Chinese Communist Party

5103: 2888:"exercises the functions and powers of the Central Committee when a plenum is not in session". The PSC is the party's highest decision-making institution when the Politburo, the Central Committee and the National Congress are not in session. It convenes at least once a week. It was established at the 8th National Congress, in 1958, to take over the policy-making role formerly assumed by the Secretariat. The Secretariat is the top implementation body of the Central Committee, and can make decisions within the policy framework established by the Politburo; it is also responsible for supervising the work of organizations that report directly into the Central Committee, for example departments, commissions, publications, and so on. The CMC is the highest decision-making institution on military affairs within the party, and controls the operations of the People's Liberation Army. The general secretary has, since Jiang Zemin, also served as Chairman of the CMC. Unlike the collective leadership ideal of other party organs, the CMC chairman acts as 2442: 2264: 2540:. Despite admitting that globalization developed through the capitalist system, the party's leaders and theorists argue that globalization is not intrinsically capitalist. The reason being that if globalization was purely capitalist, it would exclude an alternative socialist form of modernity. Globalization, as with the market economy, therefore does not have one specific class character (neither socialist nor capitalist) according to the party. The insistence that globalization is not fixed in nature comes from Deng's insistence that China can pursue socialist modernization by incorporating elements of capitalism. Because of this there is considerable optimism within the CCP that despite the current capitalist dominance of globalization, globalization can be turned into a vehicle supporting socialism. 2403:. The Three Represents defines the role of the CCP, and stresses that the Party must always represent the requirements for developing China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people." Certain segments within the CCP criticized the Three Represents as being un-Marxist and a betrayal of basic Marxist values. Supporters viewed it as a further development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Jiang disagreed, and had concluded that attaining the communist mode of production, as formulated by earlier communists, was more complex than had been realized, and that it was useless to try to force a change in the mode of production, as it had to develop naturally, by following the " 1836: 17502: 15957: 3166: 2860: 2804: 617: 3018:, these branches are governing bodies that make important decisions and inculcate CCP ideology in employees. Party committees or branches within companies also provide various benefits to employees. These may include bonuses, interest-free loans, mentorship programs, and free medical and other services for those in need. Enterprises that have party branches generally provide more expansive benefits for employees in the areas of retirement, medical care, unemployment, injury, and birth and fertility. Increasingly, the CCP is requiring private companies to revise their charters to include the role of the party. 3177: 16457: 5529: 17550: 17493: 3007:, and neighbourhoods. These committees play a key role in directing local policy by selecting local leaders and assigning critical tasks. The Party secretary at each level is more senior than that of the leader of the government, with the CCP standing committee being the main source of power. Party committee members in each level are selected by the leadership in the level above, with provincial leaders selected by the central Organizational Department, and not removable by the local party secretary. Neighborhood committees are generally composed of older volunteers. 17537: 551: 15009: 1950: 13284: 572: 17518: 17442: 3057:

attitudes and may make a formal inquiry to a party branch near the applicants' parents residence to vet family loyalty to communism and the party. In 2014, only 2 million applications were accepted out of some 22 million applicants. Admitted members then spend a year as a probationary member. Probationary members are typically accepted into the party. Members must pay dues regardless of location and, in 2019, the CCP Central Committee issued a rule requiring members abroad to contact CCP cells at home at least once every six months.

2484:. He said, "A planned economy is not the definition of socialism, because there is planning under capitalism; the market economy happens under socialism, too. Planning and market forces are both ways of controlling economic activity". Jiang Zemin supported Deng's thinking, and stated in a party gathering that it did not matter if a certain mechanism was capitalist or socialist, because the only thing that mattered was whether it worked. It was at this gathering that Jiang Zemin introduced the term socialist market economy, which replaced 1648: 17473: 17455: 17432: 3096:

no woman has ever been among the members of the Politburo Standing Committee, while the broader Politburo currently does not have any female members. Just 3 of 27 government ministers are women, and importantly, since 1997, China has fallen to 53rd place from 16th in the world in terms of female representation in the National People's Congress, according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union. CCP leaders such as Zhao Ziyang have vigorously opposed the participation of women in the political process. Within the party women face a

2328: 2729:. The process, which literally translates to "double regulation", aims to extract confessions from members accused of violating party rules. According to the Dui Hua Foundation, tactics such as cigarette burns, beatings and simulated drowning are among those used to extract confessions. Other reported techniques include the use of induced hallucinations, with one subject of this method reporting that "In the end I was so exhausted, I agreed to all the accusations against me even though they were false." 5543: 4764: 17422: 16748: 2690:, held in 1927. In the words of the party constitution, "The Party is an integral body organized under its program and constitution and on the basis of democratic centralism". Mao once quipped that democratic centralism was "at once democratic and centralized, with the two seeming opposites of democracy and centralization united in a definite form." Mao claimed that the superiority of democratic centralism lay in its internal contradictions, between democracy and centralism, and 17484: 1993:, the CCP headquarters, for much of the war. The KMT's successes were hollow; the CCP had tactically withdrawn from the cities, and instead undermined KMT rule there by instigating protests among students and intellectuals. The KMT responded to these demonstrations with heavy-handed repression. In the meantime, the KMT was struggling with factional infighting and Chiang Kai-shek's autocratic control over the party, which weakened its ability to respond to attacks. 5557: 14961: 16669: 16679: 3146:, a youth organization for children below the age of 14. The organizational structure of CYL is an exact copy of the CCP's; the highest body is the National Congress, followed by the Central Committee, Politburo, and the Politburo Standing Committee. However, the Central Committee (and all central organs) of the CYL work under the guidance of the CCP central leadership. 2021 estimates put the number of CYL members at over 81 million. 2651:. Before Jiang Zemin's tenure as paramount leader, the party core and collective leadership were indistinguishable. In practice, the core was not responsible to the collective leadership. However, by the time of Jiang, the party had begun propagating a responsibility system, referring to it in official pronouncements as the "core of the collective leadership". Academics have noted a decline in collective leadership under Xi Jinping. 13265: 2030: 13322: 3036:"It is my will to join the Communist Party of China, uphold the Party's program, observe the provisions of the Party constitution, fulfill a Party member's duties, carry out the Party's decisions, strictly observe Party discipline, guard Party secrets, be loyal to the Party, work hard, fight for communism throughout my life, be ready at all times to sacrifice my all for the Party and the people, and never betray the Party." 16736: 5484: 5454: 5419: 5389: 5354: 5324: 5289: 5013:, a Central Politburo member, met with Fidel Castro in 2007, he gave him a personal letter written by Hu Jintao: "Facts have shown that China and Cuba are trustworthy good friends, good comrades, and good brothers who treat each other with sincerity. The two countries' friendship has withstood the test of a changeable international situation, and the friendship has been further strengthened and consolidated." 408: 13249: 5511: 5492: 5462: 5427: 5397: 5362: 5332: 5297: 5262: 2488:'s "planned socialist market economy". In his report to the 14th National Congress Jiang Zemin told the delegates that the socialist state would "let market forces play a basic role in resource allocation." At the 15th National Congress, the party line was changed to "make market forces further play their role in resource allocation"; this line continued until the 3rd Plenary Session of the 57: 3074: 5179:", the CCP's relations with European social democratic parties were its first serious efforts to establish cordial party-to-party relations with non-communist parties. The CCP credits the European social democrats with creating a "capitalism with a human face". Before the 1980s, the CCP had a highly negative and dismissive view of social democracy, a view dating back to the 1896:, a way to organize revolutionary parties, and established a politburo to function as the standing committee of the central committee. The result was increased centralization of power within the party. At every level of the party this was duplicated, with standing committees now in effective control. After being expelled from the party, Chen Duxiu went on to lead China's 2557:... He did not give up Marxism or socialism. He strengthened the Party by providing a modern understanding of Marxism and socialism—which is why we talk about a 'socialist market economy' with Chinese characteristics." The attainment of true "communism" is still described as the CCP's and China's "ultimate goal". While the CCP claims that China is in the 1946:

coming war with the KMT. In 1939, the KMT began to restrict CCP expansion within China. This led to frequent clashes between CCP and KMT forces which subsided rapidly on the realization on both sides that civil war amidst a foreign invasion was not an option. By 1943, the CCP was again actively expanding its territory at the expense of the KMT.

1881:, hoping to spark peasant uprisings across Hunan. His plan was to attack the KMT-held city from three directions on 9 September, but the Fourth Regiment deserted to the KMT cause, attacking the Third Regiment. Mao's army made it to Changsha but could not take it; by 15 September, he accepted defeat, with 1,000 survivors marching east to the 3011:

socialization and host morale boosting events for existing members. They also provide mechanisms that help private firm interface with government bodies and learn about policies which relate to their fields. On average, the profitability of private firms with a CCP branch is 12.6 per cent higher than the profitability of private firms.

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bureaucracy. Leadership was largely selected based on rules and norms on promotion and retirement, educational background, and managerial and technical expertise. There is a largely separate group of professionalized military officers, serving under top CCP leadership largely through formal relationships within institutional channels.

2667:" is centralized on the basis of democracy and democratic under centralized guidance. This is the only system that can give full expression to democracy with full powers vested in the people's congresses at all levels and, at the same time, guarantee centralized administration with the governments at each level 2579:" campaign, the relationship between ideology and decision making was a deductive one, meaning that policy-making was derived from ideological knowledge. However, under Deng's leadership this relationship was turned upside down, with decision making justifying ideology. Chinese policy-makers have described the 5071:

KMT's loss of power in 2000 after having ruled Taiwan since 1949 (the KMT officially ruled mainland China from 1928 to 1949). In general, one-party states or dominant-party states are of special interest to the party and party-to-party relations are formed so that the CCP can study them. The longevity of the

2698:. Currently, the CCP is claiming that "democracy is the lifeline of the Party, the lifeline of socialism". But for democracy to be implemented, and functioning properly, there needs to be centralization. Democracy in any form, the CCP claims, needs centralism, since without centralism there will be no order. 5599:

During the Chinese Civil War, party officials were only able to confirm from available documents that the 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in July 1921, but not the specific date of the meeting. In June 1941, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party declared 1

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Since Jiang Zemin's time, the CCP has made friendly overtures to its erstwhile foe, the Kuomintang. The CCP emphasizes strong party-to-party relations with the KMT so as to strengthen the probability of the reunification of Taiwan with mainland China. However, several studies have been written on the

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in 1969, has been convened every five years (prior to the 9th Congress they were convened on an irregular basis). According to the party's constitution, a congress may not be postponed except "under extraordinary circumstances." The party constitution gives the National Congress six responsibilities:

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While foreign analysts generally agree that the CCP has rejected orthodox Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought (or at least basic thoughts within orthodox thinking), the CCP itself disagrees. Critics of the CCP argue that Jiang Zemin ended the party's formal commitment to Marxism–Leninism with the

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The third stage, lasting from July 1947 to August 1948, saw a limited counteroffensive by the CCP. The objective was clearing "Central China, strengthening North China, and recovering Northeast China." This operation, coupled with military desertions from the KMT, resulted in the KMT losing 2 million

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to overthrow the warlords, Chiang Kai-shek turned on the communists, who by now numbered in the tens of thousands across China. Ignoring the orders of the Wuhan-based KMT government, he marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by communist militias. Although the communists welcomed Chiang's arrival, he

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through its "low-key presence, but total control." According to the CCP's own analysis of Singapore, the PAP's dominance can be explained by its "well-developed social network, which controls constituencies effectively by extending its tentacles deeply into society through branches of government and

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In contrast to the past, when emphasis was placed on the applicants' ideological criteria, the current CCP stresses technical and educational qualifications. To become a probationary member, the applicant must take an admission oath before the party flag. The relevant CCP organization is responsible

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concept for the 2003 revision of the party's constitution, as a "guiding ideology" to encourage the party to represent "advanced productive forces, the progressive course of China's culture, and the fundamental interests of the people." The theory legitimized the entry of private business owners and

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and the CCP's seizure of power. The communists proposed removing Chiang's power. When Chiang gradually gained the support of Western countries, the conflict between him and the communists became more and more intense. Chiang asked the Kuomintang to join the Comintern to rule out the secret expansion

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As of 2023, 30.19 million women are CCP members, representing 30.4% of the party. Women in China have low participation rates as political leaders. Women's disadvantage is most evident in their severe underrepresentation in the more powerful political positions. At the top level of decision making,

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over other social groups. By 2023, CCP membership had become more educated, younger, and less blue-collar than previously, with 56.2% of party members having a college degree or above. As of 2022, around 30 to 35 per cent of Chinese entrepreneurs are or have been a party member. At the end of 2023,

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CCP committees exist inside of companies, both private and state-owned. A business that has more than three party members is legally required to establish a committee or branch. As of 2021, more than half of China's private firms have such organizations. These branches provide places for new member

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Collective leadership, the idea that decisions will be taken through consensus, has been the ideal in the CCP. The concept has its origins back to Lenin and the Russian Bolshevik Party. At the level of the central party leadership this means that, for instance, all members of the Politburo Standing

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their theory that capitalism is the ultimate has been shaken, and socialist development has experienced a miracle. Western capitalism has suffered reversals, a financial crisis, a credit crisis, a crisis of confidence, and their self-conviction has wavered. Western countries have begun to reflect,

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promote their members according to seniority, it is possible to discern distinct generations of Chinese leadership. In official discourse, each group of leadership is identified with a distinct extension of the ideology of the party. Historians have studied various periods in the development of the

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succeeded Deng as paramount leader in the 1990s and continued most of his policies. In the 1990s, the CCP transformed from a veteran revolutionary leadership that was both leading militarily and politically, to a political elite increasingly renewed according to institutionalized norms in the civil

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At the beginning of its history, the CCP did not have a single official standard for the flag, but instead allowed individual party committees to copy the flag of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Central Politburo decreed the establishment of a sole official flag on 28 April 1942: "The

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The CCP's organizational principle is democratic centralism, a principle that entails open discussion of policy on the condition of unity among party members in upholding the agreed-upon decision. It is based on two principles: democracy (synonymous in official discourse with "socialist democracy"

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and interested only in what works. The party itself argues against this assertion. Hu Jintao stated in 2012 that the Western world is "threatening to divide us" and that "the international culture of the West is strong while we are weak ... Ideological and cultural fields are our main targets". As

2026:. From this time through the 1980s, top leaders of the CCP (such as Mao Zedong, Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping) were largely the same military leaders prior to the PRC's founding. As a result, informal personal ties between political and military leaders dominated civil-military relations. 3081:

As of December 2023, individuals who identify as farmers, herdsmen and fishermen make up 26 million members; members identifying as workers totalled 6.6 million. Another group, the "Managing, professional and technical staff in enterprises and public institutions", made up 16.2 million, 11.5

2561:, party theorists argue that the current development stage "looks a lot like capitalism". Alternatively, certain party theorists argue that "capitalism is the early or first stage of communism." Some have dismissed the concept of a primary stage of socialism as intellectual cynicism. For example, 1977:

in 1945, the war between the CCP and the KMT began again in earnest. The 1945–1949 period had four stages; the first was from August 1945 (when the Japanese surrendered) to June 1946 (when the peace talks between the CCP and the KMT ended). By 1945, the KMT had three times more soldiers under its

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and the Marxist–Leninist view on the social democratic movement. By the 1980s, that view had changed and the CCP concluded that it could actually learn something from the social democratic movement. CCP delegates were sent all over Europe to observe. By the 1980s, most European social democratic

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focused on repelling the Japanese invaders. While the front formally existed until 1945, all collaboration between the two parties had effectively ended by 1940. Despite their formal alliance, the CCP used the opportunity to expand and carve out independent bases of operations to prepare for the

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In practice, the delegates rarely discuss issues at length at the National Congresses. Most substantive discussion takes place before the congress, in the preparation period, among a group of top party leaders. In between National Congresses, the Central Committee is the highest decision-making

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To join the CCP, an applicant must go through an approval process. Adults can file applications for membership with their local party branch. A prescreening process, akin to a background check, follows. Next, established party members at the local branch vet applicants' behaviour and political

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and the leadership of the CCDI. According to the party constitution, the general secretary must be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), and is responsible for convening meetings of the PSC and the Politburo, while also presiding over the work of the Secretariat. The Politburo

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against political dissidents and prominent figures from minor parties, which resulted in the political persecution of at least 550,000 people. The campaign significantly damaged the limited pluralistic nature in the socialist republic and solidified the country's status as a

2407:." The theory is most notable for allowing capitalists, officially referred to as the "new social strata", to join the party on the grounds that they engaged in "honest labor and work" and through their labour contributed "to build socialism with Chinese characteristics." 1632:, but by 1920 many grew sceptical about their ability to bring about reforms. China's intellectual movements were fragmented in the early 1920s. The May Fourth Movement and the New Culture Movement had identified issues of broad concern to Chinese progressives, including 14199: 2565:, a former foreign adviser to the Chinese government, stated: "When I first heard this rationale, I thought it more comic than clever—a wry caricature of hack propagandists leaked by intellectual cynics. But the 100-year horizon comes from serious political theorists." 14409: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 5021:

Since the decline and fall of communism in Eastern Europe, the CCP has begun establishing party-to-party relations with non-communist parties. These relations are sought so that the CCP can learn from them. For instance, the CCP has been eager to understand how the

2060:. In an effort to transform the country from an agrarian economy into an industrialized one, the CCP collectivized farmland, formed people's communes, and diverted labour to factories. General mismanagement and exaggerations of harvests by CCP officials led to the 1930:, the formal head of the party, serving as his informal deputies. The conflict with the KMT led to the reorganization of the Red Army, with power now centralized in the leadership through the creation of CCP political departments charged with supervising the army. 4919:

in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. In general, the analyses of the remaining socialist states and their chances of survival have been positive, and the CCP believes that the socialist movement will be revitalized sometime in the future.

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The CCP employs a political strategy that it terms "united front work" that involves groups and key individuals that are influenced or controlled by the CCP and used to advance its interests. United front work is managed primarily but not exclusively by the

2396:" and follow the slogan "practice is the sole criterion for the truth". At the 14th National Congress, Jiang reiterated Deng's mantra that it was unnecessary to ask if something was socialist or capitalist, since the important factor was whether it worked. 2302:, which involved representatives from 500 political parties across 160 countries. Xi urged the participants to oppose "technology blockades," and "developmental decoupling" in order to work towards "building a community with a shared future for mankind." 1673:. The founding National Congress of the CCP was held 23–31 July 1921. With only 50 members in the beginning of 1921, among them Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong, the CCP organization and authorities grew tremendously. While it was originally held in 2895:

A first plenum of the Central Committee also elects heads of departments, bureaus, central leading groups and other institutions to pursue its work during a term (a "term" being the period elapsing between national congresses, usually five years). The

2260:. This has been described as a genocide by some academics and some governments. On the other hand, a greater number of countries signed a letter penned to the Human Rights Council supporting the policies as an effort to combat terrorism in the region. 1978:

command than the CCP and initially appeared to be prevailing. With the cooperation of the US and Japan, the KMT was able to retake major parts of the country. However, KMT rule over the reconquered territories proved unpopular because of its endemic

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would lead the revolution's completion. The May Fourth Movement led to the establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into the CCP and gain the organizational strength that would solidify the success of the

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Social democratic movements in Europe have been of great interest to the CCP since the early 1980s. With the exception of a short period in which the CCP forged party-to-party relations with far-right parties during the 1970s in an effort to halt

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and the general impoverishment of the North Korean people. Circa 2008, there are those analysts who compare the current situation of North Korea with that of China during the Cultural Revolution. Over the years, the CCP has tried to persuade the

2438:. According to official statements by the CCP, the concept integrates "Marxism with the reality of contemporary China and with the underlying features of our times, and it fully embodies the Marxist worldview on and methodology for development." 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 2288: 14209: 14204: 3203:, "The red color symbolizes revolution; the hammer-and-sickle are tools of workers and peasants, meaning that the Communist Party of China represents the interests of the masses and the people; the yellow color signifies brightness." 1689:, Zhejiang province. A dozen delegates attended the congress, with neither Li nor Chen being able to attend, the latter sending a personal representative in his stead. The resolutions of the congress called for the establishment of a 3061:

for observing and educating probationary members. Probationary members have duties similar to those of full members, with the exception that they may not vote in party elections nor stand for election. Many join the CCP through the

14942: 13585: 2148:" policies, and introduced the ideological concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics, opening China to the world's markets. In reversing some of Mao's "leftist" policies, Deng argued that a socialist state could use the 5118:

Circa 2008, the CCP has been especially interested in Latin America, as shown by the increasing number of delegates sent to and received from these countries. Of special fascination for the CCP is the 71-year-long rule of the

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is not by definition communist, and that market mechanisms are class neutral. In addition, the party needs to react to the changing situation dynamically; to know if a certain policy is obsolete or not, the party had to

13835: 21234: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14698: 5171:(PSUV), which was founded by Chávez, for the CCP to educate PSUV cadres in political and social fields. By 2008, the CCP claimed to have established relations with 99 political parties in 29 Latin American countries. 2023: 2160:" policy. The new ideology, however, was contested on both sides of the spectrum, by Maoists to the left of the CCP's leadership, as well as by those supporting political liberalization. In 1981, the Party adopted a 14684: 1800:

and his troops gunned down hundreds of peasant militiamen. That May, tens of thousands of communists and their sympathizers were killed by KMT troops, with the CCP losing approximately 15,000 of its 25,000 members.

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Gao, Nan; Long, Cheryl Xiaoning; Xu, Lixin Colin (February 2016). "Collective Leadership, Career Concern, and the Housing Market in China: The Role of Standing Committees: Leadership, Careers and Housing Market".

2975:, and the Central Finance Office, also report to the central committee during a plenary session. Additionally, CCP has sole control over the People's Liberation Army (PLA) through its Central Military Commission. 7722: 2983:

After seizing political power, the CCP extended the dual party-state command system to all government institutions, social organizations, and economic entities. The State Council and the Supreme Court each has a

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study found that CCP members gain a 20% wage premium in the market over non-members. A subsequent academic study found that the economic benefit of CCP membership is strongest on those in lower wealth brackets.

4243: 8603: 13712: 2988:, established since November 1949. Party committees permeate in every state administrative organ as well as the People's Consultation Conferences and mass organizations at all levels. According to scholar 1621:. Chen and Li were among the most influential promoters of Marxism in China during the May Fourth period. The CCP itself embraces the May Fourth Movement and views itself as part of the movement's legacy. 2619:

Committee are of equal standing (each member having only one vote). A member of the Politburo Standing Committee often represents a sector; during Mao's reign, he controlled the People's Liberation Army,

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has increased since the 1990s. At the 4th Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, which discussed the possibility of the CCP learning from other ruling parties, praise was heaped on the PCC. When

4113: 10668: 2941:, is under the direct control of the Central Committee and is published with the objectives "to tell good stories about China and the (Party)" and to promote its party leader. The theoretical magazines 2900:

is the party's "nerve centre", in charge of day-to-day administrative work, including communications, protocol, and setting agendas for meetings. The CCP currently has six main central departments: the

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of its 3 million troops by the spring of 1948, and saw a significant decline in support for KMT rule. The CCP was consequently able to cut off KMT garrisons in Manchuria and retake several territories.

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visited the Soviet Union in 1952. The constitution of the PRC in 1954 subsequently abolished the previous coalition government and established the CCP's one-party system. In 1957, the CCP launched the

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each year. The CCP has also established relations with several non-communist parties, including dominant nationalist parties of many developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, as well as

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July the party's "anniversary day". Although the exact date of the 1st National Congress was later determined by party officials to be 23 July 1921, the date of the anniversary has not been changed.

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as well as "the principal reason why he has been able to consolidate his power so quickly and effectively." Xi's leadership has also overseen an increase in the Party's role in China. Xi has added

7930: 9735: 4883:. In recent years, noting the self-reform of the European social democratic movement in the 1980s and 1990s, the CCP "has noted the increased marginalization of West European communist parties." 1744:

in 1925, from 900 to 2,428. The CCP still treats Sun Yat-sen as one of the founders of their movement and claim descent from him as he is viewed as a proto-communist and the economic element of

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Li's leadership was a failure, leaving the CCP on the brink of destruction. The Comintern became involved, and by late 1930, his powers had been taken away. By 1935, Mao had become a member of

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in the upper-left corner, and with no five-pointed star. The Political Bureau authorizes the General Office to custom-make a number of standard flags and distribute them to all major organs".

2241:, while centralizing powers in the office of CCP general secretary at the expense of the collective leadership of prior decades. Commentators have described the campaign as a defining part of 15250: 14359: 7754: 6456: 8166: 7328: 3049:

The CCP reached 99.19 million members at the end of 2023, a net increase of 1.1 million over the previous year. It is the second largest political party in the world after India's

2776:(CPPCC). However, the CPPCC is a body without real power. While consultation does take place, it is supervised and directed by the CCP. Under Xi Jinping, the united front and its targets of 21037: 16112: 15207: 14520: 13724: 4915:. It spends a fair amount of time analysing the situation in the remaining socialist states, trying to reach conclusions as to why these states survived when so many did not, following the 2909:(formerly "Propaganda Department"), which oversees the media and formulates the party line to the media, the United Front Work Department, which oversees the country's eight minor parties, 3026:

The funding of all CCP organizations mainly comes from state fiscal revenue. Data for the proportion of total CCP organizations' expenditures in total China fiscal revenue is unavailable.

2937:, which sets priorities for scholarly research in state-run universities and the Central Party School and studies and translates the classical works of Marxism. The party's newspaper, the 15202: 14693: 14688: 14668: 14515: 4985:

to showcase the success economic reforms had brought China. In general, the CCP considers the WPK and North Korea to be negative examples of a ruling communist party and socialist state.

8202: 1400:. For its first six-year, the CCP aligned itself with the Kuomintang (KMT) as the organized left wing of the larger nationalist movement. However, when the right wing of the KMT, led by 13717: 13543: 11605: 9145: 5643:"In the next weeks five thousand Communists were butchered by the stammering machine-guns of the Kuomintang and by the knives of the criminal gangs whom Chiang recruited for slaughter." 2856:

institution. The CCDI is responsible for supervising party's internal anti-corruption and ethics system. In between congresses the CCDI is under the authority of the Central Committee.

