â1726)
824:Hispaniola (1655)
731:Insulindia (1603)
684:Insulindia (1585)
679:Insulindia (1582)
589:Chile (1546â1662)
479:Algeria (1517â18)
348:
347:
231:
230:
75:
74:
3271:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3082:. Archived from
3075:
3073:
3071:
3062:. Archived from
3055:
3053:
3051:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2953:
2943:
2912:
2889:
2885:978-1-85109672-5
2868:
2866:
2864:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2826:
2817:
2796:
2771:
2752:
2731:
2719:
2708:
2699:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2268:Battle of Papudo
2205:
2164:
2135:
2106:
2096:Battle of Callao
2063:
2026:
1987:
1927:
1926:
1877:
1875:
1862:
1797:Battle of Callao
1791:Battle of Callao
1640:Battle of Callao
1608:Battle of Papudo
1602:Battle of Papudo
1596:Battle of Papudo
1503:
1408:Royal Commissary
1402:
1382:Lambayeque, Peru
1376:Talambo incident
1337:
1303:
1194:, also known as
1075:Mexico (1821â29)
1030:Mexico (1810â21)
933:Nicaragua (1762)
584:Halmahera (1545)
554:Brazil (1534-36)
489:Mexico (1519â21)
387:
385:
375:
368:
361:
352:
351:
322:Paquete de Maule
269:
267:
257:
250:
243:
234:
233:
211:
210:
202:Mariano I. Prado
200:
199:
188:
187:
179:
169:
168:
150:
148:
147:
138:
136:
135:
120:
118:
117:
107:
105:
104:
91:
90:
39:
38:
31:
19:
18:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3224:1866 in Bolivia
3219:1866 in Ecuador
3174:
3173:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3102:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3007:
2988:
2986:
2968:
2966:
2965:on 17 June 2009
2962:
2951:
2940:
2919:
2917:Further reading
2886:
2862:
2860:
2842:
2840:
2814:
2768:
2728:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2653:, p. 1651.
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2552:, p. 1431.
2548:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2500:
2466:Steam-schooners
2453:
2435:
2386:68-pounder guns
2376:Steam-schooners
2346:Lizardo Montero
2313:
2307:
2288:Sail transports
2250:Steam-schooners
2242:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2208:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2028:Villa de Madrid
2017:Screw-frigates
2002:
1969:
1958:
1947:
1936:
1897:
1892:
1890:Order of battle
1869:
1855:
1825:
1799:
1793:
1779:
1773:
1720:Villa de Madrid
1716:
1714:Battle of Abtao
1710:
1708:Battle of Abtao
1670:Lizardo Montero
1632:
1604:
1598:
1571:Villa de Madrid
1511:
1497:
1495:Villa de Madrid
1432:Chincha Islands
1420:
1396:
1378:
1331:
1326:, the corvette
1306:PinzĂłn brothers
1297:
1254:
1232:Chincha Islands
1188:
1183:
1055:Chile (1812â27)
916:Portugal (1762)
809:Valdivia (1643)
746:PetĂ©n (1618â97)
388:
383:
381:
379:
349:
344:
279:Chincha Islands
270:
265:
263:
261:
205:
204:
194:
182:
181:
175:
163:
145:
143:
142:
133:
131:
130:
126:
115:
113:
102:
100:
85:
55:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3101:
3100:External links
3098:
3097:
3096:
3076:
3056:
3036:
3016:
2995:
2975:
2944:
2938:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2890:
2884:
2869:
2849:
2827:
2818:
2813:978-1426921858
2812:
2797:
2772:
2766:
2753:
2743:(2): 200â203.
2732:
2726:
2709:
2700:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2628:. p. 332.
