5205:
517:, three categories of books were viewed by Li Si to be most dangerous politically. These were poetry, history (especially historical records of other states than Qin), and philosophy. The ancient collection of poetry and historical records contained many stories concerning the ancient virtuous rulers. Li Si believed that if the people were to read these works they were likely to invoke the past and become dissatisfied with the present. The reason for opposing various schools of philosophy was that they advocated political ideas often incompatible with the totalitarian regime.
5193:
696:
125:
73:
32:
900:, who finally completed the task after his father's death. The transmitted corpus of these classical texts all derives from the versions edited down by Liu Xiang and Liu Xin. Michael Nylan has characterised the scope of the Liu pair's editing as having been so vast that it affects our understanding of China's pre-imperial period to the same degree as the Qin unification does.
914:
987:. Its importance is illustrated by Zengzi's foreword that this is the gateway of learning. It is significant because it expresses many themes of Chinese philosophy and political thinking, and has therefore been extremely influential both in classical and modern Chinese thought. Government, self-cultivation and investigation of things are linked.
558:
did not contain the glorification of defeated feudal states which the First
Emperor gave as his reason for destroying them. Nylan further suggests that the story might be based on the fact that the Qin palace was razed in 207 BC and many books were undoubtedly lost at that time. Martin Kern adds
520:
Modern historians doubt the details of the story, which first appeared more than a century later. Regarding the alleged Qin objective of strengthening
Legalism, the traditional account is anachronistic in that Legalism was not yet a defined category of thought during the Qin period, and the "schools
1276:
classifies all works into 4 top-level branches: the
Confucian Classics and their secondary literature; history; philosophy; and poetry. There are sub-categories within each branch, but due to the small number of pre-Qin works in the Classics, History and Poetry branches, the sub-categories are only
1254:
It is often difficult or impossible to precisely date pre-Qin works beyond their being "pre-Qin", a period of 1000 years. Information in ancient China was often by oral tradition and passed down from generations before so was rarely written down, so the older the composition of the texts may not be
533:
was partly to "slander" the state they defeated and partly because Han scholars misunderstood the nature of the texts, for it was only after the founding of the Han that Sima Qian labeled the Five
Classics as Confucian. Nylan also points out that the Qin court appointed classical scholars who were
1351:
Made up of 305 poems divided into 160 folk songs, 74 minor festal songs, traditionally sung at court festivities, 31 major festal songs, sung at more solemn court ceremonies, and 40 hymns and eulogies, sung at sacrifices to gods and ancestral spirits of the royal house. This book is traditionally
1680:
The philosophical typology of individual pre-imperial texts has in every case been applied retroactively, rather than consciously within the text itself. The categorization of works of these genera has been highly contentious, especially in modern times. Many modern scholars reject the continued
602:, but the literature culture at the time did not lend itself to clear boundaries between works, so a high degree of variance between individual witnesses of the same title was common, as well as considerable intertextuality and cognate chapters between different titles.
1087:. In total, these works total to more than 600,000 characters that must be memorized in order to pass the examination. Moreover, these works are accompanied by extensive commentary and annotation, containing approximately 300 million characters by some estimates.
598:, which adopted Confucianism as its official ideology. It was during this period that the texts first began to be considered together as a set collection, and to be called collectively the "Five Classics". Several of the texts were already prominent by the
631:
A collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou period and before. It is possibly the oldest
Chinese narrative, and may date from the 6th century BC. It includes examples of early Chinese
683:
Up to the
Western Han, authors would typically list the Classics in the order Poems-Documents-Rituals-Changes-Spring and Autumn. However, from the Eastern Han the default order instead became Changes-Documents-Poems-Rituals-Spring and Autumn.
642:
Describes ancient rites, social forms and court ceremonies. The version studied today is a re-worked version compiled by scholars in the third century BC rather than the original text, which is said to have been edited by
Confucius
454:. Any political discussion was full of references to this background, and one could not become part of the literati—or even a military officer in some periods—without having memorized them. Generally, children first memorized the
1528:
A twenty-chapter work of dialogues attributed to
Confucius and his disciples; traditionally believed to have been written by Confucius's own circle it is thought to have been set down by later Confucian scholars.
1015:
that is prescribed by a heavenly mandate not only to the ruler but to everyone. To follow these heavenly instructions by learning and teaching will automatically result in a
Confucian virtue of
621:
A collection of 305 poems divided into 160 folk songs, 105 festal songs sung at court ceremonies, and 40 hymns and eulogies sung at sacrifices to heroes and ancestral spirits of the royal house.
1021:. Because Heaven has laid down what is the way to perfect virtue, it is not that difficult to follow the steps of the holy rulers of old if one only knows what is the right way.
1725:, an ancient Chinese collection of philosophical writings that makes the distinction between what is born in man and what must be learned through rigorous education.
5082:
2557:
4641:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series. New Edition; Second, Revised printing March 2013).
4574:
Neininger, Ulrich (1983), "Burying the
Scholars Alive: On the Origin of a Confucian Martyrs' Legend", Nation and Mythology", in Eberhard, Wolfram (ed.),
2710:
505:
suggested suppressing intellectual discourse to unify thought and political opinion. This was alleged to have destroyed philosophical treatises of the
3011:
2598:
4614:
Petersen, Jens Østergȧrd (January 1995). "Which Books Did the First Emperor of Ch'in Burn? on the Meaning of Pai Chia in Early Chinese Sources".
3329:
3997:
1980:
2640:
2145:
3705:
Csikszentmihalyi, Mark; Nylan, Michael (2003). "Constructing Lineages and Inventing Traditions Through Exemplary Figures in Early China".
1033:
Thought to be a compilation of speeches by Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held. Since Confucius's time, the
1870:
529:" legend does not bear close scrutiny. Nylan suggests that the reason Han dynasty scholars charged the Qin with destroying the Confucian
2666:
87:
5100:
4784:
3921:
2819:
2741:
3232:
2763:
526:
2976:
2619:
877:
4727:
3209:
189:
470:
and they then went on to memorize the other classics. The literate elite therefore shared a common culture and set of values.
409:
usually associated with an individual and later systematized into schools of thought but also including works on agriculture,
5235:
4686:
4597:
4564:
4534:
3883:
3852:
3796:
3745:
3612:
3577:
3544:
3069:
161:
83:
4847:
521:
of thought" model is no longer considered to be an accurate portrayal of the intellectual history of pre-imperial China.
168:
2836:
4806:
5075:
4646:
3832:
3764:
3602:
2475:
2463:
2415:
2367:
1819:
1046:
226:
208:
142:
59:
45:
3219:
2937:, a collection of essays on science, technology, military strategies, history, politics, music and arts, written by
2116:
tells the tale of king mu and his quest for immortality and after receiving it sadness over the death of his lover.
