Cinema of China - Knowledge

3222: 1751:. Fifth Generation filmmakers reacted against the ideological purity of Cultural Revolution cinema. By relocating to regional studios, they began to explore the actuality of local culture in a somewhat documentarian fashion. Instead of stories depicting heroic military struggles, the films were built out of the drama of ordinary people's daily lives. They also retained political edge, but aimed at exploring issues rather than recycling approved policy. While Cultural Revolution films used character, the younger directors favored psychological depth along the lines of European cinema. They adopted complex plots, ambiguous symbolism, and evocative imagery. Some of their bolder works with political overtones were banned by Chinese authorities. 3106: 10505: 8790: 48: 1572: 5879:[In the past four years, films with more than 100 million viewers in urban and rural areas include: "Xi ying men" 650 million, "Wudang" 610 million, "Shao lin di zi" 520 million, "Wu lin zhi" 500 million, "Cong Nu Li Dao Jiang Jun" 470 million, "Xi'an Incident" 450 million, "Ji Hong Chang" 380 million, "Kai Qiang, Wei Ta Song Xing" 330 million, "Du Shiniang" 260 million, "A General Wearing the Sword" 260 million, "Burning of the Imperial Palace" 240 million] 3118: 718: 12902: 12912: 2766: 10491: 1563:, though sharing a similar subject as the earlier scar dramas, was more realistic in style, and was made only through obfuscating its real script. Shown abroad, it was banned from release in mainland China, while Tian himself was banned from making any films for nearly a decade afterward. After the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, few if any scar dramas were released domestically in mainland China. 647:(1939), with its story of a young Chinese peasant fighting against a foreign invasion, was a particularly good example of Shanghai's continued film-production in the midst of war. This period ended when Japan declared war on the Western allies on 7 December 1941; the solitary island was finally engulfed by the sea of the Japanese occupation. With the Shanghai industry firmly in Japanese control, films like the 431: 1818:, which translates to the 'theme of our times', which scholars suggest is representative of China's socio-political climate and cultural context of popular cinema. These main melody films, still produced regularly in modern times, try to emulate the commercial mainstream by the use of Hollywood-style music and special effects. A significant feature of these films is the incorporation of a " 505: 633:" period (also known as the "Sole Island" or "Orphan Island"), with Shanghai's foreign concessions serving as an "island" of production in the "sea" of Japanese-occupied territory. It was during this period that artists and directors who remained in the city had to walk a fine line between staying true to their leftist and nationalist beliefs and Japanese pressures. Director 1822:", which is a song written as propaganda to support the People's Republic of China. By revolving the film around the motif of a red song, the film is able to gain traction at the box office as songs are generally thought to be more accessible than a film. Theoretically, once the red song dominates the charts, it will stir interest in the film that which it accompanies. 600: 2222:, a slow-moving relationship drama about a team of filmmakers scouting for locations and musical talent in China's rural hinterland. The film is Zhang's highest profile production so far, as it stars actor Wang Xuebing in the leading role. The film was partly financed by iQiyi, the company behind one of China's most popular online video browsing sharing sites. 2862:. Released in 2019, it became the second highest-grossing film of all time in China, the highest-grossing animated non-English film, and the highest-grossing animated film in a single territory. It was with this film that Chinese animated films, as a medium, finally broke the notion in China that domestic animated films are only for children. With 234: 3326:(2008–09). The ease with which ethnic Chinese actresses and actors straddle the mainland and Hong Kong has significantly increased the number of co-productions in Chinese-language cinema. Many of these films also feature South Korean or Japanese actors to appeal to their East Asian neighbours. Some artistes originating from the mainland, like 2683:. It was at this time that Chinese animation as an art form had risen to prominence on the world stage. Completed in 1941, the film was released under China United Pictures and aroused a great response in Asia. Japanese animator Shigeru Tezuka once said that he gave up medicine after watching the cartoon and decided to pursue animation. 788:("Culture Films"), moved away from the leftist tradition and explored the evolution and development of other dramatic genres. Wenhua treated postwar problems in universalistic and humanistic ways, avoiding the family narrative and melodramatic formulae. Excellent examples of Wenhua's fare are its first two postwar features, 829:

that led to its labeling by the Communists as rightist or reactionary, and the film was quickly forgotten by those on the mainland following the Communist victory in China in 1949. However, with the China Film Archive's re-opening after the Cultural Revolution, a new print was struck from the original negative, allowing

3064:(2015) became the first to reach CN¥2 billion. As of 2021, 9 of the top 10 highest-grossing films in China are domestic productions. On 8 February 2016, the Chinese box office set a new single-day gross record, with CN¥660 million, beating the previous record of CN¥425 million on 18 July 2015. Also in February 2016, 327:

Chinese silent films at this time were only comic skits or operatic shorts, and training was minimal at a technical aspect due to this being a period of experimental film. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, filmmaking in China was largely done by film studios and there was comparatively little small scale filmmaking.

490:. In part due to the success of these kinds of films, this post-1930 era is now often referred to as the first "golden period" of Chinese cinema. The Leftist cinematic movement often revolved around the Western-influenced Shanghai, where filmmakers portrayed the struggling lower class of an overpopulated city. 2197:

has been selected to compete in the official competition for the Palme d'Or of the 71st Cannes Film Festival, the highest prize awarded at the film festival. It is Jia's fifth movie, a gangster revenge drama that is his most expensive and mainstream film to date. Back in 2013, Jia won Best Screenplay

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in 2017 and on the other hand is Zhang, a 56-year-old film school professor who spent years working on government commissions and domestic TV shows after struggling with his own projects. Despite their different profiles, they mark an important cornerstone in Chinese cinema and are both credited with

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Many scar dramas were made by members of the Fourth Generation whose own careers or lives had suffered during the events in question, while younger, Fifth Generation directors such as Tian tended to focus on less controversial subjects of the immediate present or the distant past. Official enthusiasm

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In addition to films deemed laudatory, from the middle of 1966 to 1968, the expanding film distribution network screened films characterized as "poisonous weeds" to hundreds of millions of audience members for the purpose of criticizing the films. These criticism screenings were sometimes accompanied

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Until the profusion of mobile projectionist teams in the 1950s, most rural people had not seen a film. The number of movie-viewers hence increased sharply, partly bolstered by the fact that film tickets were given out to work units and attendance was compulsory, with admissions rising from 47 million

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shortly prior to the revolution, is often regarded by Chinese film critics as one of the most important films in the history of Chinese cinema, in 2005, Hong Kong film awards it as the best 100 years of film. Ironically, it was precisely its artistic quality and apparent lack of "political grounding"

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which won Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2000. This multi-national production increased its appeal by featuring stars from all parts of the Chinese-speaking world. It provided an introduction to Chinese cinema (and especially the wuxia genre) for many and increased the popularity of

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Chinese film production developed significantly in the 1920s. During the 1920s film technicians from the United States trained Chinese technicians in Shanghai, and American influence continued to be felt there for the next two decades. Since film was still in its earliest stages of development, most

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revived the practice of mobile rural cinema as part of its 2131 Project which aimed to screen one movie per month per village in rural China and upgrade analog equipment to digital projectors. In 2003, the central government provided more than 400 film projection vans to Tibet and Xinjiang to show

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In the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, two of China's Sixth generation filmmakers, Jia Zhangke and Zhang Ming – whose grim works transformed Chinese cinema in the 1990s – showed on the French Riviera. While both directors represent Chinese cinema, their profiles are quite different. The 49-year-old Jia

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to present and explore history and structure of national culture. As a result of the new films being so intricate, the films were for more educated audiences than anything. The new style was profitable for some and helped filmmakers to make strides in the business. It allowed directors to get away

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The Communist government solved the problem of a lack of film theaters by building mobile projection units which could tour the remote regions of China, ensuring that even the poorest could have access to films. The vast majority of China's people lived in rural areas, and most people in China had

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During this period, the technical level of Chinese domestic animation production has been established comprehensively, and 3D animation films have become the mainstream. However, as more and more foreign films (such as ones from Japan, Europe, and the United States) are being imported into China,

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There is a growing number of independent seventh or post-Sixth Generation filmmakers making films with extremely low budgets and using digital equipment. They are the so-called dGeneration (for digital). These films, like those from Sixth Generation filmmakers, are mostly made outside the Chinese

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After the establishment of the PRC, China's cultural bureaucracy described American films as screen-opium and began criticizing American film alongside anti-drug campaigns. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) sought to tighten control over mass media, producing instead movies centering on peasants,

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The country added about 8,035 screens in 2015 (at an average of 22 new screens per day, increasing its total by about 40% to around 31,627 screens, which is about 7,373 shy of the number of screens in the United States. Chinese films accounted for 61.48% of ticket sales in 2015 (up from 54% last

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than the often lush, far more considered productions of the Fifth Generation. Unlike the Fifth Generation, the Sixth Generation brings a more individualistic, anti-romantic life-view and pays far closer attention to contemporary urban life, especially as affected by disorientation, rebellion and

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held a meeting to introduce a Great Leap Forward in cinema. During the Great Leap Forward, the film industry rapidly expanded, with documentary films being the genre that experienced the greatest growth. Trends in documentary film included "artistic documentaries," in which actors and non-actors

1834:, is a studio that produces main melody cinema. Main melody films, which often depict past military engagements or are biopics of first-generation CCP leaders, have won several Best Picture prizes at the Golden Rooster Awards. Some of the more famous main melody dramas include the ten-hour epic 1264:

The release of filmed versions of the revolutionary model operas resulted in a re-organization and expansion of China's film exhibition network. From 1965 to 1976, the number of film projection units in China quadrupled, total film audiences nearly tripled, and the national film attendance rate

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In the decade following 2010, owing to the influx of Hollywood films (though the number screened each year is curtailed), Chinese domestic cinema faces mounting challenges. The industry is growing and domestic films are starting to achieve the box office impact of major Hollywood blockbusters.

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focuses on the action and romance genres. Enlight usually places several films in China's top 20 grossers. Enlight is also a major player in China's TV series production and distribution businesses. Under the leadership of its CEO Wang Changtian, the publicly traded, Beijing-based company has

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In 1950, 1,800 projectionists from around the country traveled to Nanjing for a training program. These projectionists replicated the training program in their own home provinces to create more projectionists. Nanjing was later termed a "Cradle of People's Cinema." The PRC sought to recruit

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With China's liberalization in the late 1970s and its opening up to foreign markets, commercial considerations have made its impact in post-1980s filmmaking. Traditionally arthouse movies screened seldom make enough to break even. An example is Fifth Generation director Tian Zhuangzhuang's

1177:(1964), exemplify China's increased expertise in filmmaking. Films made during this period are polished, exhibiting high production value and elaborate sets. While Beijing and Shanghai remained the main centers of production, between 1957 and 1960 the government built regional studios in 1977:. While many Fifth Generation filmmakers have become darlings of mainstream Chinese culture, Sixth Generation filmmakers have often experienced harsh treatment by the state's censorship and regulatory system, despite their success at international film festivals and arthouse markets. 1866:(2017) was commissioned by the government to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the People's Liberation Army, and is the third instalment in The Founding of a Republic series. The film featured many young Chinese pop singers that are already well-established in the industry, including 3839:

Huayi Brothers is China's most powerful independent (i.e., non state-owned) entertainment company, Beijing-based Huayi Brothers is a diversified company engaged in film and TV production, distribution, theatrical exhibition, as well as talent management. Notable films include 2004's

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In the years immediately following the Cultural Revolution, the film industry again flourished as a medium of popular entertainment. Production rose steadily, from 19 features in 1977 to 125 in 1986. Domestically produced films played to large audiences, and tickets for foreign

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Beginning in the mid-late 1980s, the rise of the so-called fifth generation of Chinese filmmakers brought increased popularity of Chinese cinema abroad. Most of the filmmakers who made up the Fifth Generation had graduated from the Beijing Film Academy in 1982 and included

622:("New China") closed shop. A large number filmmakers left to join the War of Resistance, with many going to the Nationalist-controlled hinterlands to join the Nationalist film studios Central Motion Picture Studio or China Motion Picture Studio. A smaller number went to 1228:, mobile film projectionist units showed films and slideshows that emphasized class struggle and encouraged audience members to discuss bitter experiences onstage. New films termed "emphasis films" were released to coincide with the campaign, and the film version of 933:

not seen a film until mobile projectionists brought them. Mobile projection teams during the Mao era typically included three to four workers who physically transported film infrastructure through a large geographic area mostly not covered by any electrical grid.

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policies after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre produced an edgy underground film movement loosely referred to as the Sixth Generation. Owing to the lack of state funding and backing, these films were shot quickly and cheaply, using materials like

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In the 1990s, digital production methods replaced manual hand-drawing methods; however, even with the use of advanced technology, none of the animated works were considered to be a breakthrough film. Animated films that tried to cater to all age groups, such as

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The private studios in Shanghai, including Kunming, Wenhua, Guotai, and Datong, were at first encouraged to make new films. They made approximately 47 films during the next two years but soon ran into trouble, owing to the furor over the Kunlun-produced drama

1808:), inspired by Hollywood's strides in musical dramas. In 1987, the Ministry of Radio, Film and Television issued a statement encouraging the making of movies which emphasizes the main melody to "invigorate national spirit and national pride". The expression 3408:

year) with more than 60% of ticket sales being made online. Average ticket price was down about 2.5% to $ 5.36 in 2015. It also witnessed 51.08% increase in admissions, with 1.26 billion people buying tickets to the cinema in 2015. Chinese films grossed

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In the 1950s and the 1960s, the Communist Party built cinemas (among other cultural buildings) in industrial districts on urban peripheries. These structures were influenced by Soviet architecture and were intended to be vivacious but not "palatial."