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Notwithstanding its numerical superiority, the KMT failed to reconquer the rural territories which made up the CCP's stronghold. Around the same time, the CCP launched an invasion of

1674: 1651: 292: 7049: 6424: 2168:. The protests having been crushed and the reformist party general secretary Zhao Ziyang under house arrest, Deng's economic policies resumed and by the early 1990s the concept of a 1759:, who initiated moves to marginalize the position of the communists. Chiang, Sun's former assistant, was not actively anti-communist at that time, even though he hated the theory of 9991: 7966: 10144: 17867: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 13637: 13062: 9618: 9044: 4428: 2291:, which for the first time credited Xi as being the "main innovator" of Xi Jinping Thought while also declaring Xi's leadership as being "the key to the great rejuvenation of the 2152:

without itself being capitalist. While asserting the political power of the CCP, the change in policy generated significant economic growth. This was justified on the basis that "

7833: 14094: 14019: 14014: 14004: 13999: 4453: 15687: 15277: 14674: 14568: 14563: 14558: 13627: 13521: 7688: 20617: 15934: 15198: 14434: 8895: 17467: 15765: 13644: 13575: 9814: 4852: 4927:(CPV). In general the CPV is considered a model example of socialist development in the post-Soviet era. Chinese analysts on Vietnam believe that the introduction of the 1669:, according to the party's official account of its history. However, party documents suggest that the party's actual founding date was 23 July 1921, the first day of the 1502:, a principle that entails open policy discussion on the condition of unity among party members in upholding the agreed-upon decision. The highest body of the CCP is the 21071: 16087: 15903: 15701: 15537: 13984: 13649: 13617: 13444: 7711: 3636: 1919: 1515: 15956: 9109: 13744: 10996: 5817: 5039:

led by the PAP. Other differences are, according to the CCP, "that it is not a political party based on the working class—instead it is a political party of the elite.

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During the 1960s and 1970s, the CCP experienced a significant ideological separation from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union which was going through a period of "

1488: 476: 12986: 2000:

The last stage, lasting from September 1948 to December 1949, saw the communists go on the offensive and the collapse of KMT rule in mainland China as a whole. Mao's

1846:

The CCP continued supporting the Wuhan KMT government, but on 15 July 1927 the Wuhan government expelled all communists from the KMT. The CCP reacted by founding the

8027: 4974:(or WPK, North Korea's ruling party) to introduce economic reforms by showing them key economic infrastructure in China. For instance, in 2006 the CCP invited then- 1439:, although he periodically withdrew from public leadership as his health deteriorated. Under Mao, the party completed its land reform program, launched a series of 17863: 16767: 9001:

Biddulph, Sarah (5 July 2018), Fu, Hualing; Gillespie, John; Nicholson, Pip; Partlett, William Edmund (eds.), "Democratic Centralism and Administration in China",

7898: 15985: 15435: 13488: 11832: 7164: 5184:

parties were facing electoral decline and in a period of self-reform. The CCP followed this with great interest, laying most weight on reform efforts within the

4932: 4836: 4423: 3744: 3212: 2914: 525: 7994: 1989:, where they were assisted by the Soviet Union. The second stage, lasting from July 1946 to June 1947, saw the KMT extend its control over major cities such as 1404:, turned on the CCP and massacred tens of thousands of the party's members, the two parties split and began a prolonged civil war. During the next ten years of 15423: 13473: 10658: 7920: 2902: 2867:

The Central Committee, as the party's highest decision-making institution between national congresses, elects several bodies to carry out its work. The first

2164:, which assessed the historical legacy of the Mao Zedong era and the future priorities of the CCP. With other social factors, the conflicts culminated in the 19468: 16936: 16507: 16107: 15941: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 9211: 8049: 5634:

Chiang Kai-shek strongly opposed this label and the CCP's analysis of the KMT. He believed that the KMT served all Chinese, regardless of political leanings.

3977: 3382: 2808: 2773: 2489: 2454: 2453:

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, commonly known as Xi Jinping Thought, was added to the party constitution in the

2411: 2400: 2376: 2226: 1551: 1547: 1543: 9725: 2368:"is Marxism–Leninism applied and developed in China". Mao Zedong Thought was conceived not only by Mao Zedong, but by leading party officials, according to 18899: 14761: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13761: 13580: 8580: 5781: 2820: 2687: 1741: 1670: 161: 9294: 7637: 21458: 17148: 16445: 16043: 15454: 15427: 15382: 13784: 13538: 13478: 13165: 8827:

Baranovitch, Nimrod (4 March 2021). "A Strong Leader for A Time of Crisis: Xi Jinping's Strongman Politics as A Collective Response to Regime Weakness".

6968: 4975: 4548: 2930: 2906: 2644: 2580: 1527: 9767: 6207: 20769: 18947: 16501: 16011: 15845: 13144:

Mahoney, Josef Gregory; Yi, Jiexiong; Li, Xiuling (April 2009). "A Marxist Perspective on Chinese Reforms: Interview with Jiexiong". pp. 177–192.

6799:

Duan, Lei (2024). "Towards a More Joint Strategy: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms and Militia Reconstruction". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.).

5715: 5208:, changing their negative views of the market and moving from their traditional support base of trade unions to entrepreneurs, the young and students. 3459: 172: 16423: 13128: 10465: 10296: 8115: 17544: 16513: 15865: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14553: 14099: 13994: 13595: 13311: 12028: 5072: 4807:

The CCP continues to have relations with non-ruling communist and workers' parties and attends international communist conferences, most notably the

4418: 3596: 3299: 2996:

system, the party committee's organization department at each level has the power to recruit, train, monitor, appoint, and relocate these officials.

2022:

Mao proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) before a massive crowd at Tiananmen Square on 1 October 1949. The CCP headed the

2017: 2001: 1666: 1605: 1397: 1350: 7744: 7310: 6446: 20930: 20602: 20129: 18879: 15908: 15893: 15386: 15270: 15128: 15047: 14937: 14543: 13851: 13435: 13335: 9097: 8148: 7450: 4578: 4328: 3524: 3509: 3429: 2872: 2829: 2816: 2280: 1729: 1717: 1523: 1507: 1503: 8093: 3142:, and the largest mass organization for youth in China. To join, an applicant has to be between the ages of 14 and 28. It controls and supervises 1608:. Following the movement, trends towards social transformation increased. Writing in 1939, Mao Zedong stated that the Movement had shown that the 18446: 16614: 16031: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 7354: 4675: 4343: 4283: 3883: 3484: 13185: 11193: 10730:

Tsai, Wen-Hsuan (June 2016). "Delicacies for a Privileged Class in a Risk Society: The Chinese Communist Party's Special Supplies Food System".

8294: 1915:

was important in establishing the principle of party control over the military, which continues to be a core principle of the party's ideology.

21493: 21453: 21050: 20688: 18197: 18006: 16412: 15443: 14299: 14009: 13498: 8192: 4993: 4388: 4185: 3878: 2922: 2921:, which handles work related to civic groups, chambers of commerce and industry groups and mixed-ownership and non-public enterprises, and the 2355: 1697:(Comintern) and elected Chen as its leader. Chen then served as the first general secretary of the CCP and was referred to as "China's Lenin". 1531: 1472: 13012: 11615: 11303: 9127: 8917:

Lyman Miller, Alice (31 December 2020), Fingar, Thomas; Oi, Jean C. (eds.), "1. Xi Jinping and the Evolution of Chinese Leadership Politics",

6161: 6123: 2457:

in 2017. The theory's main elements are summarized in the ten affirmations, the fourteen commitments, and the thirteen areas of achievements.

1784:

and his troops. Chiang's allies also attacked communists; for example, in Beijing, Li Dazhao and 19 other leading communists were executed by

15706: 15406: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 13671: 13632: 13516: 12815: 11022: 10443: 9556: 8979: 7789: 7225: 7072: 5672: 4363: 2897: 1644:, promotion of feminism, and rejection of traditional values. Proposed solutions among Chinese progressives differed significantly, however. 255: 203: 13269: 11160: 10992: 10590: 3082:

million identified as working in administrative staff and 7.6 million described themselves as party cadres. The CCP systematically recruits

2263: 20678: 17723: 15929: 15141: 14658: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 13825: 7865: 7454: 7039: 6414: 4238: 3754: 3546: 3444: 3279: 2836: 2718: 2441: 11281: 9972: 7953: 6241: 5719: 21027: 20799: 20652: 19539: 17394: 15946: 15799: 15012: 11251: 11128: 10907: 10125: 9063: 4794: 3674: 2793: 2789: 2252:

Since 2014, the CCP has led efforts in Xinjiang that involve the detention of more than 1 million Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in

2177: 2165: 1597:. Both regarded the October Revolution in Russia as groundbreaking, believing it to herald a new era for oppressed countries everywhere. 1358: 13090: 9327: 2476:

Deng did not believe that the fundamental difference between the capitalist mode of production and the socialist mode of production was

20642: 17669: 17512: 17162: 16149: 16075: 15915: 15552: 14998: 14289: 13450: 7815: 7486: 5076: 3851: 3387: 3249: 2884: 5751: 2992:, "he Party sits above the state, runs parallel to the state, and is enmeshed in every level of the state." Modelled after the Soviet 2587:. Therefore, Shambaugh argues, Chinese policy-makers believe that their party ideology must be dynamic to safeguard the party's rule. 20872: 20807: 20731: 16926: 16489: 16351: 16160: 15459: 13796: 13739: 13734: 13691: 13622: 13548: 13257: 11215: 8272: 4820: 4615: 4378: 4233: 2934: 2295:". In comparison with the other historical resolutions, Xi's one did not herald a major change in how the CCP evaluated its history. 2238: 10694: 2528:

The CCP views the world as organized into two opposing camps; socialist and capitalist. They insist that socialism, on the basis of

21347: 20844: 20683: 18716: 16624: 16525: 15898: 15870: 15397: 14084: 13749: 13440: 13289: 7669: 5798:... CPC is used officially in China and by China's media, whereas English-language media outside of Chinese conventionally use CCP. 4876: 4728: 3749: 2880: 1755:

and struggled for power with the party's right-wing factions. When Sun Yat-sen died in March 1925, he was succeeded by a rightist,

1511: 11096: 1892:

The near destruction of the CCP's urban organizational apparatus led to institutional changes within the party. The party adopted

21283: 21265: 20119: 18763: 16438: 16363: 15875: 14813: 10831: 10404: 9421: 8865: 4368: 4288: 4278: 4068: 3616: 3581: 2967:(CRI), is under the direct control of the Publicity Department. The various offices of the "Central Leading Groups", such as the 2311: 1970: 1362: 21448: 13039: 11333: 10084:

Yan, Xiaojun; Huang, Jie (2017). "Navigating Unknown Waters: The Chinese Communist Party's New Presence in the Private Sector".

9801: 2933:, which provides political training and ideological indoctrination in communist thought for high-ranking and rising cadres, the 20762: 20612: 18884: 17415: 17116: 16876: 15838: 14833: 4824: 4543: 4507: 4213: 4190: 4007: 3412: 3042: 2380: 2299: 1736:, and the Comintern all hoped that the CCP would eventually control the KMT and called their opponents "rightists". KMT leader 1563: 1366: 425: 8451: 7888: 2094:" stipulated that class enemies continued to exist even though the socialist revolution seemed to be complete, leading to the 21488: 21483: 21316: 21095: 20607: 18542: 18229: 18207: 17572: 17449: 16792: 16725: 15692: 14947: 13605: 13346: 13321: 13304: 12460: 12125: 11064: 10874: 10068: 9911: 9189: 9175: 9090: 9028: 8938: 6078: 6012: 5938: 5908: 4338: 4093: 4054: 4025: 3264: 3155: 2136:

and vice-chairman Deng Xiaoping erupted. Deng won the struggle, and became China's paramount leader in 1978. Deng, alongside

1519: 1436: 1083: 19630: 12379: 11906: 6494:

Godley, Michael R. (1987). "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: Sun Yatsen and the International Development of China".

5127:

culture of the country, its nationalist posture, its close identification with the rural populace and the implementation of

5123:(PRI) in Mexico. While the CCP attributed the PRI's long reign in power to the strong presidential system, tapping into the 1510:

is the highest body, but since that body usually only meets once a year, most duties and responsibilities are vested in the

1408:, Mao Zedong rose to become the most influential figure in the CCP, and the party established a strong base among the rural 21269: 19449: 19374: 19034: 18634: 17501: 16682: 8481: 4635: 2209:, Jiang Zemin's successor as general secretary, took office in 2002. Unlike Mao, Deng and Jiang Zemin, Hu laid emphasis on 1835: 1752: 2635:(despite the fact that members are in theory equal to one another). Informally, the collective leadership is headed by a " 21438: 21302: 21115: 21090: 20647: 19054: 18187: 17459: 16994: 16692: 16038: 15922: 15263: 14189: 13455: 9809: 8017: 5168: 5052: 4743: 4502: 4063: 4002: 3789: 3731: 2876: 2628: 2383:" and "the primary stage of socialism" were credited to the theory. Deng Xiaoping Theory can be defined as a belief that 1662: 1393: 18296: 18224: 9839:

Guo, Baogang (1 November 2020). "A Partocracy with Chinese Characteristics: Governance System Reform under Xi Jinping".

2287:, took place on 1 July 2021. In the sixth plenary session of the 19th Central Committee in November 2021, CCP adopted a 2056:

The Anti-Rightist Campaign led to the catastrophic results of the Second Five Year Plan from 1958 to 1962, known as the

21353: 21154: 20793: 20736: 20089: 19184: 18162: 18047: 18001: 17996: 17942: 16846: 16461: 16453: 16431: 16117: 15696: 13766: 13610: 13600: 12980: 12959: 12940: 12921: 12893: 12874: 12855: 12828: 12800: 12774: 12752: 12733: 12704: 12685: 12659: 12633: 12583: 12560: 12541: 12522: 12503: 12426: 12404: 12373: 12352: 12333: 12305: 12284: 12265: 12243: 12224: 12205: 12186: 12167: 12144: 12094: 12075: 12056: 12022: 12001: 11982: 11963: 11944: 11879: 11860: 11818: 11789: 11770: 11751: 11732: 11709: 11690: 9955: 9288: 6640: 6339: 5871: 5827: 5500: 5470: 5435: 5405: 5370: 5189: 4942:, writing about North Korea is tightly circumscribed. The few reports accessible to the general public are those about 4522: 4487: 4443: 4250: 4075: 3784: 3659: 3576: 3571: 2761: 2583:

as "rigid, unimaginative, ossified, and disconnected from reality", believing that this was one of the reasons for the

2500:." Despite this, the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee upheld the creed "Maintain the dominance of the 587: 529: 510: 177: 21473: 21443: 21124: 21005: 20958: 20903: 20755: 19821: 19384: 18654: 18595: 17363: 16604: 16547: 16141: 16082: 15831: 14848: 13676: 8239: 7984: 7749: 7521: 7481: 7105: 6812: 5340: 5305: 5270: 5241: 5120: 4713: 4558: 4472: 4383: 4255: 4128: 4083: 4037: 4032: 3997: 3952: 3927: 3669: 3504: 3304: 2415: 2336: 2322: 2218: 1429: 1370: 458: 18392: 2553:

disagrees, claiming that "President Jiang rid the Party of the ideological obstacles to different kinds of ownership

2532:, will eventually triumph over capitalism. In recent years, when the party has been asked to explain the capitalist 21433: 21019: 20852: 19524: 19519: 19014: 18977: 18706: 18152: 17134: 16856: 16639: 16599: 14964: 13729: 13297: 13253: 13237: 5060: 4958: 4946:. While Chinese analysts of North Korea tend to speak positively of North Korea in public, in official discussions 4610: 4512: 4477: 4373: 4303: 4108: 3896: 3824: 3819: 3499: 3494: 3321: 3015: 2576: 2418:(SOD). It is considered to be Hu Jintao's contribution to the official ideological discourse. The SOD incorporates 2153: 1814: 19202: 19064: 18748: 9222: 4220: 21205: 20999: 20244: 19625: 19554: 19454: 19332: 19104: 19094: 18681: 18068: 17852: 17387: 16812: 16703: 16552: 16065: 14786: 13218: 10945: 10021: 4965:, the idea of hereditary succession in a socialist state, the security state, the use of scarce resources on the 4939: 4787: 4680: 4492: 4358: 3990: 3890: 3133: 3062: 2968: 2584: 2257: 2091: 1764:

of communists within the KMT, while Chen Duxiu hoped that the communists would completely withdraw from the KMT.

1480: 341: 19019: 18906: 18894: 8570: 5773: 2098:

in which millions were persecuted and killed. During the Cultural Revolution, party leaders such as Liu Shaoqi,

21139: 21081: 20821: 19675: 19444: 19024: 18926: 18659: 18103: 18098: 17463: 15468: 14991: 14976: 13555: 12847: 12677: 11900: 10641: 9263: 7645: 7198: 7113: 4640: 4630: 4573: 4553: 4438: 4403: 4353: 3341: 2926: 1745: 970: 776: 646: 393: 19344: 19074: 18585: 18357: 13106:

Dynon, Nicholas (July 2008). ""Four Civilizations" and the Evolution of Post-Mao Chinese Socialist Ideology".

9802:"Annual Report to Congress – Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2019" 6953: 5954:

Hao, Zhidong (March 1997). "May 4th and June 4th compared: A sociological study of Chinese social movements".

2859: 2249:, named after himself, into the CCP constitution in 2017. Xi's term as general secretary was renewed in 2022. 2213:

and opposed one-man dominance of the political system. The insistence on focusing on economic growth led to a

21213: 21041: 20838: 20622: 19637: 19590: 19354: 19277: 19009: 17892: 17689: 16989: 16562: 16469: 15980: 13789: 13158: 10880: 10767: 10507: 9841: 9757: 8829: 7985:"Muslim nations are defending China as it cracks down on Muslims, shattering any myths of Islamic solidarity" 6203: 5956: 5609: 4313: 4200: 4175: 3831: 3776: 3726: 3721: 3624: 3334: 2769: 632: 506: 21227: 19069: 18778: 18701: 18372: 9545: 3315: 2599:

such, the CCP puts a great deal of effort into the party schools and into crafting its ideological message.

2399:

The "Three Represents", Jiang Zemin's contribution to the party's ideology, was adopted by the party at the

2064:, which resulted in an estimated 15 to 45 million deaths, making it the largest famine in recorded history. 21478: 21244: 21130: 20895: 19655: 19615: 19585: 19534: 19394: 19312: 19308: 19179: 19109: 18874: 18691: 18457: 18352: 18284: 17881: 17617: 17532: 17279: 16956: 16629: 16557: 16129: 15431: 13590: 13483: 13159:"Informal Institutions in Autocracies: Analytical Perspectives and the Case of the Chinese Communist Party" 13124: 11277: 6471: 5580: 4943: 4872: 4860: 4856: 4844: 4605: 4348: 4158: 3863: 3856: 3799: 3759: 3591: 3377: 3274: 2753: 2435: 2005: 1830: 1618: 1421: 1413: 416: 181: 1740:

eased the conflict between the communists and their opponents. CCP membership grew tremendously after the

21195: 21145: 20910: 20627: 20099: 20094: 19811: 19489: 19217: 18962: 18921: 18865: 18768: 18649: 18607: 18512: 18037: 17991: 17540: 17445: 17211: 17171: 17034: 16946: 16316: 16048: 15758: 14932: 14771: 10765:

Tsai, Wen-Hsuan (2 November 2018). "Medical Politics and the CCP's Healthcare System for State Leaders".

10552:

Bauer, John; Feng, Wang; Riley, Nancy E.; Xiaohua, Zhao (July 1992). "Gender inequality in urban China".

9218: 7921:"'Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education'" 5575: 4868: 4864: 4848: 4583: 4448: 4433: 4260: 4170: 4143: 4123: 3985: 3909: 3771: 3629: 3519: 3356: 3087:

the CCP stated that it has approximately 7.59 million ethnic minority members or 7.7% of the party.

2803: 2340: 1354: 368: 235: 20747: 12597: 10969: 5933:. Vol. 2. Translated by Sun, Li; Bryant, Shelly. Montreal, Quebec: Royal Collins Publishing Group. 21463: 21338: 21310: 21259: 21186: 20813: 20464: 19685: 19670: 19660: 19514: 19114: 18602: 18405: 18172: 17380: 17273: 17138: 17060: 16331: 12109: 8231: 4971: 4924: 4812: 4780: 4517: 4467: 4413: 4398: 4208: 4138: 4015: 3970: 3965: 3957: 3945: 3940: 3836: 3766: 3553: 3531: 3479: 3394: 3289: 3227: 2631:. This counts as informal power. Despite this, in a paradoxical relation, members of a body are ranked 2558: 1678: 1655: 1468: 1298: 1184: 296: 9172:"The party speaks for you: Foreign interference and the Chinese Communist Party's united front system" 7365: 5746: 2925:, which oversees the country's legal enforcement authorities. The CC also has direct control over the 21373: 20965: 20858: 20693: 20569: 20514: 20334: 19322: 19029: 18590: 18202: 18119: 16916: 16718: 16634: 16070: 14984: 11188: 9425: 8922: 8302: 5192:. The CCP concluded that both parties were re-elected because they modernized, replacing traditional 5139:, the CCP concluded that the PRI failed because of the lack of inner-party democracy, its pursuit of 4962: 4832: 4828: 4718: 4620: 4195: 4165: 4103: 4020: 3903: 3809: 3804: 3716: 3471: 3454: 3424: 3407: 3402: 3329: 3259: 2964: 2905:, responsible for overseeing provincial appointments and vetting cadres for future appointments, the 2253: 2242: 1773: 1137: 13319: 13192: 13013:"Accountability and Inequality in Single-Party Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of Vietnam and China" 12914:

From Deng Xiaoping to Jiang Zemin: Two Decades of Political Reform in the People's Republic of China

10330:"Here's How the BJP Surpassed China's Communists to Become the Largest Political Party in the World" 7212: 6180: 2156:", a principle reinforced through a 1978 article that aimed to combat dogmatism and criticized the " 21219: 21201: 20319: 19886: 19149: 19039: 18793: 18337: 17631: 17627: 17086: 17076: 16542: 16236: 16122: 16053: 14801: 14776: 13681: 13019: 12820: 11311: 11273: 11183: 10470: 10301: 7508:

Doyon, Jérôme; Froissart, Chloé (2024). "Introduction". In Doyon, Jérôme; Froissart, Chloé (eds.).

6451: 6103: 5023: 5005: 4880: 4840: 4497: 4298: 4268: 4180: 3932: 3868: 3736: 3711: 3654: 3641: 3541: 3439: 3346: 3309: 3284: 3269: 3254: 2956: 2929:, which is responsible for researching issues of significant interest to the party leadership, the 2910: 2765: 2169: 1865:

Initially successful, Zhu and his troops were forced to retreat after five days, marching south to

1826: 1681:, French police interrupted the meeting on 30 July and the congress was moved to a tourist boat on 1534:(a largely ceremonial position). Because of these posts, the party leader is seen as the country's 1484: 1483:

in 1991, the CCP has focused on maintaining its relations with the ruling parties of the remaining

1440: 1417: 1257: 373: 20059: 11032: 10609: 10432: 8969: 8082: 7778: 7190: 5680: 5051:." Other parties which the CCP studies and maintains strong party-to-party relations with are the 1767:

In April 1927, both Chiang and the CCP were preparing for conflict. Fresh from the success of the

21468: 21388: 20990: 19549: 19494: 19479: 19419: 19227: 19207: 18967: 18644: 18249: 17877: 17679: 17655: 17639: 17587: 17496: 16816: 16583: 16495: 16004: 14791: 12575: 11150: 11000: 9895: 8153: 7675: 6804: 5863: 4997: 4966: 4665: 4482: 4273: 4153: 3873: 3684: 3466: 3351: 3165: 3143: 2591: 2423: 2145: 2127: 1878: 1877:

was appointed commander-in-chief of the Red Army, and led four regiments against Changsha in the

1818: 1694: 1464: 353: 18452: 12156:

China's New Governing Party Paradigm: Political Renewal and the Pursuit of National Rejuvenation

7855: 7440: 2883:; the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). The first plenum also endorses the composition of the 2350:

was the first official ideology of the CCP. According to the CCP, "Marxism–Leninism reveals the

616: 21287: 20339: 19843: 19237: 18911: 18387: 18147: 18142: 17935: 17902: 17756: 17752: 17436: 17020: 17016: 16896: 15439: 13531: 13493: 11610: 7207: 7044: 6229: 5991:Šebok, Filip (2023). "Historical Legacy". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). 5711: 4954: 4816: 4088: 4045: 3706: 3294: 3073: 3050: 2918: 2624: 2529: 2404: 2351: 2214: 2042: 1425: 1378: 20549: 13232: 12972:

Never Forget National Humiliation: Historical Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relations

11241: 11118: 10917: 10866:

The Chinese Communist Youth League: Juniority and Responsiveness in a Party Youth Organization

6447:"Tug of war over China's founding father Sun Yat-sen as Communist Party celebrates his legacy" 1937:

of December 1936 paused the conflict between the CCP and the KMT. Under pressure from Marshal

20574: 19858: 19853: 19620: 19509: 19464: 19424: 19359: 19303: 19222: 19004: 18818: 18696: 18614: 18522: 18487: 18397: 18342: 18239: 18080: 17766: 17241: 17197: 16866: 16609: 16371: 16216: 16173: 16021: 13754: 13082: 12444: 11337: 9619:"China's Institutional Shake-Up Produces New Department to Better Handle Public's Complaints" 9319: 6481: 6062: 5027: 4723: 4333: 4318: 3701: 3109: 2972: 2660: 2613: 2393: 2210: 1893: 1518:. Members of the latter are seen as the top leadership of the party and the state. Today the 1499: 1229: 1069: 13083:"Edging in from the Cold: The Past and Present State of Chinese Intelligence Historiography" 10608: 9062: 6179: 5107: 1780:. Chiang's army then marched on Wuhan but was prevented from taking the city by CCP General 20889: 20114: 19881: 19736: 19690: 19605: 19600: 19399: 19298: 19247: 19242: 19134: 19089: 19044: 18982: 18813: 18788: 18738: 18666: 18580: 18430: 18032: 18011: 17492: 16711: 16519: 16341: 16306: 16286: 16271: 16178: 16099: 15673: 15412: 14838: 14823: 14796: 13686: 13526: 12253: 10334: 9730: 8870: 7077: 5741: 5180: 5144: 5044: 4733: 4707: 4563: 4228: 3694: 2960: 2777: 2738: 2562: 2461: 2419: 2347: 2173: 2061: 1979: 1682: 1629: 448: 438: 20: 11219: 8262: 6144: 5159:

political parties over the years. The CCP has occasionally expressed some irritation over

5155:

in Latin America, it has strengthened party-to-party relations with several socialist and

4843:, the party also retains relations with minor communist and workers' parties, such as the 2514:

and openly or secretively compare themselves against China's politics, economy and path."