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2535:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2478:
2477:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2389:
2388:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2355:Screw-frigates
2352:
2351:
2348:
2309:Main article:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2285:
2284:
2272:
2271:
2259:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2233:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2207:Nuestra Señora
2198:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2087:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1880:a neighborhood
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1824:
1821:
1795:Main article:
1792:
1789:
1775:Main article:
1772:
1769:
1732:Manuel Thomson
1712:Main article:
1709:
1706:
1631:
1628:
1600:Main article:
1597:
1594:
1527:Spanish Empire
1510:
1509:War with Chile
1507:
1471:Antonio Pareja
1419:
1416:
1377:
1374:
1253:
1250:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1154:Morocco (1909)
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1127:Cuba (1895â98)
1124:
1119:
1117:Cuba (1879â80)
1114:
1112:Cuba (1868â78)
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1045:Uruguay (1811)
1042:
1037:
1035:Peru (1811â24)
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:Florida (1810)
1017:
1012:
1002:
996:
995:
991:
990:
985:
980:
978:Algiers (1784)
975:
973:Algiers (1783)
970:
965:
963:Peru (1780â82)
960:
955:
950:
948:Algiers (1775)
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
924:
923:
918:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
886:Bahamas (1720)
883:
878:
872:
871:
867:
866:
864:Morocco (1689)
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
839:Jamaica (1658)
836:
834:Jamaica (1657)
831:
829:Jamaica (1655)
826:
821:
819:Tortuga (1654)
816:
811:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
758:
753:
748:
743:
741:Morocco (1614)
738:
736:Tunisia (1605)
733:
728:
722:
721:
717:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
669:Tunisia (1574)
666:
664:Tunisia (1573)
661:
656:
654:Florida (1565)
651:
646:
644:Morocco (1564)
641:
639:Morocco (1563)
636:
634:Algeria (1563)
631:
626:
624:Tunisia (1560)
621:
619:Algeria (1558)
616:
614:Algeria (1556)
611:
609:Algeria (1555)
606:
601:
599:Tunisia (1550)
596:
594:Algeria (1547)
591:
586:
581:
579:Algeria (1543)
576:
574:Algeria (1541)
571:
566:
564:Tunisia (1535)
561:
559:Algeria (1535)
556:
551:
549:Tunisia (1534)
546:
544:Peru (1532â72)
541:
539:Algeria (1531)
536:
534:Algeria (1529)
531:
526:
524:Morocco (1525)
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
499:Tunisia (1520)
496:
494:Algeria (1519)
491:
486:
481:
476:
474:Algeria (1516)
471:
466:
464:Tunisia (1510)
461:
459:Tripoli (1510)
456:
454:Algeria (1510)
451:
449:Algeria (1509)
446:
444:Morocco (1508)
441:
439:Algeria (1507)
436:
434:Algeria (1505)
430:
429:
425:
424:
422:Melilla (1497)
419:
417:Algeria (1497)
414:
409:
404:
398:
397:
393:
390:
389:
378:
377:
370:
363:
355:
346:
345:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
326:
325:
318:
308:
307:
306:
296:
291:
286:
281:
275:
272:
271:
260:
259:
252:
245:
237:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
216:
215:
192:
160:
159:
155:
154:
125:
124:
111:
97:
95:
82:
81:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:
61:
57:
56:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3276:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:1865 in Spain
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:1865 in Chile
3242:
3240:
3239:1864 in Spain
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:1864 in Chile
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:1866 in Spain
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:1866 in Chile
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2939:9780598482358
2935:
2931:
2930:
2926:(1884â1902).
2925:
2921:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2588:, p. 17.
2587:
2582:
2576:, p. 97.
2575:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1919:Rear-Admiral
1918:
1915:
1912:Vice-Admiral
1911:
1908:
1905:Vice-Admiral
1904:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1887:
1885:
1884:metro station
1881:
1876:
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1853:Commemoration
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1833:
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1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
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1778:
1768:
1766:
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1764:Independencia
1760:
1759:
1754:
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1366:San Francisco
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1359:
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986:
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912:
909:
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904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
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884:
882:
881:Chiloé (1712)
879:
877:
874:
873:
869:
868:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
854:Panama (1671)
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
808:
803:
801:
800:Taiwan (1642)
798:
796:
795:Taiwan (1641)
793:
791:
790:Brazil (1640)
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:Brazil (1638)
778:
776:
775:Brazil (1631)
773:
771:
768:
766:
764:
759:
757:
756:Taiwan (1626)
754:
752:
751:Brazil (1625)
749:
747:
744:
742:
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729:
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690:
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674:Brunei (1578)
672:
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412:Guinea (1478)
410:
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213:Juan Williams
209:
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59:
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52:
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44:
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40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
3249:1865 in Peru
3234:1864 in Peru
3209:1866 in Peru
3161:
3088:. Retrieved
3084:the original
3068:. Retrieved
3064:the original
3048:. Retrieved
3046:(in Spanish)
3043:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:the original
3008:. Retrieved
3003:
2987:. Retrieved
2983:
2967:. Retrieved
2960:the original
2955:
2928:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2898:the original
2874:
2861:. Retrieved
2857:
2841:. Retrieved
2835:
2822:
2802:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2757:
2740:
2736:
2715:
2704:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2624:
2617:
2605:
2593:
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2569:
2557:
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2286:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2206:
2166:
2136:
2108:Reina Blanca
2107:
2064:
2027:
1988:
1899:
1898:
1856:
1834:
1826:
1813:
1806:
1780:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1724:Reina Blanca
1723:
1719:
1717:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1644:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1530:
1512:
1493:
1479:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1444:Spanish flag
1439:
1429:
1405:
1386:
1379:
1347:
1341:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1291:
1267:
1243:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1148:20th century
1101:
994:19th century
983:Chile (1792)
870:18th century
806:
765:Nevis (1629)
762:
720:17th century
604:Libya (1551)
428:16th century
396:15th century
321:
264:
176:
127:
80:Belligerents
2586:Farcau 2000
2562:Guinot 2009
2550:Tucker 1967
2213:3,100 tons
2209:del Triunfo
2172:3,100 tons
2141:3,800 tons
2112:3,800 tons
2069:3,980 tons
2032:4,478 tons
1995:7,500 tons
1923:(1865â1866)
1916:(1864â1865)
1909:(1863â1864)
1870: [
1830:Philippines
1668:by Captain
1498: [
1397: [
1332: [
1298: [
1275:Philippines
1236:Isabella II
1142:Guam (1898)
928:Cuba (1762)
896:Oran (1732)
704:Cuba (1596)
3178:Categories
2787:(4): 265.