2048:(2003) for example, is an account of two murderous con-men in the unregulated and notoriously dangerous mining industry of northern China. (Li refused the tag of Sixth Generation, although admitted he was not Fifth Generation). While Jia Zhangke's 1825:

Main melody dramas are often subsidized by the state and have free access to government and military personnel. The Chinese government spends between "one and two million RMBs" annually to support the production of films in the main melody genre.

1938:(1993) was made for US$ 10,000). The title and subjects of many of these films reflect the Sixth Generation's concerns. The Sixth Generation takes an interest in marginalized individuals and the less represented fringes of society. For example, 1786:

The Fifth Generation movement ended in part after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, although its major directors continued to produce notable works. Several of its filmmakers went into self-imposed exile: Wu Tianming moved to the

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Since the late 1980s and progressively in the 2000s, Chinese films have enjoyed considerable box office success abroad. Formerly viewed only by cineastes, its global appeal mounted after the international box office and critical success of

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and when Yuan became Film Bureau chief in 1949, he applied its model to help institute a film exhibition network around the country. The Northeast Film Studio also trained the first generation of communist Chinese documentary filmmakers.

1325:'s role in Antonioni's invitation to China as not only a failure but also treasonous. Since its 2004 release in China, the film has been well-regarded by Chinese audiences, especially for its beautiful depictions of a more simple time. 1762:

The Fourth Generation also returned to prominence. Given their label after the rise of the Fifth Generation, these were directors whose careers were stalled by the Cultural Revolution and who were professionally trained prior to 1966.

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Work as a mobile projectionist was physically and technically demanding. As a result, women projectionists and all-women mobile projection teams were promoted in Chinese media as examples of advancing gender equality under socialism.

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was important in developing the Communist government's theories and practices of rural film exhibition. Yuan and Chen Bo'er transformed the post-Second Sino-Japanese War remnants of the Manchurian Motion Picture Association into the

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in 2015, a computer-animated film, that Chinese animated works took back the rein. The film was a huge hit and broke the record for Chinese domestic animated movies with CN¥956 million at China's box office. After the success of

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During a period when socialist dramas were beginning to lose viewership, the Chinese government began to involve itself deeper into the world of popular culture and cinema by creating the official genre of the "main melody" (主旋律

781:, was a particularly strong success. Its depiction of the struggles of ordinary Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese war, replete with biting social and political commentary, struck a chord with audiences of the time. 1472:

In the late 1980s the film industry fell on hard times, faced with the dual problems of competition from other forms of entertainment and concern on the part of the authorities that many of the popular thriller and

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The film industry continued to develop after 1945. Production in Shanghai once again resumed as a new crop of studios took the place that Lianhua and Mingxing studios had occupied in the previous decade. In 1945,

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News films increased in importance following the Japanese air raid on Shanghai in 1932. The bombing also destroyed significant amounts of the Chinese film industry and resulted in the loss of many early films.

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and other impressive animated movies were released. However, at this time, China still favored the Japanese's more unique, American and European-influenced animated works over the less-advanced domestic ones.

1107:) and in the early 1960s led to more indigenous Chinese films being made, which were less reliant on their Soviet counterparts. During this campaign the sharpest criticisms came from the satirical comedies of 959:

in 1949 to 4.15 billion in 1959. By 1965 there were around 20,393 mobile film units. During the course of the Mao era, the majority of films were shown by such units, with only a minority watched in theaters.

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Upscale movie theaters in China had and contracts which required them to exclusively show Hollywood films, and thus as of the later 1920s, Hollywood films accounted for 90% of screen time in Chinese theaters.

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During this golden era, Chinese animation had developed a variety of styles, including ink animation, shadow play animation, puppet animation, and so on. Some of the most representative works are 《大闹天宫》

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As the Sixth Generation gained international exposure, many subsequent movies were joint ventures and projects with international backers, but remained quite resolutely low-key and low budget. Jia's

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At the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, there were fewer than 600 movie theaters in the country. The government saw motion pictures as an important artform and tool for mass

501:("United China"), the older and larger Mingxing and Tianyi. Both Mingxing and Lianhua leaned left (Lianhua's management perhaps more so), while Tianyi continued to make less socially conscious fare. 4059: 482:(1934). These films were noted for their emphasis on class struggle and external threats (i.e. Japanese aggression), as well as on their focus on common people, such as a family of silk farmers in 660:

During the 1930 and 1940s, both the Chinese Nationalist government and the Japanese occupation authorities sent mobile projectionist units into areas under their control to show propaganda films.

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and the Shaw brothers' Tianyi ("Unique"). Mingxing, founded by Zheng Zhengqiu and Zhang Shichuan in 1922, initially focused on comic shorts, including the oldest surviving complete Chinese film,

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was its party secretary. Northeastern Film Studio began production in early 1947, focusing on news and documentary films, as well as some fiction, educational film for children, and animation.

5877:近四年来城乡观众人次超过 1 亿的影片有:《喜盈门》 6 亿 5 千万,《武当》 6 亿 1 千万,《少林弟子》 5 亿 2 千万,《武林志》 5 亿,《从奴隶到将军》 4 亿 7 千万,《西安事变》 4 亿 5 千万,《吉鸿昌》 3 亿 8 千万,《开枪,为他送行》 3 亿 3 千万,《杜十娘》 2 亿 6 千万,《佩剑将军》 2 亿 6 千万,《火烧圆明园》 2 亿 4 千万 3820: 2966:

economy. Feng has become one of the most successful commercial director in the post-1997 era. Almost all his films made high returns domestically while he used ethnic Chinese co-stars like

1385:, this period represented the peak ticket sales in the history of the Chinese box office. High ticket sales were driven by low ticket prices, with a cinema ticket typically costing between 1189:

to encourage representation of ethnic minorities in films. Chinese cinema began to directly address the issue of such ethnic minorities during the late 1950s and early 1960s in films like

11537: 741:, which would go on to become one of the most important studios of the era (Kunlun Studios merged with seven other studios to form Shanghai film studio in 1949), putting out the classics 2218:, a record number of Chinese films were submitted this year but only Jia's romantic drama was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or. Meanwhile, Zhang will make his debut at Cannes with 1735:, 1991), but they share a common rejection of the socialist-realist tradition worked by earlier Chinese filmmakers in the Communist era. Other notable Fifth Generation directors include 368: 12174: 374: 3812: 1317:, particularly the concept that there is no such thing as art-for-art's-sake, party leadership construed Antonioni's aesthetic choices as politically motivated and banned the film. 1113: 675:, which sought to develop relationships between the communist army and local people in the Yan'an area by showcasing the army's production campaign to alleviate material shortages. 3157:

was another international box office success. Its cast featured famous actors from mainland China and Hong Kong who were also known to some extent in the West, including Jet Li,

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The New Documentary Movement in recent times has overlapped with the dGeneration filmmaking, with most documentaries being shot cheaply and independently in the digital format.

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dissatisfaction with China's contemporary social marketing economic tensions and comprehensive cultural background. Many were made with an extremely low budget (an example is

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Two decades of reform and commercialization have brought dramatic social changes in mainland China, reflected not only in fiction film but in a growing documentary movement.

3221: 2487: 1418: 12872: 6716: 2617:(2010) were all shot in digital format. All had made their impact in the international documentary scene and the use of digital format allows for works of vaster lengths. 352:(Mingxing) production later filmed 18 sequels, marking the beginning of China's esteemed martial arts films. Many imitators followed, including U. Lien (Youlian) Studio's 12831: 12322: 2546:(1997) relates the story of four young women, who moving from rural areas to the big cities like millions of other men and women, have come to Beijing to make a living. 1009: 2902:(2010) was a similar commercial failure. Prior to these, there were examples of successful commercial films in the post-liberalization period. One was the romance film 3087:, published on 8 June 2012, such genres especially the space science films have risen rapidly in the Chinese film market in recent years. On 5 February 2019, the film 2470: 1409: 4859: 2896:

horse thief. The film, showcasing exotic landscapes, was well received by Chinese and some Western arthouse audiences, but did poorly at the box office. Tian's later

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By the early 1980s, there were 162,000 projection units in China, primarily composed of mobile movie teams which showed films outdoors in both rural and urban areas.

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in the 1920s, thus inaugurating the history of Chinese animation. (Chen Yuanyuan 175) Many live-action films of the Republican era also included animated sequences.

2518: 323:) released in 1921, which was a docudrama about the killing of a Shanghai courtesan, although it was too crude a film to ever be considered commercially successful. 3412:

overseas in 2015. During the week of the 2016 Chinese New Year, the country set a new record for the highest box office gross during one week in one territory with

1013:(铁道游击队), dated 1956, the Chinese Communist Party was depicted as the primary resistance force against the Second Sino-Japanese War. Chinese filmmakers were sent to 2583: 2560: 2530: 1481:

to the newly formed Ministry of Radio, Cinema, and Television to bring it under "stricter control and management" and to "strengthen supervision over production."

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Feature film production came almost to a standstill in the early years from 1967 to 1972. Movie production revived after 1972 under the strict jurisdiction of the

901:, the film was banned, the Film Steering Committee was formed to "re-educate" the film industry, and the private studios were all incorporated into the state-run 11430: 4567: 2542: 1239:. To promote campaign themes denouncing U.S. imperialism and promoted Vietnamese resistance, the communist party used film exhibitions and other cultural media. 3290:

and the world, marks the movement of Chinese-language cinema into a domain of large scale international influence. Other examples of films in this mold include

2317:(2005), about a quiet, ordinary Chinese family with three very different siblings in the post-Cultural Revolution era, took home the Silver Bear prize for 2005 988:

of rural workers, encouraging the industrialization and militarization of their labor. Film projection teams operating in rural China were asked to incorporate

12616: 7733: 3816: 1768: 11774: 11469: 5837:[Looking back at Chinese movies over 20 years, from 500 million people watching "Shaolin Temple" to the box office breaking 100 million in one day]. 2608: 2537: 1836: 1247:

During the Cultural Revolution, the film industry was severely restricted. Almost all previous films were banned, and only a few new ones were produced, the

1147: 738: 4606: 12826: 12463: 2550: 4066: 3276:) actors and actresses; the film was co-produced by an array of Chinese, American, Hong Kong, and Taiwan film companies. Likewise, Lee's Chinese-language 1915:

and mostly non-professional actors and actresses, producing a documentary feel, often with long takes, hand-held cameras, and ambient sound; more akin to

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Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh and Darrell William Davis. 2008. "Re-nationalizing China's film industry: case study on the China Film Group and film marketization."

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established diplomatic relations, cultural exchanges between the two countries gradually resumed, including British moves being made available in China.

1034:(1950), directed by Shi Hu, which follows an old beggar reflecting on his past life as a policeman working for the various regimes since 1911. The first 790: 214:. In 2012 the country became the second-largest market in the world by box office receipts. In 2016, the gross box office in China was CN¥45.71 billion ( 8516:

Seio Nakajima. 2016. "The genesis, structure and transformation of the contemporary Chinese cinematic field: Global linkages and national refractions."

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1.87 billion outside China. By December 2013 there were 17,000 screens in the country. By 6 January 2014, there were 18,195 screens in the country.

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depicted re-enactments of four of the communist party's major military victories and was filmed using real ammunition with the participation of the

709:, filmmakers trained in Yan'an and Northeastern Film Studio documented all the major battles leading to the communists' defeat of the Nationalists. 11452: 8144: 737:

returned to Shanghai to revive the Lianhua name as the "Lianhua Film Society with Shi Dongshan, Meng Junmou, and Zheng Junli." This in turn became

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In 2010, Chinese cinema was the third largest film industry by number of feature films produced annually. In 2013, China's gross box office was

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The first truly important Chinese films were produced beginning in the 1930s with the advent of the "progressive" or "left-wing" movement, like

9411: 8220: 2568: 1127:, and Lü was banned from directing for life. Other noteworthy films produced during this period were adaptations of literary classics, such as 2853:. Though none of these movies made headway in regards to the box office, they did make filmmakers more and more interested in animated works. 2016:

region, sharply contrasts with the works of Fifth Generation Chinese directors like Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige who were at the time producing

290:. For the next decade the production companies were mainly foreign-owned, and the domestic film industry was centered on Shanghai, a thriving 11998: 6635: 2679: 2613: 2593: 2578: 1615:

and they soon jettisoned traditional methods of storytelling and opted for a more free and unorthodox symbolic approach. After the so-called

356:(1929), which is still extant. It was during this period that some of the more important production companies first came into being, notably 2746:, did not attract much attention. The only animated works that seemed to achieve popularity were the ones for catered for children, such as 11656: 10893: 10617: 7224: 4716: 4163: 2954: 2588: 1705: 2342: 970:

Rural mobile projectionist teams and urban movie theaters were generally managed through the PRC's cultural bureaucracy. Trade Unions and

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struggled for power and control over the major studios; their influence can be seen in the films the studios produced during this period.

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Yu, Hongmei (2013). "Visual Spectacular, Revolutionary Epic, and Personal Voice: The Narration of History in Chinese Main Melody Films".

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Wang, Qian (23 September 2013). "Red songs and the main melody: cultural nationalism and political propaganda in Chinese popular music".