2358:

and of the inevitability of a future socialist and communist societies". According to the

1788:. Angered by these events, the peasant movement supported by the CCP became more violent. 621:"Communist Party of China" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters 8: 20559: 20474: 20469: 20369: 20232: 20029: 19913: 19828: 19716: 19569: 19564: 19544: 19529: 19439: 19434: 19339: 19272: 19262: 19174: 19169: 19159: 19059: 18999: 18972: 18798: 18783: 18753: 18731: 18517: 18507: 18234: 18157: 18127: 18111: 17790: 17719: 17536: 17509: 17130: 17055: 16906: 16885: 16654: 16336: 16326: 16296: 16281: 16276: 16261: 16256: 16221: 16183: 16168: 15965: 13702: 12714: 12436: 9903: 9762: 9262:

Groot, Gerry (19 September 2016), Davies, Gloria; Goldkorn, Jeremy; Tomba, Luigi (eds.),

7476: 6237: 5111: 5084: 4916: 3689: 3566: 3561: 3419: 3185:

Flag of the Chinese Communist Party from 1942 to 1996 (top) and from 1996 onward (bottom)

3121: 3083: 2746: 2726: 2497: 2465: 2095: 2077: 1942: 1768: 1637: 1601: 1476: 1452: 188: 19414: 19327: 12496:

Karl Marx's Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy 150 Years Later

9726:"Communist Party mouthpiece People's Daily launches English news app in soft power push" 5167:

and anti-American rhetoric. Despite this, the CCP reached an agreement in 2013 with the

5000:(PCC), is greatly admired, and books have been written focusing on the successes of the 21056: 20713: 20509: 20494: 20419: 20399: 20394: 20379: 20226: 19974: 19726: 19610: 19364: 19267: 19252: 19164: 19154: 19129: 19124: 18889: 18843: 18758: 18743: 18686: 18502: 18425: 18301: 18192: 18182: 17659: 17597: 17321: 17316: 17182: 16967: 16836: 16802: 16782: 16392: 16301: 16291: 16226: 16206: 16193: 15999: 14853: 14828: 14498: 13145: 13111: 12902: 12840: 12718: 12482: 12466: 12295: 12258:

How China's Leaders Think: The Inside Story of China's Past, Current and Future Leaders

12159: 11926: 11824: 11307: 11086: 10595: 10571: 10103: 10038: 9866: 9179: 9101: 9049: 8608: 8298: 8225: 7961: 7816:"Xi Jinping becomes most powerful leader since Mao with China's change to constitution" 7641: 7315: 7286: 7251: 7156: 7148: 6964: 6515: 6507: 6374: 6166: 6084: 5857: 4600: 3000: 2889: 2742: 2648: 2369: 2365: 2246: 2222: 2057: 1974: 1949: 1882: 1721: 1641: 1578: 1574: 1006: 998: 812: 804: 592: 463: 260: 208: 118: 20409: 20238: 15008: 13283: 12550: 11055:"Senior CPC official vows to develop friendly cooperation with French Communist Party" 10841: 9429: 8018:"North Korea, Syria and Myanmar among countries defending China's actions in Xinjiang" 4928: 3176: 2549:

introduction of the ideological theory, the Three Represents. However, party theorist

2004:

on 1 October 1949 marked the end of the second phase of the Chinese Civil War (or the

1025: 831: 571: 550: 21250: 20726: 20579: 20524: 20499: 20454: 20384: 20359: 20324: 20314: 20283: 20170: 20054: 20024: 19761: 19751: 19665: 19559: 19404: 19119: 18916: 18773: 18726: 18624: 18575: 18549: 18527: 18367: 18347: 18291: 18279: 18093: 17928: 17856: 17845: 17821: 17803: 17709: 17651: 17647: 17635: 17521: 17517: 17441: 17403: 17096: 17065: 17030: 16687: 16668: 16649: 16376: 16346: 16266: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16231: 16211: 16201: 15854: 14901: 13802: 12976: 12955: 12936: 12917: 12889: 12870: 12851: 12824: 12796: 12789: 12770: 12748: 12729: 12700: 12681: 12655: 12629: 12579: 12556: 12537: 12518: 12499: 12486: 12474: 12456: 12422: 12400: 12369: 12348: 12329: 12301: 12280: 12261: 12239: 12220: 12201: 12182: 12163: 12140: 12121: 12090: 12071: 12052: 12018: 11997: 11978: 11959: 11940: 11896: 11875: 11856: 11828: 11814: 11785: 11766: 11747: 11728: 11705: 11686: 11341: 11246: 11155: 11123: 11091: 11059: 11027: 10974: 10941:"The Struggle for Minds and Influence: The Chinese Communist Party's Global Outreach" 10912: 10870: 10836: 10784: 10747: 10705: 10637: 10600: 10575: 10522: 10136: 10095: 10064: 10042: 9983: 9951: 9917: 9907: 9870: 9858: 9284: 9137: 9105: 9054: 9024: 8934: 8887: 8846: 8446: 8267: 8235: 8158: 7825: 7680: 7517: 7445: 7361: 7320: 7291: 7273: 7140: 6808: 6636: 6519: 6171: 6111: 6074: 6008: 5973: 5934: 5904: 5867: 5833: 5823: 5570: 5185: 5136: 5064: 5032: 4698: 3536: 3193: 3004: 2952: 2360: 2225:". Hu resigned from his post as CCP general secretary and Chairman of the CMC at the 2087: 2073: 1954: 1934: 1859: 1810: 1647: 1444: 1405: 1342: 1243: 954: 946: 760: 752: 582: 328: 20703: 20374: 11216:"A Leadership Delegation of The Communist Party of Nepal (unified Marxist−Leninist)" 10394: 7889:"Concentration camps and forced labor: China's repression of the Uighurs, explained" 7350: 7160: 2725:

on members accused of "disciplinary violations", a charge which generally refers to

1612:

revolution against imperialism and China had developed to a new stage, but that the

20489: 20414: 20344: 20329: 20309: 20256: 20039: 20034: 20014: 19964: 19954: 19781: 19746: 19731: 19680: 19409: 19349: 19189: 18848: 18828: 18537: 18479: 18473: 18440: 18420: 18410: 18259: 18060: 18052: 17835: 17831: 17780: 17643: 17505: 17193: 17106: 16978: 16880: 16026: 16016: 15975: 14843: 13191:. Vol. 32, no. 9. China Leadership Monitor. pp. 1–11. Archived from 13054: 12643: 12611:

Finding Allies and Making Revolution The Early Years of the Chinese Communist Party

12448: 12414: 12113: 11806: 10964: 10954: 10776: 10739: 10659:"In China women 'hold up half the sky' but can't touch the political glass ceiling" 10563: 10512: 10030: 9943: 9899: 9850: 9540: 9274: 9086: 9014: 9006: 8926: 8879: 8838: 8441: 7281: 7265: 7217: 7130: 7122: 6499: 6066: 6000: 5965: 5813: 5548: 5148: 5140: 5036: 5001: 4768: 2640: 2477: 2197: 2083: 1962: 1958: 1847: 1840: 1633: 1594: 1535: 1492: 1151: 1048: 895: 854: 687: 498: 453: 348: 313: 16733: 12905:

The Chinese high command : a history of Communist military politics, 1927–71,

11054: 10780: 9854: 9171: 8842: 2594:

argues that the CCP does not have an ideology, and that the party organization is

2344:

government of the People's Republic of China by reference to these "generations".

1661:

The CCP was founded on 1 July 1921 with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the

20708: 20564: 20554: 20539: 20519: 20504: 20479: 20424: 20189: 20157: 20049: 20009: 19771: 19766: 19706: 19647: 19379: 19257: 19084: 19049: 18957: 18952: 18676: 18570: 18244: 18177: 18167: 18132: 18088: 18075: 18027: 17770: 17529: 17525: 17301: 17269: 17221: 17207: 16672: 16058: 14881: 14871: 14781: 13816: 12970: 12784: 12669: 12648: 12363: 12044: 12012: 11890: 10438: 9551: 8088: 7925: 7784: 6380: 5562: 5193: 5164: 5128: 5096: 5092: 5080: 4892: 3235: 3065:. Under Jiang Zemin, private entrepreneurs were allowed to become party members. 2868: 2636: 2572: 2388: 2384: 2331:

A monument dedicated to Karl Marx (left) and Friedrich Engels (right) in Shanghai

2327: 2284: 2050: 1912: 1756: 1748:

was socialism. Sun stated, "Our Principle of Livelihood is a form of communism".

1725: 1705: 1690: 1546:

held on 15 November 2012 and has been reelected twice, on 25 October 2017 by the

1401: 1330: 1280: 1207: 1120: 738: 378: 18671: 15006: 11721: 11218:. China Executive Leadership Academy, Jinggangshan. 27 June 2012. Archived from 8473: 3116:

Certain CCP cadres have access to a special supply system for foodstuffs called

2917:, functioning as the party's "foreign affairs ministry" with other parties, the 1850:, better known as the "Red Army", to battle the KMT. A battalion led by General 20534: 20459: 20449: 20444: 20304: 20044: 19833: 19756: 19484: 19389: 19139: 19079: 18711: 18629: 18532: 18492: 18462: 18362: 18317: 17331: 17326: 17311: 17166: 17158: 17126: 16743: 16567: 16483: 14906: 12762: 11680: 10567: 9935: 8477: 8116:"China's Communist Party passes resolution amplifying President Xi's authority" 7745:"Xi Jinping's Anti-Corruption Campaign: The Hidden Motives of a Modern-Day Mao" 6419: 5794:

Chinese Communist Party (CCP): May also refer to Communist Party of China (CPC)

5714:[Communist Party of China Party Statistics Announcement] (in Chinese). 5201: 5088: 5048: 2427: 2292: 2272: 2149: 1938: 1760: 1728:

to Guangzhou, and the Soviets established friendly relations with the KMT. The

1701: 1506:, convened every fifth year. When the National Congress is not in session, the 1097: 930: 722: 167: 12791:

From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920–1927

12478: 10743: 9921: 9010: 8930: 8359:

Selected Works of Jiang Zemin, Eng. ed., FLP, Beijing, 2013, Vol. III, p. 519.

7269: 5969: 5160: 2090:. By that time, Mao had begun saying that the "continued revolution under the 21427: 21324: 21064: 20698: 20544: 20439: 20404: 20389: 20349: 19891: 19721: 19459: 19369: 19232: 19212: 19099: 18860: 18838: 18803: 18382: 18377: 18332: 18254: 18214: 17963: 17734: 17306: 17286: 14896: 13374: 13362: 12117: 10978: 10788: 10751: 10709: 10700: 10604: 10526: 10140: 10131: 10099: 9987: 9978: 9947: 9862: 9279: 9141: 9058: 8891: 8850: 8162: 7893: 7829: 7717: 7684: 7436: 7324: 7277: 7144: 6175: 5977: 5837: 5205: 5197: 5176: 5156: 5132: 3097: 2757: 2533: 2501: 2157: 2099: 1927: 1733: 1467:. The official explanation for these reforms was that China was still in the 1460: 113: 15810: 13164:. No. 232. German Institute of Global and Area Studies. pp. 1–30. 12470: 10395:"Membership in the Communist Party of China: Who is Being Admitted and How?" 7221: 6088: 6004: 2686:. This has been the guiding organizational principle of the party since the 1700:

The Soviets hoped to foster pro-Soviet forces in East Asia to fight against

21393: 21296: 21013: 20866: 20484: 20434: 20364: 20354: 20208: 20196: 20183: 19989: 19816: 19317: 18565: 18415: 18274: 18269: 18264: 17970: 17421: 17264: 17259: 17254: 16998: 16747: 14911: 14886: 14474: 14468: 12014:

Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States

11848: 11676: 10663: 10554: 10086: 9184: 9132: 8227:

The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927-71

7860: 7820: 7295: 6336:共產國際有關中國資料選輯 Collection of the Communist International's Materials on China 5534: 5010: 4989: 2993: 2111: 1785: 1456: 1392:

led the founding of the CCP with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the

1353:. Since then, the CCP has governed China and has had sole control over the 1015: 902: 872: 821: 694: 664: 198: 13058: 12179:

China–Japan Relations in the Twenty-first Century: Creating a Future Past?

11810: 10959: 10940: 9362: 9360: 9347: 9345: 8883: 8193:"China's Xi takes dig at U.S. in speech to political parties around world" 8149:"How Xi Jinping Is Rewriting China's History to Put Himself at the Center" 1420:, and after the Japanese surrender in 1945, the CCP emerged triumphant in 1357:(PLA). Successive leaders of the CCP have added their own theories to the 21398: 21277: 21178: 20777: 20529: 20134: 20104: 19959: 19949: 19848: 19711: 19504: 18993: 18823: 18808: 18619: 18467: 18435: 18322: 18137: 18042: 17981: 17607: 17231: 17044: 16826: 16739: 16644: 14891: 14486: 14480: 13404: 13398: 13386: 13089:. Vol. 56, no. 3. Central Intelligence Agency. pp. 31–46. 12842:

Provincial Passages: Culture, Space, and the Origins of Chinese Communism

12452: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9245: 9243: 8575: 8054: 6384: 6070: 5310: 5275: 4978: 4908: 4748: 2985: 2892:

with full authority to appoint or dismiss top military officers at will.

2481: 2189: 2141: 2133: 2103: 1737: 1613: 1609: 1448: 309: 245: 240: 230: 103: 13149: 13115: 12626:

The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis

11800: 10517: 10503:"Authoritarian Ruling Parties' Recruitment Dilemma: Evidence from China" 10502: 10297:"China's Communist Party on track for 100 million members by year's end" 10107: 9091:"Magic Weapons: China's political influence activities under Xi Jinping" 9019: 7152: 5556: 1435:

Mao Zedong continued to be the most influential member of the CCP until

1432:, the CCP established the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949. 20923: 20288: 19999: 19969: 19923: 19838: 19806: 19798: 19741: 19429: 19144: 18833: 18721: 18327: 17813: 17699: 17425: 17336: 16619: 13416: 13392: 13380: 13356: 12810: 11932: 10475: 10034: 9887: 9357: 9342: 9167: 8970:"Democratic Centralism: The Core Mechanism in China's Political System" 7126: 6511: 5440: 5246: 3139: 2989: 2695: 2683: 2620: 2595: 2520: 2137: 2115: 2038: 1923: 1897: 1874: 1822: 1777: 1713: 1582: 1539: 1385: 1346: 1338: 388: 336: 250: 220: 215: 134: 77: 18942: 12952:

A Nation-state by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism

10466:"China's Communist Party membership tops entire population of Germany" 9940:

The Good Communist: Elite Training and State Building in Today's China

9504: 9444: 9372: 9240: 6635:. Collingwood: History Teachers' Association of Victoria. p. 77. 6059:

Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: a Concise History

2217:. To address these, Hu introduced two main ideological concepts: the " 1628:, "the rudiments ". Several study circles were established during the 1369:. As of 2024, the CCP has more than 99 million members, making it the 21383: 20584: 20429: 20278: 20251: 20064: 20019: 19928: 19896: 19876: 19868: 19197: 18987: 17483: 17296: 17291: 14927: 14521:

Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

14492: 14450: 13410: 13127:. Vol. 30, no. 4. China Leadership Monitor. pp. 1–14. 12604:

From Rebel to Ruler: One Hundred Years of the Chinese Communist Party

7513: 7135: 6415:"The Chinese Communist Party Is Still Afraid of Sun Yat-Sen's Shadow" 5996: 5375: 5152: 4982: 4896: 4738: 4703: 4670: 2709: 2632: 2550: 2537: 2206: 2202: 2132:

Following Mao's death in 1976, a power struggle between CCP chairman

1990: 1986: 1625: 1586: 1455:, after his death, these policies were only briefly continued by the 1389: 963: 769: 433: 225: 193: 139: 98: 17372: 15823: 14516:

Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

8083:"Chinese Communist party clears way for Xi to tighten grip on power" 7638:"Hu Jintao, Xi Jinping meet delegates to 18th CCP National Congress" 6503: 6145:

Party History Research Office of the CPC Central Committee (1997).

6104:"Xiǎn wéi rénzhī de zhōnggòng yī dà cānjiāzhě: Éguórén Níkē'ěrsījī" 5031:

party-controlled groups." While the CCP accepts that Singapore is a

2352:

universal laws governing the development of history of human society

1463:

directed the CCP away from Maoist orthodoxy and towards a policy of

20880: 20163: 20004: 19901: 19776: 19595: 19499: 18639: 18497: 17951: 14462: 14456: 12049:

Marxism, China & Development: Reflections on Theory and Reality

11799:

Cheek, Timothy; Mühlhahn, Klaus; Van de Ven, Hans J., eds. (2021).

10056: 6061:. Asia-pacific: Culture, Politics, and Society series. Durham, NC: 5124: 5056: 4988:

There is a considerable degree of interest in Cuba within the CCP.

2569: 2485: 2446: 2431: 2268: 2029: 1901: 1855: 1793: 1789: 1709: 1590: 984: 916: 790: 708: 360: 93: 19283:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

11702:

Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies

11304:"More foreign party leaders congratulate CPC on National Congress" 10864: 10236: 10234: 6230:"Three Chinese Leaders: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping" 2504:

and strengthen the economic vitality of the state-owned economy."

2183: 293:

Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

21378: 21330: 21161: 20109: 19994: 19984: 19933: 19474: 18219: 14876: 13264: 12087:

Chinese Politics and Government: Power, Ideology and Organization

8197: 8120: 7256: 4912: 3192:

flag of the CPC has the length-to-width proportion of 3:2 with a

2691: 2434:

society, increased democracy, and, ultimately, the creation of a

2172:

had been introduced. In 1997, Deng's beliefs (officially called "

2107: 1886: 1866: 1804: 1797: 1781: 1686: 1409: 1022: 828: 317: 12886:

Russia's New Politics: The Management of a Postcommunist Society

9892:

The Long Game: China's Grand Strategy to Displace American Order

4891:

The CCP has retained close relations with the ruling parties of

2375:

Deng Xiaoping Theory was added to the party constitution at the

1459:

before a less radical faction seized control. During the 1980s,

20177: 19979: 19918: 18853: 17477: 17472: 17454: 17431: 16735: 14444: 13809: 13248: 13018:. University of California Press. pp. 1–46. Archived from 12551:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005).

12365:

Chinese Educational Policy: Changes and Contradictions, 1949–79

12068:

A Glossary of Political Terms of the People's Republic of China

11872:

The Decline of Communism in China: Legitimacy Crisis, 1977–1989

11151:"Senior CPC leader meets chairman of Communist Party of Brazil" 10231: 10195: 9973:"China's Communist Party worries about its grassroots weakness" 9623: 8974: 5617: 4811:. While the CCP retains contact with major parties such as the 2943: 1870: 1851: 1604:

as the beginning of the revolutionary struggle that led to the

443: 108: 13125:"Intra-Party Democracy in China: Should We Take It Seriously?" 13110:. Vol. 60. University of Chicago Press. pp. 83–109. 10636:. Private Collection: Stanford University Press. p. 175. 10126:"China's Communist Party is tightening its grip in businesses" 8963: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8635: 8633: 8631: 8532: 7670:"Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says" 6204:"1st. National Congress of The Communist Party of China (CPC)" 5147:, the pressure of globalization, and American interference in 2913:, and influence groups inside and outside of the country, the 2863:

Front cover of the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party

2676:— Mao Zedong, from his speech entitled "Our General Programme" 2335:

The core ideology of the party has evolved with each distinct

2002:

proclamation of the founding of the People's Republic of China

1447:. Although Mao attempted to purge the party of capitalist and 1351:

proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China

1102: 1088: 1074: 20941: 20662: 20618:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

20124: 19907: 17986: 17555: 16456: 13368: 12326:

China's Changing Political Landscape: Prospects for Democracy

11023:"Senior CPC official meets Portuguese Communist Party leader" 10399: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10354: 8604:"Xi Touts Communist Party as Defender of Confucius's Virtues" 7191:"The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" 6295:"News of the Soviets of People's Deputies". 16 November 1921. 5143:, its rigid party structures that could not be reformed, its 5114:

and a leading member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party

2643:, the person who holds the offices of CCP general secretary, 2229:

held in 2012, and was succeeded in both posts by Xi Jinping.

1374: 1334: 1030: 836: 12397:

Dictionary of the Politics of the People's Republic of China

12011:

Ghai, Yash; Arup, Chris; Chanock, Martin (12 October 2000).

11647: 11242:"CPC leader pledges exchanges with Communist Party of Spain" 9600: 9598: 9005:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 195–223, 8731: 8729: 8727: 7441:"Building a Socialism with a specifically Chinese character" 7375: 4923:

The ruling party which the CCP is most interested in is the

2067: 2033:

Chinese communists celebrate Joseph Stalin's birthday, 1949.

21408:

An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism

21405:

Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state

21107: 21072:

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

21033: 20982: 20828: 20202: 20084: 17976: 17920: 14943:

Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee

12395:

Mackerras, Colin; McMillen, Donald; Watson, Andrew (2001).

12106:

China's Security State: Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics

11637: 11635: 11633: 11588: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11561: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11519: 11497: 11495: 11493: 11478: 11466: 11456: 11454: 11441: 11439: 11437: 11435: 11420: 11410: 11408: 11406: 11404: 11402: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11383: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10246: 10207: 10171: 10159: 8946: 8664: 8645: 8628: 6631:

Ryan, Tom (2016). Purnell, Ingrid; Plozza, Shivaun (eds.).

6353: 6351: 6349: 6284:"News of the Soviets of People's Deputies". 9 October 1920. 4904: 4900: 3215:

is responsible for dialogue with global political parties.

2300:

Communist Party of China and World Political Parties Summit

12441:

Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise

10533: 10411: 10366: 10219: 10183: 9672: 9670: 8474:"His own words: The 14 principles of 'Xi Jinping Thought'" 7608: 7606: 7593: 7591: 7040:"The Silence that Preceded China's Great Leap into Famine" 5880: 5645:

Other sources give different estimates, e.g. 5,000–10,000.

2354:." To the CCP, Marxism–Leninism provides a "vision of the 2275:, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the CCP's founding 56: 20657: 20637: 20632: 11956:

Social Policy Reform in China: Views from Home and Abroad

11682:

Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping

11356: 9595: 9389: 9387: 8724: 8676: 8146: 8022: 7989: 6739: 6697: 6685: 1371:

second largest political party by membership in the world

1003: 989: 975: 809: 795: 781: 11630: 11571: 11548: 11531: 11507: 11490: 11451: 11432: 11399: 11380: 11368: 10812: 10795: 10329: 10258: 9643: 9521: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8442:"Full text of Hu Jintao's report at 18th Party Congress" 8386: 8374: 7712:"The Rise and Rise of Xi Jinping: Xi who must be obeyed" 6346: 6033: 6021: 4853:

Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist) (Barua)

2717:

is an intra-party disciplinary process conducted by the

2011: 15013:

Organizational structure of the Chinese Communist Party

12726:

Historical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China

12419:

The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers

12394: 12297:

Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary China, 1839–1976

12236:

China in World Politics: Policies, Processes, Prospects

11798: 10997:

International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties

10328:

Balachandran, Manu; Dutta, Saptarishi (31 March 2015).

10061:

The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism

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China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future

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The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers

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of Singapore (PAP) maintains its total domination over

4809:

International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties

3213:

International Department of the Chinese Communist Party

2842:

Examining the report of the outgoing Central Committee;

1489:

International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties

1416:. Support for the CCP continued to grow throughout the 1189: 10824: 9706: 9468: 9384: 8779: 8693: 8691: 8422: 7667:

O’Keeffe, Kate; Ferek, Katy Stech (14 November 2019).

7530: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 5931:

An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China

1667:

Far Eastern Secretariat of the Communist International

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Current and former ruling parties of communist states

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Political parties in the Republic of China after 1949

11802:

Chinese Communist Party : A Century in Ten Lives

11119:"CPC to institutionalize talks with European parties" 10551: 10458: 9782: 9404: 9402: 9045:"Accused Chinese Party Members Face Harsh Discipline" 8803: 8544: 8341: 8317: 7404: 7402: 6673: 6649: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 5079:

is attributed to the personalization of power in the

4886: 2536:

occurring, the party has returned to the writings of

1869:, and from there being driven into the wilderness of 951: 935: 921: 907: 757: 743: 727: 713: 699: 21235:

Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe

12745:

Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party

12534:

Handbook of China s Governance and Domestic Politics

9655: 9456: 9264:"The Expansion of the United Front Under Xi Jinping" 9128:"The Chinese Influence Effort Hiding in Plain Sight" 8758: 8741: 8703: 8520: 8398: 8362: 8329: 7559: 7542: 6848: 6833: 6821: 6724: 6709: 6605: 6590: 5524: 1965:

that decisively turned the war in favour of the CCP.