2767:0275969258
2727:0831703024
2690:(4): 265.
2651:Moore 1898
2481:Transports
2392:Steamboats
2275:Steamboats
2167:ResoluciĂłn
2137:Berenguela
2003:Iron belt
1784:Valparaiso
1590:Valparaiso
1567:Valparaiso
1440:ResoluciĂłn
1370:California
1350:Valparaiso
1323:ResoluciĂłn
1281:, and the
1252:Background
761:St. Kitts
330:ValparaĂso
311:2nd Chiloé
299:1st Chiloé
294:Calderilla
3090:2 January
3070:2 January
3050:2 January
3030:2 January
3010:2 January
2989:1 January
2969:1 January
2902:Mentions
2863:2 January
2843:2 January
2793:0043-0374
2749:0043-0374
2696:0043-0374
2574:Burr 1967
2458:Esmeralda
2411:Ironclad
2256:Vencedora
1964:Artillery
1823:Aftermath
1747:steamboat
1743:Esmeralda
1728:Covadonga
1698:Argentina
1619:Covadonga
1613:Esmeralda
1555:Covadonga
1531:Vencedora
1452:Gibraltar
1329:Vencedora
1240:ironclads
45:1865â1879
2904:Apurimac
2510:Lautauro
2498:Steamers
2451:Corvette
2443:Captain
2426:Victoria
2413:monitors
2369:Amazonas
2362:ApurĂmac
2344:Captain
2321:Amazonas
2294:Consuelo
2283:â 3 guns
2150:36 guns
2121:68 guns
1990:Numancia
1807:Numancia
1679:ApurĂmac
1674:Amazonas
1580:The new
1552:and the
1549:Numancia
1245:Numancia
50:Location
3144:Ecuador
3120:Bolivia
3106:Portals
2777:Tornado
2680:Tornado
2672:Sources
2398:Chalaco
2299:Mataura
2065:Almansa
1959:(Inch)
1930:Vessel
1758:HuĂĄscar
1690:Bolivia
1686:Ecuador
1523:Ecuador
1515:Bolivia
1456:Triunfo
1318:Triunfo
1271:Morocco
1224:Bolivia
1220:Ecuador
1200:Spanish
805:Chiloé
340:Madeira
177:†
152:Bolivia
140:Ecuador
2936:
2908:Callao
2882:
2810:
2791:
2764:
2747:
2724:
2694:
2382:Tumbes
1973:Notes
1956:Armour
1817:Callao
1749:, the
1736:Blanca
1560:Callao
1521:, and
1488:. The
1362:Callao
1279:Mexico
1273:, the
1230:-rich
1222:, and
335:Callao
289:Papudo
173:
149:
137:
119:
106:
60:Result
3132:Chile
2963:(PDF)
2952:(PDF)
2741:XXVII
2517:Notes
2504:MaipĂș
2433:Chile
2404:ColĂłn
2240:Pisco
2235:1861
2194:1861
2153:1864
2124:1864
2089:1864
2052:1862
2009:1863
1970:Year
1968:Built
1962:Main
1950:Knots
1945:Speed
1939:L.ton
1895:Spain
1874:]
1519:Chile
1502:]
1436:guano
1401:]
1354:Chile
1336:]
1302:]
1262:guano
1228:guano
1216:Chile
1208:Spain
316:Huite
304:Abtao
109:Chile
93:Spain
3156:Peru
3092:2010
3072:2010
3052:2010
3032:2010
3012:2010
2991:2010
2971:2010
2934:ISBN
2880:ISBN
2865:2010
2845:2010
2808:ISBN
2789:ISSN
2762:ISBN
2745:ISSN
2722:ISBN
2692:ISSN
2330:The
2305:Peru
1934:tons
1882:and
1857:The
1761:and
1722:and
1676:and
1358:Peru
1320:and
1260:The
1212:Peru
1190:The
284:Tomé
122:Peru
67:1883
42:Date
2785:XLV
2779:".
2688:XLV
2682:".
2420:Loa
2332:Loa
227:700
224:300
3180::
3042:.
3002:.
2982:.
2954:.
2856:.
2834:.
2783:.
2739:.
2686:.
2538:^
2219:â
2178:â
2147:â
2118:â
2075:â
2038:â
2001:5œ
1952:)
1941:)
1886:.
1872:es
1767:.
1704:.
1682:.
1657:.
1584:,
1562:.
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1500:es
1414:.
1399:es
1368:,
1352:,
1345:.
1334:es
1300:es
1289:.
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1277:,
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3108::
3094:.
3074:.
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2993:.
2973:.
2942:.
2888:.
2867:.
2847:.
2816:.
2795:.
2770:.
2751:.
2730:.
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2665:.
2641:.
2612:.
2600:.
2532:.
1948:(
1937:(
1198:(
807:·
763:·
374:e
367:t
360:v
256:e
249:t
242:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