5240:
5162:
1643:
806:
1037:
has heavily influenced the philosophy and moral values of China and later other East Asian countries as well. The
175:
2985:
2653:
2026:. It originally consisted of ten volumes and forty-two chapters, of which all but seven chapters have been lost.
1049:, emphasized Confucian studies and expected candidates to quote and apply the words of Confucius in their essays.
5225:
5125:
4653:
4385:
3640:
2585:
2487:
2258:
2111:
1681:
usefulness of this model as a heuristic for understanding the shape of the intellectual landscape of the time.
749:
711:
489:
253:
146:
1007:. The purpose of this small, 33-chapter book is to demonstrate the usefulness of a golden way to gain perfect
4777:
2295:
2100:
1421:
Chronologically the earliest of the annals; comprising about 16,000 characters, it records the events of the
743:
510:
269:
157:
2623:, a collection of historical anecdotes and character sketches of some 600 literati, musicians, and painters.
2963:
755:
410:
341:
3025:
1962:
1065:
with kings of his time. In contrast to the sayings of Confucius, which are short and self-contained, the
4707:
2106:
A compilation of early geography descriptions of animals and myths from various locations around China.
5183:
5020:
2754:
1571:
A dictionary explaining the meaning and interpretation of words in the context of the Confucian Canon.
1268:), the encyclopedic collation of the works found in the imperial library of the Qing dynasty under the
506:
759:, a collection of Taoist hagiographies and hymns. Liu Xiang was also a poet, being credited with the "
3962:
3782:
2513:
2492:
1601:
3309:
276:
260:
5230:
4925:
4884:
4770:
3759:. The Tang Center Series in Early China, Vol. 5. Columbia University Press. pp. 2–3, 254–255.
2849:
2702:
1415:
1186:
669:
442:
and Qing dynasties, the Four Books and Five Classics were the subjects of mandatory study by those
4757:
3085:
958:
dynasties, made the core of the official curriculum for the civil service examinations. They are:
5047:
5031:
5013:
5006:
4981:
3818:
3030:
2715:
1791:
1735:
1483:
1255:
in a chronological order as that which was arranged and presented by their attributed "authors".
792:
466:
460:
431:
135:
99:
3757:
Mediation of legitimacy in early China: a study of the Yi Zhou shu and the Grand Duke traditions
1083:
The official curriculum of the imperial examination system from the Song dynasty onward are the
2811:
2671:
2227:(see Classics branch) the only surviving pre-Qin poetry collection. Attributed to the southern
1882:
984:
392:
20:
4677:) (Chinese philosophy texts in classical Chinese with English and modern Chinese translations)
182:
3736:
2628:
2572:
2544:
2249:
1835:
1038:
747:, which was finished by his son. Liu also edited collections of stories and biographies, the
599:
51:
5139:
5054:
4822:
3649:
3035:
1744:
1534:
1164:
993:
665:
system. In Western cultures and modern East Asia, it is still widely used for this purpose.
447:
95:
8:
2998:
2734:
2590:
2403:
2331:
720:
700:
595:
378:', in reference to the techniques by which works of this period were bound into volumes.
4680:
3788:
The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems By Qu Yuan And Other Poets
4762:
4634:
3722:
3693:
3518:
3290:
3141:
2288:
1650:
1339:
periods, and even earlier. It contains some of the earliest examples of Chinese prose.
1312:
594:) are five pre-Qin texts that became part of the state-sponsored curriculum during the
455:
406:
333:
5197:
5146:
4911:
4904:
4895:
4863:
4856:
4649:
4642:
4593:
4560:
4530:
4347:
3879:
3848:
3828:
3792:
3770:
3760:
3741:
3685:
3608:
3573:
3540:
3323:
3124:
Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, 'Legalism,' et cetera".
3065:
2933:
2283:
2224:
1935:
1618:
1345:
1321:
1311:—by at least the Eastern Zhou, these eight trigrams had been multiplied to create 64
1106:
1099:
1084:
897:
778:
625:
615:
542:
536:
414:
357:
349:
3813:
Kern, Martin (2010), "Early Chinese Literature: Beginnings through Western Han", in
5132:
4627:
4623:
3814:
3714:
3565:
3133:
2603:
2451:
2439:
1898:
1633:
A collection of historical records of numerous states recorded the period from the
1425:
from 722 to 481 BC, with implied condemnation of usurpations, murder, incest, etc.
1403:
1381:
1269:
785:
498:
451:
294:
3844:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220
2576:, an old record of ancient history and tales of southwestern China, attributed to
2065:
4742:
In Chinese, with articles and discussions on literature, history, and philosophy.
4702:
4587:
4524:
3977:
3943:
3873:
3842:
3822:
3786:
3657:
3509:
Nylan, Michael (2007). ""Empire" in the Classical Era in China (304 BC–AD 316)".
2915:
2891:
2878:
2532:
2520:
2173:
1951:
1493:; how to behave towards a senior (such as a father, an elder brother, or ruler).
834:
353:
4523:
Mair, Victor H.; Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman; Goldin, Paul R. (31 January 2005).
1709:
Collection of stories about Confucius and his disciples. Authenticity disputed.
610:
as being equally important as the semi-legendary chronicles of earlier periods.
5040:
4988:
4953:
4836:
4815:
3910:
3718:
2946:
2768:
2678:
2508:
1992:
1759:
1547:
1506:
1451:
1237:
1200:
1147:
1055:
963:
375:
3569:
5219:
4960:
4932:
4918:
4870:
4491:
4461:
4395:
4316:
3869:
3689:
3564:. Studies in the History of Chinese Texts. Vol. 7. Brill. pp. 4–8.
2990:
2955:
2862:
2841:
2723:
2589:, a biographical collection of exemplary women in ancient China, compiled by
2343:
2312:
1928:
1854:
1659:
1594:
1467:
1373:
1332:
1207:
1140:
1126:
971:
950:
to serve as general introduction to Confucian thought, and they were, in the
862:
855:
705:
636:
559:
that Qin and early Han writings frequently cite the Classics, especially the
548:
530:
522:
494:
345:
2657:, a book on hydrology of rivers in China attributed to the great geographer
1379:
Conferred the status of a classic in the 12th century, in place of the lost
5209:
5169:
5155:
4797:
4698:
4555:. Studies in the History of Chinese Texts, Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 247–249
3003:
2951:
2904:
2854:
2798:
2698:
2537:
2396:
2391:
2372:
2355:
2319:
2228:
2129:
2081:
2043:
1715:
1703:
1634:
1627:
1490:
1336:
1260:
1017:
955:
951:
947:
939:
820:
760:
567:, which would not have been possible if they had been burned, as reported.