1542:, who was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 1262: 1248: 1234: 13277: 13011:Abrami, Regina; Malesky, Edmund; Zheng, Yu (2008). 12368:. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. 11741: 11723:

Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait

11606:"Chinese Communist Party to train chavista leaders" 10939:Hackenesch, Christine; Bader, Julia (9 June 2020). 10591:"Women Struggle for a Foothold in Chinese Politics" 10433:"China demands loyalty from young expats in the US" 9694: 9583: 8688: 8496: 7431: 7429: 7387: 7355:"Mao's Great Famine: Ways of Living, Ways of Dying" 6915: 6896: 6869: 6763: 3120:. CCP leadership cadres have access to a dedicated 2492:, when it was amended to "let market forces play a 2118:, emerged to fill in the power vacuum left behind. 564: 16502:China National Democratic Construction Association 13010: 12839: 12788: 12647: 12315:Lew, Christopher R.; Leung, Edwin Pak-wah (1996), 11720: 10693: 10431: 10124: 9971: 9544: 9492: 9399: 8081: 8050:"Inside the plans for the CCP's 100th anniversary" 7777: 7710: 7668: 7510:The Chinese Communist Party: a 100-Year Trajectory 7399: 6256: 4879:, for instance. It has prickly relations with the 2875:of the Central Committee, the party's leader; the 2774:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 1498:The Chinese Communist Party is organized based on 16514:Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang 13087:Journal of the American Intelligence Professional 12767:The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang 11994:Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949) 11742:Broodsgaard, Kjeld Erik; Zheng, Yongnian (2006). 10902: 10900: 10898: 10327: 9539: 9480: 8571:"Marketization the key to economic system reform" 8565: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8287: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 4935:is the key reason for Vietnam's current success. 4917:collapse of the Eastern European socialist states 2756:(UFWD). The united front has historically been a 1941:and the CCP, Chiang Kai-shek finally agreed to a 1398:Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International 1191:Dumdad ulcyn (Khyatadyn) Av khamt (Kommunist) Нam 21425: 20931:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde 20603:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 14938:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party 10999:. Solidnet.org. 11 November 2013. Archived from 9098:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 8147:Wong, Chun Han; Zhai, Keith (17 November 2021). 7451:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 7426: 4938:While the CCP is probably the organization with 2871:of a newly elected central committee elects the 1908:control of the party organization by 1929–1930. 1792:, a famous scholar, was killed by communists in 19040:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 18447:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 16508:Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party 12674:China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation 12010: 10938: 8538: 6376:Soviet Russia in China: a Summing Up at Seventy 5716:State Council of the People's Republic of China 2951:are published by the Central Party School. The 2184:Further reforms under Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao 1922:and the party's informal military leader, with 1156: 1142: 20829:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola 12719:Red Star Over China - The Rise Of The Red Army 12317:Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War 12277:Pop Culture China!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle 11087:"Senior CPC official meets Russian delegation" 10895: 10832:"Constitution of the Communist Party of China" 8556: 7507: 7189:Meng, Xin; Qian, Nancy; Yared, Pierre (2015). 6533:獨秀, Du Xiu (3 April 1926). "中國革命勢力統一政策與廣州事變". 6162:"On Party Anniversary, China Rewrites History" 5695: 5087:, the inheritance of power, which passed from 3138:The Communist Youth League (CYL) is the CCP's 2923:Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission 2623:, the security apparatus, and Zhou Enlai, the 2445:A billboard advertising Xi Jinping Thought in 2121: 2037:Stalin proposed a one-party constitution when 2018:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 1805:Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War 1530:(CMC) (responsible for military affairs), and 1144:Дундад улсын (Хятадын) Эв хамт (Kоммунист) Нам 16:Ruling party of the People's Republic of China 20763: 17936: 17388: 16719: 16439: 15839: 15815: 14992: 13672:Working Committee of Central and State Organs 13305: 12816:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China 12515:Historical Dictionary of Chinese Intelligence 12233: 10908:"Flag and emblem of Communist Party of China" 8579:. Chinese Communist Party. 18 November 2013. 7666: 7435: 7381: 7188: 4788: 2414:conceived and formulated the ideology of the 1858:on 1 August 1927 in what became known as the 1568: 859: 651: 637: 43: 37: 20679:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 18230:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 17724:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists 16615:Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 15930:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 12176: 12139:. Rowman & Littlefield|Lexington Books. 11973:Fu Delete repeated word = Zhengyuan (1993). 10970:11245.1/7324dee8-d4d7-4163-86c5-f0e467a5b65a 9422:"General Secretary of CPC Central Committee" 8916: 8670: 8658: 8639: 6412: 4055: 4046: 2978: 2848:Discussing and enacting party policies; and, 2837:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 2819:is the party's highest body, and, since the 2719:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 2577:Practice Is the Sole Criterion for the Truth 2154:Practice is the Sole Criterion for the Truth 19540:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 15800:Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party 13143: 13040:"The Communist Party of China and Ideology" 12435: 10539: 10417: 10377: 10360: 10252: 10240: 10225: 10213: 10201: 10189: 10177: 10165: 8826: 3206: 2794:Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party 2790:Organization of the Chinese Communist Party 2232: 2166:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 1712:but failed. The Soviets then contacted the 1528:Chairman of the Central Military Commission 21459:Political parties in the Republic of China 20770: 20756: 20643:United States involvement in regime change 18198:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 17943: 17929: 17395: 17381: 17163:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong 16726: 16712: 16678: 16446: 16432: 15846: 15832: 14999: 14985: 13312: 13298: 13282: 12975:. Columbia University Press. p. 119. 12783: 10500: 6633:China Rising: The Revolutionary Experience 6039: 6027: 5886: 5859:The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present 5774:"Style Guide: PRC, China, CCP or Chinese?" 5151:. While the CCP was slow to recognize the 4795: 4781: 3124:system managed by the CCP General Office. 3068: 2845:Examining the report of the outgoing CCDI; 1606:founding of the People's Republic of China 615: 570: 549: 19:"CCP" redirects here. For other uses, see 16490:China Association for Promoting Democracy 13797:Institute of Party History and Literature 13692:Office for Safeguarding National Security 12864: 12694: 12668: 12623: 12512: 11975:Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics 11847: 11653: 11641: 11592: 11565: 11542: 11525: 11513: 11501: 11484: 11472: 11460: 11445: 11426: 11414: 11393: 11374: 11362: 10968: 10958: 10840:. Chinese Communist Party. Archived from 10695:"Does it pay to be a communist in China?" 10516: 10017: 9942:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9604: 9278: 9183: 9018: 8735: 8682: 8015: 7285: 7211: 7134: 6496:The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 5929:Huang, Yibing (2020). Zheng, Qian (ed.). 5006:Communication between the CCP and the PCC 4821:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 3127: 3103: 2935:Institute of Party History and Literature 2768:which have nominal representation in the 2543: 2068:Sino-Soviet split and Cultural Revolution 1589:were among the first to publicly support 1526:(responsible for civilian party duties), 1303:Dulimbai gurun-i (Jungg'o-i) Gungcan Hoki 20800:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 16526:Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League 13080: 12742: 12723: 12413: 12361: 12238:. University of British Columbia Press. 10862: 10818: 10806: 10656: 10392: 10279: 10083: 9758:"Ownership and control of Chinese media" 9688: 9676: 9577: 9527: 9271:The China Story Yearbook 2015: Pollution 9000: 8514: 7813: 7779:"Xi's China: The rise of party politics" 7775: 7624: 7612: 7597: 7582: 7536: 7420: 6801:China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment 6149:. Beijing Library Press. pp. 39–51. 5812: 5101: 5043:... It is also a political party of the 5016: 4877:Party for the Transformation of Honduras 3072: 2858: 2802: 2654: 2607: 2440: 2410:In 2003, the 3rd Plenary Session of the 2326: 2262: 2239:a wide-reaching anti-corruption campaign 2028: 1948: 1848:Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China 1834: 1724:. On 6 October 1923, the Comintern sent 1708:. They attempted to contact the warlord 1646: 20911:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 18769:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 13156: 12569: 12195: 12137:China in Search of a Harmonious Society 11181: 10688: 10686: 10119: 10117: 9882: 9880: 8967: 8601: 8416: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8223: 7982: 7477:"An article influences Chinese history" 5947: 5898: 2999:Party committees exist at the level of 2798: 2312:Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party 2281:100th anniversary of the CCP's founding 1920:Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP 1841:Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 1471:, a developmental stage similar to the 21426: 21146:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 20613:Russian espionage in the United States 18885:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 17149:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong 14834:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 13499:Political and Legal Affairs Commission 13183: 12933:Democracy and the Rule of Law in China 12642: 12274: 12234:Kornberg, Judith; Faust, John (2005). 12214: 12177:Heazle, Michael; Knight, Nick (2007). 12134: 12043: 11931: 11888: 11760: 11704:. State University of New York Press. 11699: 10588: 10545: 10501:Angiolillo, Fabio (22 December 2023). 10407:from the original on 21 December 2015. 10388: 10386: 10290: 10288: 10013: 10011: 10009: 9712: 9474: 9462: 9393: 9125: 9042: 8785: 8583:from the original on 24 September 2015 8428: 8217: 8186: 8184: 7308: 7252:"China's great famine: 40 years later" 6954:"The 19th Central Committee Politburo" 6757: 6745: 6733: 6718: 6703: 6691: 6679: 6667: 6655: 6618: 6599: 6581: 6493: 6477: 6372: 6368: 6366: 6357: 6159: 6052: 6050: 6048: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5851: 5849: 5847: 4825:Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia 3043:Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath 2381:socialism with Chinese characteristics 1564:History of the Chinese Communist Party 1367:socialism with Chinese characteristics 1005: 953: 811: 759: 426:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 21494:Chinese nationalist political parties 21454:Political parties established in 1921 21251:Seychelles People's Progressive Front 20845:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin 20751: 20608:Soviet espionage in the United States 18764:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 18543:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 18208:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 17924: 17402: 17376: 16707: 16625:People's Anti-Imperialist Association 16427: 15853: 15827: 15814: 15779: 15777: 15775: 15773: 15771: 15769: 15764: 15762: 15756: 15750: 15748: 15746: 15744: 15742: 15740: 15738: 15732: 15730: 15724: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15672: 15670: 15668: 15666: 15664: 15648: 15628: 15626: 15624: 15608: 15606: 15604: 15602: 15600: 15598: 15596: 15590: 15588: 15586: 15558: 15556: 15551: 15536: 15534: 15528: 15526: 15524: 15518: 15512: 15510: 15508: 15506: 15504: 15502: 15500: 15494: 15492: 15490: 15488: 15482: 15480: 15478: 15451: 15420: 15418: 15405: 15396: 15394: 15381: 15307: 15305: 15299: 15297: 15295: 15285: 15283: 15281: 15276: 15269: 15262: 15260: 15258: 15249: 15247: 15245: 15243: 15241: 15239: 15233: 15231: 15229: 15227: 15225: 15223: 15221: 15197: 15187: 15185: 15183: 15181: 15179: 15177: 15171: 15169: 15167: 15165: 15163: 15161: 15159: 15140: 15127: 15125: 15123: 15121: 15119: 15117: 15115: 15091: 15067: 15065: 15063: 15061: 15059: 15057: 15055: 15046: 15044: 15042: 15040: 15038: 15036: 15034: 15032: 15030: 15028: 15026: 14980: 14948:Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party 13293: 13184:Miller, H. Lyman (19 November 2009). 13171:from the original on 17 November 2020 13105: 13081:Chambers, David Ian (30 April 2002). 13068:from the original on 16 February 2016 13037: 12968: 12883: 12809: 12761: 12531: 12493: 12314: 12293: 12153: 11953: 11892:The Marxism in the Chinese revolution 11744:The Chinese Communist Party in Reform 10671:from the original on 14 December 2018 10589:Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (24 June 2010). 10294: 10049: 9934: 9886: 9788: 9661: 9516:Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001 9451:Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001 9379:Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001 9367:Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001 9352:Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001 9320:"The CCP's Grand United Front abroad" 9317: 9261: 9250:Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001 9212:"The United Front in Communist China" 9176:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 9166: 9126:Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (12 July 2019). 9085: 8863: 8814: 8797: 8773: 8752: 8616:from the original on 22 February 2014 8550: 8347: 8323: 8275:from the original on 28 December 2013 8096:from the original on 11 December 2022 7951: 7886: 7809: 7807: 7691:from the original on 15 November 2019 7570: 7553: 7103: 6974:from the original on 15 February 2021 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6928: 6909: 6890: 6863: 6842: 6827: 6792: 6786: 6547: 6305: 6244:from the original on 11 December 2013 6210:from the original on 22 December 2017 6160:Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (20 July 2011). 5993:Contemporary China: a New Superpower? 5990: 5928: 3156:Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party 2237:Since taking power, Xi has initiated 2215:wide range of serious social problems 2012:Proclamation of the PRC and the 1950s 21270:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party 20684:Soviet Union–United States relations 19035:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 13586:Comprehensively Law-Based Governance 12989:from the original on 19 October 2020 12949: 12911: 12865:Wang, Gunwu; Zheng, Yongian (2012). 12697:China Goes Global: The Partial Power 12624:Saich, Tony; Yang, Benjamin (1995). 12252: 12198:Handbook on East Asian Social Policy 12103: 11869: 11779: 11718: 11675: 11131:from the original on 9 November 2011 11067:from the original on 28 October 2012 11047: 11015: 10764: 10729: 10683: 10631: 10393:McMorrow, R. W. (19 December 2015). 10114: 9877: 9649: 9616: 9533: 9414: 9330:from the original on 3 November 2019 9311: 9079: 9003:Socialist Law in Socialist East Asia 8718: 8697: 8502: 8484:from the original on 28 October 2017 8404: 8392: 8380: 8368: 8335: 8248: 8190: 7997:from the original on 4 December 2019 7933:from the original on 28 October 2021 7901:from the original on 6 December 2020 7836:from the original on 24 October 2017 7792:from the original on 8 November 2020 7725:from the original on 11 October 2017 7457:from the original on 16 January 2013 7408: 7393: 7349: 7331:from the original on 24 January 2017 7309:Mirsky, Jonathan (7 December 2012). 7249: 7052:from the original on 14 October 2019 6798: 6630: 6126:from the original on 4 November 2007 6120:News of the Communist Party of China 6056: 5855: 5808: 5806: 5217:National People's Congress elections 5211: 3218: 2460:The party combines elements of both 2356:contradictions in capitalist society 1663:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1487:and continues to participate in the 1394:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1341:, the CCP emerged victorious in the 21303:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 21131:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution 20648:Soviet involvement in regime change 16462:Political parties in Mainland China 13186:"Hu Jintao and the Party Politburo" 13003: 12837: 12572:Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life 12342: 12084: 11991: 11254:from the original on 4 January 2014 11163:from the original on 4 January 2014 11099:from the original on 4 January 2014 10883:from the original on 4 January 2022 10383: 10285: 10055: 10006: 9838: 9810:United States Department of Defense 9589: 9408: 8982:from the original on 6 January 2014 8602:Buckley, Chris (13 February 2014). 8263:"Ideological Foundation of the CPC" 8181: 8169:from the original on 10 August 2022 8128:from the original on 10 August 2022 7501: 6391: 6363: 6310:. 中共中央黨校出版社. pp. 187, 271–297. 6271: 6045: 5953: 5917: 5844: 5754:from the original on 2 October 2019 5670: 5169:United Socialist Party of Venezuela 5106:Xi Jinping (second from left) with 5053:United Malays National Organization 2762:legally-permitted political parties 2523:, on the inevitability of socialism 1600:Some historical analysis views the 13: 21354:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 21317:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 21096:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 20689:Soviet Union–United States summits 18163:1947 Polish parliamentary election 18048:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 16847:Constitutional Protection Movement 12930: 12795:. University of California Press. 12513:Smith, Ivian; West, Nigel (2012). 12421:(2nd ed.). Harper Perennial. 12323: 12294:Leung, Edwin Pak-wah, ed. (1992). 12217:Politics in China: an Introduction 12135:Guo, Sujian; Guo, Baogang (2008). 12065: 11972: 11835:from the original on 19 March 2022 11310:. 16 November 2007. Archived from 11284:from the original on 29 March 2015 11196:from the original on 22 April 2016 11031:. 21 February 2013. Archived from 10429: 10342:from the original on 19 March 2022 9904:10.1093/oso/9780197527917.001.0001 9738:from the original on 19 March 2022 9700: 9631:from the original on 17 March 2023 9559:from the original on 19 March 2022 9498: 9486: 9428:. 13 November 2012. Archived from 9318:Groot, Gerry (24 September 2019). 9115:from the original on 12 June 2020. 8898:from the original on 21 April 2024 8866:"The Return to Personalistic Rule" 8526: 8301:. 26 December 2013. Archived from 8030:from the original on 29 April 2022 8016:Berlinger, Joshua (15 July 2019). 7972:from the original on 19 July 2019. 7945: 7804: 7644:. 16 November 2011. Archived from 7489:from the original on 10 March 2008 7085:from the original on 14 April 2021 7070: 7022: 7007: 6951: 6934: 6563:奎松, 楊 (2002). "蔣介石從三二零到四一二的心路歷程". 6562: 6532: 6459:from the original on 10 March 2021 6427:from the original on 14 March 2021 6397: 6340:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 6138: 5984: 5766: 5190:Social Democratic Party of Germany 4887:Ruling parties of socialist states 3090: 2851:Revising the party's constitution. 2316: 2267:A temporary monument displayed in 1581:inspired the founding of the CCP. 14: 21505: 21006:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 19450:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 19385:United States invasion of Grenada 18655:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 18596:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 16605:Committee for National Revolution 16108:Political Consultative Conference 14849:Scientific Outlook on Development 13677:Central Financial Work Commission 13581:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms 13212: 13093:from the original on 29 July 2020 12867:China: Development and Governance 12382:from the original on 8 March 2023 12031:from the original on 8 March 2023 11909:from the original on 8 March 2023 11184:"The International role of China" 10657:Phillips, Tom (14 October 2017). 9994:from the original on 13 June 2020 9770:from the original on 30 July 2021 9300:from the original on 4 April 2017 9148:from the original on 17 July 2019 8205:from the original on 27 June 2022 7952:Delmi, Boudjemaa (12 July 2019). 7814:Phillips, Tom (24 October 2017). 7757:from the original on 17 July 2020 7750:Foreign Policy Research Institute 7482:China Internet Information Center 7250:Smil, Vaclav (18 December 1999). 7231:from the original on 5 March 2020 6992: 5803: 5784:from the original on 25 July 2022 5722:from the original on 30 June 2024 5121:Institutional Revolutionary Party 2780:have expanded in size and scope. 2682:and "inner-party democracy") and 2568:American political scientist and 2416:Scientific Outlook on Development 2323:Generations of Chinese leadership 2289:resolution on the Party's history 2219:Scientific Outlook on Development 1624:Study circles were, according to 459:Scientific Outlook on Development 38: 21116:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 21091:Hungarian Working People's Party 21020:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 19525:United States invasion of Panama 19375:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 19015:1971 Turkish military memorandum 18978:Communist insurgency in Thailand 18948:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 18880:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 18707:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 18635:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 18153:Restatement of Policy on Germany 17864:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan 17548: 17535: 17516: 17500: 17491: 17482: 17471: 17453: 17440: 17430: 17420: 17135:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum 16995:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising 16746: 16734: 16677: 16667: 16640:Social Democratic Party of China 16600:China Democratic Socialist Party 16455: 15955: 15007: 14960: 14959: 13745:Propaganda, Ideology and Culture 13320: 13263: 13247: 13157:Köllner, Patrick (August 2013). 13131:from the original on 4 June 2016 12618:Governance and Politics of China 12598:The Dynamics of Chinese politics 12594:The Dynamics of Chinese politics 12345:Politics and Government in China 11598: 11326: 11296: 11266: 11234: 11208: 11175: 11143: 11111: 11079: 10993:"15 IMCWP, List of participants" 10985: 10932: 10856: 10758: 10723: 10650: 10625: 10582: 10494: 10482:from the original on 3 July 2015 10446:from the original on 3 July 2024 10423: 10321: 10309:from the original on 1 July 2024 10147:from the original on 9 July 2023 10077: 9964: 9928: 9832: 9794: 9750: 9718: 9610: 9255: 9204: 9192:from the original on 9 June 2020 9160: 9119: 9036: 8994: 8968:Chuanzi, Wang (1 October 2013). 8910: 8857: 8820: 8595: 8466: 8454:from the original on 7 June 2013 8434: 8353: 8140: 8108: 8062:from the original on 25 May 2021 7983:Qiblawi, Tamara (17 July 2019). 7868:from the original on 2 June 2020 7170:from the original on 2 June 2021 7037: 6997:. Beijing: 中央文獻出版社. p. 531. 6961:China Leadership Monitor, No. 55 5555: 5541: 5527: 5509: 5490: 5483: 5482: 5460: 5453: 5452: 5425: 5418: 5417: 5395: 5388: 5387: 5360: 5353: 5352: 5330: 5323: 5322: 5295: 5288: 5287: 5260: 5196:tenets with new ones supporting 5110:(second from right), the former 5059:(1957–2018, 2020–2022), and the 4762: 3175: 3164: 2337:generation of Chinese leadership 1854:was ordered to take the city of 1815:Outline of the Chinese Civil War 1671:1st National Congress of the CCP 407: 406: 55: 35: 20245:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 19626:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 19555:Fall of the inner German border 19455:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 19105:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 19095:Spanish transition to democracy 19055:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 18682:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 18188:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 18069:Occupation of the Baltic states 17853:Yangtze River Crossing campaign 17066:Nationalist-Communist Civil War 16553:Maoist Communist Party of China 16066:National Supervisory Commission 15757:Party organizations within the 14787:Communist Youth League of China 13822:Executive Leadership Academies 13522:Office of the General Secretary 13047:China: An International Journal 12916:. University Press of America. 12328:. Brookings Institution Press. 12319:(2nd ed.), Scarecrow Press 11954:Finer, Catherine Jones (2003). 11923:Informal politics in East Asia, 11921:Dittmer, Lowell, et al. (eds.) 11727:. Brookings Institution Press. 11340:. 19 April 2016. Archived from 10946:International Studies Quarterly 10916:. 29 March 2013. Archived from 10863:Tsimonis, Konstantinos (2021). 10022:Review of Development Economics 9820:from the original on 9 May 2019 9043:Jacobs, Andrew (14 June 2012). 8074: 8042: 8009: 7976: 7913: 7880: 7848: 7769: 7737: 7703: 7660: 7630: 7469: 7343: 7302: 7243: 7182: 7097: 7064: 7031: 7016: 7001: 6986: 6624: 6575: 6556: 6541: 6526: 6487: 6439: 6406: 6338:. Institute of Modern History, 6328: 6314: 6299: 6288: 6277: 6222: 6196: 6153: 6095: 5892: 5780:. Asia New Zealand Foundation. 5778:Asia Media Centre – New Zealand 5637: 5628: 5204:, conceiving a new view of the 3134:Communist Youth League of China 2969:Hong Kong and Macau Work Office 2783: 2732: 2585:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2298:On 6 July 2021, Xi chaired the 2110:were purged or exiled, and the 2092:dictatorship of the proletariat 2008:, as it is called by the CCP). 1481:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1337:(PRC). Under the leadership of 1031: 1004: 990: 976: 837: 810: 796: 782: 342:Communist Youth League of China 19025:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 18660:Mozambican War of Independence 18099:Indonesian National Revolution 16548:Inner Mongolian People's Party 16083:Supreme People's Procuratorate 15942:Provincial standing committees 15469:Central Policy Research Office 14200:7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956 13596:Financial and Economic Affairs 13123:Li, Cheng (19 November 2009). 13038:Brown, Kerry (2 August 2012). 12888:. Cambridge University Press. 12848:University of California Press 12678:University of California Press 12300:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 12017:. Cambridge University Press. 11977:. Cambridge University Press. 11927:Informal politics in East Asia 11874:. Cambridge University Press. 11805:. Cambridge University Press. 11685:. Princeton University Press. 10869:. Amsterdam University Press. 7856:"The 7 Men Who Will Run China" 7776:Mitchell, Tom (25 July 2016). 7199:The Review of Economic Studies 7114:Journal of Economic Literature 6552:. 中共中央黨校出版社. pp. 311–318. 6101: 5822:. New York: Harper Perennial. 5734: 5664: 5622: 5613: 5603: 5593: 5510: 5491: 5461: 5426: 5396: 5361: 5331: 5296: 5261: 2927:Central Policy Research Office 1796:, and in revenge, KMT general 1652:Site of the first CCP Congress 1550:and on 10 October 2022 by the 1365:, collectively referred to as 1263: 1249: 1235: 1190: 1103: 1089: 1075: 952: 936: 922: 908: 860: 758: 744: 728: 714: 700: 652: 638: 394:Central Policy Research Office 1: 21266:Supreme Revolutionary Council 20623:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 19638:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 19591:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 19313:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 19278:Seven Days to the River Rhine 19010:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 18297:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 18225:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 17893:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency 17868:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang 17460:Constitutional ROC Government 17364:Republic of China (1912–1949) 16813:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai) 16563:Union of Chinese Nationalists 15766:CMC Political Work Department 15022: 13790:Chinese Academy of Governance 12954:. Stanford University Press. 