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sold quickly. The industry tried to revive crowds by making more innovative and "exploratory" films like their counterparts in the West.

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Chen, Yuanyuan. "Old Or New Art? Rethinking Classical Chinese Animation." Journal of Chinese Cinemas, vol. 11, no. 2, 2017, pp. 175-188.

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make it difficult to demarcate the boundary between "Mainland Chinese" cinema and a more international-based "Chinese-language cinema".

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When faced with the complexity of real society, their hands and feet quiver, and they deliriously shoot a bunch of childish fairy tales

11233: 3946: 3783:(2.26%), United Exhibitor Partners (2%), Heng Ye Film Distribution (1.77%) and Beijing Anshi Yingna Entertainment (1.52%). The biggest 10612: 8686: 6514: 1128: 8105: 7295: 4867: 4669: 11572: 11557: 11457: 11314: 11272: 2337: 12816: 7702: 7388: 7361: 7262: 4694: 3936: 3385: 1767:, in particular, made outstanding contributions by helping to finance major Fifth Generation directors under the auspices of the 1404: 1257: 1167: 9421: 5009: 977:

In 1950s China, a common view of film was that it served as "socialist distance horizon education". For example, films promoted

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were domestic productions. As of 2014, around half of all tickets are sold online, with the largest ticket selling sites being

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can be seen as the "Chinese Hollywood", with a total area of up to 330 ha. and 13 shooting bases, including a 1:1 copy of the

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drastically reduced ticket prices which, in its view, would allow film to better serve the needs of workers and of socialism.

315:. Zhang Shichuan then set up the first Chinese-owned film production company in 1916. The first full-length feature film was 12179: 11567: 10629: 10607: 8492: 8407: 8336: 8313: 8046: 7181: 6471: 6196: 6115: 6090: 5935: 5782: 5735: 5700: 5669: 5538: 5513: 5462: 5395: 5334: 5272: 5077: 4739: 4645: 4501: 4345: 4541: 12541: 11814: 11547: 11044: 10116: 5636: 3282:(2007) drew a crew and cast from mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, and includes an orchestral score by French composer 2215: 1638:

The most famous of the Fifth Generation directors, Chen Kaige and Zhang Yimou, went on to produce celebrated works such as

1754:

These films came with a creative genres of stories, new style of shooting as well, directors utilized extensive color and

378:(1926) proved a typical example of their success in the Chinese communities of Southeast Asia. In 1931, the first Chinese 11542: 10913: 10662: 8822: 8426: 7474: 4136: 2189: 1674:. It was during this period that Chinese cinema began reaping the rewards of international attention, including the 1988 340: 301:

Chinese-made short melodrama and comedy films began emerging in 1913. In 1913, the first independent Chinese screenplay,

225:

and encouraging the promotion of "socialist core values", approved by the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

8397: 7026: 4208: 12791: 11442: 11277: 10657: 9893: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8860: 8601:

and Seio Nakajima, "The Evolution of Chinese Film as an Industry," pp. 17–33 in Stanley Rosen and Ying Zhu, eds.,

7956: 7893: 7776: 7633: 7143: 7087: 5429: 2417: 2318: 2286: 2005: 1097: 1077: 372:(1923). Meanwhile, Tianyi shifted their model towards folklore dramas and also pushed into foreign markets; their film 8546:

Semsel, George, Chen Xihe, and Xia Hong, eds. Film in Contemporary China: Critical Debates, 1979–1989", Praeger, 1993.

7505: 7115: 5372:

Braester, Yumi. "The Purloined Lantern: Maoist Semiotics and Public Discourse in Early PRC Film and Drama", p 111, in

4571: 11287: 11264: 11228: 11084: 11079: 10876: 8908: 8817: 8747: 8639:- a website hosted at the University of British Columbia with over 30 early Chinese films with English subtitles, an 8623: 6043: 5727: 5644: 5609: 5585: 5437: 5207: 4471: 4313: 3229: 2813: 2673: 2485:, the documentary ends with four of the artists moving abroad after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. 1373:

per person. Chinese cinema continued to prosper into the early 1980s. In 1980, annual box office admissions stood at

8169: 6955: 6004: 5259:

Li, Jie (2022). "Mobile Projectionists and the Things They Carried". In Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.).

2795: 2362:, who has directed several critically acclaimed movies while following on his acting career. His directorial debut, 12836: 12255: 12250: 12025: 11562: 11218: 10624: 10294: 8845: 8711: 7741: 7536: 3343: 2787: 643: 3097:

reached $ 699.8 million worldwide, which became the third highest-grossing film in the history of Chinese cinema.

833:

to find a new and admiring audience and to influence an entire new generation of filmmakers. Indeed, an acclaimed

686:. Man-ei had state-of-the-art film production equipment and supplies. The former colonial studio was relocated to 12245: 11993: 11737: 11666: 11223: 10951: 10918: 10791: 10599: 8890: 8850: 8832: 8769: 8752: 4610: 8595:, "Art, Politics and Commerce in Chinese Cinema", co-edited with Stanley Rosen, Hong Kong University Press, 2010 8194: 1221:

reenacted events. Film venues also expanded rapidly, including both urban cinemas and mobile projection units.

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in May 1951, the feature was accused of spreading feudal ideas. After the article was revealed to be penned by

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of 26 December 2015 to 1 January 2016 in the United States and Canada. Chinese films grossed CN¥3.83 billion (

3359:

In 1983, there were 162,000 projection units in China, up from less than 600 at the 1949 founding of the PRC.

1559:

for scar dramas waned by the 1990s when younger filmmakers began to confront negative aspects of the Mao era.

334:

After trial and error, China was able to draw inspiration from its own traditional values and began producing

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Hu, Lindan (2017). "Rescuing female desire from revolutionary history: Chinese women's cinema in the 1980s".

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and topped the U.S. box office for two weeks, making enough in the U.S. alone to cover the production costs.

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Chinese cinema grew significantly in the late 1970s. In 1979, annual box office admissions reached a peak of

1161: 1030: 996: 191: 17: 6774: 6601: 3427:

In 2020, China's market for films surpassed the U.S. market to become the largest such market in the world.

3384:(2012) became the first Chinese film to reach ¥1 billion at the box office. As of May 2013, 7 of the top 10 12425: 12420: 11832: 11145: 11091: 11059: 10886: 10078: 9995: 9965: 9919: 8865: 8812: 8737: 8706: 4921: 3182: 1700: 1658: 1499:), which depicted the emotional traumas left by this period. The best-known of these is probably Xie Jin's 1290:

until 1976, when they were overthrown. The few films that were produced during this period, such as 1975's

1225: 7860: 6131:

Ma, Weijun (September 2014). "Chinese Main Melody TV Drama: Hollywoodization and Ideological Persuasion".

5832: 1093:

were part of a genre of redemptive melodramas, which sought to encourage audiences to "speak bitterness".

265: 12626: 12332: 12210: 12195: 11802: 11759: 11695: 11678: 11552: 11074: 10821: 10584: 10314: 10038: 5490:

Ward, Julian. "The Remodelling of a National Cinema: Chinese Films of the Seventeen Years (1949–66)", in

5410:

Ward, Julian. "The Remodelling of a National Cinema: Chinese Films of the Seventeen Years (1949–66)", in

5308:

Ward, Julian. "The Remodelling of a National Cinema: Chinese Films of the Seventeen Years (1949–66)", in

3363: 1831: 1478: 1217: 1133: 971: 878: 743: 206:. China is the home of the largest movie and drama production complex and film studios in the world, the 7564: 2294: 1062:, also were very popular for entertaining and educating children. The most famous of these, the classic 223:

a film law banning content deemed harmful to the "dignity, honor and interests" of the People's Republic

11847: 11727: 11483: 11437: 11420: 11403: 11150: 11114: 10961: 10536: 10474: 10083: 10000: 9924: 9171: 8742: 7338: 7064: 6779: 5774: 5692: 4986: 4903: 4820: 2922: 2904: 2603: 2506: 2322: 2163:). One director of their generation who does not share most of the concerns of the Sixth Generation is 1852: 1547: 952: 834: 683: 8589:, "Chinese Cinema during the Era of Reform: the Ingenuity of the System", Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. 2031:

Many Sixth Generation films have highlighted the negative attributes of China's entry into the modern

682:

helped the Chinese communists to take over the Japanese colonial film establishment in Manchuria, the

12736: 12450: 12042: 11866: 11747: 11700: 11644: 11109: 11054: 10781: 10667: 10594: 10459: 10238: 10151: 9725: 8802: 8615: 8368: 7625: 5952: 4463: 4305: 3971: 3921: 3916: 3894: 3200: 2832: 2665:, which was the first Chinese animated feature film and the fourth, after the American feature films 2524: 2443: 2293:

Recent cinema has seen Chinese cinematographers direct some acclaimed films. Other than Zhang Yimou,

2169: 2159: 1725: 1266: 1248: 848: 567: 543: 440: 207: 6548: 6435: 5813:[In recent years, the opera film "Legend of the White Snake" has the largest audience, reaching 2193:

bringing Chinese movies to the international big screen. Chinese director Jia Zhangke's latest film

12936: 12558: 12534: 12408: 12037: 11983: 11908: 11584: 11519: 11361: 11344: 11322: 11155: 11130: 11069: 10971: 10724: 10639: 8672: 6983: 6895: 6691:"From D-Buffs to the D-Generation: Piracy, Cinema, and an Alternative Public Sphere in Urban China" 5577: 3899: 3808: 3378:

3.6 billion), the second-largest film market in the world by box office receipts. In January 2013,

3316: 2963: 2948: 2909: 2898: 2776: 2369: 2103: 1827: 1712:, who became the Fifth Generation's most recognizable star, especially to international audiences. 1104: 611: 579: 10741: 6643: 6321: 3392:(82 million), Gewara.com (45 million) and Wepiao.com (28 million). In 2014, Chinese films earned 2872:, Chinese animation has now come to be known as a veritable source of entertainment for all ages. 2447:, considered one of the greatest film debuts in Chinese cinema, is also the only film by the late 629:

The Shanghai film industry, though severely curtailed, did not stop however, thus leading to the "

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Semsel, George, ed. "Chinese Film: The State of the Art in the People's Republic", Praeger, 1987.

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People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War

5035: 4795: 4708: 2477:, made between 1988 and 1990, contains interviews with five young artists eking out a living in 1515:(1993). In the 1980s, open criticism of certain past Communist Party policies was encouraged by 385:

was made, the product of a cooperation between the Mingxing Film Company's image production and

12941: 12786: 12751: 12706: 12413: 12220: 12054: 12010: 11988: 11685: 11135: 11039: 10846: 10589: 10408: 9878: 9778: 9750: 9692: 9447: 9340: 8784: 7988: 7655: 7595: 7541: 7120: 7031: 6803: 5890: 5167: 4491: 4190:"Wanda Unveils Plans for $ 8 Billion 'Movie Metropolis,' Reveals Details About Film Incentives" 3911: 3211: 3083: 3030: 2378: 2364: 2175: 2028:(2005). It featured no star of international renown and was acted mostly by non-professionals. 1992: 1520: 1300: 1124: 843: 820: 573: 211: 7930: 6412: 6351: 5919: 5768: 4953: 4633: 671:

established its first film group. In 1943, the communists released their first campaign film,

12676: 12671: 12566: 12403: 12398: 12353: 12289: 12200: 11903: 11852: 11790: 11512: 11349: 11337: 11327: 11096: 10729: 10529: 10469: 10426: 10319: 10264: 10243: 10226: 10141: 9758: 9568: 9553: 9503: 9498: 9294: 9164: 8963: 8900: 8530: 5686: 5182: 3926: 3851: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2331:, 2004) and TV series. There are actors who straddle the dual roles of acting and directing. 2080: 1997: 1939: 1652: 1528: 1524: 1477:

films were socially unacceptable. In January 1986 the film industry was transferred from the

1403:

A number of films during this period drew box office admissions in the hundreds of millions.

1333: 1309:. When it was released in 1974, Communist Party leadership in China interpreted the film as 1303:

to China to film the achievements of the Cultural Revolution. Antonioni made the documentary

1119: 1085: 939: 922: 917: 691: 561: 357: 6795: 5426:

Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century

1920: 1611:

and others. These graduates constituted the first group of filmmakers to graduate since the

276:

on 11 August 1896 as an "act" on a variety bill. The first Chinese film, a recording of the

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at the Skip City International D-Cinema Festival in Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, 22 July 2005

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were a major subset of China's rural projectionists during the Cultural Revolution period.

1025: 1007:

were produced, sponsored mostly as Communist propaganda by the government. For example, in

902: 806: 653: 498: 303: 8561: 7734:"Domestic films' share of box office in Australia and selected other countries, 2000–2009" 6870: 6296:

The Cinema of Feng Xiaogang: Commercialization and Censorship in Chinese Cinema after 1989

6175:

The Cinema of Feng Xiaogang: Commercialization and Censorship in Chinese Cinema after 1989

5924:

The Compendium of (Not Quite) Everything: All the Facts You Didn't Know You Wanted to Know

5688:

The Cinema of Feng Xiaogang: Commercialization and Censorship in Chinese Cinema after 1989

5374:

Witness Against History: Literature, Film, and Public Discourse in Twentieth-Century China

5351: 3367:

films in an effort to oppose what the government viewed as separatism and Westernization.