439:
301:
2853:, a term referring to the four large compilations during the beginning of
2253:, a collection of authoritative histories of China for various dynasties:
695:
509:, with the goal of strengthening the official Qin governing philosophy of
5118:
4576:
East Asian Civilizations. New Attempts at Understanding Traditions vol. 2
4297:
4046:
3901:
2806:
2746:
2745:, a mathematics Chinese book composed by several generations scholars of
2694:
2468:
2427:
2420:
2379:
2336:
2307:
2270:
2180:
1798:
1610:
1552:
A chapter from the Book of Rites made into an independent work by Zhu Xi
1422:
1391:
1357:
1352:
credited as a compilation edited by Confucius. A standard version, named
1328:
1258:
The below list is therefore organized in the order which is found in the
1133:
1042:
799:
723:(77–6 BC) compiled the first catalogue of the imperial library, the
676:
337:
4223:
3697:
3522:
3294:
3157:
3155:
2072:
827:
5061:
4553:
Philosophy on Bamboo: Text and the Production of Meaning in Early China
4433:
3726:
3145:
2968:
2683:
2658:
2562:
2549:
2480:
2456:
2360:
2348:
1919:
1889:
1861:
1826:
1807:
1751:
1441:
with a few significant differences. It covers a longer period than the
654:
3676:
Chan, Lois Mai (1972). "The Burning of the Books in China, 213 B.C.".
546:, which meant that these texts would have been exempted, and that the
424:
4946:
4712:
4149:
3152:
2919:
2896:
2781:
2633:
2525:
2432:
2408:
2300:
2263:
2164:
1722:
1431:
1223:
1193:
976:
848:
554:
484:
443:
4718:
3537:
The Four Books: The Basic Teachings of the Later Confucian Tradition
3137:
124:
4967:
4829:
4580:
4057:
2938:
2883:
2828:
2789:
2577:
2498:
2384:
2324:
2032:
2023:
1666:
1522:
1216:
1027:
869:
813:
658:
417:, divination, art criticism, and other miscellaneous writings) and
4472:
3774:
1539:
A chapter from the Book of Rites made into an independent work by
4939:
4877:
4511:
4259:
4169:
3932:
3187:
3185:
2923:
2776:
2729:
2645:
2611:
2232:
2054:
1905:
1513:
1297:
1092:
1062:
647:
603:
4277:
2814:, a text based on the institutional history of the Tang dynasty.
4656:. See esp. pp. 365– 377, Ch. 28, "The Confucian Classics."
3966:
3313:
2910:
2869:
2824:
2794:
2615:, is a dictionary compiled by Liu Xi by the end of 2nd century.
2444:
2275:
2217:
1540:
1008:
980:
943:
917:
765:
3182:
2644:, a review book on ancient Chinese literature and writings by
1409:
Describes social forms, administration, and ceremonial rites.
1356:, was compiled in the mid-7th century under the leadership of
938:) are texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in
662:
3989:
Ch'un ch'iu 春秋, Kung yang 公 羊, Ku liang 穀 梁 and Tso chuan 左 傳
3241:
2189:
2157:
2136:
1782:
1766:
1304:
841:
502:
2565:
is sometimes referred as the 26th classic of history records
1397:
Describes ancient rites, social forms and court ceremonies.
703:
edited the text of many Chinese classical works such as the
5068:
4974:
4745:
4687:
Relevant Electronic Resources for Chinese Classical Studies
4017:
3995:
3841:
Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael, eds. (26 December 1986).
3370:
2980:, the largest compilation of literature in Chinese history.
2844:, records fantastic stories, anecdotes, and exotic customs.
1999:
1775:
1565:
1308:
1230:
1004:
753:. He has long erroneously been credited with compiling the
4356:
3172:
3170:
2552:
is usually referred as the 25th classic of history records
1327:
A collection of documents and speeches allegedly from the
606:, the leading Confucian scholar of the time, regarded the
5083:
Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong
4739:
3478:
3015:, a collection of jokes compiled during the Qing dynasty.
1600:
History of Zhou dynasty excavated from a Wei tomb in the
1012:
913:
4792:
2771:, is a Chinese encyclopedia on astrology and divination.
4722:
3442:
3418:
3167:
4674:
4345:
4167:
3466:
3454:
3430:
3102:
2714:, a record of governance strategies and leadership of
5181:
4224:
Chang I-jen; William G. Boltz; Michael Loewe (1993).
3704:
3490:
3406:
3358:
3346:
3197:
3161:
1473:
Another surviving commentary on the same events (see
1457:
Another surviving commentary on the same events (see
306:
4522:
3394:
920:
selected the list of four books in the Song dynasty.
772:
The works edited and compiled by Liu Xiang include:
525:
observes that despite its mythic significance, the "
356:
consciously imitated by later authors, now known as
336:
authored prior to the establishment of the imperial
4671:
4667:
3941:
3919:
149:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4442:
4102:
4084:
4066:
4026:
3382:
1045:and eventually abolished with the founding of the
4415:
4406:
4327:
4187:
3930:
975:. It consists of a short main text attributed to
5217:
4434:Krzysztof Gawlikowski and Michael Loewe (1993).
4365:
4232:
3952:
3911:Ch'i-yün Ch'en 陳啟雲 and Margaret Pearson (1993).
2599:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
1069:consists of long dialogues with extensive prose.
429:'literary works') as well as the cultivation of
4111:
4015:
3986:
501:, unified China in 221 BC, his chancellor
340:in 221 BC. Prominent examples include the
4490:
4460:
4451:
4394:
4383:
4315:
4129:
4075:
4044:
4035:
3840:
3827:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–114,
3247:
2071:An encyclopedia of ancient classics edited by
4778:
4481:
3592:Cambridge History of Ancient China chapter 11
1437:A different report of the same events as the
1061:A collection of conversations of the scholar
882:
422:
400:
386:
274:
258:
4526:Hawaii Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture
4306:
4286:
4214:
4178:
4158:
4006:
3961:
3875:Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide
3376:
3119:
3117:
2641:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
679:, Confucius's native state, 722–481 BC.
4473:Hans Bielenstein and Michael Loewe (1993).
4295:
4205:
3824:The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature
450:and needed to pass them in order to become
348:tradition, themselves an abridgment of the
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4785:
4771:
4512:Axel Schuessler and Michael Loewe (1993).
4424:
4260:Timoteus Pokora and Michael Loewe (1993).
3650:"Burning of Books and Burying of Scholars"
3484:
3328:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3059:
2899:of poetry, odes, songs and other writings.
2667:Dialogues between Li Jing and Tang Taizong
719:In 26 BCE, at the command of the emperor,
5101:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
4719:Research Center for Chinese Ancient Texts
4573:
4336:
4278:Michael Carson and Michael Loewe (1993).