12362:Löfstedt, Jan-Ingvar (1980). 11614:. 13 May 2013. Archived from 10781:10.1080/10670564.2018.1488107 10768:Journal of Contemporary China 10508:Journal of East Asian Studies 10295:Zhang, Phoebe (1 July 2024). 9855:10.1080/10670564.2020.1744374 9842:Journal of Contemporary China 9617:Wang, Kelly (17 March 2023). 8843:10.1080/10670564.2020.1790901 8830:Journal of Contemporary China 8539:Ghai, Arup & Chanock 2000 8191:Tian, Yew Lun (6 July 2021). 7012:. Hong Kong: 書作坊. p. 88. 6379:. Farrar, Straus and Cudahy. 5957:Journal of Contemporary China 5652: 4955:North Korea's economic system 4947: 4944:North Korean economic reforms 4314:Communist Party (Switzerland) 2602: 2581:Soviet Union's state ideology 1751:The communists dominated the 1716:(KMT), which was leading the 1473:capitalist mode of production 797:zung1 gwok3 gung6 caan2 dong2 21489:Parties of one-party systems 21484:1921 establishments in China 21206:Polish United Workers' Party 20896:Communist Party of Kampuchea 19616:Fall of communism in Albania 19586:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 19535:Polish Round Table Agreement 18875:1968 Polish political crisis 18692:Eritrean War of Independence 18458:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 18353:East German uprising of 1953 18285:Chinese Communist Revolution 17950: 17882:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign 17618:Chinese Communist Revolution 16897:Occupation of Outer Mongolia 16558:New Democracy Party of China 16130:United Front Work Department 13986:Politburo Standing Committee 13484:United Front Work Department 13238:Resources in other libraries 12070:. Chinese University Press. 11895:. Rowman & Littlefield. 11278:Communist Party of Australia 10634:The Chinese Women's Movement 8224:Whitson, William W. (1973). 6373:Chiang, Chung Cheng (1957). 5903:. New York, NY: 1804 Books. 5679:(in Chinese). Archived from 5657: 5581:Succession of power in China 5095:, and the role given to the 4961:which pervades society, the 4873:Nepal Workers Peasants Party 4857:Communist Party of Sri Lanka 4845:Communist Party of Australia 2754:United Front Work Department 2701: 2471: 2436:Socialist Harmonious Society 2006:Chinese Communist Revolution 1831:Chinese Communist Revolution 1730:Central Committee of the CCP 1619:Chinese Communist Revolution 1477:collapse of the Eastern Bloc 1250:Junggo Kommunistik Partiyisi 1236:Junggo Kommunistik Partiyisi 7: 19490:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 19218:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 18963:Corrective Movement (Syria) 18927:New People's Army rebellion 18922:Sino-Soviet border conflict 18650:Angolan War of Independence 18513:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 18393:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 18038:Jamaican political conflict 17478:Republic of China on Taiwan 17446:National Revolutionary Army 17414:Principal belligerents and 17212:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 16947:Washington Naval Conference 16039:Central Military Commission 15452:Research institutions: 15264:Central Military Commission 13456:Central Military Commission 12743:Sullivan, Lawrence (2012). 12724:Sullivan, Lawrence (2007). 12699:. Oxford University Press. 12570:Pantsov, Alexander (2015). 12219:. Oxford University Press. 12200:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 12181:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 11853:How China Became Capitalist 11765:. Oxford University Press. 11276:. Central Committee of the 9219:Central Intelligence Agency 7887:Kirby, Jen (28 July 2020). 7073:""反右"运动与民主革命——纪念"反右"运动五十周年" 6413:Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany. 5520: 5077:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 4953:they show much disdain for 4849:Workers Party of Bangladesh 4813:Communist Party of Portugal 4655:International organizations 3077:Badge worn by party members 2877:Central Military Commission 2811:, convened in November 2012 2629:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2305: 2122:Reforms under Deng Xiaoping 2024:Central People's Government 1445:split with the Soviet Union 1264:Җуңго Коммунистик Партийиcи 1213:جۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى 44: 10: 21510: 21449:People's Republic of China 21439:Communist parties in China 21339:Communist Party of Vietnam 21042:Workers' Party of Ethiopia 20873:African Independence Party 20814:Party of Labour of Albania 19686:Sino-Indian border dispute 19515:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 19445:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 19203:1976 Argentine coup d'état 19115:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 19065:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 18749:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 18717:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 18406:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 18173:Asian Relations Conference 17690:Fujian People's Government 17556:People's Republic of China 17274:National Pacification Army 17139:Northeast Flag Replacement 17045:Zhongshan Warship Incident 16742:and warlordism during the 16683:Lists of political parties 16470:National People's Congress 15981:National People's Congress 15707:Institutional Organization 13633:Institutional Organization 12154:Heath, Timothy R. (2014). 12110:Cambridge University Press 12051:. Transaction Publishers. 11663: 11182:Vagenas, Elisseos (2010). 10568:10.1177/009770049201800304 9221:. May 1957. Archived from 5063:in Japan, which dominated 4940:most access to North Korea 4925:Communist Party of Vietnam 3153: 3149: 3131: 3029: 3021: 2787: 2770:National People's Congress 2736: 2707: 2658: 2611: 2559:primary stage of socialism 2379:in 1992. The concepts of " 2339:. As both the CCP and the 2320: 2309: 2176:") were embedded into the 2125: 2071: 2015: 1808: 1679:Shanghai French Concession 1656:Shanghai French Concession 1569:Founding and early history 1561: 1557: 1469:primary stage of socialism 1335:People's Republic of China 1285: 783:Jūng-gwok Guhng-cháan-dóng 507:National People's Congress 297:Shanghai French Concession 18: 21374:List of communist parties 21369: 21346: 21323: 21309: 21295: 21284:National Liberation Front 21276: 21258: 21243: 21226: 21212: 21194: 21176: 21153: 21138: 21123: 21105: 21080: 21063: 21049: 21026: 21012: 20998: 20980: 20966:Congolese Party of Labour 20957: 20939: 20922: 20902: 20888: 20879: 20865: 20859:Bulgarian Communist Party 20851: 20837: 20820: 20806: 20792: 20783: 20722: 20671: 20593: 20570:William Appleman Williams 20515:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 20297: 20269: 20218: 20150: 20143: 20077: 19942: 19867: 19797: 19790: 19699: 19646: 19578: 19291: 19030:Bangladesh Liberation War 19020:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 18935: 18907:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 18895:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 18558: 18333:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 18310: 18020: 17958: 17563: 17410: 17361: 17237: 17227: 17217: 17203: 17189: 17177: 17154: 17144: 17122: 17112: 17102: 17092: 17082: 17072: 17050: 17040: 17026: 17012: 16990:Second Zhili–Fengtian War 16984: 16974: 16962: 16952: 16942: 16937:1st National CPC Congress 16932: 16927:Spirit Soldier rebellions 16922: 16912: 16902: 16892: 16872: 16862: 16852: 16842: 16832: 16822: 16808: 16798: 16788: 16778: 16755: 16663: 16630:Productive People's Party 16592: 16576: 16535: 16468: 16405: 16385: 16362: 16315: 16192: 16159: 16138: 16098: 15964: 15953: 15884: 15861: 15821: 15816:Links to related articles 15792: 15736: 15734: 15728: 15726: 15718: 15716: 15662: 15654: 15642: 15640: 15632: 15630: 15622: 15618: 15594: 15592: 15580: 15578: 15576: 15574: 15572: 15568: 15564: 15549: 15547: 15532: 15530: 15516: 15514: 15498: 15496: 15486: 15484: 15449: 15447: 15403: 15401: 15392: 15375: 15369: 15363: 15361: 15359: 15353: 15347: 15339: 15335: 15333: 15331: 15329: 15327: 15325: 15323: 15321: 15319: 15317: 15303: 15301: 15291: 15289: 15274: 15267: 15237: 15235: 15217: 15215: 15195: 15193: 15189: 15175: 15173: 15155: 15153: 15151: 15149: 15138: 15136: 15134: 15132: 15109: 15107: 15105: 15103: 15101: 15099: 15089: 15085: 15083: 15077: 15075: 15073: 15019: 14956: 14920: 14862: 14812: 14760: 14657: 14542: 14533: 14508: 14433: 14358: 14288: 14277: 14188: 14083: 13983: 13972: 13965: 13850: 13777: 13701: 13660: 13564: 13507: 13464: 13426: 13345: 13334: 13233:Resources in your library 12695:Shambaugh, David (2013). 12260:. John Wiley & Sons. 11189:Communist Party of Greece 10744:10.1142/S1013251116500053 9426:China Radio International 9011:10.1017/9781108347822.008 8931:10.1515/9781503612235-005 8923:Stanford University Press 7382:Kornberg & Faust 2005 7270:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619 7027:. Taipei: 聯經. p. 64. 6057:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). 5970:10.1080/10670569708724266 5742:"Chinese Communist Party" 5439: 5374: 5309: 5200:, shedding the belief in 4933:6th CPV National Congress 4861:Workers' Party of Belgium 4833:Communist Party of Greece 4829:Communist Party of Brazil 4817:Communist Party of France 4719:List of communist parties 4621:Victorian Socialist Party 2979:Lower-level organizations 2965:China Radio International 2205:elements into the party. 2196:The CCP ratified Jiang's 1307: 1297: 1279: 1274: 1256: 1242: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1212: 1206: 1201: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1157: 1150: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1119: 1114: 1096: 1082: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1053: 1047: 1042: 1021: 1014: 997: 983: 969: 962: 945: 929: 915: 901: 894: 889: 885: 881: 871: 867: 853: 848: 827: 820: 803: 789: 775: 768: 751: 737: 730:Chung-kuo Kung-ch'an-tang 721: 707: 693: 686: 681: 677: 673: 663: 659: 645: 631: 626: 614: 610: 605: 578: 562: 557: 548: 543: 524: 505: 493: 482: 473:International affiliation 472: 415: 399: 387: 359: 347: 335: 323: 305: 271: 127: 83: 73: 63: 54: 30: 21474:Marxist parties in China 21444:Ruling communist parties 21220:Romanian Communist Party 19345:1980 Turkish coup d'état 19180:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 19150:1978 Somali coup attempt 19110:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 19075:1973 Chilean coup d'état 18900:Revolutionary Government 18794:South African Border War 18586:1960 Turkish coup d'état 18503:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 18358:1953 Iranian coup d'état 18338:1952 Egyptian revolution 17541:People's Liberation Army 17117:Muslim conflict in Gansu 17087:Shanghai Commune of 1927 17077:Nanking incident of 1927 16957:First Zhili–Fengtian War 16543:Democracy Party of China 16049:People's Liberation Army 15759:People's Liberation Army 15278:General Secretary Office 14772:People's Liberation Army 13682:Hong Kong Work Committee 13489:International Department 13254:Communist Party of China 12912:Wong, Yiu-chung (2005). 12821:Harvard University Press 12654:. Simon & Schuster. 12494:Musto, Marcello (2008). 12439:; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). 12215:Joseph, William (2010). 12118:10.1017/cbo9781139150897 11784:. Continuum Publishing. 11668: 10471:South China Morning Post 10302:South China Morning Post 9948:10.1017/cbo9780511691737 9280:10.22459/csy.09.2016.04a 8864:Shirk, Susan L. (2018). 8671:Heazle & Knight 2007 8659:Heazle & Knight 2007 8640:Heazle & Knight 2007 7104:Gráda, Cormac Ó (2007). 6452:South China Morning Post 6146: 6115: 6105: 5586: 5061:Liberal Democratic Party 4881:Japanese Communist Party 4869:Dominican Workers' Party 4865:Hungarian Workers' Party 4841:Communist Party of Spain 4837:Communist Party of Nepal 3207:Party-to-party relations 2957:China Central Television 2915:International Department 2760:that has included eight 2575:argues that before the " 2405:economic laws of history 2341:People's Liberation Army 2233:Leadership of Xi Jinping 2170:socialist market economy 1827:Second Sino-Japanese War 1704:countries, particularly 1538:. The current leader is 1422:the communist revolution 1418:Second Sino-Japanese War 1355:People's Liberation Army 1323:Communist Party of China 1286:ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ‍‍ᡳ 1076:Krung go gung khran tang 838:Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng 647:Traditional Chinese 606:Communist Party of China 369:People's Liberation Army 33:Communist Party of China 21434:Chinese Communist Party 21187:Workers' Party of Korea 20991:Communist Party of Cuba 20950:Chinese Communist Party 19550:Fall of the Berlin Wall 19495:People Power Revolution 19480:Central American crisis 19420:1986 Black Sea incident 19070:1973 Afghan coup d'état 18968:Western Sahara conflict 18779:1966 Syrian coup d'état 18702:1963 Syrian coup d'état 18645:Portuguese Colonial War 18608:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 18373:1954 Syrian coup d'état 18250:Annexation of Hyderabad 18193:1947–1949 Palestine war 17680:Chinese Soviet Republic 17656:Autumn Harvest Uprising 17035:Canton–Hong Kong strike 16817:National Protection War 16584:Shanghai National Party 16496:China Democratic League 16478:Chinese Communist Party 15685:Other commissions: 14792:Young Pioneers of China 14361:CCDI Standing Committee 13662:Dispatched institutions 13474:Organization Department 13327:Chinese Communist Party 13270:Chinese Communist Party 13224:Chinese Communist Party 12950:Zhao, Suisheng (2004). 12884:White, Stephen (2000). 12576:Oxford University Press 11937:Mao: A Reinterpretation 11700:Baylis, Thomas (1989). 11334:"中共与日共：曾经的"兄弟"为何一度关系不睦" 10632:Judd, Ellen R. (2002). 10540:Marquis & Qiao 2022 10430:Yu, Sun (3 July 2024). 10418:Marquis & Qiao 2022 10378:Marquis & Qiao 2022 10361:Marquis & Qiao 2022 10253:Marquis & Qiao 2022 10241:Marquis & Qiao 2022 10226:Marquis & Qiao 2022 10214:Marquis & Qiao 2022 10202:Marquis & Qiao 2022 10190:Marquis & Qiao 2022 10178:Marquis & Qiao 2022 10166:Marquis & Qiao 2022 9896:Oxford University Press 8154:The Wall Street Journal 7676:The Wall Street Journal 7106:"Making Famine History" 6805:Leiden University Press 6322:中共中央、共青團中央和共產國際代表聯席會議記錄 6005:10.4324/9781003350064-3 5864:Oxford University Press 5747:Encyclopædia Britannica 4998:Communist Party of Cuba 4972:Workers' Party of Korea 3069:Membership demographics 3016:state-owned enterprises 2903:Organization Department 2721:(CCDI), which conducts 2424:sustainable development 2128:Chinese economic reform 1879:Autumn Harvest Uprising 1819:Chinese Soviet Republic 1695:Communist International 1465:economic liberalization 1430:KMT's retreat to Taiwan 1329:), is the founding and 1315:Chinese Communist Party 1104:Zhung ko kung chän dang 1090:Trung go gung trän tang 745:Jhongguó Gòng-chǎn-dǎng 633:Simplified Chinese 354:Young Pioneers of China 289:(1st National Congress) 280:; 103 years ago 21288:Yemeni Socialist Party 19844:Neoclassical economics 19355:Gulf of Sidra incident 18912:1969 Libyan revolution 18603:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 18388:1954 Geneva Conference 18148:Turkish straits crisis 18143:Corfu Channel incident 17903:Project National Glory 17878:Hainan Island campaign 17757:Double Tenth Agreement 17753:Chongqing Negotiations 17670:Encirclement campaigns 17021:May Thirtieth Movement 16877:Paris Peace Conference 16071:Supreme People's Court 15688:Spiritual Civilization 15142:Central Commission for 13628:Spiritual Civilization 13623:Science and Technology 13556:Policy Research Office 13494:Social Work Department 13428:Decision-making bodies 13268:Quotations related to 13260:) at Wikimedia Commons 12838:Yeh, Wen-hsin (1996). 12275:Latham, Kevin (2007). 12196:Izuhara, Misa (2013). 11958:. Ashgate Publishing. 11855:. Palgrave Macmillan. 11761:Carter, Peter (1976). 11719:Bush, Richard (2005). 11336:(in Chinese (China)). 5856:Hunt, Michael (2013). 5115: 5073:Syrian Regional Branch 4056: 4047: 3978:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3128:Communist Youth League 3104:Benefits of membership 3078: 3063:Communist Youth League 3051:Bharatiya Janata Party 3038: 2919:Social Work Department 2911:people's organizations 2864: 2812: 2809:18th National Congress 2766:people's organizations 2673: 2544:Analysis and criticism 2530:historical materialism 2516: 2490:18th Central Committee 2455:19th National Congress 2450: 2412:16th Central Committee 2401:16th National Congress 2377:14th National Congress 2332: 2276: 2227:18th National Congress 2188:CCP general secretary 2043:Anti-Rightist Campaign 2034: 1969:Mao Zedong became the 1966: 1843: 1658: 1552:20th Central Committee 1548:19th Central Committee 1544:18th Central Committee 1426:Nationalist government 1379:Bharatiya Janata Party 1126:Cunghgoz Gungcanjdangj 526:NPC Standing Committee 21228:São Tomé and Príncipe 21202:Polish Workers' Party 20694:Russia–NATO relations 20575:Jonathan Reed Winkler 19859:Democratic capitalism 19854:Supply-side economics 19822:American conservatism 19621:Breakup of Yugoslavia 19510:Bougainville conflict 19425:South Yemen civil war 19360:Martial law in Poland 19223:Nicaraguan Revolution 19198:Dirty War (Argentina) 19005:1971 JVP insurrection 18819:Years of Lead (Italy) 18697:North Yemen civil war 18615:Berlin Crisis of 1961 18591:Albanian–Soviet split 18523:1959 Tibetan uprising 18488:Syrian Crisis of 1957 18343:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 18203:1948 Arab–Israeli War 17767:Jiaochangkou Incident 16917:Guangdong–Guangxi War 16867:Siberian intervention 16610:Concordia Association 16123:People's organization 16054:People's Armed Police 15144:Discipline Inspection 14802:People's organization 14777:People's Armed Police 14660:Discipline Inspection 13509:Directly administered 13059:10.1353/chn.2012.0013 12903:Whitson, William W., 12532:Ogden, Chris (2013). 12445:Yale University Press 12254:Kuhn, Robert Lawrence 12104:Guo, Xuezhi (2012b). 11889:Dirlik, Arif (2005). 11851:; Wang, Ling (2012). 11811:10.1017/9781108904186 11780:Chan, Adrian (2003). 11280:. 12 September 2013. 9890:(30 September 2021). 9605:Smith & West 2012 9546:"The party organiser" 9543:(30 September 2009). 8884:10.1353/jod.2018.0022 7721:. 20 September 2014. 7222:10.1093/restud/rdv016 6147:共產國際、聯共（布）與中國革命檔案資料叢書 6106:鲜为人知的中共一大参加者：俄国人尼科尔斯基 6063:Duke University Press 5899:Hammond, Ken (2023). 5671:楊立傑 (30 April 2013). 5105: 5024:People's Action Party 5017:Non-communist parties 4976:WPK general secretary 4931:reform policy at the 4724:Democratic centralism 4559:Socialist Alternative 3884:Revolutionary Faction 3110:Binghamton University 3076: 3034: 2973:Taiwan Affairs Office 2862: 2821:9th National Congress 2806: 2737:Further information: 2708:Further information: 2688:5th National Congress 2665: 2661:Democratic centralism 2659:Further information: 2655:Democratic centralism 2614:Collective leadership 2612:Further information: 2608:Collective leadership 2507: 2444: 2394:seek truth from facts 2330: 2321:Further information: 2266: 2211:collective leadership 2162:historical resolution 2146:reform and opening-up 2032: 2016:Further information: 1952: 1894:democratic centralism 1838: 1809:Further information: 1650: 1522:holds the offices of 1500:democratic centralism 1361:, which outlines the 715:ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ 701:Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng 669:Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng 374:People's Armed Police 162:1st National Congress 45:Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng 20115:Non-Aligned Movement 19737:Peaceful coexistence 19691:North Borneo dispute 19606:German reunification 19601:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 19299:Salvadoran Civil War 19248:Grand Mosque seizure 19243:Yemenite War of 1979 19135:Mozambican Civil War 19090:Carnation Revolution 19045:Yemenite War of 1972 18983:1970 Polish protests 18814:1967 Hong Kong riots 18789:Argentine Revolution 18739:Guatemalan Civil War 18667:Cuban Missile Crisis 18581:Bay of Pigs Invasion 18453:1956 Poznań protests 18431:Geneva Summit (1955) 18033:Hukbalahap Rebellion 18012:Non-Aligned Movement 17172:Sino-Soviet conflict 16827:Death of Yuan Shikai 16520:China Zhi Gong Party 15680:Local Party branches 15674:Leading Small Groups 15455:Central Party School 15413:Central Guard Bureau 14839:Deng Xiaoping Theory 14797:United front (China) 13785:Central Party School 13687:Macau Work Committee 13527:Central Guard Bureau 13479:Publicity Department 12969:Zheng, Wang (2012). 12935:. Brill Publishers. 12869:. World Scientific. 12453:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k 12437:Marquis, Christopher 12085:Guo, Sujian (2012). 12066:Li, Gucheng (1995). 10732:Issues & Studies 10063:. New York: Viking. 9731:Hong Kong Free Press 8871:Journal of Democracy 8450:. 19 November 2012. 8295:"Mao Zedong Thought" 8124:. 12 November 2021. 8092:. 11 November 2021. 7648:on 29 September 2015 7311:"Unnatural Disaster" 7078:Modern China Studies 6455:. 10 November 2016. 6398:奎松, 楊 (April 2010). 6122:] (in Chinese). 6071:10.2307/j.ctv11hpp6w 5673:"共产主义小组的建立与中国共产党的成立" 5186:British Labour Party 5181:Second International 5145:political corruption 5045:parliamentary system 5035:, they view it as a 5028:Singaporean politics 4967:Korean People's Army 4769:Communism portal 4564:Victorian Socialists 3874:Malaya and Singapore 3084:white-collar workers 2961:China National Radio 2931:Central Party School 2907:Publicity Department 2799:Central organization 2739:United front (China) 2727:political corruption 2563:Robert Lawrence Kuhn 2462:socialist patriotism 2420:scientific socialism 2279:Celebrations of the 2174:Deng Xiaoping Theory 2114:, led by Mao's wife 2062:Great Chinese Famine 1980:political corruption 1776:with the aid of the 1753:left wing of the KMT 1718:Guangzhou government 1630:New Culture Movement 1451:elements during the 1414:land reform policies 1359:party's constitution 449:Deng Xiaoping Theory 21:CCP (disambiguation) 21479:Government of China 20560:Alex von Tunzelmann 20550:Vladimir Tismăneanu 20475:Thomas J. McCormick 20470:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 20370:Robert Hugh Ferrell 20233:Crusade for Freedom 20030:Illiberal democracy 19914:Ho Chi Minh Thought 19717:Eisenhower Doctrine 19570:Peaceful Revolution 19565:Romanian Revolution 19545:Revolutions of 1989 19530:1988 Polish strikes 19440:Operation INFEKTION 19435:1987 Lieyu massacre 19340:Eritrean Civil Wars 19323:Peruvian Revolution 19273:1979 Herat uprising 19263:Sino-Vietnamese War 19228:Uganda–Tanzania War 19208:Egyptian–Libyan War 19175:Third Indochina War 19170:Sino-Albanian split 19160:Ethiopian Civil War 19060:Eritrean Civil Wars 19000:Ping-pong diplomacy 18973:Cambodian Civil War 18799:Korean DMZ Conflict 18784:Cultural Revolution 18754:Dominican Civil War 18732:Tlatelolco massacre 18518:1959 Mosul uprising 18508:1958 Lebanon crisis 18235:Al-Wathbah uprising 18158:First Indochina War 18128:Iran crisis of 1946 17720:Second United Front 17640:Nanjing–Wuhan split 17588:Sun–Joffe Manifesto 17437:National Government 17131:Huanggutun incident 17061:Nanjing–Wuhan Split 17056:Northern Expedition 16886:May Fourth Movement 16655:Young Kashgar Party 15923:Military Commission 14933:Neoauthoritarianism 14191:Military Commission 13966:Leadership sittings 13762:Hong Kong and Macau 13544:Cryptography Office 13025:on 16 February 2016 12931:Yu, Keping (2010). 12747:. Scarecrow Press. 12728:. Scarecrow Press. 12715:Red Star Over China 12555:. OECD Publishing. 12553:Governance in China 12517:. Scarecrow Press. 12343:Liu, Guoli (2011). 11996:. Scarecrow Press. 11992:Gao, James (2009). 11870:Ding, X.L. (2006). 11274:"12th CPA Congress" 11063:. 8 November 2011. 11003:on 24 December 2013 10960:10.1093/isq/sqaa028 10518:10.1017/jea.2023.20 9763:Safeguard Defenders 9734:. 16 October 2017. 9652:, pp. 99, 237. 9432:on 16 February 2016 8395:, pp. 107–108. 8383:, pp. 108–109. 8271:. 30 October 2012. 7954:"Letter to the HRC" 7485:. 19 January 2008. 7264:(7225): 1619–1621. 6748:, pp. 122–125. 6706:, pp. 112–113. 6694:, pp. 106–109. 6402:. Taiyuan: 山西人民出版社. 6342:. 1981. p. 83. 6238:Columbia University 5576:Neoauthoritarianism 5177:Soviet expansionism 5112:President of Mexico 5085:presidential system 5049:revolutionary party 4959:cult of personality 2747:Second United Front 2590:British sinologist 2498:resource allocation 2466:Chinese nationalism 2258:repressive measures 2256:, as well as other 2144:, spearheaded the " 2096:Cultural Revolution 2078:Cultural Revolution 1973:in 1945. After the 1971:Chairman of the CCP 1943:Second United Front 1904:was able to assume 1769:Northern Expedition 1693:as a branch of the 1602:May Fourth Movement 1495:parties in Europe. 1453:Cultural Revolution 21057:New Jewel Movement 20714:Russian Revolution 20510:Mary Elise Sarotte 20495:William B. Pickett 20420:Patrick J. Hearden 20400:Gabriel Gorodetsky 20395:Timothy Garton Ash 20380:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 19975:Ethnic nationalism 19727:Hallstein Doctrine 19611:Yemeni unification 19400:1985 Geneva Summit 19365:Casamance conflict 19268:New Jewel Movement 19253:Iranian Revolution 19238:Chadian–Libyan War 19185:Cambodian conflict 19165:Lebanese Civil War 19155:Western Sahara War 19130:June 1976 protests 19125:Cambodian genocide 18890:17 July Revolution 18844:Nigerian Civil War 18759:Rhodesian Bush War 18744:Colombian conflict 18687:Ramadan Revolution 18426:Bandung Conference 18302:Operation Valuable 18183:Partition of India 17660:Guangzhou Uprising 17598:First United Front 17183:Central Plains War 17017:Yunnan–Guangxi War 16968:First United Front 16837:Manchu Restoration 16803:Twenty-One Demands 16783:Bai Lang Rebellion 16088:Procurator-General 15986:Standing Committee 15904:Standing Committee 15693:Cyberspace Affairs 15538:Politburo Standing 15251:Standing Committee 15203:deputy secretaries 14892:Crown Prince Party 14854:Xi Jinping Thought 14829:Mao Zedong Thought 14763:Wider organisation 13606:Cyberspace Affairs 13532:Central Guard Unit 13445:Standing Committee 12324:Li, Cheng (2009). 12160:Ashgate Publishing 11656:, pp. 99–100. 11308:Xinhua News Agency 11222:on 14 October 2018 11095:. 24 August 2010. 11035:on 5 February 2016 10596:The New York Times 10243:, p. 228–229. 10204:, p. 225–226. 10035:10.1111/rode.12202 9228:on 23 January 2017 9050:The New York Times 8925:, pp. 33–50, 8609:The New York Times 8429:Guo & Guo 2008 8299:Xinhua News Agency 7962:Human Rights Watch 7642:Xinhua News Agency 7316:The New York Times 7127:10.1257/jel.45.1.5 7071:Du, Guang (2007). 6965:Hoover Institution 6360:, pp. 84, 89. 6234:Asia for Educators 6167:The New York Times 5999:. pp. 15–28. 5227:General Secretary 5116: 5108:Enrique Peña Nieto 5055:, which has ruled 4601:Communist Alliance 4554:Socialist Alliance 3472:Dominican Republic 3079: 2890:commander-in-chief 2865: 2813: 2743:First United Front 2451: 2370:Xinhua News Agency 2366:Mao Zedong Thought 2333: 2277: 2223:Harmonious Society 2178:CCP's constitution 2058:Great Leap Forward 2035: 1975:Japanese surrender 1967: 1883:Jinggang Mountains 1844: 1722:Beiyang government 1659: 1575:October Revolution 1516:Standing Committee 1321:), officially the 1138:Mongolian Cyrillic 1054:ཀྲུང་གོ་གུང་ཁྲན་ཏང 464:Xi Jinping Thought 444:Mao Zedong Thought 164:representatives: 84:Standing Committee 21464:Chinese Civil War 21421: 21420: 21415: 21414: 21364: 21363: 21360: 21359: 21170: 21169: 20974: 20973: 20918: 20917: 20745: 20744: 20732:List of conflicts 20580:Rudolph Winnacker 20525:Giles Scott-Smith 20500:Ronald E. Powaski 20455:Melvyn P. Leffler 20385:John Lewis Gaddis 20360:Robert D. English 20325:Warren H. Carroll 20315:Michael Beschloss 20284:Nuclear arms race 20265: 20264: 20171:Neues Deutschland 20073: 20072: 20055:White nationalism 20025:Liberal democracy 19762:Ulbricht Doctrine 19752:Brezhnev Doctrine 19560:Velvet Revolution 19304:Soviet–Afghan War 19120:Angolan Civil War 18917:Goulash Communism 18774:ASEAN Declaration 18727:Mexican Dirty War 18625:Annexation of Goa 18576:1960 U-2 incident 18550:Sino-Soviet split 18528:Laotian Civil War 18368:Bricker Amendment 18348:Mau Mau rebellion 18292:Malayan Emergency 18280:Chinese Civil War 18240:Tito–Stalin split 18094:Division of Korea 17918: 17917: 17913: 17912: 17908: 17907: 17822:Liaoshen campaign 17804:Yu Zisan Incident 17771:Peiping rape case 17740: 17739: 17652:Nanchang uprising 17648:Little Long March 17636:Shanghai massacre 17426:Nationalist Party 17404:Chinese Civil War 17370: 17369: 17356: 17355: 17247: 17246: 17198:Qinghai–Tibet War 17097:Shanghai massacre 17031:Anti-Fengtian War 17004: 17003: 16793:Second Revolution 16701: 16700: 16688:Politics of China 16650:Young China Party 16635:Progressive Party 16421: 16420: 16401: 16400: 16355: 16153: 15909:General Secretary 15894:Central Committee 15855:Politics of China 15808: 15807: 15785: 15784: 15702:National Security 15462:Party History and 15416: 15271:General Secretary 15208:Secretary General 15129:Central Committee 15048:National Congress 14974: 14973: 14902:New Zhijiang Army 14756: 14755: 14752: 14751: 14545:Central Committee 14536:National Congress 14529: 14528: 14281:Central Committee 14273: 14272: 13976:Central Committee 13853:National Congress 13846: 13845: 13713:Cryptography Work 13664:for co-ordination 13618:National Security 13568:for co-ordination 13436:General Secretary 13337:Central Committee 13252:Media related to 13219:Library resources 13108:The China Journal 12785:van de Ven, Johan 12462:978-0-300-26883-6 12415:Richard, McGregor 12127:978-1-139-15089-7 11618:on 4 January 2014 11528:, pp. 95–96. 