1670:'s films, though less well known by Western viewers, were well noted by directors such as 1117:

exposes the hierarchical relationships occurring between the cadres, while his next film,

257:

were introduced to China in 1896. They were introduced through foreign film exhibitors in

8: 12882: 12856: 12761: 12756: 12636: 12527: 12430: 12275: 12169: 12164: 12134: 12092: 12015: 11978: 11898: 11883: 11712: 11673: 11380: 10994: 10898: 10649: 10416: 10394: 10339: 10063: 9868: 9793: 9730: 9710: 9682: 9638: 9483: 9284: 7305: 7173: 6929: 6005:"The Irresistible Rise of Asian Cinema-Tian Zhuangzhuang: A Director of the 21st Century" 5104: 5013: 4770: 4661: 3286:. This merging of people, resources and expertise from the three regions and the broader 3194: 3166: 3089: 3036: 2384: 2313: 2233: 2153: 2143: 2133: 2061:

Some of the more prolific Sixth Generation directors to have emerged are Wang Xiaoshuai (

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was established in 1950 and officially opened in 1956. One important film of this era is

1000: 985: 978: 860: 785: 619: 521:

The period also produced the first big Chinese movie stars, such as Hu Die, Ruan Lingyu,

238: 222: 199: 7984:"China Box Office: Jackie Chan's 'Police Story 2013' Tops Chart Dominated by Local Fare" 5893:[Woo Yusen talks to Gao Xiaosong: "The last movie will be made for Tsui Hark"]. 3400:

has around 251 IMAX theaters. There were 299 cinema chains (252 rural, 47 urban), 5,813

393:, which was then played in the theater in-sync with the action on the screen. The first 366:(1922). This soon shifted, however, to feature-length films and family dramas including 12776: 12731: 12711: 12701: 12601: 12317: 12312: 12297: 12149: 12117: 12112: 12005: 11927: 11915: 11824: 11490: 11410: 11398: 11366: 11021: 11016: 10934: 10634: 10384: 10369: 10359: 10173: 10156: 10088: 10007: 9960: 9735: 9720: 9705: 9670: 9525: 9510: 9437: 9396: 9319: 9304: 9269: 9259: 8458:, Southern Illinois University Press 2002 - introduction, discusses 15 films at length. 8443: 8051: 8016: 7925: 7436: 7393: 7333: 7300: 7267: 7092: 7059: 6836: 6264: 6156: 4596:, edited by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (1997). Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 409–410. 4141: 3796: 3776: 3020: 2992: 2857: 2848: 2626: 2411: 2258: 2210:

in 2008. In 2014, he was a member of the official jury and the following year his film

2039: 1916: 1819: 1680: 1430: 1328:

Because China rejection most foreign film importation, comparatively minor cinema like

911: 887: 755: 615: 494: 320: 8365:

Primitive Passions: Visuality, Sexuality, Ethnography, and Contemporary Chinese Cinema

7706: 7365: 7272: 4755: 4686: 12911: 12801: 12716: 12696: 12581: 12571: 12376: 12368: 12082: 11949: 11920: 11878: 11807: 11764: 11722: 11589: 11529: 11301: 11238: 11100: 10881: 10851: 10677: 10389: 10378: 10364: 10344: 10304: 10221: 10211: 10206: 10188: 10121: 10111: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10033: 10028: 10012: 9985: 9975: 9970: 9955: 9858: 9821: 9811: 9801: 9740: 9470: 9442: 9370: 9365: 9355: 9289: 9264: 9243: 9238: 9223: 8619: 8498: 8488: 8447: 8403: 8332: 8325: 8309: 8124: 7629: 7510: 7453: 7410: 7177: 6796: 6609: 6467: 6311:(2011), edited by Song Hwee Lim and Julian Ward, BFI: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 181–182. 6256: 6202: 6192: 6160: 6148: 6111: 6086: 6039: 5972: 5964: 5931: 5778: 5731: 5696: 5665: 5640: 5605: 5581: 5534: 5509: 5494:, edited by Song Hwee Lim and Julian Ward (2011). BFI: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 92–93. 5458: 5433: 5391: 5330: 5268: 4735: 4641: 4497: 4467: 4351: 4341: 4309: 3889: 3874: 3869: 3788: 3283: 3169:. Despite criticisms by some that these two films pander somewhat to Western tastes, 2867: 2273: 1779: 1740: 1667: 1592: 1506: 1337: 1329: 1173: 1047: 1021: 893: 891:(1950), directed by Sun Yu and starring veteran Zhao Dan. In an anonymous article in 838: 706: 668: 469: 386: 362: 195: 59: 7201: 5132:, edited by Song Hwee Lim and Julian Ward (2011). BFI: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 80–81. 5128:

Pickowicz, Paul G. "Chinese Film-making on the Eve of the Communist Revolution", in

4517: 2962:-screened film) which demonstrated the viability of the commercial model in China's 2716:

After Deng Xiaoping's Reform Period and the "opening up" of China, the movies《葫芦兄弟》

1235:

In 1965, China launched the Resist America, Aid Vietnam campaign in response to the

264:

China was one of the earliest countries to be exposed to the medium of film, due to

233: 12846: 12781: 12746: 12681: 12661: 12651: 12611: 12591: 12494: 12487: 12386: 12381: 12307: 12235: 12154: 12069: 12059: 12030: 11966: 11961: 11795: 11769: 11754: 11639: 11617: 11601: 11507: 10956: 10946: 10786: 10579: 10564: 10556: 10349: 10309: 10277: 10272: 10216: 10161: 10136: 10126: 10073: 10068: 10058: 9990: 9980: 9940: 9914: 9888: 9853: 9848: 9836: 9816: 9628: 9613: 9538: 9515: 9391: 9314: 9309: 9208: 8480: 8435: 8390:

Cinema and Desire: Feminist Marxism and Cultural Politics in the Work of Dai Jinhua

7856: 7815: 7737: 6229: 6140: 4967: 3764: 3756: 3740: 3380: 3322: 3153: 3050: 2959: 2913: 2693: 2512: 2282: 2115: 2085: 2050: 1944: 1708:

nominations from the Academy Awards. All these award-winning films starred actress

1274: 1197: 1059: 1043: 769:(1949). Many of these films showed the disillusionment with the oppressive rule of 749: 664: 410: 203: 90: 80: 8521: 8439: 5557:, edited by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (1997). Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 696. 5481:, edited by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (1997). Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 695. 5296:, edited by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (1997). Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 694. 5081: 4939: 4372:, edited by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (1997). Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 409. 1902:

The post-1990 era has been labeled the "return of the amateur filmmaker" as state

12806: 12766: 12741: 12721: 12656: 12631: 12621: 12102: 12020: 11971: 11932: 11596: 11178: 10984: 10871: 10431: 10354: 10299: 10178: 10131: 10093: 9898: 9883: 9873: 9700: 9665: 9643: 9598: 9583: 9578: 9558: 9548: 9543: 9493: 9488: 9416: 9360: 9350: 9335: 9299: 9274: 9233: 9228: 9198: 7617: 7229: 6902: 6461: 6285:(2011), edited by Song Hwee Lim and Julian Ward, BFI: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 181. 5862: 5798: 5756:

viewers watched films every day, creating history at the box office in China]

5717: 5414:, edited by Song Hwee Lim and Julian Ward (2011). BFI: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 90. 5312:, edited by Song Hwee Lim and Julian Ward (2011). BFI: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 88. 4545: 4302:

Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China

3768: 3752: 3105: 3014: 2888: 2351: 2075: 2069: 1773: 1671: 1662:(1993), which were not only acclaimed by Chinese cinema-goers but by the Western 1631:(1984) in particular were taken to mark the beginnings of the Fifth Generation. 1616: 1490: 1314: 1305: 1280: 1064: 770: 418:(1937), starring Zhou Xuan, became one of the most popular film genres in China. 254: 243: 10504: 8473:

Building a New China in Cinema: The Chinese Left-Wing Cinema Movement, 1932–1937

5993:

edited by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (1997). Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 698.

3256:) who works often in Hollywood. Its pan-Chinese leads include mainland Chinese ( 3148:

remains the most commercially successful foreign-language film in U.S. history.

1715:

Diverse in style and subject, the Fifth Generation directors' films ranged from

955:

projectionists in an effort to more effectively reach marginalized communities.

921:(1950). One of the production bases in the middle of all the transition was the 12726: 12691: 12646: 12641: 12550: 12503: 12435: 12358: 12205: 12159: 12144: 12139: 12122: 12107: 11893: 11248: 11243: 11173: 10759: 10464: 10454: 10421: 10374: 10289: 10183: 9863: 9831: 9826: 9715: 9633: 9623: 9608: 9593: 9461: 9406: 9375: 6356: 5724:

An Industry Perspective of China's Film and Television Investment and Financing

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Chinese animated works is left in the shadows of these animated foreign films.

2653: 2555: 2245: 2121: 2035: 1987: 1929: 1055: 1051: 948: 312: 308: 269: 187: 2250:

which have premiered at festivals such as Cannes and received acclaim abroad.

1635:

became one of the first Chinese art films to attract international attention.

1340:

screened during this period, many Chinese audience members were introduced to

12930: 12905: 12468: 12215: 12049: 11888: 11690: 11011: 10999: 10841: 10702: 9841: 9653: 9618: 7565:"China Box Office Ends Year With $ 6.77B; On Way To Overtaking U.S. In 2017?" 7027:"Feng Xiaogang Unveils Epic 'Remembering 1942' at the Shanghai Film Festival" 6960: 6613: 6260: 6206: 6152: 6144: 6008: 5976: 5968: 4355: 3748: 3401: 3397: 3278: 3273: 3162: 2987: 2971: 2967: 2943: 2421:(2006) are both representative of the generation trends of the feature film. 2401:

film system and are shown mostly on the international film festival circuit.

2327: 2055: 1912: 1788: 1720: 1695: 1621: 1600: 1516: 1511: 1501: 1495:

The end of the Cultural Revolution brought the release of "scar dramas" (傷痕剧

1444: 1359: 1209: 989: 869: 699: 394: 390: 183: 8502: 7537:"China Box Office Grows Astonishing 49 Percent in 2015, Hits $ 6.78 Billion" 6233: 2986:

However, not all domestic films are successful financially. In January 2010

2534:(2013), cemented his reputation as a leading documentarist of the movement. 12508: 12393: 12265: 12230: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10816: 10811: 10801: 10719: 10714: 10509: 9648: 9603: 9588: 9573: 9187: 8606: 6067: 4108: 3884: 3784: 3393: 3310: 3261: 3225: 3071: 3060: 2645: 2277:(1995) explore narratives set in the sparse terrain of West China near the 2262: 2013: 1748: 1716: 1627: 1533: 1519:

as a way to reveal the excesses of the Cultural Revolution and the earlier

1287: 1073: 1018: 815: 734: 721: 618:, ended this golden run in Chinese cinema. All production companies except 513: 478: 335: 277: 258: 8640: 6665: 6085:(Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 639–640. 5533:(Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 370–373. 5508:(Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 372–373. 5390:(Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 371–372. 5211: 3755:(US$ 542 million). The biggest distributors by market share in 2014 were: 2335:, a popular Chinese actress, has made six movies to date. Her second film 272:. The first recorded screening of a motion picture in China took place in 47: 12915: 12087: 11004: 10989: 10796: 10754: 10749: 10697: 10495: 10449: 9658: 8225: 7961: 7506:"Movie ticket sales jump 48% in China, but Hollywood has reason to worry" 7479: 6988: 5927: 5895: 5839: 5809:: 中国戏剧家协会福建分会 (Fujian Branch of China Dramatists Association): 11. 1985. 4023: 3879: 3772: 3760: 3188: 3117: 3110: 3025: 2841:, several other high-quality animated films were released, such as《大鱼海棠》 2460: 2304: 2278: 2044: 1925: 1894: 1857: 1764: 1744: 1685: 1604: 1588: 1571: 1538: 1474: 1457: 1341: 1310: 1236: 1069: 982: 778: 717: 549: 526: 459: 449: 435: 85: 8383:

Women Through the Lens: Gender and Nation in a Century of Chinese Cinema

7116:"China Box Office: 'Mermaid' Becomes Top-Grossing Film Ever With $ 400M" 6268: 4164:"Breathtaking Photos From Inside the China Studio Luring Hollywood East" 992:

into their work to introduce national policies and political campaigns.