4055:
3975:
3238:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
3114:
2820:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
2742:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
2670:, a military strategy book attributed to
2632:, a military strategy book attributed to
1695:Confucianism (excluding Classics branch)
1512:A book of anecdotes and conversations of
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
209:Learn how and when to remove this message
4613:
4374:
4147:
3878:. Society for the Study of Early China.
3448:
3424:
3307:
2967:, a classic book of medicine written by
2764:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
912:
741:), and is the first known editor of the
694:
527:burning of books and burying of scholars
98:by adding descriptive text and removing
4502:
4250:
4196:
3754:
3529:
3472:
3460:
3436:
3191:
2977:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
2693:, a historical record of the states of
2620:A New Account of the Tales of the World
1266:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
690:
360:. A common Chinese word for "classic" (
5218:
4723:CHANT (CHinese ANcient Texts) Database
4241:
4138:
4120:
4093:
3996:Steve Davidson; Michael Loewe (1993).
3781:
3556:
3496:
3412:
3364:
3352:
3272:
2691:Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue
1277:reproduced for the Philosophy branch.
570:
352:. The Chinese classics used a form of
4766:
4585:
4550:
4268:
3899:
3868:
3508:
3400:
3388:
3301:
3203:
3176:
3132:(1). Duke University Press: 129–156.
3123:
3053:
2797:, a contemporary text focused on the
1003:, attributed to Confucius's grandson
3812:
3675:
3668:
3215:
3108:
1675:
1303:A manual of divination based on the
1078:
896:This work was continued by his son,
147:adding citations to reliable sources
118:
66:
25:
4708:Palace Museum Chinese Text Database
4681:The Canonical Books of Confucianism
3734:Fei, Zhangang (2009). "Liu Xiang".
3733:
3162:Csikszentmihalyi & Nylan (2003)
1244:
16:Classic texts of Chinese literature
13:
3630:
3281:) through the life of Liu Xiang".
2914:encyclopedia of political essays,
2837:Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang
2606:, attributed to Cui Hong, is lost.
1307:attributed to the mythical figure
1280:
14:
5252:
5076:Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
4661:
3604:The Classic of Mountains and Seas
3308:Theobald, Ulrich (24 July 2010),
2882:, a collection of folk tales and
2416:History of the Northern Dynasties
2368:History of the Southern Dynasties
1820:Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
1577:
435:, 'essence' in Chinese medicine.
41:This article has multiple issues.
5203:
5191:
5163:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
4179:Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1993b).
3637:
1644:Strategies of the Warring States
1249:
979:and nine commentary chapters by
807:Strategies of the Warring States
575:
478:
446:scholars who wished to take the
123:
71:
30:
4529:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
4346:Edward L. Shaughnessy (1993c).
4168:Edward L. Shaughnessy (1993a).
3595:
3586:
3550:
3539:. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2007.
3502:
3337:
3266:
3253:
3225:
2989:, a poetry collection from the
2986:New Songs from the Jade Terrace
2737:and attributed to Jiao Yanshou.
2654:Commentary on the Water Classic
2241:
1922:. All but one chapter is lost.
1073:
903:
134:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
5126:Biographies of Exemplary Women
4701:Big classic texts database by
4639:Chinese History: A New Manual.
4628:10.1080/02549948.1995.11731268
3847:. Cambridge University Press.
3678:The Journal of Library History
3641:Records of the Grand Historian
3273:Hinsch, Bret (2005). "Reading
3078:
3060:van Voorst, Robert E. (2007).
2586:Biographies of Exemplary Women
2259:Records of the Grand Historian
2112:Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven
1669:, a contemporary of Confucius
1489:A small book giving advice on
1392:Book of Etiquette and Ceremony
1184:The Three Commentaries on the
1173:
1156:
1118:
969:Originally one chapter in the
934:
929:
750:Biographies of Exemplary Women
737:
732:
728:
712:Biographies of Exemplary Women
590:
585:
490:Records of the Grand Historian
473:
370:
365:
361:
307:
275:
259:
1:
4589:The Five "Confucian" Classics
4425:Knechtges, David R. (1993c).
4368:Shen tzu 申子 (Shen Pu-hai 申不害)
3261:Rewriting Early Chinese Texts
3235:The Five "Confucian" Classics
3062:Anthology of World Scriptures
3041:
2602:, a historical record of the
2476:New History of Five Dynasties
2464:Old History of Five Dynasties
2101:Classic of Mountains and Seas
908:
744:Classic of Mountains and Seas
657:system comparable to Western
5236:Classical Chinese philosophy
4503:Durrant, Stephen W. (1993).
3942:Christopher Cullen (1993b).
3920:Christopher Cullen (1993a).
3289:(2). Harrassowitz: 129–157.
3046:
2964:Compendium of Materia Medica
2758:, attributed to Zhou Xingsi.
1665:Attributed to the statesman
756:Biographies of the Immortals
342:Four Books and Five Classics
7:
5156:School Sayings of Confucius
4728:Chinese classic text online
4443:Jeffrey K. Riegel (1993b).
4357:Ch'en Ch'i-yün 陳啟雲 (1993).
4349:Shang shu 尚書 (Shu ching 書經)
4242:Riegel, Jeffrey K. (1993).
4103:David R. Knechtges (1993).
4094:Boltz, William G. (1993b).
4085:David R. Knechtges (1993).
4067:James R. Hightower (1993).
4027:David R. Knechtges (1993).
3900:Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin (1993).
3026:List of early Chinese texts
3019:
2784:, a work on historiography.
2727:, a work modeled after the
1112:The Three Ritual Classics (
675:A historical record of the
10:
5257:
5021:Thousand Character Classic
4416:William G. Boltz (1993d).
4407:Roy Andrew Miller (1993).
4328:Riccardo Fracasso (1993).
4235:Lao tzu Tao te ching 老子道德經
4197:Rickett, W. Allyn (1993).
4188:William G. Boltz (1993c).
4148:Le Blanc, Charles (1993).
3931:William G. Boltz (1993a).
3719:10.1163/156853203322691329
3654:"The First Emperor of Qín"
3625:
3248:Twitchett & Loewe 1986
2755:Thousand Character Classic
1733:
1201:The Commentary of Gongyang
507:Hundred Schools of Thought
18:
5110:
5092:
5030:
4998:
4894:
4846:
4805:
4592:. Yale University Press.
4377:Shen tzu 慎子 (Shen Tao 慎到)
4366:Herrlee G. Creel (1993).
4233:William G. Boltz (1993).
3953:David S. Nivison (1993).
3570:10.1163/9789004339026_002
2296:Records of Three Kingdoms
2200:
1208:The Commentary of Guliang
1168:
1151:
1113:
883:
423:
401:
387:
318:
300:
293:
288:
284:
268:
252:
248:
243:
4926:Etiquette and Ceremonial
4885:Spring and Autumn Annals
4505:Yen tzu ch'un ch'iu 晏子春秋
4484:Wu Yüeh ch'un ch'iu 吳越春秋
4280:Lü shih ch'un ch'iu 呂氏春秋
4139:Loewe, Michael (1993b).