11487:, pp. 86–92. 11475:, pp. 85–86. 11429:, pp. 82–83. 11314:on 8 January 2014 10876:978-90-485-4264-2 10613:on 1 January 2022 10070:978-1-9848-7828-1 9913:978-0-19-752791-7 9541:McGregor, Richard 9087:Brady, Anne-Marie 9067:on 1 January 2022 9030:978-1-108-34782-2 8940:978-1-5036-1223-5 8919:Fateful Decisions 8800:, pp. 22–24. 8529:, pp. 38–39. 7362:Dartmouth College 6760:, pp. 46–47. 6670:, pp. 61–62. 6184:on 1 January 2022 6080:978-0-8223-4780-4 6014:978-1-03-239508-1 5940:978-1-4878-0391-9 5910:978-1-7368500-8-4 5889:, pp. 26–27. 5814:McGregor, Richard 5571:Politics of China 5518: 5517: 5212:Electoral history 5065:Japanese politics 5033:liberal democracy 4805: 4804: 4729:General Secretary 4714:Criticism of rule 4699:Central committee 3236:Communist parties 3219:Communist parties 3194:hammer and sickle 2955:, which oversees 2953:China Media Group 2873:general secretary 2830:Central Committee 2817:National Congress 2088:Nikita Khrushchev 2074:Sino-Soviet split 1963:Pingjin Campaigns 1860:Nanchang uprising 1811:Chinese Civil War 1524:general secretary 1508:Central Committee 1504:National Congress 1493:social democratic 1443:, and eventually 1437:his death in 1976 1406:guerrilla warfare 1343:Chinese Civil War 1331:sole ruling party 1311: 1310: 1288:(ᠵᡠᠨᡤᠣ ‍‍ᡳ) 1270: 1269: 1197: 1196: 1110: 1109: 1038: 1037: 971:Yale Romanization 896:Standard Mandarin 844: 843: 777:Yale Romanization 688:Standard Mandarin 601: 600: 588:Political parties 583:Politics of China 295:, 106 Rue Wantz, 278:23 July 1921 74:General Secretary 21501: 21237: 21174: 21173: 21074: 20978: 20977: 20933: 20913: 20886: 20885: 20790: 20789: 20786: 20785: 20772: 20765: 20758: 20749: 20748: 20490:David S. Painter 20415:John Earl Haynes 20345:Nicholas J. Cull 20330:Adrian Cioroianu 20310:Thomas A. Bailey 20257:Voice of America 20148: 20147: 20060:White separatism 20040:Social democracy 20035:Guided democracy 20015:Authoritarianism 19965:Ultranationalism 19955:Anti-imperialism 19882:Marxism–Leninism 19795: 19794: 19782:Kinmen Agreement 19747:Johnson Doctrine 19732:Kennedy Doctrine 19648:Frozen conflicts 19631:1991 August Coup 19520:Afghan Civil War 19415:Reykjavík Summit 19410:Somali Rebellion 19350:Ugandan Bush War 19328:Gdańsk Agreement 18849:Protests of 1968 18829:War of Attrition 18538:Cuban Revolution 18474:We will bury you 18441:Cyprus Emergency 18421:Kashmir Princess 18411:Jebel Akhdar War 18260:Western betrayal 17945: 17938: 17931: 17922: 17921: 17836:Pingjin campaign 17832:Huaihai campaign 17781:Marshall Mission 17746: 17745: 17632:Shanghai Commune 17628:Nanking incident 17581: 17580: 17566: 17565: 17554: 17552: 17551: 17539: 17520: 17504: 17495: 17486: 17476: 17475: 17464:ROC Armed Forces 17458: 17457: 17444: 17435: 17434: 17424: 17397: 17390: 17383: 17374: 17373: 17348: 17345:Communist Party 17340: 17194:Sino-Tibetan War 17107:July 15 Incident 17010: 17009: 16979:Lincheng Outrage 16881:Shandong Problem 16857:Golok rebellions 16776: 16775: 16758: 16757: 16750: 16738: 16728: 16721: 16714: 16705: 16704: 16681: 16680: 16671: 16460: 16459: 16448: 16441: 16434: 16425: 16424: 16386:Claimed province 16349: 16157: 16156: 16147: 16027:State Councilors 15976:Paramount leader 15959: 15848: 15841: 15834: 15825: 15824: 15812: 15811: 15410: 15024: 15023: 15011: 15001: 14994: 14987: 14978: 14977: 14967: 14963: 14962: 14921:Related articles 14865: 14844:Three Represents 14824:Marxism–Leninism 14816: 14764: 14661: 14546: 14540: 14539: 14437: 14362: 14292: 14286: 14285: 14282: 14192: 14087: 13987: 13981: 13980: 13977: 13970: 13969: 13854: 13705: 13665: 13569: 13549:Central Archives 13510: 13467: 13429: 13349: 13343: 13342: 13338: 13328: 13324: 13314: 13307: 13300: 13291: 13290: 13286: 13281: 13280: 13278:Official website 13267: 13251: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13198:on 13 April 2020 13197: 13190: 13180: 13178: 13176: 13170: 13163: 13153: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13119: 13102: 13100: 13098: 13077: 13075: 13073: 13067: 13044: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13024: 13017: 13004:Journal articles 12998: 12996: 12994: 12965: 12946: 12927: 12899: 12880: 12861: 12845: 12834: 12806: 12794: 12780: 12758: 12739: 12710: 12691: 12670:Shambaugh, David 12665: 12653: 12639: 12589: 12574:(1st ed.). 12566: 12547: 12528: 12509: 12490: 12432: 12410: 12391: 12389: 12387: 12358: 12339: 12320: 12311: 12290: 12271: 12249: 12230: 12211: 12192: 12173: 12150: 12131: 12100: 12081: 12062: 12045:Gregor, A. James 12040: 12038: 12036: 12007: 11988: 11969: 11950: 11918: 11916: 11914: 11885: 11866: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11795: 11776: 11757: 11738: 11726: 11715: 11696: 11657: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11623: 11602: 11596: 11590: 11569: 11563: 11546: 11540: 11529: 11523: 11517: 11511: 11505: 11499: 11488: 11482: 11476: 11470: 11464: 11458: 11449: 11443: 11430: 11424: 11418: 11412: 11397: 11391: 11378: 11372: 11366: 11360: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11330: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11300: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11289: 11270: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11259: 11250:. 6 April 2010. 11238: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11212: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11147: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11104: 11083: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11019: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11008: 10989: 10983: 10982: 10972: 10962: 10936: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10920:on 27 March 2015 10904: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10860: 10854: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10828: 10822: 10816: 10810: 10804: 10793: 10792: 10775:(114): 942–955. 10762: 10756: 10755: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10697: 10690: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10676: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10612: 10607:. Archived from 10586: 10580: 10579: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10520: 10498: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10478:. 30 June 2015. 10462: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10435: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10390: 10381: 10375: 10364: 10363:, p. 53–56. 10358: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10325: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10292: 10283: 10277: 10256: 10250: 10244: 10238: 10229: 10223: 10217: 10211: 10205: 10199: 10193: 10187: 10181: 10175: 10169: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10128: 10121: 10112: 10111: 10081: 10075: 10074: 10053: 10047: 10046: 10015: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9982:. 11 June 2020. 9975: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9884: 9875: 9874: 9849:(126): 809–823. 9836: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9819: 9806: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9766:. 14 June 2021. 9754: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9680: 9674: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9548: 9537: 9531: 9525: 9519: 9513: 9502: 9496: 9490: 9484: 9478: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9448: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9418: 9412: 9406: 9397: 9391: 9382: 9376: 9370: 9364: 9355: 9349: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9299: 9282: 9268: 9259: 9253: 9247: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9227: 9216: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9187: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9095: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9066: 9061:. Archived from 9040: 9034: 9033: 9022: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8965: 8944: 8943: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8837:(128): 249–265. 8824: 8818: 8812: 8801: 8795: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8756: 8750: 8739: 8733: 8722: 8716: 8701: 8695: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8643: 8637: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8567: 8554: 8548: 8542: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8512: 8506: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8259: 8246: 8245: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8188: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8085: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7958: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7811: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7781: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7714: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7672: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7601: 7595: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7557: 7551: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7439:(30 June 1984). 7433: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7371:on 16 July 2020. 7370: 7364:. Archived from 7359: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7289: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7230: 7215: 7206:(4): 1568–1611. 7195: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7169: 7138: 7110: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6973: 6958: 6949: 6932: 6926: 6913: 6907: 6894: 6888: 6867: 6861: 6846: 6840: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6722: 6716: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6603: 6597: 6588: 6587: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6491: 6485: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6370: 6361: 6355: 6344: 6343: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6324:. December 1924. 6318: 6312: 6311: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6183: 6178:. Archived from 6157: 6151: 6150: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6054: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6018: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5926: 5915: 5914: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5853: 5842: 5841: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5718:. 30 June 2024. 5708: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5683:on 30 April 2013 5668: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5615: 5607: 5601: 5597: 5565: 5560: 5559: 5551: 5549:Communism portal 5546: 5545: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5513: 5512: 5494: 5493: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5455: 5448: 5429: 5428: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5399: 5398: 5391: 5390: 5383: 5364: 5363: 5356: 5355: 5348: 5334: 5333: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5290: 5283: 5264: 5263: 5254: 5221: 5220: 5149:Mexican politics 5141:social democracy 5042: 5037:guided democracy 5002:Cuban Revolution 4952: 4949: 4895:still espousing 4893:socialist states 4797: 4790: 4783: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4734:Marxism–Leninism 4059: 4050: 3879:Marxist–Leninist 3223: 3222: 3179: 3168: 3045: 2764:alongside other 2677: 2670: 2641:paramount leader 2639:"; that is, the 2556: 2524: 2512: 2478:central planning 2348:Marxism–Leninism 2254:internment camps 2198:Three Represents 2084:de-Stalinization 1953:Map showing the 1774:massacring 5,000 1772:turned on them, 1732:, Soviet leader 1720:parallel to the 1654:, in the former 1634:anti-imperialism 1595:world revolution 1536:paramount leader 1485:socialist states 1363:party's ideology 1293: 1266: 1265: 1252: 1251: 1238: 1237: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1193: 1192: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1152:Mongolian script 1146: 1145: 1127: 1106: 1105: 1092: 1091: 1078: 1077: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1034: 1033: 1010: 1009: 1008: 993: 992: 979: 978: 958: 957: 956: 941: 940: 939: 925: 924: 911: 910: 887: 886: 863: 862: 840: 839: 816: 815: 814: 799: 798: 785: 784: 764: 763: 762: 747: 746: 733: 732: 731: 717: 716: 703: 702: 679: 678: 655: 654: 641: 640: 619: 603: 602: 574: 569: 566: 553: 538: 519: 499:Serve the People 488: 454:Three Represents 439:Marxism–Leninism 428: 410: 409: 403: 379:Militia of China 314:Xicheng District 288: 286: 281: 264: 212: 185: 173:Vladimir Neumann 156: 152: 59: 48: 47: 41: 40: 28: 27: 21509: 21508: 21504: 21503: 21502: 21500: 21499: 21498: 21424: 21423: 21422: 21417: 21416: 21411: 21365: 21356: 21342: 21328: 21319: 21305: 21291: 21272: 21254: 21239: 21233: 21222: 21208: 21190: 21166: 21149: 21134: 21119: 21101: 21100: 21076: 21070: 21059: 21045: 21022: 21008: 20994: 20970: 20953: 20935: 20929: 20914: 20909: 20898: 20875: 20861: 20847: 20833: 20816: 20802: 20779: 20776: 20746: 20741: 20718: 20709:Second Cold War 20667: 20595: 20589: 20565:Odd Arne Westad 20555:Patrick Vaughan 20540:Athan Theoharis 20520:Ellen Schrecker 20505:Yakov M. Rabkin 20480:Timothy Naftali 20425:Tvrtko Jakovina 20410:Jussi Hanhimäki 20293: 20271: 20261: 20239:Paix et Liberté 20214: 20158:Active measures 20139: 20069: 20050:White supremacy 20010:Totalitarianism 19938: 19863: 19786: 19772:Reagan Doctrine 19767:Carter Doctrine 19707:Truman Doctrine 19695: 19642: 19574: 19469:Soviet reaction 19380:Ndogboyosoi War 19287: 19258:Saur Revolution 19085:1973 oil crisis 19050:Munich massacre 18958:Alcora Exercise 18953:Black September 18931: 18677:Sino-Indian War 18571:Simba rebellion 18554: 18398:Capture of the 18306: 18245:Berlin Blockade 18178:May 1947 crises 18168:Truman Doctrine 18133:Greek Civil War 18122:Blacklist Forty 18089:Gouzenko Affair 18076:Cursed soldiers 18028:Morgenthau Plan 18016: 17954: 17949: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17884: 17880: 17866: 17862: 17855: 17851: 17847:Taiping Steamer 17834: 17820: 17769: 17755: 17741: 17658: 17654: 17650: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17634: 17630: 17559: 17549: 17547: 17526:New Fourth Army 17497:Soviet Republic 17488:Communist Party 17480: 17470: 17452: 17429: 17406: 17401: 17371: 17366: 17357: 17352: 17346: 17338: 17248: 17208:Kumul Rebellion 17170: 17161: 17137: 17133: 17129: 17063: 17059: 17033: 17019: 17005: 16997: 16993: 16907:Zhili–Anhui War 16883: 16879: 16815: 16751: 16732: 16702: 16697: 16673:Portal:Politics 16659: 16588: 16572: 16531: 16464: 16454: 16452: 16422: 16417: 16397: 16381: 16358: 16318: 16311: 16188: 16150:current leaders 16146: 16143: 16140: 16134: 16094: 15967: 15960: 15951: 15886:Communist Party 15880: 15857: 15852: 15817: 15809: 15804: 15788: 15787: 15786: 15705: 15700: 15697:Foreign Affairs 15695: 15691: 15686: 15539: 15467: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15453: 15422: 15409: 15205: 15143: 15021: 15015: 15005: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14952: 14916: 14882:Tsinghua clique 14872:Shanghai clique 14863: 14858: 14814: 14808: 14782:Militia (China) 14762: 14748: 14744:20th: 2022–2027 14739:19th: 2017–2022 14734:18th: 2012–2017 14729:17th: 2007–2012 14724:16th: 2002–2007 14719:15th: 1997–2022 14714:14th: 1992–1997 14709:13th: 1987–1992 14704:12th: 1982–1987 14699:11th: 1978–1982 14659: 14653: 14649:20th: 2022–2027 14644:19th: 2017–2022 14639:18th: 2012–2017 14634:17th: 2007–2012 14629:16th: 2002–2007 14624:15th: 1997–2002 14619:14th: 1992–1997 14614:13th: 1987–1992 14609:12th: 1982–1987 14604:11th: 1977–1982 14599:10th: 1973–1977 14544: 14535: 14525: 14504: 14435: 14429: 14425:20th: 2022–2027 14420:19th: 2017–2022 14415:18th: 2012–2017 14410:17th: 2007–2012 14405:16th: 2002–2007 14400:15th: 1997–2002 14395:14th: 1992–1997 14390:13th: 1987–1992 14385:12th: 1982–1987 14380:11th: 1978–1982 14360: 14354: 14350:20th: 2022–2027 14345:19th: 2017–2022 14340:18th: 2012–2017 14335:17th: 2007–2012 14330:16th: 2002–2007 14325:15th: 1997–2002 14320:14th: 1992–1997 14315:13th: 1987–1992 14310:12th: 1982–1987 14305:11th: 1980–1982 14290: 14280: 14279:Approved by the 14278: 14269: 14265:20th: 2022–2027 14260:19th: 2017–2022 14255:18th: 2012–2017 14250:17th: 2007–2012 14245:16th: 2002–2007 14240:15th: 1997–2002 14235:14th: 1992–1997 14230:13th: 1987–1992 14225:12th: 1982–1987 14220:11th: 1977–1982 14215:10th: 1973–1977 14190: 14184: 14180:20th: 2022–2027 14175:19th: 2017–2022 14170:18th: 2012–2017 14165:17th: 2007–2012 14160:16th: 2002–2007 14155:15th: 1997–2002 14150:14th: 1992–1997 14145:13th: 1987–1992 14140:12th: 1982–1987 14135:11th: 1977–1982 14130:10th: 1973–1977 14085: 14079: 14075:20th: 2022–2027 14070:19th: 2017–2022 14065:18th: 2012–2017 14060:17th: 2007–2012 14055:16th: 2002–2007 14050:15th: 1997–2002 14045:14th: 1992–1997 14040:13th: 1987–1992 14035:12th: 1982–1987 14030:11th: 1977–1982 14025:10th: 1973–1977 13985: 13975: 13973: 13961: 13852: 13842: 13817:Guangming Daily 13773: 13740:Military Reform 13735:Inspection Work 13703: 13697: 13663: 13661: 13656: 13601:Foreign Affairs 13567: 13565: 13560: 13508: 13503: 13465: 13460: 13427: 13422: 13347: 13336: 13330: 13326: 13318: 13276: 13275: 13244: 13243: 13242: 13227: 13226: 13222: 13215: 13210: 13201: 13199: 13195: 13188: 13174: 13172: 13168: 13161: 13134: 13132: 13122: 13096: 13094: 13071: 13069: 13065: 13042: 13028: 13026: 13022: 13015: 13006: 13001: 12992: 12990: 12983: 12962: 12943: 12924: 12896: 12877: 12858: 12831: 12803: 12777: 12769:. M.E. Sharpe. 12763:Jonathan, Unger 12755: 12736: 12707: 12688: 12662: 12636: 12628:. M.E. Sharpe. 12586: 12563: 12544: 12525: 12506: 12463: 12429: 12407: 12385: 12383: 12376: 12355: 12336: 12308: 12287: 12268: 12246: 12227: 12208: 12189: 12170: 12147: 12128: 12097: 12078: 12059: 12034: 12032: 12025: 12004: 11985: 11966: 11947: 11939:. Ivan R. Dee. 11912: 11910: 11903: 11882: 11863: 11838: 11836: 11821: 11792: 11782:Chinese Marxism 11773: 11754: 11735: 11712: 11693: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11660: 11652: 11648: 11640: 11631: 11621: 11619: 11604: 11603: 11599: 11591: 11572: 11564: 11549: 11541: 11532: 11524: 11520: 11512: 11508: 11500: 11491: 11483: 11479: 11471: 11467: 11459: 11452: 11444: 11433: 11425: 11421: 11413: 11400: 11392: 11381: 11373: 11369: 11361: 11357: 11347: 11345: 11332: 11331: 11327: 11317: 11315: 11302: 11301: 11297: 11287: 11285: 11272: 11271: 11267: 11257: 11255: 11240: 11239: 11235: 11225: 11223: 11214: 11213: 11209: 11199: 11197: 11180: 11176: 11166: 11164: 11159:. 5 June 2005. 11149: 11148: 11144: 11134: 11132: 11127:. 19 May 2011. 11117: 11116: 11112: 11102: 11100: 11085: 11084: 11080: 11070: 11068: 11053: 11052: 11048: 11038: 11036: 11021: 11020: 11016: 11006: 11004: 10991: 10990: 10986: 10937: 10933: 10923: 10921: 10906: 10905: 10896: 10886: 10884: 10877: 10861: 10857: 10847: 10845: 10830: 10829: 10825: 10817: 10813: 10805: 10796: 10763: 10759: 10728: 10724: 10714: 10712: 10704:. 6 July 2023. 10692: 10691: 10684: 10674: 10672: 10655: 10651: 10644: 10630: 10626: 10616: 10614: 10587: 10583: 10550: 10546: 10538: 10534: 10499: 10495: 10485: 10483: 10464: 10463: 10459: 10449: 10447: 10439:Financial Times 10428: 10424: 10416: 10412: 10391: 10384: 10376: 10367: 10359: 10355: 10345: 10343: 10326: 10322: 10312: 10310: 10293: 10286: 10278: 10259: 10251: 10247: 10239: 10232: 10224: 10220: 10212: 10208: 10200: 10196: 10188: 10184: 10176: 10172: 10164: 10160: 10150: 10148: 10135:. 6 July 2023. 10123: 10122: 10115: 10082: 10078: 10071: 10054: 10050: 10016: 10007: 9997: 9995: 9970: 9969: 9965: 9958: 9936:Pieke, Frank N. 9933: 9929: 9914: 9885: 9878: 9837: 9833: 9823: 9821: 9817: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9795: 9787: 9783: 9773: 9771: 9756: 9755: 9751: 9741: 9739: 9724: 9723: 9719: 9711: 9707: 9703:, p. viii. 9699: 9695: 9687: 9683: 9675: 9668: 9660: 9656: 9648: 9644: 9634: 9632: 9615: 9611: 9603: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9562: 9560: 9552:Financial Times 9538: 9534: 9526: 9522: 9514: 9505: 9497: 9493: 9485: 9481: 9473: 9469: 9461: 9457: 9449: 9445: 9435: 9433: 9420: 9419: 9415: 9407: 9400: 9392: 9385: 9377: 9373: 9365: 9358: 9350: 9343: 9333: 9331: 9316: 9312: 9303: 9301: 9297: 9291: 9266: 9260: 9256: 9248: 9241: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9214: 9210: 9209: 9205: 9195: 9193: 9170:(9 June 2020). 9165: 9161: 9151: 9149: 9124: 9120: 9112: 9093: 9084: 9080: 9070: 9068: 9041: 9037: 9031: 8999: 8995: 8985: 8983: 8966: 8947: 8941: 8915: 8911: 8901: 8899: 8862: 8858: 8825: 8821: 8813: 8804: 8796: 8792: 8784: 8780: 8772: 8759: 8751: 8742: 8734: 8725: 8717: 8704: 8696: 8689: 8681: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8646: 8638: 8629: 8619: 8617: 8600: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8569: 8568: 8557: 8549: 8545: 8537: 8533: 8525: 8521: 8513: 8509: 8501: 8497: 8487: 8485: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8457: 8455: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8367: 8363: 8358: 8354: 8346: 8342: 8334: 8330: 8322: 8318: 8308: 8306: 8305:on 4 March 2016 8293: 8292: 8288: 8278: 8276: 8261: 8260: 8249: 8242: 8222: 8218: 8208: 8206: 8189: 8182: 8172: 8170: 8145: 8141: 8131: 8129: 8114: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8097: 8089:Financial Times 8080: 8079: 8075: 8065: 8063: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8033: 8031: 8014: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7981: 7977: 7969: 7956: 7950: 7946: 7936: 7934: 7929:. 5 July 2019. 7926:The Independent 7919: 7918: 7914: 7904: 7902: 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7839: 7837: 7812: 7805: 7795: 7793: 7785:Financial Times 7774: 7770: 7760: 7758: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7726: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7665: 7661: 7651: 7649: 7636: 7635: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7604: 7596: 7589: 7581: 7577: 7569: 7560: 7552: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7524: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7434: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7407: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7368: 7357: 7351:Dikötter, Frank 7348: 7344: 7334: 7332: 7307: 7303: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7213:10.1.1.321.1333 7193: 7187: 7183: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7108: 7102: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7038:King, Gilbert. 7036: 7032: 7021: 7017: 7006: 7002: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6956: 6952:Miller, Alice. 6950: 6935: 6927: 6916: 6908: 6897: 6889: 6870: 6862: 6849: 6841: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6764: 6756: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6732: 6725: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6629: 6625: 6617: 6606: 6598: 6591: 6582:上海市檔案館 (1983). 6580: 6576: 6561: 6557: 6546: 6542: 6531: 6527: 6504:10.2307/2158585 6498:(18): 109–125. 6492: 6488: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6411: 6407: 6396: 6392: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6347: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6270: 6257: 6247: 6245: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6213: 6211: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6129: 6127: 6117: 6107: 6100: 6096: 6081: 6055: 6046: 6040:Van de Ven 1991 6038: 6034: 6028:Van de Ven 1991 6026: 6022: 6015: 5989: 5985: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5927: 5918: 5911: 5897: 5893: 5887:Van de Ven 1991 5885: 5881: 5874: 5854: 5845: 5830: 5811: 5804: 5795: 5787: 5785: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5710: 5709: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5623:Wèi Rénmín Fúwù 5608: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5563:Politics portal 5561: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5533: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5479: 5476: 5449: 5446: 5414: 5411: 5384: 5381: 5349: 5346: 5319: 5316: 5284: 5281: 5255: 5252: 5219: 5214: 5194:state socialist 5165:anti-capitalist 5129:nationalization 5097:Syrian military 5093:Bashar al-Assad 5081:al-Assad family 5040: 5019: 4994:First Secretary 4950: 4889: 4801: 4763: 4761: 4754: 4753: 4694: 4686: 4685: 4656: 4648: 4647: 4536: 4528: 4527: 4410:United Kingdom 4129:Munkáspárt 2006 3923: 3915: 3914: 3612: 3604: 3603: 3370: 3362: 3361: 3245: 3221: 3209: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3158: 3152: 3136: 3130: 3106: 3093: 3091:Status of women 3071: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3024: 2981: 2869:plenary session 2801: 2796: 2788:Main articles: 2786: 2749: 2735: 2712: 2706: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2637:leadership core 2616: 2610: 2605: 2573:David Shambaugh 2554: 2546: 2526: 2518: 2510: 2474: 2385:state socialism 2325: 2319: 2317:Formal ideology 2314: 2308: 2285:Two Centenaries 2243:Xi's leadership 2235: 2186: 2130: 2124: 2080: 2072:Main articles: 2070: 2051:one-party state 2020: 2014: 1913:Gutian Congress 1833: 1807: 1757:Chiang Kai-shek 1726:Mikhail Borodin 1691:communist party 1571: 1566: 1560: 1532:State President 1441:five-year plans 1402:Chiang Kai-shek 1349:. In 1949, Mao 1291: 1289: 1287: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1159:ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ 1158: 1125: 937: 739:Tongyong Pinyin 729: 622: 597: 563: 539: 536: 520: 517: 486: 468: 430: 429: 424: 401: 389:Research office 383: 349:Children's wing 301: 284: 282: 279: 267: 258: 206: 175: 158: 157: 150: 148: 144: 123: 68: 50: 49: 42: 36: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 21507: 21497: 21496: 21491: 21486: 21481: 21476: 21471: 21469:Maoist parties 21466: 21461: 21456: 21451: 21446: 21441: 21436: 21419: 21418: 21413: 21412: 21410: 21409: 21406: 21402: 21401: 21396: 21391: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21370: 21367: 21366: 21362: 21361: 21358: 21357: 21352: 21350: 21344: 21343: 21336: 21334: 21321: 21320: 21315: 21313: 21307: 21306: 21301: 21299: 21293: 21292: 21282: 21280: 21274: 21273: 21264: 21262: 21256: 21255: 21249: 21247: 21241: 21240: 21232: 21230: 21224: 21223: 21218: 21216: 21210: 21209: 21200: 21198: 21192: 21191: 21184: 21182: 21171: 21168: 21167: 21159: 21157: 21151: 21150: 21144: 21142: 21136: 21135: 21129: 21127: 21121: 21120: 21113: 21111: 21103: 21102: 21099: 21098: 21093: 21087: 21086: 21084: 21078: 21077: 21069: 21067: 21061: 21060: 21055: 21053: 21047: 21046: 21032: 21030: 21024: 21023: 21018: 21016: 21010: 21009: 21004: 21002: 21000:Czechoslovakia 20996: 20995: 20988: 20986: 20975: 20972: 20971: 20963: 20961: 20955: 20954: 20947: 20945: 20937: 20936: 20928: 20926: 20920: 20919: 20916: 20915: 20908: 20906: 20900: 20899: 20894: 20892: 20883: 20877: 20876: 20871: 20869: 20863: 20862: 20857: 20855: 20849: 20848: 20843: 20841: 20835: 20834: 20826: 20824: 20818: 20817: 20812: 20810: 20804: 20803: 20798: 20796: 20784: 20781: 20780: 20775: 20774: 20767: 20760: 20752: 20743: 20742: 20740: 20739: 20734: 20729: 20723: 20720: 20719: 20717: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20675: 20673: 20669: 20668: 20666: 20665: 20660: 20655: 20650: 20645: 20640: 20635: 20630: 20625: 20620: 20615: 20610: 20605: 20599: 20597: 20591: 20590: 20588: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20535:Timothy Snyder 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20502: 20497: 20492: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20472: 20467: 20465:Vojtech Mastny 20462: 20460:Geir