218:). China has also become a major hub of business for Hollywood studios. 12260: 11168: 10979: 10707: 6347: 6035: 3834: 3389: 3331: 3265: 3257: 3158: 2649: 2422: 2402: 2332: 2308: 2223: 2138: 2032: 1974: 1967:

frowned upon by many state authorities, while Jia Zhangke's debut film

1952: 1908: 1903: 1871: 1596: 1322: 1318: 1039: 1035: 934: 926: 898: 695: 634: 584: 379: 179: 8080:"China Box Office Expands by $ 2 Billion to Hit $ 8.6 Billion in 2017" 6744:"Dancing with Myself,Drifting with My Camera: The Emotional Vagabonds" 5236:, ed. Yingjin Zhang (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), p. 8. 3018:(1997) grossed ten times its budget of ¥3 million. Likewise, the 2006 12270: 12225: 11163: 11104: 9675: 8651: 8461: 5770:

The Uses of Literature: Life in the Socialist Chinese Literary System

5742:

1979 年中国大陆生产的影片只有 50 多部,但观众人次达到了 279 亿,平均每天有 7 千万人次的观众看电影,创造了中国电影票房史上

5664:(Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 638. 5457:(Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 373. 5329:(Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 371. 4460:

Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China

3287: 3094: 2708:, which have also won lofty praise and numerous awards in the world. 2482: 2359: 2226:

is also a notable member of the sixth generation whose works include

1949: 1875: 1867: 1814: 1792: 1755: 1542: 1178: 773:'s Nationalist Party and the struggling oppression of nation by war. 623: 603: 555: 530: 8273: 8247: 5920:"Some films that probably sold more tickets than any Avengers movie" 3100: 2952:(1997) was heralded as a turning point in Chinese movie industry, a 2765: 1108: 873:(1951) were among the biggest film events in the PRC's early years. 12345: 12338: 11651: 8636: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8360: 6886:, Harry H. Kuoshu, Southern Illinois University Press (2002), p 202 3443: 3371: 3339: 3335: 3269: 3055: 2975: 2908:(1980), which was a success with older Chinese. The film broke the 2346: 2299: 2164: 1956: 1736: 1663: 1619:

in fiction had paved the way for frank discussion, Zhang Junzhao's

1608: 1580: 1386: 1182: 1142: 1004: 679: 534: 349: 295: 291: 273: 8664: 8583:(National Cinemas Series.), Routledge 2004 - general introduction. 8221:"Chinese Media Stocks Stage Major Rally in U.S. and Asian Markets" 5633:

Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi

3028:, was made for just 3 million HKD/US$ 400,000. In 2009–11, Feng's 2437:(2010), blurring the line between documentary and narrative film. 2392:

had become the highest grossing domestic film in China's history.

1840:(大决战, 1991), directed by Cai Jiawei, Yang Guangyuan and Wei Lian; 1771:(which he took over in 1983), while continuing to make films like 12519: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10521: 7622:

China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict

7293: 6854: 5320: 5318: 4019:"China Box Office Surges by Annual 83% in 2023 to $ 7.73 Billion" 3253: 3130: 2598: 2478: 2406: 2097: 1969: 1960: 1878:, so as to further the film's reputation as a main melody drama. 1847: 1709: 1552: 1186: 1156: 1152: 538: 522: 508: 497:

dominated the market in the early to mid-1930s: the newly formed

287: 8355:

National Identity in Global Cinema: How Movies Explain the World

8145:"China: box office revenue share by region of movie origin 2018" 7853:"Top 20 countries ranked by number of cinema screens, 2005–2010" 7777:"Table 11: Exhibition - Admissions & Gross Box Office (GBO)" 5600:

Zhang, Yingjin & Xiao, Zhiwei. "Breaking with Old Ideas" in

3739:

As of April 2015, the largest Chinese film company by worth was

1352: 12440: 9156: 8487:. Paris: Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou. 8103: 5806: 3327: 3249: 2979: 2917: 2856:

This all changed with the breakthrough animated film, 《哪吒之魔童降世》

2641: 2427: 2373: 2358:

The most highly regarded Chinese actor-director is undoubtedly

2148: 1646: 1296:, were highly regulated in terms of plot and characterization. 1252: 1138: 1014: 974:

propaganda departments also operated film exhibition networks.

825: 687: 408:

by Great China Studio and Jinan Studio. Musical films, such as

397: 248: 8456:

Celluloid China: Cinematic Encounters with Culture and Society

7591:"China Box Office Breaks World Record With $ 548M in One Week" 7172:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: 6884:

Celluloid China: cinematic encounters with culture and society

6032:

Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation

5748:

produced in mainland China, but the number of viewers reached

5315: 1527:." For instance, the Best Picture prize in the inaugural 1981 1505:(1986), although they could be seen as late as the 1990s with 678:

Following Japan's unconditional surrender in August 1945, the

430: 10552: 8513:

New York: Columbia University Press, 2021. ISBN 9780231188135

8047:"China Box Office Growth at 49% as Total Hits $ 6.78 Billion" 6913: 3992:

Notably Zhang Yimou served as cinematographer for both films.

3983:

Lianhua's original English name is "United Photoplay Service"

3134: 3081:

Under the influence of Hollywood science fiction movies like

2927: 2893: 2699: 2448: 2345:

Best Director award. Another popular actress and director is

2058:

in the backdrop of an internationally themed amusement park.

1443:

ticket sales each. The highest-grossing foreign film was the

847:(1948), by the same director (Fei Mu), was the first Chinese 8308:(3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 7812:"Top 20 countries by number of cinema admissions, 2005–2010" 7144:"China Box Office: February and 'The Mermaid' Smash Records" 6541:"Minimalism and Maximalism: The 42nd New York Film Festival" 3040:(2010) became China's highest grossing domestic films, with 1313:

and anti-Chinese. Viewing art through the principles of the

777:, a three-hour-long two-parter directed by Cai Chusheng and 599: 8353:

Carlo Celli. "China's Confucian, Misogynistic Nationalism"

6322:"Chinese Main Melody Film Wins Over Young Moviegoers | CFI" 6110:(Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 638–640. 3174: 2004:

was a surprise addition and Golden Lion winner of the 2006

1928:, who shoots on digital video, and formerly on 16 mm; 1576: 517:(1935), who gained fame during China's golden age of cinema 7225:"As Its Box Office Booms, Chinese Cinema Makes a 3-D Push" 5304: 5302: 5288: 5286: 5284: 4734:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. chs. 7–8. 4209:"New law, slowing sales take shine off China's box office" 3855:

achieved a market capitalization of nearly US$ 1 billion.

504: 4980: 2388:(2010), were similarly well received. By the early 2011, 2368:(1994) was the first PRC film to win Best Picture at the 1003:, 603 feature films and 8,342 reels of documentaries and 694:, the communist party's first full-capacity film studio. 268:

sending his cameraman to Shanghai a year after inventing

8392:, eds. Jing Wang and Tani E. Barlow. London: Verso 2002. 6602:"'The Wild Goose Lake' Review: A Noir Thriller in Wuhan" 6307:

Braester, Yomi. "Contemporary Mainstream PRC Cinema" in

6298:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008, p. 38–39. 6281:

Braester, Yomi. "Contemporary Mainstream PRC Cinema" in

3074:, became the highest-grossing film in China, overtaking 2996:

was pulled out from non-3D theaters for Hu Mei's biopic

2875: 1795:, while many others went into television-related works. 8399:

Chinese Animation: A History and Filmography, 1922-2012

8331:(Paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8106:"China's box office increases by 9% to $ 8.9bn in 2018" 6571:"Chinese director Jia Zhangke competing at Cannes 2018" 6189:

Staging China: new theatres in the twenty-first century

5299: 5281: 2934:, for example). Another successful commercial film was 594: 8565:

Yingjin Zhang (Author), Zhiwei Xiao (Author, Editor),

7950: 7948: 7362:"Internet Giants Move From Behind the Camera to Front" 6871:"Animation and Cartoons 卡通與漫畫 - Chinese Film Classics" 6819:

Cinema, Space, and Polylocality in a Globalizing China

2469:(1990) is now seen as one of the first works of this " 1897:'s accusation of China's older filmmakers in an essay. 1344:

and modernist storytelling techniques and aesthetics.

7294:

Stephen Cremin and Patrick Frater (January 3, 2013).

6376:""There Is No Sixth Generation!" Director Li Yang on 6177:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008, p. 35. 6105: 6080: 5659: 5528: 5503: 5452: 5385: 5324: 4340:. Zhu, Yun, 1979-. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2182: 1523:, also helping to legitimize Deng's new policies of " 1155:

story). The most prominent filmmaker of this era was

1123:(1957), was labeled as a "poisonous weed" during the 5012:. University of California-San Diego. Archived from 4544:. University of California-San Diego. Archived from 3835:

Notable independent (non-state-owned) film companies

3012:

also made little money, but his earlier, low-budget

7945: 7170:

The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History

5064:"Wanderings of Three Hairs the Orphan 三毛流浪記 (1949)" 3932:

List of Chinese film production companies (pre-PRC)

3078:. It is also the first film to reach CN¥3 billion. 2659:

In 1937, the Wan brothers decided to produce 《铁扇公主》

2355:(2013) was a huge box office and critical success. 1242: 1103:The thawing of censorship in 1956–57 (known as the 29:"Chinese Cinema" redirects here. For the book, see 8324: 7222: 5715: 4848:(Rowman and Littlefield Productions, Oxford, 2002) 4599: 3942:List of film production companies by country#China 3743:(US$ 8.77 billion). Other large companies include 2892:(1986), a narrative film with minimal dialog on a 2481:, subject to state authorized tasks. Shot using a 2395: 2303:(1998), a black comedy film well received abroad. 2214:was nominated. According to entertainment website 1452:(1976), which released in 1978 and sold more than 8539:Semsel, George, Xia Hong, and Hou Jianping, eds. 8478: 7896:. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from 7779:. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from 7648: 6741: 6627: 4388: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4060:"China Film Industry Report 2014-2015 (In Brief)" 4011: 3101:Chinese international cinema and successes abroad 2926:(1982) was an instant hit at home and abroad (in 2494:Another internationally acclaimed documentary is 12928: 8576:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999. 8303: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8034: 7440:. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 6717:"100 best Chinese Mainland Films: the countdown" 5376:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003. 3210:were critically acclaimed around the world. The 3002:, but this move led to a backlash on Hu's film. 8574:Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai, 1922–1943 8376:Annotated Bibliography For Chinese Film Studies 7534: 7397:. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015 6633: 6538: 5234:Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai, 1922–1943 4857: 2409:are two of these generation filmmakers. Ying's 2290:(1994) won a myriad of prizes home and abroad. 2012:, which concerns provincial workers around the 1566: 31:Chinese Cinema: Culture and Politics since 1949 8612:Chinese Women's Cinema: Transnational Contexts 8218: 8012:"China Surges 36% in Total Box Office Revenue" 8009: 7954: 7918: 7705:. EntGroup Inc. Beijing Review. Archived from 7651:"Report: China b.o. to overtake Japan in 2015" 7472: 7326: 7052: 6798:Chinese Documentaries: From Dogma to Polyphony 6515:"Filming the Dark Side Of Capitalism in China" 6369: 6367: 6034:. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK: 5989:Yau, Esther. "China After the Revolution", in 5953:"The Film Industry in China: Past and Present" 5553:Yau, Esther. "China After the Revolution", in 5477:Yau, Esther. "China After the Revolution", in 5292:Yau, Esther. "China After the Revolution", in 5080:. British Film Institute. 2004. Archived from 4123: 3346:and have acted in many Hong Kong productions. 3054:(2012) became the first Chinese film to reach 1261:, directed by Pan Wenzhan and Fu Jie in 1970. 194:, one of three distinct historical threads of 12535: 12188: 10537: 9172: 8680: 8603:Art, Politics and Commerce in Chinese Cinema, 8044: 8031: 7503: 7009: 6489:"A Touch of Sin: Interview with Jia Zhang-ke" 6433: 5951:Aranburu, Ainhoa Marzol (January–June 2017). 5007: 4631: 4539: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4396:. The University of Vienna- Sinologie Program 4391:"Chinese Film History - A Short Introduction" 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 3848:, which had a 91% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. 1860:and Fifth Generation director Huang Jianxin. 1791:(but later returned), Huang Jianxin left for 1465:(1971) which released in 1979 and sold about 1353:Box office boom after the Cultural Revolution 438:, a superstar during the silent film era, in 8322: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7912: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7678: 6981: 6512: 6466:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 47–48. 6057: 6055: 4634:"Chapter 24 - Chinese Cinema and Technology" 4489: 4137:"China Box Office Crawls to 3% Gain in 2016" 1759:from reality and show their artistic sense. 995:In the 17 years between the founding of the 925:. American films were banned as part of the 389:'s sound technology. However, the sound was 8541:Chinese Film Theory: A Guide to the New Era 8395: 8304:Bordwell, David; Thompson, Kristin (2010). 8129:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7894:"Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure - Capacity" 7888: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7562: 7499: 7497: 7364:. EntGroup Inc. China Daily. Archived from 6953: 6772: 6486: 6373: 6364: 5957:Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business 5855: 5567: 5565: 5563: 4104:"China reveals box office toppers for 2016" 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 3404:and 24,317 screens in the country in 2014. 3044:earning ¥670 million (US$ 105 million) and 2794:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2454: 2325:is another cinematographer who made films ( 1347: 1336:developed mass audiences in China. Through 606:, an iconic Chinese singer and film actress 12542: 12528: 10544: 10530: 9179: 9165: 8687: 8673: 8402:. Illustrated by Bryn Barnard. McFarland. 8170:"China: number of movie tickets sold 2018" 8104:Shackleton2019-01-02T00:38:00+00:00, Liz. 7475:"IMAX China Sets Cautious IPO Share Price" 7329:"So Young enters China's all-time top ten" 7088:"China Has Biggest Ever Day At Box Office" 7055:"So Young enters China's all-time top ten" 6918:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 456. 6398: 6396: 6346: 5883: 4524: 4375: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 3947:List of highest-grossing non-English films 2830:It was only with the release of 《西游记之大圣归来》 1484: 1377:tickets sold, equivalent to an average of 1369:tickets sold, equivalent to an average of 1076:and won the Outstanding Film award at the 541:. Other major films of the period include 511:, a Korean-born Chinese actor featured in 46: 7996: 7957:"China Adds 5,000 Cinema Screens in 2013" 7675: 7432:"China B.O. passes RMB20 billion in 2013" 7429: 7024: 6052: 6023: 6002: 4485: 4483: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4101: 3354: 3342:, obtained Hong Kong residency under the 2814:Learn how and when to remove this message 2504:(2003). Wang's subsequent documentaries, 2498:'s nine-hour tale of deindustrialization 2343:San Sebastián International Film Festival 804:(1947). Another memorable Wenhua film is 348:was so successful at the box office, the 8475:, Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc 2002. 8073: 8071: 8069: 7875: 7756: 7494: 7386: 7260: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7198:"Zhou Xun Obtains Hong Kong Citizenship" 6914:Louise Edwards; Elaine Jeffreys (2010). 6029: 5950: 5744:[In 1979, there were only more than 5631:Sorace, Christian (2019). "Aesthetics". 5560: 5143:"Module 8: Long Live the Missus! (1947)" 5036:"Spring River Flows East 一江春水向東流 (1947)" 4681: 4679: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4039: 3220: 3116: 3104: 3058:1 billion at the Chinese box office and 1830:, the film and TV production arm of the 1570: 716: 598: 503: 429: 232: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7700: 7588: 7530: 7528: 7113: 6402: 6393: 6186: 5917: 5911: 5728:Communication University of China Press 5604:. Taylor & Francis (1998), p. 101. 5349: 4570:. Ohio State University. Archived from 4542:"A Centennial Review of Chinese Cinema" 4338:Historical dictionary of Chinese cinema 4335: 4206: 4084: 3937:List of highest-grossing films in China 2880: 2265:-like films set in Chinese locale. His 1881: 14: 12929: 11479:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 8551:Sinascape: Contemporary Chinese Cinema 8077: 7359: 7223:Brenhouse, Hillary (31 January 2011). 7161: 7141: 7085: 6956:"Feng Xiaogang: the Chinese Spielberg" 6463:Sinascape: Contemporary Chinese Cinema 6071:, 2002-08-01. Retrieved on 2007-04-28. 5811:近年拍摄的戏曲片《白蛇传》观众人数最多,达七亿人次、《七品芝麻官》五亿人次。 5630: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5571: 5261:Material Contradictions in Mao's China 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5208:"Welcome to the Hong Kong Film Awards" 4592:Berry, Chris. "China Before 1949", in 4480: 4368:Berry, Chris. "China Before 1949", in 4134: 1729:, 1985) to the esoteric (Chen Kaige's 854: 814:with an original screenplay by writer 649:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 12523: 10525: 9160: 8668: 8641:online course on early Chinese cinema 8527:Memoirs From The Beijing Film Academy 8066: 7649:Jonathan Landreth (15 October 2010). 7589:Brzeski, Patrick (15 February 2016). 7563:Tartaglione, Nancy (1 January 2016). 7423: 7249: 7167: 7142:Papish, Jonathan (29 February 2016). 7114:Brzeski, Patrick (19 February 2016). 6816: 6599: 6249:Modern Chinese Literature and Culture 5684: 5103:Rea, Christopher (14 February 1947). 4768: 4676: 4672:from the original on 18 October 2023. 4408: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4207:Edwards, Russell (15 November 2016). 2876:New models and the new Chinese cinema 2491:(2001) is another documentary by Wu. 2466:Bumming in Beijing: The Last Dreamers 1798: 8323:Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey, ed. (1997). 7834: 7795: 7721: 7663:from the original on 7 November 2013 7535:Patrick Brzeski (31 December 2015). 7525: 7473:Patrick Frater (30 September 2015). 7014:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 357. 6742:Reynaud, Berenice (September 2003). 6636:"Resurrection takes China BO record" 6219: 5766: 5760: 5637:Australian National University Press 5417: 5168:"Spring in a Small Town 小城之春 (1948)" 4697:from the original on 1 October 2023. 4609:. The Chinese Mirror. Archived from 4457: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4135:Frater, Patrick (31 December 2016). 3821:China Film Group Digital Cinema Line 3416:, overtaking the previous record of 3173:was a phenomenal success in most of 3144:many earlier Chinese films. To date 3124:, a Chinese actor, singer, and model 2792:adding citations to reliable sources 2759: 2644:animation, the self-taught pioneers 2425:made two dGeneration feature films, 981:. Cinema also sought to develop the 761:Wanderings of Three-Hairs the Orphan 712: 595:Japanese occupation and World War II 12175:Major Historical and Cultural Sites 8694: 7086:Frater, Patrick (9 February 2016). 6837:"Icarus Films: Featured Filmmakers" 6793: 5918:Elledge, Jonn (16 September 2021). 5817:people, and "Sesame Official" with 5615: 5423: 5239: 5180: 5102: 4858:Kraicer, Shelly (6 December 2005). 4729: 4607:"《Legend of the White Snake》(1926)" 2940:(405谋杀案, 1980), a murder thriller. 2635: 2190:Pingyao International Film Festival 2054:(2004) emphasizes the emptiness of 1299:In 1972, Chinese officials invited 1255:version of the revolutionary opera 1159:, whose three films in particular, 1038:Chinese film was produced in 1960. 684:Manchukuo Film Association (Man-ei) 425: 24: 12549: 11313: 10551: 8605:Hong Kong University Press, 2010. 8423: 8385:, University of Hawaii Press 2003. 8378:, Hong Kong University Press 2004. 8347: 8327:The Oxford history of world cinema 8195:"China: cinema screen number 2019" 8078:Frater, Patrick (1 January 2018). 8045:Variety Staff (31 December 2015). 7955:Patrick Frater (17 January 2014). 7919:Patrick Frater (10 January 2013). 7616: 7504:Julie Makinen (29 December 2015). 6459: 6403:Corliss, Richard (26 March 2001). 6246: 6130: 5991:The Oxford history of world cinema 5825: 5791: 5555:The Oxford History of World Cinema 5479:The Oxford History of World Cinema 5430:University of North Carolina Press 5294:The Oxford History of World Cinema 5258: 5181:Rea, Christopher (22 April 2021). 4985:. ChinaCulture.org. Archived from 4981:Ministry of Culture Staff (2003). 4954:"Song of the Fishermen 漁光曲 (1934)" 4719:from the original on 21 July 2023. 4594:The Oxford History of World Cinema 4370:The Oxford History of World Cinema 4299: 3787:in 2014 by box office gross were: 2319:Berlin International Film Festival 2287:Red Firecracker, Green Firecracker 2253: 2183:Notable Sixth Generation directors 2006:Venice International Film Festival 1251:. The most notable of these was a 1078:London International Film Festival 1068:(two parts, 1961, 4), was made by 583:(1937). Throughout the 1930s, the 98:Produced feature films (2016) 25: 12953: 11470:Political Consultative Conference 8659:A Journal of Chinese Film History 8630: 8553:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. 8511:Chinese Film Classics, 1922–1949. 8010:Patrick Frater (4 January 2015). 6634:Cremin, Stephen (July 24, 2012). 6539:Rapfogel, Jared (December 2004). 5232:Zhang Yingjin, "Introduction" in 5050:"Crows and Sparrows 烏鴉與麻雀 (1949)" 4821:"Module 4: The Great Road (1934)" 4568:"A Brief History of Chinese Film" 4540:Zhang Yingjin (10 October 2003). 4322: 4226: 3734: 3248:, for example, was directed by a 3230:Tokyo International Film Festival 2912:as the longest-running film on a 2540:, the first woman in the NDM, in 12910: 12901: 12900: 12256:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty 12251:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty 10503: 10489: 9186: 8788: 8520:Volume 12, Number 1, pp 85–108. 8427:Asian Journal of Women's Studies 8357:. Palgrave MacMillan 2013, 1–22. 8266: 8240: 8212: 8187: 8162: 8137: 8097: 7976: 7921:"China BO exceeds RMB17 billion" 7642: 7610: 7582: 7556: 7466: 7380: 7353: 7320: 7287: 7216: 7190: 7135: 7107: 7079: 7046: 7018: 7003: 6982:Raymond Zhou (29 January 2010). 6975: 6954:Walsh Megan (20 February 2014). 6947: 6922: 6907: 6889: 6877: 6863: 6829: 6810: 6787: 6766: 6735: 6709: 6683: 6658: 6593: 6563: 6532: 6506: 6480: 6434:Deborah Young (4 October 1993). 6380:and His Place in Chinese Cinema" 5008:Zhang Yingjin (1 January 2007). 4732:Chinese Film Classics, 1922-1949 4640:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 456. 3965:Bai She Zhuan (1926) 白蛇传 : 3344:Quality Migrant Admission Scheme 3048:¥674 million (US$ 110 million). 2764: 2755: 1893:— The sixth generation director 1531:was given to two "scar dramas", 1243:Films of the Cultural Revolution 863:. The Soviet-led collaborations 127:Number of admissions (2016) 12246:Four Paragons of the Early Tang 11443:Political parties and movements 10807:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 10792:Northern and Southern dynasties 8219:Patrick Frater (9 April 2015). 6666:"《让子弹飞》票房7.3亿姜文成国内第一导演_娱乐_腾讯网" 6453: 6427: 6340: 6314: 6301: 6288: 6275: 6240: 6213: 6180: 6167: 6124: 6099: 6074: 5996: 5983: 5944: 5803:福建省戯劇年鑑 (Fujian Drama Yearbook) 5726:] (in Chinese). 中国传媒大学出版社 ( 5709: 5685:Zhang, Rui (1 September 2008). 5678: 5653: 5594: 5547: 5522: 5497: 5484: 5471: 5446: 5404: 5379: 5366: 5343: 5226: 5200: 5174: 5160: 5135: 5122: 5096: 5070: 5056: 5042: 5028: 5010:"Chinese Cinema - Cai Chusheng" 5001: 4974: 4960: 4946: 4932: 4914: 4896: 4882: 4851: 4838: 4813: 4788: 4762: 4748: 4723: 4701: 4654: 4625: 4586: 4560: 4510: 4362: 3986: 3977: 3959: 3813:China Film South Cinema Circuit 3386:highest-grossing films in China 2396:Generation-independent movement 1990:'s production house, while his 1114:Before the New Director Arrives 909:soldiers, and workers, such as 841:. A Chinese Peking opera film, 286:, was made in November 1905 in 221:In November 2016, China passed 12868:British Indian Ocean Territory 8518:Global Media and Communication 7430:Kevin Mar (10 December 2013). 