4121:Nylan, Michael (1993b).
4112:Timoteus Pokora (1993).
4016:W. South Coblin (1993).
3987:Anne Cheng 程艾藍 (1993b).
3923:Chiu chang suan shu 九章算術
3557:Hunter, Michael (2017).
3283:Journal of Asian History
3233:(Internet Archive Copy)
3194:, pp. 2–3, 254–255.
3126:Journal of Asian Studies
3064:. Cengage. p. 140.
2850:Four Great Books of Song
2718:, attributed to Wu Jing.
2705:, attributed to Zhao Ye.
2703:Spring and Autumn period
1813:Attributed to Wei Liao.
1730:Seven Military Classics
1616:Similar in style to the
1475:Spring and Autumn Annals
1459:Spring and Autumn Annals
1443:Spring and Autumn Annals
1439:Spring and Autumn Annals
1416:Spring and Autumn Annals
1187:Spring and Autumn Annals
942:. They were selected by
670:Spring and Autumn Annals
608:Spring and Autumn Annals
254:Traditional Chinese
19:Not to be confused with
5241:Series of Chinese books
5048:The Methods of the Sima
5032:Seven Military Classics
5014:Hundred Family Surnames
5007:Three Character Classic
4982:Classic of Filial Piety
4586:Nylan, Michael (2001).
4452:Michael Nylan (1993c).
4418:Shuo wen chieh tzu 說文解字
4384:A.F.P. Hulsewé (1993).
4375:Thompson, P.M. (1993).
4309:Mu t'ien tzu chuan 穆天子傳
4161:Huang ti nei ching 黃帝內經
4130:Michael Loewe (1993a).
4076:A.F.P. Hulsewé (1993).
4069:Han shih wai chuan 韓詩外傳
4045:A.F.P. Hulsewé (1993).
4036:Michael Nylan (1993a).
3999:Ch'un ch'iu fan lu 春秋繁露
3945:Chou pi suan ching 周髀算經
3755:Grebnev, Yegor (2022).
3517:. Harrassowitz: 48–83.
3090:Encyclopædia Britannica
3031:Kaicheng Stone Classics
2716:Emperor Taizong of Tang
2087:Attributed to Shi Jiao
1792:The Methods of the Sima
1736:Seven Military Classics
1484:Classic of Filial Piety
1224:Classic of Filial Piety
946:(1130–1200) during the
793:Classic of Filial Piety
467:Hundred Family Surnames
461:Three Character Classic
407:philosophical treatises
270:Simplified Chinese
100:less pertinent examples
4954:Commentary of Gongyang
4693:in Traditional Chinese
4482:John Lagerwey (1993).
4475:Tung kuan Han chi 東觀漢記
4251:Barrett, T.H. (1993).
4217:K'ung tzu chia yü 孔子家語
4208:Kung sun Lung tzu 公孫龍子
3002:, compiled during the
2733:, composed during the
1883:The Book of Lord Shang
1452:Commentary of Gongyang
985:disciples of Confucius
921:
763:" that appears in the
716:
21:Classic Chinese Novels
5226:Chinese classic texts
4961:Commentary of Guliang
4734:in Simplified Chinese
4307:Rémi Mathieu (1993).
4287:D.C. Lau 劉殿爵 (1993).
4215:R.P. Kramers (1993).
4159:Nathan Sivin (1993).
4007:John Makeham (1993).
3955:Chu shu chi nien 竹書紀年
3737:Encyclopedia of China
3713:(1–3). Brill: 59–99.
3559:Confucius Beyond the
2629:Thirty-Six Strategies
2573:Chronicles of Huayang
2545:Draft History of Qing
2250:Twenty-Four Histories
1836:Thirty-Six Stratagems
1468:Commentary of Guliang
1039:imperial examinations
916:
873:(initial compilation)
698:
600:Warring States period
5140:Four Books for Women
5055:Six Secret Teachings
4823:Doctrine of the Mean
4668:Chinese Text Project
4551:Meyer, Dirk (2012).
4454:T'ai hsüan ching 太玄經
4436:Sun tzu ping fa 孫子兵法
4296:A.C. Graham (1993).
4269:Cheng, Anne (1993).
4206:A.C. Graham (1993).
4038:Feng su t'ung i 風俗通義
3279:Biographies of Women
3036:Ancient Script Texts
3006:, published in 1705.
1841:Recently recovered.
1745:Six Secret Teachings
1535:Doctrine of the Mean
1165:Doctrine of the Mean
1134:Ceremonies and Rites
1011:. It focuses on the
994:Doctrine of the Mean
699:The Han-era scholar
691:Han imperial library
661:or the West African
653:The book contains a
448:imperial examination
143:improve this article
4516:. pp. 490–494.
4507:. pp. 483–489.
4498:. pp. 477–482.
4486:. pp. 473–476.
4477:. pp. 471–472.
4468:. pp. 467–470.
4456:. pp. 460–466.
4447:. pp. 456–459.
4438:. pp. 446–455.
4429:. pp. 443–445.
4420:. pp. 429–442.
4411:. pp. 424–428.
4402:. pp. 415–423.
4390:. pp. 405–414.
4379:. pp. 399–404.
4370:. pp. 394–398.
4361:. pp. 390–393.
4352:. pp. 376–389.
4341:. pp. 368–375.
4332:. pp. 357–367.
4323:. pp. 347–356.
4311:. pp. 342–346.
4302:. pp. 336–341.
4291:. pp. 331–335.
4282:. pp. 324–330.
4273:. pp. 313–323.
4264:. pp. 309–312.
4255:. pp. 298–308.
4246:. pp. 293–297.
4237:. pp. 269–292.
4228:. pp. 263–268.
4219:. pp. 258–262.
4210:. pp. 252–257.
4201:. pp. 244–251.
4192:. pp. 234–243.
4183:. pp. 229–233.
4174:. pp. 216–228.
4163:. pp. 196–215.
4154:. pp. 189–195.
4143:. pp. 178–188.
4134:. pp. 171–177.
4125:. pp. 161–170.
4116:. pp. 158–160.
4107:. pp. 154–157.
4098:. pp. 141–153.
4089:. pp. 137–140.
4080:. pp. 129–136.
4071:. pp. 125–128.
4062:. pp. 115–124.
4051:. pp. 113–114.
4040:. pp. 105–112.
4031:. pp. 100–104.
3535:Daniel K. Gardner.
3179:, pp. 247–249.
3111:, pp. 105–107.
2999:Complete Tang Poems
2735:Western Han dynasty
2686:as its main editor.