Lundestad 20457: 20452: 20450:Walter Laqueur 20447: 20445:Walter LaFeber 20442: 20437: 20432: 20427: 20422: 20417: 20412: 20407: 20402: 20397: 20392: 20387: 20382: 20377: 20375:André Fontaine 20372: 20367: 20362: 20357: 20352: 20347: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20305:Gar Alperovitz 20301: 20299: 20295: 20294: 20292: 20291: 20286: 20281: 20275: 20273: 20267: 20266: 20263: 20262: 20260: 20259: 20254: 20248: 20247: 20242: 20235: 20230: 20222: 20220: 20216: 20215: 20213: 20212: 20205: 20200: 20193: 20186: 20181: 20174: 20167: 20160: 20154: 20152: 20145: 20141: 20140: 20138: 20137: 20132: 20127: 20122: 20117: 20112: 20107: 20102: 20097: 20092: 20087: 20081: 20079: 20075: 20074: 20071: 20070: 20068: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20045:Third-Worldism 20042: 20037: 20032: 20027: 20022: 20017: 20012: 20007: 20002: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19946: 19944: 19940: 19939: 19937: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19921: 19916: 19911: 19904: 19899: 19894: 19889: 19884: 19879: 19873: 19871: 19865: 19864: 19862: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19834:Libertarianism 19831: 19826: 19825: 19824: 19814: 19812:Chicago school 19809: 19803: 19801: 19792: 19788: 19787: 19785: 19784: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19757:Nixon Doctrine 19754: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19703: 19701: 19700:Foreign policy 19697: 19696: 19694: 19693: 19688: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19652: 19650: 19644: 19643: 19641: 19640: 19635: 19634: 19633: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19582: 19580: 19576: 19575: 19573: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19485:Operation RYAN 19482: 19477: 19472: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19402: 19397: 19392: 19390:Able Archer 83 19387: 19382: 19377: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19342: 19337: 19336: 19335: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19306: 19301: 19295: 19293: 19289: 19288: 19286: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19255: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19235: 19230: 19225: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19172: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19140:Oromo conflict 19137: 19132: 19127: 19122: 19117: 19112: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19087: 19082: 19080:Yom Kippur War 19077: 19072: 19067: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19047: 19042: 19037: 19032: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18939: 18937: 18933: 18932: 18930: 18929: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18909: 18904: 18903: 18902: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18863: 18858: 18857: 18856: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18826: 18821: 18816: 18811: 18806: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18756: 18751: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18735: 18734: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18712:Aden Emergency 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18663: 18662: 18657: 18652: 18642: 18637: 18632: 18630:Papua conflict 18627: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18611: 18610: 18600: 18599: 18598: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18562: 18560: 18556: 18555: 18553: 18552: 18547: 18546: 18545: 18535: 18533:Kitchen Debate 18530: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18493:Sputnik crisis 18490: 18485: 18477: 18470: 18465: 18463:Polish October 18460: 18455: 18450: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18403: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18363:Pact of Madrid 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18318:Bamboo Curtain 18314: 18312: 18308: 18307: 18305: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18288: 18287: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18211: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18117: 18109: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18078: 18073: 18072: 18071: 18066: 18058: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18024: 18022: 18018: 18017: 18015: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17967: 17959: 17956: 17955: 17948: 17947: 17940: 17933: 17925: 17916: 17915: 17911: 17910: 17906: 17905: 17900: 17896: 17895: 17890: 17886: 17885: 17875: 17871: 17870: 17843: 17839: 17838: 17829: 17825: 17824: 17811: 17807: 17806: 17801: 17797: 17796: 17788: 17784: 17783: 17778: 17774: 17773: 17764: 17760: 17759: 17750: 17744: 17742: 17738: 17737: 17732: 17728: 17727: 17717: 17713: 17712: 17710:Xi'an Incident 17707: 17703: 17702: 17697: 17693: 17692: 17687: 17683: 17682: 17677: 17673: 17672: 17667: 17663: 17662: 17625: 17621: 17620: 17615: 17611: 17610: 17605: 17601: 17600: 17595: 17591: 17590: 17585: 17579: 17576: 17575: 17570: 17564: 17561: 17560: 17522:8th Route Army 17513:Liberated Area 17419: 17418: 17411: 17408: 17407: 17400: 17399: 17392: 17385: 17377: 17368: 17367: 17362: 17359: 17358: 17354: 17353: 17351: 17350: 17342: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17283: 17282: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17251: 17249: 17245: 17244: 17242:War in Ningxia 17239: 17235: 17234: 17229: 17225: 17224: 17219: 17215: 17214: 17205: 17201: 17200: 17191: 17187: 17186: 17179: 17175: 17174: 17167:Beijing Revolt 17159:Chiang-Gui War 17156: 17152: 17151: 17146: 17142: 17141: 17127:Jinan incident 17124: 17120: 17119: 17114: 17110: 17109: 17104: 17100: 17099: 17094: 17090: 17089: 17084: 17080: 17079: 17074: 17070: 17069: 17052: 17048: 17047: 17042: 17038: 17037: 17028: 17024: 17023: 17014: 17008: 17006: 17002: 17001: 16986: 16982: 16981: 16976: 16972: 16971: 16964: 16960: 16959: 16954: 16950: 16949: 16944: 16940: 16939: 16934: 16930: 16929: 16924: 16920: 16919: 16914: 16910: 16909: 16904: 16900: 16899: 16894: 16890: 16889: 16874: 16870: 16869: 16864: 16860: 16859: 16854: 16850: 16849: 16844: 16840: 16839: 16834: 16830: 16829: 16824: 16820: 16819: 16810: 16806: 16805: 16800: 16796: 16795: 16790: 16786: 16785: 16780: 16774: 16771: 16770: 16765: 16762: 16756: 16753: 16752: 16744:Nanjing decade 16731: 16730: 16723: 16716: 16708: 16699: 16698: 16696: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16675: 16664: 16661: 16660: 16658: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16596: 16594: 16590: 16589: 16587: 16586: 16580: 16578: 16574: 16573: 16571: 16570: 16568:Zhi Xian Party 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16539: 16537: 16533: 16532: 16530: 16529: 16523: 16517: 16511: 16505: 16499: 16493: 16487: 16484:Jiusan Society 16481: 16474: 16472: 16466: 16465: 16451: 16450: 16443: 16436: 16428: 16419: 16418: 16416: 16415: 16410: 16406: 16403: 16402: 16399: 16398: 16396: 16395: 16389: 16387: 16383: 16382: 16380: 16379: 16374: 16368: 16366: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16356: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16332:Inner Mongolia 16329: 16323: 16321: 16313: 16312: 16310: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16198: 16196: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16165: 16163: 16161:Municipalities 16154: 16142:province-level 16136: 16135: 16133: 16132: 16127: 16126: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16104: 16102: 16096: 16095: 16093: 16092: 16091: 16090: 16080: 16079: 16078: 16068: 16063: 16062: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16036: 16035: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16009: 16008: 16007: 16005:Vice President 15997: 15996: 15995: 15994: 15993: 15978: 15972: 15970: 15962: 15961: 15954: 15952: 15950: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15938: 15937: 15927: 15926: 15925: 15920: 15919: 15918: 15913: 15912: 15911: 15890: 15888: 15882: 15881: 15879: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15862: 15859: 15858: 15851: 15850: 15843: 15836: 15828: 15822: 15819: 15818: 15806: 15805: 15803: 15802: 15797: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15783: 15781: 15780: 15778: 15776: 15774: 15772: 15770: 15768: 15763: 15761: 15754: 15752: 15751: 15749: 15747: 15745: 15743: 15741: 15739: 15737: 15735: 15733: 15731: 15729: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15717: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15709: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15671: 15669: 15667: 15665: 15663: 15661: 15659: 15657: 15655: 15653: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15645: 15643: 15641: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15633: 15631: 15629: 15627: 15625: 15623: 15621: 15619: 15617: 15615: 15613: 15611: 15609: 15607: 15605: 15603: 15601: 15599: 15597: 15595: 15593: 15591: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15583: 15581: 15579: 15577: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15569: 15567: 15565: 15563: 15561: 15559: 15557: 15555: 15550: 15548: 15546: 15544: 15542: 15535: 15533: 15531: 15529: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15519: 15517: 15515: 15513: 15511: 15509: 15507: 15505: 15503: 15501: 15499: 15497: 15495: 15493: 15491: 15489: 15487: 15485: 15483: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15475: 15472: 15471: 15450: 15448: 15446: 15419: 15417: 15407:General Office 15404: 15402: 15400: 15395: 15393: 15391: 15389: 15379: 15378: 15376: 15374: 15372: 15370: 15368: 15366: 15364: 15362: 15360: 15358: 15356: 15354: 15352: 15350: 15348: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15340: 15338: 15336: 15334: 15332: 15330: 15328: 15326: 15324: 15322: 15320: 15318: 15316: 15314: 15312: 15310: 15308: 15306: 15304: 15302: 15300: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15286: 15284: 15282: 15280: 15275: 15273: 15268: 15266: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15253: 15248: 15246: 15244: 15242: 15240: 15238: 15236: 15234: 15232: 15230: 15228: 15226: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15218: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15210: 15196: 15194: 15192: 15190: 15188: 15186: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15178: 15176: 15174: 15172: 15170: 15168: 15166: 15164: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15156: 15154: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15146: 15139: 15137: 15135: 15133: 15131: 15126: 15124: 15122: 15120: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15112: 15110: 15108: 15106: 15104: 15102: 15100: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15088: 15086: 15084: 15082: 15080: 15078: 15076: 15074: 15072: 15070: 15068: 15066: 15064: 15062: 15060: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15050: 15045: 15043: 15041: 15039: 15037: 15035: 15033: 15031: 15029: 15027: 15020: 15017: 15016: 15004: 15003: 14996: 14989: 14981: 14972: 14971: 14957: 14954: 14953: 14951: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14924: 14922: 14918: 14917: 14915: 14914: 14909: 14907:Xishan Society 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14868: 14866: 14860: 14859: 14857: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14820: 14818: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14806: 14805: 14804: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14768: 14766: 14758: 14757: 14754: 14753: 14750: 14749: 14747: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14694:8th: 1956–1969 14691: 14681: 14671: 14669:5th: 1927–1928 14665: 14663: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14594:9th: 1969–1973 14591: 14589:8th: 1956–1969 14586: 14584:7th: 1945–1956 14581: 14579:6th: 1928–1945 14576: 14574:5th: 1927–1928 14571: 14569:4th: 1925–1927 14566: 14564:3rd: 1923–1925 14561: 14559:2nd: 1922–1923 14556: 14554:1st: 1921–1922 14550: 14548: 14537: 14531: 14530: 14527: 14526: 14524: 14523: 14518: 14512: 14510: 14506: 14505: 14503: 14502: 14496: 14490: 14484: 14478: 14472: 14466: 14460: 14454: 14448: 14441: 14439: 14436:CCDI Secretary 14431: 14430: 14428: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14375:8th: 1956–1969 14372: 14366: 14364: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14300:8th: 1956–1969 14296: 14294: 14283: 14275: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14210:9th: 1969–1973 14207: 14205:8th: 1956–1969 14202: 14196: 14194: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14125:9th: 1969–1973 14122: 14120:8th: 1956–1969 14117: 14115:7th: 1945–1956 14112: 14110:6th: 1928–1945 14107: 14105:5th: 1927–1928 14102: 14100:4th: 1925–1927 14097: 14095:3rd: 1923–1925 14091: 14089: 14081: 14080: 14078: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14020:9th: 1969–1973 14017: 14015:8th: 1956–1969 14012: 14010:7th: 1945–1956 14007: 14005:6th: 1928–1945 14002: 14000:5th: 1927–1928 13997: 13991: 13989: 13978: 13974:Elected by the 13967: 13963: 13962: 13960: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13858: 13856: 13848: 13847: 13844: 13843: 13841: 13840: 13839: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13820: 13813: 13806: 13803:People's Daily 13799: 13794: 13793: 13792: 13781: 13779: 13775: 13774: 13772: 13771: 13770: 13769: 13759: 13758: 13757: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13721: 13720: 13709: 13707: 13704:Leading groups 13699: 13698: 13696: 13695: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13668: 13666: 13658: 13657: 13655: 13654: 13653: 13652: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13614: 13613: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13572: 13570: 13562: 13561: 13559: 13558: 13553: 13552: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13539:Secrecy Office 13536: 13535: 13534: 13524: 13517:General Office 13513: 13511: 13505: 13504: 13502: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13470: 13468: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13438: 13432: 13430: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13420: 13419:(2012–present) 13414: 13408: 13402: 13396: 13390: 13384: 13378: 13372: 13366: 13360: 13353: 13351: 13340: 13332: 13331: 13317: 13316: 13309: 13302: 13294: 13288: 13287: 13273: 13261: 13241: 13240: 13235: 13229: 13228: 13217: 13216: 13214: 13213:External links 13211: 13209: 13208: 13181: 13154: 13141: 13120: 13103: 13078: 13035: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12999: 12982:978-0231148917 12981: 12966: 12961:978-0804750011 12960: 12947: 12942:978-9004182127 12941: 12928: 12923:978-0761830740 12922: 12909: 12900: 12895:978-0521587372 12894: 12881: 12876:978-9814425834 12875: 12862: 12857:978-0520916326 12856: 12835: 12830:978-0674055445 12829: 12807: 12802:978-0520910874 12801: 12781: 12776:978-0765641151 12775: 12759: 12754:978-0810872257 12753: 12740: 12735:978-0810864436 12734: 12721: 12711: 12706:978-0199323692 12705: 12692: 12687:978-0520254923 12686: 12666: 12661:978-0140208405 12660: 12644:Schram, Stuart 12640: 12635:978-1563241550 12634: 12621: 12614: 12607: 12600: 12590: 12585:978-0199392032 12584: 12567: 12562:978-9264008441 12561: 12548: 12543:978-1136579530 12542: 12529: 12524:978-0810871748 12523: 12510: 12505:978-1134073825 12504: 12491: 12461: 12433: 12428:978-0061708763 12427: 12411: 12406:978-0415250672 12405: 12392: 12375:978-0391022171 12374: 12359: 12354:978-0313357312 12353: 12340: 12335:978-0815752080 12334: 12321: 12312: 12307:978-0313264573 12306: 12291: 12286:978-1851095827 12285: 12272: 12267:978-1118104255 12266: 12250: 12245:978-1588262486 12244: 12231: 12226:978-0195335309 12225: 12212: 12207:978-0857930293 12206: 12193: 12188:978-1781956236 12187: 12174: 12169:978-1409462019 12168: 12151: 12146:978-0739126240 12145: 12132: 12126: 12108:(1 ed.). 12101: 12096:978-0415551380 12095: 12082: 12077:978-9622016156 12076: 12063: 12058:978-1412828154 12057: 12041: 12024:978-0521786423 12023: 12008: 12003:978-0810863088 12002: 11989: 11984:978-0521442282 11983: 11970: 11965:978-0754631750 11964: 11951: 11946:978-1566635226 11945: 11929: 11919: 11901: 11886: 11881:978-0521026239 11880: 11867: 11862:978-1137019363 11861: 11845: 11820:978-1108904186 11819: 11796: 11791:978-0826473073 11790: 11777: 11772:978-0192731401 11771: 11758: 11753:978-0203099285 11752: 11739: 11734:978-0815797814 11733: 11716: 11711:978-0887069444 11710: 11697: 11692:978-0691036373 11691: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11654:Shambaugh 2008 11646: 11642:Shambaugh 2008 11629: 11597: 11593:Shambaugh 2008 11570: 11566:Shambaugh 2008 11547: 11543:Shambaugh 2008 11530: 11526:Shambaugh 2008 11518: 11514:Shambaugh 2008 11506: 11502:Shambaugh 2008 11489: 11485:Shambaugh 2008 11477: 11473:Shambaugh 2008 11465: 11461:Shambaugh 2008 11450: 11446:Shambaugh 2008 11431: 11427:Shambaugh 2008 11419: 11415:Shambaugh 2008 11398: 11394:Shambaugh 2008 11379: 11375:Shambaugh 2008 11367: 11365:, p. 100. 11363:Shambaugh 2008 11355: 11344:on 12 May 2022 11325: 11295: 11265: 11247:People's Daily 11233: 11207: 11174: 11156:People's Daily 11142: 11124:People's Daily 11110: 11092:People's Daily 11078: 11060:People's Daily 11046: 11028:People's Daily 11014: 10984: 10953:(3): 723–733. 10931: 10913:People's Daily 10894: 10875: 10855: 10844:on 24 May 2013 10837:People's Daily 10823: 10821:, p. 583. 10811: 10809:, p. 582. 10794: 10757: 10738:(2): 1650005. 10722: 10682: 10649: 10642: 10624: 10581: 10562:(3): 333–370. 10544: 10532: 10493: 10457: 10422: 10410: 10382: 10365: 10353: 10320: 10284: 10282:, p. 183. 10257: 10255:, p. 229. 10245: 10230: 10218: 10216:, p. 230. 10206: 10194: 10182: 10180:, p. 225. 10170: 10168:, p. 227. 10158: 10113: 10076: 10069: 10048: 10005: 9963: 9957:978-0511691737 9956: 9927: 9912: 9898:. p. 35. 9894:(1 ed.). 9876: 9831: 9793: 9791:, p. 141. 9781: 9749: 9717: 9715:, p. 124. 9705: 9693: 9681: 9666: 9654: 9642: 9609: 9607:, p. 127. 9594: 9592:, p. 123. 9582: 9570: 9532: 9530:, p. 212. 9520: 9503: 9501:, p. 201. 9491: 9479: 9477:, p. 169. 9467: 9455: 9443: 9413: 9398: 9396:, p. 394. 9383: 9371: 9369:, p. 229. 9356: 9354:, p. 228. 9341: 9310: 9290:978-1760460686 9289: 9254: 9239: 9203: 9159: 9118: 9078: 9035: 9029: 8993: 8945: 8939: 8909: 8856: 8819: 8817:, p. 158. 8802: 8790: 8788:, p. 102. 8778: 8757: 8740: 8738:, p. 105. 8736:Shambaugh 2008 8723: 8721:, p. 527. 8702: 8687: 8685:, p. 104. 8683:Shambaugh 2008 8675: 8663: 8644: 8627: 8594: 8555: 8553:, p. 119. 8543: 8531: 8519: 8507: 8495: 8478:BBC Monitoring 8465: 8447:People's Daily 8433: 8431:, p. 119. 8421: 8419:, p. 110. 8409: 8407:, p. 110. 8397: 8385: 8373: 8371:, p. 201. 8361: 8352: 8350:, p. 685. 8340: 8338:, p. 180. 8328: 8326:, p. 668. 8316: 8286: 8268:People's Daily 8247: 8240: 8216: 8180: 8139: 8107: 8073: 8041: 8008: 7975: 7944: 7912: 7879: 7847: 7803: 7768: 7736: 7702: 7659: 7629: 7627:, p. 329. 7617: 7615:, p. 317. 7602: 7600:, p. 238. 7587: 7585:, p. 100. 7575: 7573:, p. 684. 7558: 7556:, p. 682. 7541: 7529: 7522: 7500: 7468: 7446:People's Daily 7425: 7423:, p. 254. 7413: 7398: 7396:, p. 131. 7386: 7384:, p. 103. 7374: 7342: 7301: 7242: 7181: 7096: 7081:(in Chinese). 7063: 7030: 7023:理羣, 錢 (2012). 7015: 7010:紅太陽的隕落：千秋功罪毛澤東 7008:子陵, 辛 (2009). 7000: 6995:在歷史巨人身邊——師哲回憶錄 6985: 6933: 6914: 6895: 6868: 6866:, p. 355. 6847: 6845:, p. 354. 6832: 6830:, p. 370. 6820: 6813: 6791: 6762: 6750: 6738: 6723: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6682:, p. 112. 6672: 6660: 6658:, p. 106. 6648: 6642:978-1875585083 6641: 6623: 6604: 6589: 6574: 6555: 6548:中央檔案館 (1989). 6540: 6525: 6486: 6470: 6438: 6420:Foreign Policy 6405: 6390: 6362: 6345: 6327: 6313: 6306:中央檔案館 (1989). 6298: 6287: 6276: 6274:, p. 119. 6255: 6221: 6195: 6152: 6137: 6112:People's Daily 6094: 6079: 6044: 6032: 6020: 6013: 5983: 5946: 5939: 5916: 5909: 5891: 5879: 5873:978-0312245832 5872: 5843: 5829:978-0061708770 5828: 5802: 5765: 5733: 5694: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5636: 5627: 5602: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5552: 5538: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5488: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5423: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5393: 5385: 5380: 5378: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5358: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5293: 5285: 5280: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5202:big government 5131:alongside the 5089:Hafez al-Assad 5018: 5015: 4888: 4885: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4701: 4695: 4693:Related topics 4692: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4592:Former parties 4589: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4513:United Kingdom 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4473:Czechoslovakia 4470: 4462:Former parties 4459: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4052: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4010: 4008:Czech Republic 4005: 4000: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3935: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3843:Former parties 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3558:United States 3556: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3220: 3217: 3208: 3205: 3201:People's Daily 3184: 3183: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3154:Main article: 3151: 3148: 3144:Young Pioneers 3132:Main article: 3129: 3126: 3105: 3102: 3092: 3089: 3070: 3067: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3020: 2980: 2977: 2939:People's Daily 2898:General Office 2853: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2833: 2800: 2797: 2785: 2782: 2734: 2731: 2705: 2700: 2664: 2656: 2653: 2633:hierarchically 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2545: 2542: 2506: 2473: 2470: 2428:social welfare 2389:state planning 2361:People's Daily 2318: 2315: 2310:Main article: 2307: 2304: 2293:Chinese nation 2273:Hunan Province 2234: 2231: 2185: 2182: 2150:market economy 2126:Main article: 2123: 2120: 2069: 2066: 2013: 2010: 1939:Zhang Xueliang 1935:Xi'an Incident 1806: 1803: 1761:class struggle 1746:Sun's ideology 1702:anti-communist 1640:, support for 1636:, support for 1579:Marxist theory 1570: 1567: 1562:Main article: 1559: 1556: 1520:party's leader 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1224:Transcriptions 1217: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1179:Transcriptions 1172: 1171: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1132:Mongolian name 1129: 1128: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1100: 1098:Tibetan Pinyin 1094: 1093: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1064:Transcriptions 1057: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1028: 1019: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1001: 995: 994: 987: 981: 980: 973: 967: 966: 964:Yue: Cantonese 960: 959: 949: 943: 942: 933: 927: 926: 919: 913: 912: 905: 899: 898: 892: 891: 890:Transcriptions 883: 882: 879: 878: 875: 869: 868: 865: 864: 857: 851: 850: 846: 845: 842: 841: 834: 825: 824: 818: 817: 807: 801: 800: 793: 787: 786: 779: 773: 772: 770:Yue: Cantonese 766: 765: 755: 749: 748: 741: 735: 734: 725: 719: 718: 711: 705: 704: 697: 691: 690: 684: 683: 682:Transcriptions 675: 674: 671: 670: 667: 661: 660: 657: 656: 649: 643: 642: 635: 629: 628: 624: 623: 620: 612: 611: 608: 607: 599: 598: 596: 595: 590: 585: 579: 576: 575: 560: 559: 555: 554: 546: 545: 541: 540: 535: 533: 522: 521: 516: 514: 503: 502: 495: 491: 490: 484: 480: 479: 474: 470: 469: 467: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 423: 422: 421: 419: 413: 412: 404: 397: 396: 391: 385: 384: 382: 381: 376: 371: 365: 363: 357: 356: 351: 345: 344: 339: 333: 332: 329:People's Daily 325: 321: 320: 307: 303: 302: 300: 299: 290: 275: 273: 269: 268: 266: 265: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 201: 196: 191: 186: 170: 168:Henk Sneevliet 165: 147: 146: 145: 143: 142: 137: 131: 129: 125: 124: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 87: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 69:CPC (official) 65: 61: 60: 52: 51: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21506: 21495: 21492: 21490: 21487: 21485: 21482: 21480: 21477: 21475: 21472: 21470: 21467: 21465: 21462: 21460: 21457: 21455: 21452: 21450: 21447: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21435: 21432: 21431: 21429: 21407: 21404: 21403: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21392: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21371: 21368: 21355: 21351: 21349: 21345: 21341: 21340: 21335: 21333: 21332: 21326: 21325:North Vietnam 21322: 21318: 21314: 21312: 21308: 21304: 21300: 21298: 21294: 21289: 21285: 21281: 21279: 21275: 21271: 21267: 21263: 21261: 21257: 21252: 21248: 21246: 21242: 21236: 21231: 21229: 21225: 21221: 21217: 21215: 21211: 21207: 21203: 21199: 21197: 21193: 21189: 21188: 21183: 21181: 21180: 21175: 21172: 21164: 21163: 21158: 21156: 21152: 21147: 21143: 21141: 21137: 21132: 21128: 21126: 21122: 21118: 21117: 21112: 21110: 21109: 21104: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21079: 21073: 21068: 21066: 21065:Guinea-Bissau 21062: 21058: 21054: 21052: 21048: 21043: 21039: 21035: 21031: 21029: 21025: 21021: 21017: 21015: 21011: 21007: 21003: 21001: 20997: 20993: 20992: 20987: 20985: 20984: 20979: 20976: 20968: 20967: 20962: 20960: 20956: 20952: 20951: 20946: 20944: 20943: 20938: 20932: 20927: 20925: 20921: 20912: 20907: 20905: 20901: 20897: 20893: 20891: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20878: 20874: 20870: 20868: 20864: 20860: 20856: 20854: 20850: 20846: 20842: 20840: 20836: 20831: 20830: 20825: 20823: 20819: 20815: 20811: 20809: 20805: 20801: 20797: 20795: 20791: 20788: 20787: 20782: 20773: 20768: 20766: 20761: 20759: 20754: 20753: 20750: 20738: 20735: 20733: 20730: 20728: 20725: 20724: 20721: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20699:War on terror 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20676: 20674: 20670: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20654: 20651: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20634: 20631: 20629: 20626: 20624: 20621: 20619: 20616: 20614: 20611: 20609: 20606: 20604: 20601: 20600: 20598: 20594:Espionage and 20592: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20545:Andrew Thorpe 20543: 20541: 20538: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20440:Gabriel Kolko 20438: 20436: 20433: 20431: 20428: 20426: 20423: 20421: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20405:Fred Halliday 20403: 20401: 20398: 20396: 20393: 20391: 20390:Lloyd Gardner 20388: 20386: 20383: 20381: 20378: 20376: 20373: 20371: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20350:Norman Davies 20348: 20346: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20335:John Costello 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20303: 20302: 20300: 20296: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20282: 20280: 20277: 20276: 20274: 20270:Technological 20268: 20258: 20255: 20253: 20250: 20249: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20240: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20228: 20224: 20223: 20221: 20217: 20211: 20210: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20198: 20194: 20192: 20191: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20179: 20175: 20173: 20172: 20168: 20166: 20165: 20161: 20159: 20156: 20155: 20153: 20151:Pro-communist 20149: 20146: 20142: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20128: 20126: 20123: 20121: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20082: 20080: 20078:Organizations 20076: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19947: 19945: 19941: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19909: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19892:Eurocommunism 19890: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19874: 19872: 19870: 19866: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19823: 19820: 19819: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19804: 19802: 19800: 19796: 19793: 19789: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19722:Domino theory 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19704: 19702: 19698: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19676:South Ossetia 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19653: 19651: 19649: 19645: 19639: 19636: 19632: 19629: 19628: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19583: 19581: 19577: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19470: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19460:8888 Uprising 19458: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19405:Iran–Iraq War 19403: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19370:Falklands War 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19334: 