7327:Stephen Cremin (18 May 2013). 7053:Stephen Cremin (18 May 2013). 6106:Bordwell and Thompson (2010). 6081:Bordwell and Thompson (2010). 6003:Yvonne Ng (19 November 2002). 5899:(in Chinese). 17 November 2017 5843:(in Chinese). 29 December 2014 5660:Bordwell and Thompson (2010). 5529:Bordwell and Thompson (2010). 5504:Bordwell and Thompson (2010). 5453:Bordwell and Thompson (2010). 5386:Bordwell and Thompson (2010). 5325:Bordwell and Thompson (2010). 5265:University of Washington Press 4846:Building a New China in Cinema 4662:"Song at Midnight 夜半歌聲 (1937)" 4200: 4182: 4156: 4065:. EntGroup Inc. Archived from 3424:) in foreign markets in 2016. 3238:Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 3140:Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 2749:Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf 2732: 2711: 2686: 2382:(2000, Cannes Grand Prix) and 1449:Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare 784:Meanwhile, companies like the 705:During the later phase of the 690:, where it was established as 55: 13: 1: 8560:Volume 2, Issue 1, pp 37–51. 8440:10.1080/12259276.2017.1279890 8306:Film history: an introduction 7012:A Companion to Chinese Cinema 6600:Kenny, Glenn (5 March 2020). 6108:Film History: An Introduction 6083:Film History: An Introduction 5662:Film History: An Introduction 5531:Film History: An Introduction 5506:Film History: An Introduction 5455:Film History: An Introduction 5388:Film History: An Introduction 5327:Film History: An Introduction 5105:"Love Everlasting 不了情 (1947)" 4769:Cheng, Bugao (8 March 1933). 4638:A Companion to Chinese Cinema 3999: 2631:History of animation in China 2501:Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks 2268:Swordsmen in Double Flag Town 1986:(2000) was funded in part by 1973:(1997) concerns a provincial 1407:in box office admissions was 1405:China's highest-grossing film 1237:U.S. bombing of North Vietnam 1162:Woman Basketball Player No. 5 875:Victory of the Chinese People 865:Victory of the Chinese People 261:like Shanghai and Hong Kong. 228: 11548:Ministry of National Defense 10887:Chinese Communist Revolution 8567:Encyclopedia of Chinese Film 7261:Kevin Ma (January 6, 2014). 6773:Krich, John (5 March 1998). 5602:Encyclopedia of Chinese Film 4771:"Spring Silkworms 春蠶 (1933)" 4756:"Love and Duty 戀愛與義務 (1931)" 4102:Zhang Rui (3 January 2017). 4004: 3829:Beijing New Film Association 2982:to boost his films' appeal. 2620: 2338:Letter from an Unknown Woman 2202:, following nominations for 1567:Rise of the fifth generation 1226:Socialist Education Movement 801:Fake Bride, Phony Bridegroom 766:San Mao, The Little Vagabond 338:films, with the first being 307:, was filmed in Shanghai by 294:and the largest city in the 148:Gross box office (2023) 7: 12211:Flowers of the Four Seasons 12196:Four Treasures of the Study 11815:Water supply and sanitation 11543:Central Military Commission 11538:Outline of military history 11288:Province-level subdivisions 8479:Quiquemelle, Marie-Claire; 7701:Bai Shi (9 February 2014). 7387:Kevin Ma (2 January 2015). 7296:"Xu joins one billion club" 7263:"China B.O. up 27% in 2013" 7010:Yingjin Zhang, ed. (2012). 6896:《狼灾记》票房低迷出乎意料导演的兽性情挑_第一电影网 6823:University of Hawaiʻi Press 6775:"China's New Documentaries" 6513:Kahn, Joseph (7 May 2003). 6487:Pamela Jahn (16 May 2014). 6436:"Review: 'Beijing Zazhong'" 5834:回望中国电影20年从5亿人看《少林寺》到票房1日破亿 5716:赵子忠 (Zhào Zizhōng) (2006). 5350:Li Xiao (17 January 2004). 4687:"Street Angels 馬路天使 (1937)" 3858: 3349: 3228:at Opening Ceremony of the 2680:The Adventures of Pinocchio 2640:Inspired by the success of 2488:Dance with the Farm Workers 1812:refers to the musical term 1258:The Red Detachment of Women 1168:The Red Detachment of Women 818:. Wenhua's romantic drama, 775:The Spring River Flows East 744:The Spring River Flows East 667:during September 1938, the 614:in 1937, in particular the 346:Burning of Red Lotus Temple 341:Burning of Red Lotus Temple 10: 12958: 11484:Primary stage of socialism 11426:National People's Congress 10894:People's Republic of China 8652:MCLC Resource Center-Media 8558:Journal of Chinese Cinemas 8296: 7626:W. W. Norton & Company 7389:"China B.O up 36% in 2014" 7025:Karen Chu (17 June 2012). 6780:The San Francisco Examiner 6133:Television & New Media 5873:中国电影出版社 (China Film Press) 5799:"Fujian xi ju: Fujianxiju" 5775:Princeton University Press 5693:Hong Kong University Press 4796:"Module 3: Goddess (1934)" 4389:Martin Geiselmann (2006). 2905:Romance on the Lu Mountain 2624: 2349:, whose directorial debut 1853:The Founding of a Republic 1706:Best Foreign Language Film 1548:Legend of Tianyun Mountain 1488: 1249:revolutionary model operas 1098:United Kingdom and the PRC 997:People's Republic of China 612:Japanese invasion of China 369:Orphan Rescues Grandfather 192:People's Republic of China 28: 12896: 12855: 12815: 12557: 12481: 12449: 12367: 12288: 12068: 11874: 11865: 11823: 11783: 11625: 11616: 11528: 11379: 11309: 11300: 11263: 11234:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 11189: 11123: 11032: 10970: 10942: 10933: 10862: 10740: 10688: 10648: 10572: 10563: 10483: 10440: 10407: 10330: 10263: 10256: 10199: 10104: 10021: 9948: 9939: 9907: 9792: 9749: 9691: 9524: 9469: 9460: 9430: 9384: 9328: 9252: 9216: 9207: 9194: 8962: 8899: 8831: 8798: 8783: 8730: 8702: 8647:Journal of Chinese Cinema 8616:Columbia University Press 8369:Columbia University Press 7458:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7415:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6984:"Confucius loses his way" 6374:Stephen Teo (July 2003). 6063:"The great fall of China" 4730:Rea, Christopher (2021). 4464:Columbia University Press 4306:Columbia University Press 3972:Legend of the White Snake 3967:Legend of the White Snake 3922:List of Chinese directors 3917:List of Chinese actresses 3895:Oriental Movie Metropolis 3252:-born American director ( 2833:Monkey King: Hero is Back 2652:, made the first Chinese 2444:An Elephant Sitting Still 2170:Kekexili: Mountain Patrol 1955:, featuring artists like 1726:The Black Cannon Incident 1456:tickets, followed by the 1413:(1980) with an estimated 1410:Legend of the White Snake 1267:Cultural Revolution Group 1024:style of filmmaking. The 1010:Guerrilla on the Railroad 568:Plunder of Peach and Plum 400:made in China was either 208:Oriental Movie Metropolis 198:cinema together with the 164: 152: 147: 139: 131: 126: 118: 110: 102: 97: 76: 68: 54: 45: 40: 12617:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 12409:Catholic Church in China 11553:People's Liberation Army 11520:One country, two systems 9402:Central African Republic 6901:5 September 2013 at the 6145:10.1177/1527476412471436 6007:. Kinema. Archived from 5891:"吴宇森对话高晓松 "最后一部电影会拍给徐克"" 5833: 5578:Cornell University Press 5572:Minami, Kazushi (2024). 5352:"Film Industry in China" 4968:"Hua Mu Lan 木蘭從軍 (1939)" 3952: 3905: 3900:August First Film Studio 3809:Guangzhou Jinyi Zhujiang 3317:Bodyguards and Assassins 2910:Guinness Book of Records 2899:The Warrior and the Wolf 2471:New Documentary Movement 2455:New documentary movement 2376:. His other films, like 2370:Golden Horse Film Awards 2261:is a director of mostly 1948:(1993) focuses on youth 1832:People's Liberation Army 1828:August First Film Studio 1625:(1983) and Chen Kaige's 1417:admissions, followed by 1381:per person. In terms of 1348:Post-Cultural Revolution 1134:The New Year's Sacrifice 1105:Hundred Flowers Campaign 879:People's Liberation Army 831:Spring of the Small Town 692:Northeastern Film Studio 383:Sing-Song Girl Red Peony 12878:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 12241:Four Pillars of Destiny 12026:Regional discrimination 11448:Chinese Communist Party 8581:Chinese National Cinema 7703:"Hollywood Takes a Hit" 7360:Xu Fan (18 June 2015). 7168:Crean, Jeffrey (2024). 6817:Zhang, Yingjin (2010). 6309:The Chinese Cinema Book 6283:The Chinese Cinema Book 6234:10.1558/prbt.v13.i2.127 6030:Reinders, Eric (2024). 5492:The Chinese Cinema Book 5412:The Chinese Cinema Book 5310:The Chinese Cinema Book 5130:The Chinese Cinema Book 4518:"Red Heroine 紅俠 (1929)" 3805:Shanghai United Circuit 3751:(US$ 5.98 billion) and 3207:House of Flying Daggers 3151:In 2002, Zhang Yimou's 3034:(2009) and Jiang Wen's 2702:'s Rebellion in the Sea 2092:East Palace West Palace 2019:House of Flying Daggers 1863:The Founding of an Army 1293:Breaking with Old Ideas 140: • Per capita 72:2.98 per 100,000 (2016) 69: • Per capita 11994:Science and technology 11667:Special economic zones 10919:persecution of Uyghurs 10847:Century of humiliation 10117:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8525:Zhen Ni, Chris Berry, 7989:The Hollywood Reporter 7656:The Hollywood Reporter 7596:The Hollywood Reporter 7542:The Hollywood Reporter 7121:The Hollywood Reporter 7032:The Hollywood Reporter 6930:"CCTV-电影频道-相聚——《流金岁月》" 6802:. Routledge. pp. 6191:. Palgrave MacMillan. 5424:Gao, Yunxiang (2021). 5210:. 2004. Archived from 4940:"New Women 新女性 (1935)" 4864:The Hollywood Reporter 4632:Yingjin Zhang (2012). 4194:The Hollywood Reporter 3912:List of Chinese actors 3355:Box office and screens 3233: 3212:Hengdian World Studios 3125: 3114: 2379:Devils on the Doorstep 2365:In the Heat of the Sun 2341:(2004) landed her the 2176:City of Life and Death 1890: 1583: 1521:Anti-Rightist Campaign 1439:(1983) with more than 1301:Michelangelo Antonioni 1151:(1959, adapted from a 1137:(1956, adapted from a 1125:Anti-Rightist Movement 979:rural collectivization 844:A Wedding in the Dream 821:Spring in a Small Town 729: 657:(1943) were produced. 607: 518: 445: 251: 212:Hengdian World Studios 12201:Four Great Inventions 11585:People's Armed Police 9422:São Tomé and Príncipe 8657:The Chinese Mirror — 8643:, and other resources 8637:Chinese Film Classics 8531:Duke University Press 6794:Chu, Yingchu (2007). 6187:Li Ruru, ed. (2016). 5875:. 1985. p. 161. 5187:Chinese Film Classics 5147:Chinese Film Classics 5109:Chinese Film Classics 5078:"Kunlun Film Company" 4926:Chinese Film Classics 4908:Chinese Film Classics 4825:Chinese Film Classics 4800:Chinese Film Classics 4775:Chinese Film Classics 4713:Chinese Film Classics 4691:Chinese Film Classics 4666:Chinese Film Classics 4490:David Carter (2010). 4168:Hollywoodreporter.com 3927:List of Chinese films 3852:Beijing Enlight Media 3827:(170.15 million) and 3224: 3183:Farewell My Concubine 3120: 3108: 2543:Out of Phoenix Bridge 1886: 1701:Farewell My Concubine 1659:Farewell My Concubine 1653:Raise the Red Lantern 1574: 1529:Golden Rooster Awards 1525:reform and opening up 1383:box office admissions 1230:The White-Haired Girl 1216:On 9 March 1958, the 1120:The Unfinished Comedy 1086:The White-Haired Girl 1060:traditional paintings 940:Northeast Film Studio 923:Changchun Film Studio 918:The White-Haired Girl 720: 698:was its director and 602: 562:Song of the Fishermen 507: 433: 406:Clear Sky After Storm 404:(歌場春色) by Tianyi, or 236: 12792:United Arab Emirates 12180:World Heritage Sites 11708:Foreign aid received 11416:Environmental policy 11214:Environmental policy 11209:Environmental issues 9894:United Arab Emirates 8717:Production companies 8572:Yingjin Zhang, ed., 8396:Rolf Giesen (2015). 6551:on 13 September 2007 6460:Xu, Gary G. (2007). 5871:] (in Chinese). 5805:(in Chinese) (1–6). 5767:Link, Perry (2000). 5752:, and an average of 5635:. Acton, Australia: 5170:. 26 September 1948. 4983:"Sole Island Movies" 4668:. 21 February 1937. 3825:Hengdian Cinema Line 3817:Zhejiang Time Cinema 3801:Dadi Theater Circuit 3745:Huayi Brothers Media 3180:Other films such as 2881:Commercial successes 2844:Big Fish and Begonia 2788:improve this section 2212:Mountains May Depart 2128:Mountains May Depart 1882:The sixth generation 1856:(2009), directed by 1846:(1997), directed by 1641:King of the Children 1437:The Undaunted Wudang 1026:Beijing Film Academy 903:Shanghai Film Studio 837:was made in 2002 by 824:(1948), directed by 807:Long Live the Missus 726:New Fisherman's Song 644:Mulan Joins the Army 495:production companies 486:and a prostitute in 350:Star Motion Pictures 304:The Difficult Couple 12819:limited recognition 12426:History of religion 12421:Freedom of religion 12276:Four Pests campaign 12221:Four Classic Novels 11833:Automotive industry 11713:Foreign aid program 11404:Pro-democratisation 10899:Cultural Revolution 10443:& transnational 8278:chinafilmbiz 中国电影业务 8252:chinafilmbiz 中国电影业务 7900:on 24 December 2018 7863:on 12 February 2014 7822:on 12 February 2014 7783:on 25 December 2018 7744:on 12 February 2014 7709:on 22 February 2014 7308:on February 5, 2014 7174:Bloomsbury Academic 6581:on 12 November 2019 5930:. pp. 139–40. 5869:China Film Yearbook 5428:. Chapel Hill, NC: 4970:. 17 February 1939. 4758:. 24 February 1931. 4548:on 7 September 2008 4520:. 24 February 1929. 4458:Qian, Ying (2024). 3747:(US$ 7.9 billion), 3431: 3364:Ministry of Culture 3167:Tony Leung Chiu-Wai 3090:The Wandering Earth 3046:Let the Bullets Fly 3037:Let the Bullets Fly 2920:'s cinematic debut 2839:Journey to the West 2390:Let the Bullets Fly 2385:Let the Bullets Fly 2229:Black Coal Thin Ice 2195:Ash Is Purest White 2134:Ash Is Purest White 1837:Decisive Engagement 1691:The Story of Qiu Ju 1613:Cultural Revolution 1575:A movie theater in 1479:Ministry of Culture 1334:North Korean cinema 1321:criticized Premier 1218:Ministry of Culture 1192:Five Golden Flowers 1148:The Lin Family Shop 1042:using a variety of 1001:Cultural Revolution 986:class consciousness 855:Early Communist era 786:Wenhua Film Company 620:Xinhua Film Company 200:cinema of Hong Kong 12333:Population history 12313:Internal migration 11928:Harmonious Society 11803:Telecommunications 11760:Standard of living 11679:Online advertising 11431:Standing Committee 10295:Dominican Republic 8618:, 13 August 2013. 8569:, Routledge, 1998. 8509:Rea, Christopher. 8468:, MIT Press, 1972. 7933:on 15 January 2013 7926:Film Business Asia 7569:Deadline Hollywood 7437:Film Business Asia 7394:Film Business Asia 7368:on 15 October 2015 7334:Film Business Asia 7301:Film Business Asia 7275:on January 6, 2014 7268:Film Business Asia 7237:on 2 February 2011 7148:China Film Insider 7060:Film Business Asia 6916:Celebrity in China 6754:on 3 November 2007 6721:Timeoutbeijing.com 6640:Film Business Asia 6606:The New York Times 6415:on 6 February 2007 6326:China Film Insider 5214:on 22 October 2019 5084:on 22 January 2008 5066:. 31 October 1949. 5052:. 14 January 1950. 5038:. 10 October 1947. 4942:. 4 February 1935. 4072:on 15 October 2015 3831:(163.09 million). 3823:(177.42 million), 3819:(190.53 million), 3815:(318.71 million), 3811:(335.39 million), 3807:(355.07 million), 3803:(378.17 million), 3799:(393.35 million), 3797:China Film Stellar 3793:US$ 676.96 million 3777:Le Vision Pictures 3430: 3234: 3126: 3115: 2674:Gulliver's Travels 2648:, Wan Laiming and 2627:Animation in China 2473:" (NDM) in China. 