2558:New History of Yuan
2404:Book of Northern Qi
2332:Book of Southern Qi
999:Another chapter in
709:, and compiled the
596:Western Han dynasty
571:Western Han dynasty
534:specialists on the
513:. According to the
374:) literally means '
96:improve the article
4635:Endymion Wilkinson
4578:, pp. 121–136
4514:Yüeh chüeh shu 越絕書
4445:Ta Tai Li chi 大戴禮記
4339:Shang chün shu 商君書
4337:Jean Levi (1993).
4330:Shan hai ching 山海經
4056:Jean Levi (1993).
3976:H.D. Roth (1993).
3259:E.L. Shaughnessy,
922:
717:
456:Chinese characters
381:Texts may include
334:Chinese literature
158:"Chinese classics"
5179:
5178:
5147:Lessons for Women
4947:Commentary of Zuo
4912:Book of Documents
4905:Classic of Poetry
4896:Thirteen Classics
4864:Book of Documents
4857:Classic of Poetry
4715:Classics database
4683:, David K. Jordan
4599:978-0-300-08185-5
4566:978-9-004-20808-7
4536:978-0-8248-2785-4
4496:Yen t'ieh lun 鹽鐵論
4022:. pp. 94–99.
4011:. pp. 88–93.
4002:. pp. 77–87.
3991:. pp. 67–76.
3982:. pp. 56–66.
3971:. pp. 48–55.
3957:. pp. 39–47.
3948:. pp. 33–38.
3937:. pp. 24–32.
3926:. pp. 16–23.
3915:. pp. 12–15.
3913:Ch'ien fu lun 潛夫論
3903:Chan kuo ts'e 戰國策
3885:978-1-55729-043-4
3854:978-0-521-24327-8
3798:978-0-140-44375-2
3747:978-7-5000-7958-3
3669:Secondary sources
3614:978-0-140-44719-4
3607:. Penguin. 2000.
3579:978-9-004-33902-6
3545:978-0-872-20826-1
3377:Shaughnessy 1993b
3206:, pp. 29–30.
3164:, pp. 59–99.
3071:978-0-495-50387-3
2934:Dream Pool Essays
2711:Zhenguan Zhengyao
2284:Book of Later Han
2239:
2238:
2231:, and especially
2198:
2197:
1676:Philosophy branch
1673:
1672:
1619:Book of Documents
1575:
1574:
1346:Classic of Poetry
1322:Book of Documents
1107:Classic of Poetry
1100:Book of Documents
1085:Thirteen Classics
1079:Thirteen Classics
1047:Republic of China
1041:, started in the
779:Book of Documents
626:Book of Documents
616:Classic of Poetry
565:Classic of Poetry
543:Book of Documents
537:Classic of Poetry
452:scholar-officials
405:'master texts'),
358:Classical Chinese
350:Thirteen Classics
332:are the works of
322:
321:
314:
313:
295:Standard Mandarin
237:
236:
229:
219:
218:
211:
193:
117:
116:
64:
5248:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5187:
5133:Classic of Music
4794:Chinese classics
4787:
4780:
4773:
4764:
4763:
4631:
4616:Monumenta Serica
4610:
4608:
4606:
4579:
4570:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4517:
4508:
4499:
4487:
4478:
4469:
4457:
4448:
4439:
4430:
4421:
4412:
4403:
4391:
4380:
4371:
4362:
4353:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4321:Pai hu t'ung 白虎通
4312:
4303:
4292:
4283:
4274:
4265:
4256:
4247:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4164:
4155:
4151:Huai nan tzu 淮南子
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4052:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4012:
4003:
3992:
3983:
3972:
3958:
3949:
3938:
3927:
3916:
3907:
3906:. pp. 1–11.
3896:
3894:
3892:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3837:
3815:Kang-i Sun Chang
3809:
3807:
3805:
3778:
3751:
3730:
3701:
3661:
3656:, translated by
3645:
3619:
3618:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3554:
3548:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3319:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3270:
3264:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3231:Nylan, Michael.
3229:
3223:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3180:
3174:
3165:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3121:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3057:
2604:Sixteen Kingdoms
2452:New Book of Tang
2440:Old Book of Tang
2205:
2204:
1684:
1683:
1582:
1581:
1404:Classic of Rites
1382:Classic of Music
1365:The Three Rites
1285:
1284:
1270:Qianlong Emperor
1245:List of classics
1175:
1170:
1158:
1153:
1120:
1115:
936:
931:
886:
885:
786:Classic of Rites
739:
734:
730:
592:
587:
499:emperor of China
428:
427:
404:
403:
390:
389:
372:
367:
363:
326:Chinese classics
310:
309:
286:
285:
280:
279:
264:
263:
244:Chinese classics
241:
240:
232:
225:
214:
207:
203:
200:
194:
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151:
127:
119:
112:
109:
103:
75:
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67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5231:Confucian texts
5216:
5215:
5214:
5204:
5202:
5192:
5190:
5182:
5180:
5175:
5106:
5088:
5026:
4994:
4890:
4842:
4801:
4791:
4703:Academia Sinica
4664:
4659:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4567:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4087:Ho kuan tzu 鶡冠子
4059:Han fei tzu 韓非子
3890:
3888:
3886:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3835:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3767:
3748:
3671:
3666:
3658:David K. Jordan
3648:
3633:
3631:Primary sources
3628:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3555:
3551:
3534:
3530:
3511:Oriens Extremus
3507:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3485:Knechtges 1993c
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3321:
3320:
3315:China Knowledge
3306:
3302:
3271:
3267:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3230:
3226:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3153:
3138:10.2307/3096138
3122:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3022:
3012:Xiaolin Guangji
2916:autobiographies
2892:Wenyuan Yinghua
2879:Taiping Guangji
2827:; a recount of
2533:History of Ming
2521:History of Yuan
2500:History of Liao
2488:History of Song
2244:
2223:Aside from the
2203:
1952:Huangdi Neijing
1738:
1678:
1580:
1498:The Four Books
1283:
1281:Classics branch
1252:
1247:
1081:
1076:
911:
906:
894:
693:
687:
578:
573:
481:
476:
413:, mathematics,
354:written Chinese
330:canonical texts
233:
222:
221:
220:
215:
204:
198:
195:
152:
150:
140:
128:
113:
107:
104:
93:
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5254:
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5243:
5238:
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5228:
5213:
5212:
5200:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5166:
5159:
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5150:
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5129:
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5114:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5041:The Art of War
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4816:Great Learning
4811:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4790:
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3870:Loewe, Michael
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3785:, ed. (1985).
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2873:encyclopedia.