19331: 19330: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19296: 19294: 19290: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19236: 19234: 19233:NDF Rebellion 19231: 19229: 19226: 19224: 19221: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19213:German Autumn 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19193: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19118: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19100:Metapolitefsi 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19066: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18995: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18940: 18938: 18934: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18915: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18901: 18898: 18897: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18869: 18864: 18862: 18861:Prague Spring 18859: 18855: 18852: 18851: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18839:Al-Wadiah War 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18804:12-3 incident 18802: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18733: 18730: 18729: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18647: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18609: 18606: 18605: 18604: 18601: 18597: 18594: 18593: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18563: 18561: 18557: 18551: 18548: 18544: 18541: 18540: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18483: 18478: 18475: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18448: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18401: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18383:Domino theory 18381: 18379: 18378:Petrov Affair 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18315: 18313: 18309: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18286: 18283: 18282: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18255:Madiun Affair 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18215:Marshall Plan 18213: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18195: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18123: 18118: 18116: 18115: 18110: 18108: 18107: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18084: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18064: 18059: 18057: 18056: 18051: 18050: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18025: 18023: 18019: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17972: 17968: 17966: 17965: 17964:United States 17961: 17960: 17957: 17953: 17946: 17941: 17939: 17934: 17932: 17927: 17926: 17923: 17904: 17901: 17898: 17897: 17894: 17891: 17888: 17887: 17883: 17879: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17869: 17865: 17861: 17859: 17854: 17850: 17848: 17844: 17841: 17840: 17837: 17833: 17830: 17827: 17826: 17823: 17819: 17817: 17812: 17809: 17808: 17805: 17802: 17799: 17798: 17795: 17794: 17789: 17786: 17785: 17782: 17779: 17776: 17775: 17772: 17768: 17765: 17762: 17761: 17758: 17754: 17751: 17748: 17747: 17743: 17736: 17735:Dixie Mission 17733: 17730: 17729: 17725: 17721: 17718: 17715: 17714: 17711: 17708: 17705: 17704: 17701: 17698: 17695: 17694: 17691: 17688: 17685: 17684: 17681: 17678: 17675: 17674: 17671: 17668: 17665: 17664: 17661: 17657: 17653: 17649: 17645: 17641: 17637: 17633: 17629: 17626: 17623: 17622: 17619: 17616: 17613: 17612: 17609: 17606: 17603: 17602: 17599: 17596: 17593: 17592: 17589: 17586: 17583: 17582: 17578: 17577: 17574: 17571: 17568: 17567: 17562: 17558: 17557: 17546: 17542: 17538: 17534: 17531: 17527: 17523: 17519: 17514: 17511: 17507: 17503: 17498: 17494: 17489: 17485: 17479: 17474: 17469: 17465: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17447: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17427: 17423: 17417: 17413: 17412: 17409: 17405: 17398: 17393: 17391: 17386: 17384: 17379: 17378: 17375: 17365: 17360: 17349: 17343: 17341: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17281: 17278: 17277: 17275: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17252: 17250: 17243: 17240: 17236: 17233: 17230: 17226: 17223: 17220: 17216: 17213: 17209: 17206: 17202: 17199: 17195: 17192: 17188: 17185: 17184: 17180: 17176: 17173: 17168: 17164: 17160: 17157: 17153: 17150: 17147: 17143: 17140: 17136: 17132: 17128: 17125: 17121: 17118: 17115: 17111: 17108: 17105: 17101: 17098: 17095: 17091: 17088: 17085: 17081: 17078: 17075: 17071: 17068: 17067: 17062: 17058: 17057: 17053: 17049: 17046: 17043: 17039: 17036: 17032: 17029: 17025: 17022: 17018: 17015: 17011: 17007: 17000: 16996: 16992: 16991: 16987: 16983: 16980: 16977: 16973: 16970: 16969: 16965: 16961: 16958: 16955: 16951: 16948: 16945: 16941: 16938: 16935: 16931: 16928: 16925: 16921: 16918: 16915: 16911: 16908: 16905: 16901: 16898: 16895: 16891: 16888: 16887: 16882: 16878: 16875: 16871: 16868: 16865: 16861: 16858: 16855: 16851: 16848: 16845: 16841: 16838: 16835: 16831: 16828: 16825: 16821: 16818: 16814: 16811: 16807: 16804: 16801: 16797: 16794: 16791: 16787: 16784: 16781: 16777: 16773: 16772: 16769: 16766: 16763: 16760: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16745: 16741: 16737: 16729: 16724: 16722: 16717: 16715: 16710: 16709: 16706: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16676: 16674: 16670: 16666: 16665: 16662: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16597: 16595: 16591: 16585: 16582: 16581: 16579: 16575: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16540: 16538: 16534: 16527: 16524: 16521: 16518: 16515: 16512: 16509: 16506: 16503: 16500: 16497: 16494: 16491: 16488: 16485: 16482: 16479: 16476: 16475: 16473: 16471: 16467: 16463: 16458: 16449: 16444: 16442: 16437: 16435: 16430: 16429: 16426: 16414: 16411: 16408: 16407: 16404: 16394: 16391: 16390: 16388: 16384: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16365: 16361: 16353: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16324: 16322: 16320: 16314: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16195: 16191: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16166: 16164: 16162: 16158: 16155: 16151: 16145: 16137: 16131: 16128: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16118:Minor parties 16116: 16114: 16111: 16110: 16109: 16106: 16105: 16103: 16101: 16097: 16089: 16086: 16085: 16084: 16081: 16077: 16076:Vice Premiers 16074: 16073: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16041: 16040: 16037: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16022:Vice Premiers 16020: 16018: 16015: 16014: 16013: 16012:State Council 16010: 16006: 16003: 16002: 16001: 15998: 15992: 15989: 15988: 15987: 15984: 15983: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15973: 15971: 15969: 15963: 15958: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15931: 15928: 15924: 15921: 15917: 15914: 15910: 15907: 15906: 15905: 15902: 15901: 15900: 15897: 15896: 15895: 15892: 15891: 15889: 15887: 15883: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15863: 15860: 15856: 15849: 15844: 15842: 15837: 15835: 15830: 15829: 15826: 15820: 15813: 15801: 15798: 15795: 15794: 15791: 15782: 15767: 15760: 15755: 15753: 15723: 15720: 15714: 15712: 15711: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15694: 15689: 15675: 15660: 15658: 15656: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15644: 15638: 15636: 15635: 15620: 15616: 15614: 15612: 15610: 15585: 15582: 15571: 15566: 15562: 15560: 15554: 15545: 15543: 15541: 15523: 15521: 15477: 15474: 15473: 15470: 15465: 15456: 15445: 15444:Legal Affairs 15441: 15437: 15436:International 15433: 15429: 15425: 15414: 15408: 15399: 15390: 15388: 15387:Vice Chairmen 15384: 15380: 15377: 15373: 15371: 15367: 15365: 15357: 15355: 15351: 15349: 15345: 15343: 15342: 15337: 15315: 15313: 15311: 15309: 15294: 15288: 15279: 15272: 15265: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15220: 15213: 15212: 15209: 15204: 15200: 15191: 15158: 15148: 15145: 15130: 15114: 15111: 15097: 15095: 15094: 15087: 15081: 15079: 15071: 15069: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15025: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15002: 14997: 14995: 14990: 14988: 14983: 14982: 14979: 14969: 14968: 14955: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14925: 14923: 14919: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14897:Fujian clique 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14869: 14867: 14861: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14821: 14819: 14817: 14811: 14803: 14800: 14799: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14765: 14759: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14666: 14664: 14662: 14656: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14551: 14549: 14547: 14541: 14538: 14532: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14513: 14511: 14507: 14500: 14497: 14494: 14491: 14488: 14485: 14482: 14479: 14476: 14473: 14470: 14467: 14464: 14461: 14458: 14455: 14452: 14449: 14446: 14443: 14442: 14440: 14438: 14432: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14370:7th 1949–1956 14368: 14367: 14365: 14363: 14357: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14297: 14295: 14293: 14287: 14284: 14276: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14197: 14195: 14193: 14187: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14088: 14082: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13988: 13982: 13979: 13971: 13968: 13964: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13859: 13857: 13855: 13849: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13823: 13821: 13819: 13818: 13814: 13812: 13811: 13807: 13805: 13804: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13791: 13788: 13787: 13786: 13783: 13782: 13780: 13776: 13768: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13760: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13719: 13716: 13715: 13714: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13706: 13700: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13669: 13667: 13659: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13646: 13643: 13639: 13636: 13635: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13612: 13609: 13608: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13563: 13557: 13554: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13533: 13530: 13529: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13515: 13514: 13512: 13506: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13463: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13446: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13425: 13418: 13415: 13412: 13409: 13406: 13403: 13400: 13397: 13394: 13391: 13388: 13385: 13382: 13379: 13376: 13375:Zhang Wentian 13373: 13370: 13367: 13364: 13363:Xiang Zhongfa 13361: 13358: 13355: 13354: 13352: 13350: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13333: 13329: 13323: 13315: 13310: 13308: 13303: 13301: 13296: 13295: 13292: 13285: 13279: 13274: 13271: 13266: 13262: 13259: 13255: 13250: 13246: 13245: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13194: 13187: 13182: 13167: 13160: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13142: 13130: 13126: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13104: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13079: 13064: 13060: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13041: 13036: 13021: 13014: 13009: 13008: 12988: 12984: 12978: 12974: 12973: 12967: 12963: 12957: 12953: 12948: 12944: 12938: 12934: 12929: 12925: 12919: 12915: 12910: 12908: 12906: 12901: 12897: 12891: 12887: 12882: 12878: 12872: 12868: 12863: 12859: 12853: 12849: 12844: 12843: 12836: 12832: 12826: 12822: 12818: 12817: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12798: 12793: 12792: 12786: 12782: 12778: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12750: 12746: 12741: 12737: 12731: 12727: 12722: 12720: 12716: 12713:Snow, Edgar, 12712: 12708: 12702: 12698: 12693: 12689: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12657: 12652: 12651: 12645: 12641: 12637: 12631: 12627: 12622: 12619: 12616:Saich, Tony. 12615: 12612: 12609:Saich, Tony. 12608: 12605: 12602:Saich, Tony. 12601: 12599: 12595: 12592:Pye, Lucian, 12591: 12587: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12568: 12564: 12558: 12554: 12549: 12545: 12539: 12536:. Routledge. 12535: 12530: 12526: 12520: 12516: 12511: 12507: 12501: 12498:. Routledge. 12497: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12443:. New Haven: 12442: 12438: 12434: 12430: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12402: 12399:. Routledge. 12398: 12393: 12381: 12377: 12371: 12367: 12366: 12360: 12356: 12350: 12346: 12341: 12337: 12331: 12327: 12322: 12318: 12313: 12309: 12303: 12299: 12298: 12292: 12288: 12282: 12278: 12273: 12269: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12251: 12247: 12241: 12237: 12232: 12228: 12222: 12218: 12213: 12209: 12203: 12199: 12194: 12190: 12184: 12180: 12175: 12171: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12138: 12133: 12129: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12102: 12098: 12092: 12089:. Routledge. 12088: 12083: 12079: 12073: 12069: 12064: 12060: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12030: 12026: 12020: 12016: 12015: 12009: 12005: 11999: 11995: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11976: 11971: 11967: 11961: 11957: 11952: 11948: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11908: 11904: 11898: 11894: 11893: 11887: 11883: 11877: 11873: 11868: 11864: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11849:Coase, Ronald 11846: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11803: 11797: 11793: 11787: 11783: 11778: 11774: 11768: 11764: 11759: 11755: 11749: 11746:. Routledge. 11745: 11740: 11736: 11730: 11725: 11724: 11717: 11713: 11707: 11703: 11698: 11694: 11688: 11684: 11683: 11678: 11677:Baum, Richard 11674: 11673: 11655: 11650: 11644:, p. 99. 11643: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11617: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11601: 11595:, p. 98. 11594: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11581: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11568:, p. 97. 11567: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11545:, p. 96. 11544: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11527: 11522: 11516:, p. 94. 11515: 11510: 11504:, p. 93. 11503: 11498: 11496: 11494: 11486: 11481: 11474: 11469: 11463:, p. 85. 11462: 11457: 11455: 11448:, p. 83. 11447: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11428: 11423: 11417:, p. 84. 11416: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11403: 11396:, p. 82. 11395: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11384: 11377:, p. 81. 11376: 11371: 11364: 11359: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11329: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11299: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11269: 11253: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11237: 11221: 11217: 11211: 11195: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11178: 11162: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11146: 11130: 11126: 11125: 11120: 11114: 11098: 11094: 11093: 11088: 11082: 11066: 11062: 11061: 11056: 11050: 11034: 11030: 11029: 11024: 11018: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10980: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10947: 10942: 10935: 10919: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10882: 10878: 10872: 10868: 10867: 10859: 10843: 10839: 10838: 10833: 10827: 10820: 10819:Sullivan 2007 10815: 10808: 10807:Sullivan 2007 10803: 10801: 10799: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10769: 10761: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10702: 10701:The Economist 10696: 10689: 10687: 10670: 10666: 10665: 10660: 10653: 10645: 10639: 10635: 10628: 10611: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10592: 10585: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10556: 10548: 10542:, p. 13. 10541: 10536: 10528: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10497: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10472: 10467: 10461: 10445: 10441: 10440: 10434: 10426: 10420:, p. 55. 10419: 10414: 10406: 10402: 10401: 10396: 10389: 10387: 10380:, p. 53. 10379: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10362: 10357: 10341: 10337: 10336: 10331: 10324: 10308: 10304: 10303: 10298: 10291: 10289: 10281: 10280:Sullivan 2012 10276: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10254: 10249: 10242: 10237: 10235: 10228:, p. 15. 10227: 10222: 10215: 10210: 10203: 10198: 10192:, p. 14. 10191: 10186: 10179: 10174: 10167: 10162: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10133: 10132:The Economist 10127: 10120: 10118: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10088: 10080: 10072: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10052: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10023: 10014: 10012: 10010: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9980: 9979:The Economist 9974: 9967: 9959: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9931: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9883: 9881: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9843: 9835: 9816: 9813:. p. 5. 9812: 9811: 9803: 9797: 9790: 9785: 9769: 9765: 9764: 9759: 9753: 9737: 9733: 9732: 9727: 9721: 9714: 9709: 9702: 9697: 9691:, p. 37. 9690: 9689:Chambers 2002 9685: 9679:, p. 49. 9678: 9677:Sullivan 2012 9673: 9671: 9664:, p. 43. 9663: 9658: 9651: 9646: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9601: 9599: 9591: 9586: 9580:, p. 17. 9579: 9578:McGregor 2012 9574: 9558: 9554: 9553: 9547: 9542: 9536: 9529: 9528:Sullivan 2012 9524: 9518:, p. 74. 9517: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9500: 9495: 9489:, p. 64. 9488: 9483: 9476: 9471: 9464: 9459: 9453:, p. 85. 9452: 9447: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9417: 9411:, p. 41. 9410: 9405: 9403: 9395: 9390: 9388: 9381:, p. 66. 9380: 9375: 9368: 9363: 9361: 9353: 9348: 9346: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9314: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9273:, ANU Press, 9272: 9265: 9258: 9252:, p. 70. 9251: 9246: 9244: 9224: 9220: 9213: 9207: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9163: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9122: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9092: 9088: 9082: 9065: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 8997: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8942: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8913: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8860: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8831: 8823: 8816: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8799: 8794: 8787: 8782: 8776:, p. 22. 8775: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8755:, p. 52. 8754: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8737: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8720: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8700:, p. 99. 8699: 8694: 8692: 8684: 8679: 8673:, p. 64. 8672: 8667: 8661:, p. 63. 8660: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8642:, p. 62. 8641: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8605: 8598: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8552: 8547: 8541:, p. 77. 8540: 8535: 8528: 8523: 8517:, p. 25. 8516: 8515:Löfstedt 1980 8511: 8505:, p. 28. 8504: 8499: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8469: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8437: 8430: 8425: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8394: 8389: 8382: 8377: 8370: 8365: 8356: 8349: 8344: 8337: 8332: 8325: 8320: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8290: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8243: 8241:9780333150535 8237: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8220: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8187: 8185: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8155: 8150: 8143: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8111: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8084: 8077: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8045: 8029: 8025: 8024: 8019: 8012: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7986: 7979: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7955: 7948: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7916: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7883: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7851: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7810: 7808: 7791: 7787: 7786: 7780: 7772: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7740: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7718:The Economist 7713: 7706: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7671: 7663: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7626: 7625:Sullivan 2012 7621: 7614: 7613:Sullivan 2012 7609: 7607: 7599: 7598:Sullivan 2012 7594: 7592: 7584: 7583:Sullivan 2012 7579: 7572: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7555: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7539:, p. 25. 7538: 7537:Sullivan 2012 7533: 7525: 7523:9781760466244 7519: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7472: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7438: 7437:Deng Xiaoping 7432: 7430: 7422: 7421:Sullivan 2012 7417: 7411:, p. 47. 7410: 7405: 7403: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7378: 7367: 7363: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7246: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7192: 7185: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7107: 7100: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7019: 7011: 7004: 6996: 6993:哲, 師 (1991). 6989: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6931:, p. 96. 6930: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6912:, p. 96. 6911: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6893:, p. 95. 6892: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6865: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6844: 6839: 6837: 6829: 6824: 6816: 6814:9789087284411 6810: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6789:, p. 72. 6788: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6759: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6736:, p. 64. 6735: 6730: 6728: 6721:, p. 63. 6720: 6715: 6713: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6644: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6621:, p. 62. 6620: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6602:, p. 42. 6601: 6596: 6594: 6585: 6578: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6551: 6544: 6536: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6479: 6474: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6409: 6401: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6369: 6367: 6359: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6323: 6317: 6309: 6302: 6291: 6280: 6273: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6141: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6042:, p. 44. 6041: 6036: 6030:, p. 38. 6029: 6024: 6016: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5964:(14): 79–99. 5963: 5959: 5958: 5950: 5942: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5912: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5799: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5712:"中国共产党党内统计公报" 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5663: 5640: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5611: 5606: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5553: 5550: 5539: 5536: 5525: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5489: 5481: 5477:2,119 / 2,980 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5459: 5451: 5447:2,157 / 2,987 5444: 5442: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5424: 5416: 5412:2,099 / 2,987 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5394: 5386: 5382:2,178 / 2,985 5379: 5377: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5359: 5351: 5347:2,130 / 2,979 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5329: 5321: 5317:2,037 / 2,979 5314: 5312: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5294: 5286: 5282:1,986 / 2,979 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5259: 5257: 5253:1,861 / 2,978 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5209: 5207: 5206:welfare state 5203: 5199: 5198:privatization 5195: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5157:anti-American 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5133:marketization 5130: 5126: 5122: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5099:in politics. 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5083:, the strong 5082: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5014: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4992:, the former 4991: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3825:SCP (Unified) 3823: 3821: 3820:SCP (Bakdash) 3818: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3460:PC de C (M–L) 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3326:South Africa 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3216: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3199:According to 3197: 3195: 3178: 3167: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3098:glass ceiling 3088: 3085: 3075: 3066: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3037: 3027: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2893: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835:Electing the 2834: 2831: 2828:Electing the 2827: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2805: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:popular front 2755: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2649:PRC president 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2625:State Council 2622: 2615: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2534:globalization 2531: 2525: 2522: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2502:public sector 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2324: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283:, one of the 2282: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158:Two Whatevers 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100:Deng Xiaoping 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 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13166:Archived 13150:40404544 13129:Archived 13116:20647989 13091:Archived 13072:19 March 13063:Archived 12987:Archived 12813:(2011). 12787:(1991). 12765:(2002). 12672:(2008). 12646:(1966). 12596:(1987) 12417:(2012). 12380:Archived 12256:(2011). 12047:(1999). 12035:29 April 12029:Archived 11935:(2002). 11925:(2000), 11913:28 April 11907:Archived 11839:2 August 11833:Archived 11679:(1996). 11282:Archived 11252:Archived 11194:Archived 11161:Archived 11129:Archived 11097:Archived 11065:Archived 10881:Archived 10669:Archived 10511:: 1–25. 10480:Archived 10444:Archived 10405:Archived 10340:Archived 10307:Archived 10145:Archived 10108:44440170 10059:(2023). 9992:Archived 9938:(2009). 9815:Archived 9768:Archived 9736:Archived 9635:18 March 9629:Archived 9590:Guo 2012 9557:Archived 9409:Liu 2011 9328:Archived 9324:Sinopsis 9295:archived 9190:Archived 9146:Archived 9110:Archived 9089:(2017). 8980:Archived 8902:21 April 8896:Archived 8614:Archived 8581:Archived 8482:Archived 8452:Archived 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3275:Eswatini 3260:Botswana 3228:a series 3226:Part of 3005:counties 2959:(CCTV), 2772:and the 2627:and the 2496:role in 2494:decisive 2486:Chen Yun 2447:Shenzhen 2306:Ideology 2269:Changsha 2086:" under 2048:de facto 1955:Liaoshen 1906:de facto 1902:Li Lisan 1856:Nanchang 1794:Changsha 1790:Ye Dehui 1710:Wu Peifu 1591:Leninism 1514:and its 1479:and the 1185:SASM/GNC 1163:ᠡᠪ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ 985:Jyutping 923:ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄥˋ 917:Bopomofo 791:Jyutping 709:Bopomofo 417:Ideology 128:Founders 94:Li Qiang 21379:Comecon 21331:Vietnam 21260:Somalia 21214:Romania 21162:FRELIMO 21082:Hungary 21051:Grenada 20808:Albania 20227:Amerika 20110:Comecon 19995:Fascism 19985:Zionism 19934:Titoism 19475:Contras 18943:Détente 18220:Comecon 17816:Kiangya 17332:Guizhou 17312:Sichuan 17255:Beiyang 17165:(incl. 16480:(2,098) 16352:leaders 16337:Ningxia 16327:Guangxi 16319:regions 16297:Sichuan 16282:Shaanxi 16277:Qinghai 16262:Jiangxi 16257:Jiangsu 16222:Guizhou 16184:Tianjin 16169:Beijing 16059:Militia 16017:Premier 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