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2863:Taiping Yulan
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1937:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1929:Canon of Laws
1926:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
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1796:
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1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1660:Yanzi chunqiu
1657:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1595:Bamboo Annals
1592:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
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1453:
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1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1374:Rites of Zhou
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1250:Before 221 BC
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:Book of Rites
1138:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1127:Rites of Zhou
1124:
1123:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1068:
1064:
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1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Book of Rites
998:
996:
995:
991:
990:
986:
983:, one of the
982:
978:
974:
973:
972:Book of Rites
968:
966:
965:
961:
960:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
927:
919:
915:
901:
899:
890:
880:
879:
875:
872:
871:
867:
865:
864:
863:Yanzi Chunqiu
860:
858:
857:
853:
851:
850:
846:
844:
843:
839:
837:
836:
832:
830:
829:
825:
823:
822:
818:
816:
815:
811:
809:
808:
804:
802:
801:
797:
795:
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790:
788:
787:
783:
781:
780:
776:
775:
773:
770:
768:
767:
762:
758:
757:
752:
751:
746:
745:
740:
726:
722:
714:
713:
708:
707:
706:Book of Rites
702:
697:
688:
685:
678:
674:
672:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
650:
649:
645:
641:
639:
638:
637:Book of Rites
634:
630:
628:
627:
623:
620:
618:
617:
613:
612:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
583:
582:Five Classics
576:Five Classics
568:
566:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:
549:Book of Rites
545:
544:
539:
538:
532:
531:Five Classics
528:
524:
523:Michael Nylan
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:Qin Shi Huang
492:
491:
486:
483:According to
479:Loss of texts
471:
469:
468:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
433:
426:
420:
416:
412:
408:
398:
394:
384:
379:
377:
373:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:Neo-Confucian
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
317:
308:Zhōngguó gǔjí
305:
303:
299:
296:
292:
287:
283:
278:
273:
271:
267:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
242:
239:
231:
228:
213:
210:
202:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160: –
159:
155:
154:Find sources:
148:
144:
138:
137:
132:This article
130:
126:
121:
120:
111:
101:
97:
91:
89:
85:
80:This article
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5099:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4999:San Bai Qian
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4793:
4638:
4619:
4615:
4603:. Retrieved
4588:
4575:
4556:
4552:
4540:. Retrieved
4525:
4513:
4504:
4495:
4483:
4474:
4465:
4453:
4444:
4435:
4427:Shuo yüan 說苑
4426:
4417:
4409:Shih ming 釋名
4408:
4399:
4386:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4348:
4338:
4329:
4320:
4308:
4298:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4170:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4113:
4104:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4058:
4047:
4037:
4028:
4018:
4009:Chung lun 中論
4008:
3998:
3988:
3978:
3968:Ch'u tz'u 楚辭
3967:
3963:David Hawkes
3954:
3944:
3933:
3922:
3912:
3902:
3889:. Retrieved
3874:
3858:. Retrieved
3843:
3823:
3819:Stephen Owen
3802:. Retrieved
3787:
3756:
3735:
3710:
3706:
3681:
3677:
3653:
3639:
3638:Sima, Qian.
3603:
3597:
3588:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3536:
3531:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3492:
3480:
3473:Durrant 1993
3468:
3461:Rickett 1993
3456:
3444:
3437:Barrett 1993
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3391:, p. 1.
3384:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3339:
3314:
3303:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3260:
3255:
3243:
3234:
3227:
3211:
3204:Nylan (2001)
3199:
3177:Meyer (2012)
3129:
3125:
3104:
3093:. Retrieved
3089:
3080:
3061:
3055:
3010:
3004:Qing dynasty
2997:
2984:
2975:
2962:
2954:compiled by
2952:encyclopedia
2945:
2932:
2909:
2905:Cefu Yuangui
2903:
2890:
2877:
2868:
2861:
2855:Song dynasty
2848:
2835:
2818:
2805:
2799:Tang dynasty
2788:
2775:
2762:
2753:
2740:
2728:
2722:
2709:
2690:
2677:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2627:
2618:
2610:
2597:
2584:
2571:
2556:
2543:
2538:Zhang Tingyu
2531:
2519:
2507:
2499:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2397:Linghu Defen
2392:Book of Zhou
2390:
2378:
2366:
2356:Book of Chen
2354:
2342:
2330:
2320:Book of Song
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2269:
2257:
2248:
2242:After 206 BC
2229:state of Chu
2216:
2211:Description
2188:
2172:
2156:
2144:
2130:Tao Te Ching
2128:
2099:
2080:
2064:
2053:
2042:
2031:
2017:
2007:
1991:
1979:
1961:
1950:
1927:
1913:
1897:
1881:
1869:
1853:
1834:
1818:
1806:
1790:
1774:
1758:
1743:
1714:
1704:Kongzi Jiayu
1702:
1690:Description
1679:
1658:
1642:
1635:Western Zhou
1626:
1617:
1609:
1593:
1588:Description
1564:
1521:
1505:
1491:filial piety
1482:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1380:
1372:
1353:
1344:
1337:Western Zhou
1320:
1296:
1291:Description
1274:Siku Quanshu
1273:
1265:
1261:Siku Quanshu
1259:
1257:
1253:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1172:
1155:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1074:Ming dynasty
1066:
1054:
1034:
1026:
1016:
1000:
992:
970:
962:
948:Song dynasty
940:Confucianism
933:
925:
923:
904:Song dynasty
895:
889:New Prefaces
888:
876:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
771:
764:
761:Nine Laments
754:
748:
742:
736:
724:
718:
710:
704:
686:
682:
668:
646:
635:
624:
614:
607:
589:
581:
579:
564:
560:
553:
547:
541:
535:
519:
514:
497:, the first
488:
482:
465:
459:
437:
430:
418:
396:
382:
380:
369:
329:
325:
323:
302:Hanyu Pinyin
238:
223:
205:
199:October 2023
196:
186:
179:
172:
165:
153:
141:Please help
136:verification
133:
108:October 2023
105:
94:Please help
82:may contain
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
5119:Bai Hu Tong
5093:Mathematics
4752:in Japanese
4622:(1): 1–52.
4605:27 December
4542:27 December
4387:Shih chi 史記
4289:Meng tzu 孟子
4262:Lun heng 論衡
4253:Lieh tzu 列子
4199:Kuan tzu 管子
4141:Hsün tzu 荀子
4123:Hsin shu 新書
4114:Hsin lun 新論
4105:Hsin hsü 新序
3891:27 December
3860:28 December
3804:28 December
3791:. Penguin.
3497:Nylan 1993b
3413:Loewe 1993b
3365:Boltz 1993b
3353:Riegel 1993
3343:Hawkes, 280
3218:, pp.
3216:Kern (2010)
3109:Chan (1972)
2831:'s journey.
2807:Tang Huiyao
2747:Han dynasty
2701:during the
2469:Xue Juzheng
2428:Book of Sui
2380:Book of Wei
2337:Xiao Zixian
2308:Book of Jin
2271:Book of Han
2181:Zhuang Zhou
1799:Sima Rangju
1637:to 453 BC.
1611:Yi Zhou Shu
1602:Jin dynasty
1423:state of Lu
1358:Kong Yingda
1167:" chapter (
1150:" chapter (
1043:Sui dynasty
800:Yi Zhou Shu
677:State of Lu
474:Qin dynasty
376:warp thread
338:Qin dynasty
5220:Categories
5198:Literature
5062:Wei Liaozi
4807:Four Books
4758:東方學デジタル圖書館
4654:0674067150
4466:Tu tuan 獨斷
4171:I ching 易經
4132:Hsin yü 新語
4078:Han shu 漢書
4048:Han chi 漢記
3934:Chou li 周禮
3775:2021053942
3707:T'oung Pao
3401:Cheng 1993
3389:Tsien 1993
3318:, Tübingen
3275:Lienüzhuan
3263:, pp. 2–3.
3095:2023-06-25
3042:References
2969:Li Shizhen
2684:Sima Guang
2659:Li Daoyuan
2563:Ke Shaomin
2550:Zhao Erxun
2503:by Toqto'a
2481:Ouyang Xiu
2457:Ouyang Xiu
2421:Li Yanshou
2373:Li Yanshou
2361:Yao Silian
2349:Yao Silian
2146:Guan Yinzi
2092:Mythology
1920:Shen Buhai
1890:Shang Yang
1862:Guan Zhong
1827:Jiang Ziya
1808:Wei Liaozi
1752:Jiang Ziya
1649:Edited by
1557:Philology
1174:Zhōng yōng
926:Four Books
909:Four Books
655:divination
169:newspapers
88:irrelevant
46:improve it
4798:Confucian
4721:includes
4557:et passim
4494:(1993f).
4464:(1993e).
4398:(1993d).
4319:(1993c).
4299:Mo tzu 墨子
4271:Lun yü 論語
4244:Li chi 禮記
4226:Kuo yü 國語
4029:Fa yen 法言
4019:Erh ya 爾雅
3690:0022-2259
3047:Citations
2920:memorials
2897:anthology
2782:Liu Zhiji
2634:Tan Daoji
2591:Liu Xiang
2526:Song Lian
2433:Wei Zheng
2409:Li Baiyao
2301:Chen Shou
2264:Sima Qian
2165:Lie Yukou
2151:Fragment
2012:Fragment
1986:Fragment
1943:Medicine
1899:Han Feizi
1876:Fragment
1871:Deng Xizi
1846:Legalism
1723:Xun Kuang
1651:Liu Xiang
1432:Zuo zhuan
1313:hexagrams
1194:Zuo Zhuan
977:Confucius
849:Huainanzi
725:Abstracts
721:Liu Xiang
701:Liu Xiang
561:Documents
555:Zuo Zhuan
485:Sima Qian
444:Confucian
415:astronomy
393:histories
84:excessive
52:talk page
4968:Analects
4830:Analects
4713:中國電子古籍世界
3965:(1993).
3872:(1993).
3821:(eds.),
3698:25540352
3561:Analects
3523:24047664
3324:citation
3295:41933413
3020:See also
2939:Shen Kuo
2884:theology
2829:Xuanzang
2790:Tongdian
2578:Chang Qu
2385:Wei Shou
2325:Shen Yue
2225:Shi Jing
2174:Zhuangzi
2073:Lü Buwei
2033:Heguanzi
2024:Shen Dao
2008:Yinwenzi
1963:Nan Jing
1667:Yan Ying
1523:Analects
1217:Analects
1035:Analects
1028:Analects
870:Shuoyuan
835:Zhuangzi
814:Analects
659:geomancy
643:himself.
563:and the
552:and the
540:and the
511:Legalism
493:, after
411:medicine
90:examples
5184:Portals
4989:Mencius
4940:I Ching
4878:I Ching
4837:Mencius
4675:Chinese
4672:English
4190:I li 儀禮
3727:4528923
3626:Sources
3220:111–112
3146:3096138
2993:period.
2924:decrees
2812:Wang Pu
2777:Shitong
2730:I Ching
2682:, with
2672:Li Jing
2646:Liu Xie
2612:Shiming
2514:Toqto'a
2493:Toqto'a
2233:Qu Yuan
2121:Taoism
2055:Guiguzi
1906:Han Fei
1514:Mencius
1507:Mencius
1298:I Ching
1238:Mencius
1093:I Ching
1067:Mencius
1063:Mencius
1056:Mencius
898:Liu Xin
648:I Ching
604:Mencius
458:of the
438:In the
344:in the
183:scholar
5111:Others
4652:
4645:
4596:
4581:Online
4563:
4533:
3882:
3851:
3831:
3795:
3773:
3763:
3744:
3725:
3696:
3688:
3611:
3576:
3543:
3521:
3293:
3144:
3068:
2911:leishu
2870:leishu
2825:Bianji
2795:Du You
2445:Liu Xu
2289:Fan Ye
2276:Ban Gu
2218:Chu Ci
2208:Title
2201:Poetry
2018:Shenzi
1936:Li Kui
1914:Shenzi
1855:Guanzi
1687:Title
1585:Title
1541:Zhu Xi
1288:Title
1272:. The
1157:Dà xué
1009:virtue
981:Zengzi
944:Zhu Xi
918:Zhu Xi
856:Guanzi
828:Shenzi
766:Chu Ci
632:prose.
591:Wǔjīng
185:
178:
171:
164:
156:
5210:China
5170:Xunzi
5069:Wu Zi
4800:texts
3723:JSTOR
3694:JSTOR
3519:JSTOR
3291:JSTOR
3142:JSTOR
2950:, an
2895:, an
2190:Wenzi
2158:Liezi
2137:Laozi
2082:Shizi
1783:Wu Qi
1767:Sunzi
1716:Xunzi
1628:Guoyu
1333:Shang
1119:Sānlǐ
935:Sìshū
878:Xinxu
842:Liezi
821:Xunzi
738:Bielu
515:Shiji
503:Li Si
190:JSTOR
176:books
4975:Erya
4796:and
4746:国学导航
4740:凌云小筑
4650:ISBN
4643:ISBN
4607:2021
4594:ISBN
4561:ISBN
4544:2021
4531:ISBN
3893:2021
3880:ISBN
3862:2021
3849:ISBN
3829:ISBN
3806:2021
3793:ISBN
3771:LCCN
3761:ISBN
3742:ISBN
3686:ISSN
3609:ISBN
3574:ISBN
3541:ISBN
3330:link
3066:ISBN
3009:The
2996:The
2983:The
2974:The
2961:The
2944:The
2931:The
2922:and
2908:, a
2902:The
2889:The
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