2412:Taking Father Home 1917:Italian neorealism 1799:Main melody dramas 1584: 888:The Life of Wu Xun 756:Crows and Sparrows 730: 616:Battle of Shanghai 608: 519: 446: 252: 12924: 12923: 12861:other territories 12517: 12516: 12477: 12476: 12284: 12283: 11861: 11860: 11848:Shipping industry 11612: 11611: 11578:Strategic Support 11453:General Secretary 11438:National security 11421:Foreign relations 11375: 11374: 11296: 11295: 11259: 11258: 10962:Natural disasters 10929: 10928: 10882:Chinese Civil War 10877:Republic of China 10852:Taiping Rebellion 10725:Spring and Autumn 10630:Foreign relations 10519: 10518: 10403: 10402: 10252: 10251: 9935: 9934: 9456: 9455: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9149: 8823:Films by director 8494:978-2-85850-263-9 8485:Le Cinéma chinois 8481:Passek, Jean-Loup 8454:Harry H. Kuoshu, 8409:978-1-4766-1552-3 8338:978-0-19-874242-5 8315:978-0-07-338613-3 7992:. 7 January 2014. 7511:Los Angeles Times 7183:978-1-350-23394-2 6473:978-0-7425-5450-4 6198:978-1-137-52944-2 6117:978-0-07-338613-3 6092:978-0-07-338613-3 5937:978-1-4722-7648-3 5784:978-0-691-00198-2 5737:978-7-81085-720-8 5702:978-962-209-885-5 5671:978-0-07-338613-3 5540:978-0-07-338613-3 5515:978-0-07-338613-3 5464:978-0-07-338613-3 5397:978-0-07-338613-3 5336:978-0-07-338613-3 5274:978-0-295-75085-9 4989:on 26 August 2006 4922:"Chen Yanyan 陳燕燕" 4890:"Ruan Lingyu 阮玲玉" 4741:978-0-231-18813-5 4647:978-1-4443-3029-8 4503:978-1-84243-380-5 4493:East Asian Cinema 4347:978-0-8108-6779-6 4170:. 2 November 2016 3890:Movie Town Haikou 3875:Chinese animation 3870:East Asian cinema 3789:Wanda Cinema Line 3732: 3731: 3459: 3447: 3418:US$ 529.6 million 3284:Alexandre Desplat 3236:The successes of 2949:The Dream Factory 2866:, and a spinoff, 2824: 2823: 2816: 2722:Black Cat Sheriff 2718:Calabash Brothers 2662:Princess Iron Fan 2204:Unknown Pleasures 2104:Unknown Pleasures 1780:The King of Masks 1769:Xi'an Film Studio 1668:Tian Zhuangzhuang 1593:Tian Zhuangzhuang 1507:Tian Zhuangzhuang 1424:Full House of Joy 1275:struggle sessions 1232:was re-released. 1174:Two Stage Sisters 1031:This Life of Mine 1022:socialist realism 839:Tian Zhuangzhuang 713:Second golden age 707:Chinese Civil War 669:Eighth Route Army 172: 171: 156:CN¥54.9 billion ( 77:Main distributors 16:(Redirected from 12949: 12914: 12904: 12903: 12873:Christmas Island 12559:Sovereign states 12544: 12537: 12530: 12521: 12520: 12497: 12490: 12387:Tibetan Buddhism 12382:Chinese Buddhism 12236:Four Holy Beasts 12186: 12185: 12038:Social relations 11967:Standard Chinese 11962:Chinese language 11872: 11871: 11657:Economic history 11623: 11622: 11602:Maritime Militia 11311: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11278:Border crossings 11273:Baseline islands 10968: 10967: 10940: 10939: 10904:Tiananmen Square 10787:Sixteen Kingdoms 10595:Military history 10570: 10569: 10546: 10539: 10532: 10523: 10522: 10510:World portal 10508: 10507: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10441:Intercontinental 10261: 10260: 10084:Northern Ireland 9946: 9945: 9467: 9466: 9214: 9213: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9158: 9157: 8818:Television films 8796: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8748:Cinematographers 8689: 8682: 8675: 8666: 8665: 8626:, 9780231527446. 8610:Wang, Lingzhen. 8543:, Praeger, 1990. 8506: 8451: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8342: 8330: 8319: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8128: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8075: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8042: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8007: 7994: 7993: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7969: 7952: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7929:. Archived from 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7890: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7859:. Archived from 7857:Screen Australia 7849: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7818:. Archived from 7816:Screen Australia 7808: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7773: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7740:. Archived from 7738:Screen Australia 7730: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7698: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7624:. New York, NY: 7618:Li, David Daokui 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7532: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7501: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7457: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7414: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7341:on 19 March 2015 7337:. Archived from 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7304:. Archived from 7291: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7271:. Archived from 7258: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7233:. Archived from 7220: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7200:. Archived from 7194: 7188: 7187: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7067:on 19 March 2015 7063:. Archived from 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6911: 6905: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6873:. 23 April 2021. 6867: 6861: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6801: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6750:. Archived from 6748:Senses of Cinema 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6646:on July 30, 2012 6642:. Archived from 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6577:. Archived from 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6547:. Archived from 6545:Senses of Cinema 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6411:. Archived from 6400: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6371: 6362: 6361: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6318: 6312: 6305: 6299: 6292: 6286: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6184: 6178: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6078: 6072: 6059: 6050: 6049: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6011:on 16 April 2007 6000: 5994: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5730:). p. 179. 5713: 5707: 5706: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5628: 5613: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5569: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5501: 5495: 5488: 5482: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5383: 5377: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5322: 5313: 5306: 5297: 5290: 5279: 5278: 5256: 5237: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5139: 5133: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4870:on 2 August 2010 4866:. Archived from 4855: 4849: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4693:. 22 July 1937. 4683: 4674: 4673: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4613:on 19 March 2013 4603: 4597: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4574:on 10 April 2014 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4537: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4496:. Kamera Books. 4487: 4478: 4477: 4462:. New York, NY: 4455: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4395: 4386: 4373: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4336:Ye, Tan (2012). 4333: 4320: 4319: 4300:Li, Jie (2023). 4297: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4132: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4099: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4071: 4064: 4056: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4027:. 3 January 2024 4015: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3963: 3794: 3765:Enlight Pictures 3757:China Film Group 3741:Alibaba Pictures 3457: 3440: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3381:Lost in Thailand 3051:Lost in Thailand 2964:socialist market 2960:Chinese New Year 2819: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2768: 2760: 2744:Storm Resolution 2694:Uproar in Heaven 2636:Before the 1950s 2519:Man with no name 2283:historical drama 2220:The Pluto Moment 2095:), Jia Zhangke ( 2086:Beijing Bastards 1945:Beijing Bastards 1898: 1732:Life on a String 1468: 1455: 1442: 1434: 1416: 1396: 1392: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1198:Third Sister Liu 812:Love Everlasting 791:Love Everlasting 763:, also known as 750:Myriad of Lights 641:, also known as 484:Spring Silkworms 476:, also known as 455:Spring Silkworms 426:Leftist movement 411:Song at Midnight 283:Dingjun Mountain 217: 216:US$ 6.58 billion 204:cinema of Taiwan 196:Chinese-language 188:Chinese mainland 159: 158:US$ 7.73 billion 57: 50: 38: 37: 21: 12957: 12956: 12952: 12951: 12950: 12948: 12947: 12946: 12937:Cinema of China 12927: 12926: 12925: 12920: 12892: 12860: 12851: 12832:Northern Cyprus 12818: 12811: 12553: 12551:Cinema of Asia 12548: 12518: 12513: 12500: 12493: 12486: 12473: 12445: 12363: 12323:Life expectancy 12280: 12184: 12064: 11984:Public holidays 11972:Written Chinese 11957:Intellectualism 11909:Sex trafficking 11857: 11819: 11779: 11608: 11524: 11371: 11362:Nationality law 11345:Law enforcement 11323:Judicial system 11292: 11255: 11229:Nature reserves 11219:Protected areas 11185: 11156:Water resources 11119: 11028: 10966: 10925: 10909:Economic reform 10872:1911 Revolution 10858: 10822:Jin (1115–1234) 10736: 10684: 10644: 10559: 10550: 10520: 10515: 10502: 10496:Film portal 10490: 10488: 10479: 10442: 10436: 10399: 10326: 10248: 10195: 10152:North Macedonia 10100: 10017: 9931: 9903: 9788: 9745: 9687: 9520: 9452: 9426: 9380: 9324: 9248: 9203: 9199:National cinema 9190: 9185: 9155: 9146: 8958: 8901:Films by decade 8895: 8886:Science fiction 8827: 8789: 8787: 8779: 8726: 8698: 8696:Cinema of China 8693: 8633: 8579:Yingjin Zhang, 8495: 8483:, eds. (1985). 8414: 8412: 8410: 8350: 8348:Further reading 8345: 8339: 8316: 8299: 8294: 8293: 8283: 8281: 8272: 8271: 8267: 8257: 8255: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8231: 8229: 8217: 8213: 8203: 8201: 8193: 8192: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8153: 8151: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8122: 8121: 8114: 8112: 8102: 8098: 8088: 8086: 8076: 8067: 8057: 8055: 8043: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8008: 7997: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7967: 7965: 7953: 7946: 7936: 7934: 7917: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7892: 7891: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7851: 7850: 7835: 7825: 7823: 7810: 7809: 7796: 7786: 7784: 7775: 7774: 7757: 7747: 7745: 7732: 7731: 7722: 7712: 7710: 7699: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7587: 7583: 7573: 7571: 7561: 7557: 7547: 7545: 7533: 7526: 7516: 7514: 7502: 7495: 7485: 7483: 7471: 7467: 7451: 7450: 7443: 7441: 7428: 7424: 7408: 7407: 7400: 7398: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7342: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7309: 7292: 7288: 7278: 7276: 7259: 7250: 7240: 7238: 7221: 7217: 7207: 7205: 7204:on 2 April 2012 7196: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7176:. p. 164. 7166: 7162: 7152: 7150: 7140: 7136: 7126: 7124: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7084: 7080: 7070: 7068: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7023: 7019: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6980: 6976: 6966: 6964: 6952: 6948: 6938: 6936: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6912: 6908: 6903:Wayback Machine 6894: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6841:icarusfilms.com 6835: 6834: 6830: 6815: 6811: 6792: 6788: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6740: 6736: 6726: 6724: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6598: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6552: 6537: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6458: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6432: 6428: 6418: 6416: 6405:"Bright Lights" 6401: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6372: 6365: 6352:"The Long Shot" 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6328:. 2 August 2017 6320: 6319: 6315: 6306: 6302: 6293: 6289: 6280: 6276: 6245: 6241: 6218: 6214: 6199: 6185: 6181: 6172: 6168: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6079: 6075: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6001: 5997: 5988: 5984: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5777:. p. 204. 5765: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5629: 5616: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5570: 5561: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5502: 5498: 5489: 5485: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5422: 5418: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5384: 5380: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5323: 5316: 5307: 5300: 5291: 5282: 5275: 5257: 5240: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5179: 5175: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5016:on 7 March 2007 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4979: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4956:. 14 June 1934. 4952: 4951: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4892:. 8 March 2021. 4888: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4856: 4852: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4767: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4728: 4724: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4538: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4456: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4376: 4367: 4363: 4348: 4334: 4323: 4316: 4298: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4205: 4201: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4133: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4100: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3908: 3861: 3837: 3792: 3769:Bona Film Group 3753:Bona Film Group 3737: 3593:6,256 or 7,831 3576:4,723 or 6,323 3559:4,097 or 5,722 3542:3,527 or 5,630 3525:3,034 or 4,753 3463: 3456: 3451: 3442: 3441:(in billions of 3439: 3422:US$ 550 million 3421: 3417: 3414:US$ 548 million 3413: 3410:US$ 427 million 3409: 3357: 3352: 3246:Crouching Tiger 3146:Crouching Tiger 3103: 3015:Spicy Love Soup 2889:The Horse Thief 2883: 2878: 2820: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2785: 2769: 2758: 2735: 2714: 2689: 2638: 2633: 2625:Main articles: 2623: 2457: 2398: 2256: 2254:Other directors 2235:Wild Goose Lake 2185: 2076:So Long, My Son 2070:Beijing Bicycle 1900: 1892: 1884: 1801: 1672:Martin Scorsese 1617:scar literature 1569: 1493: 1491:Scar literature 1487: 1466: 1453: 1440: 1428: 1414: 1397:) at the time. 1394: 1390: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1355: 1350: 1330:Albanian cinema 1306:Chung Kuo, Cina 1281:Sent-down youth 1245: 1224:As part of the 1065:Havoc in Heaven 953:ethnic minority 870:Liberated China 857: 771:Chiang Kai-shek 715: 680:Soviet Red Army 631:Solitary Island 597: 428: 402:Spring on Stage 255:Motion pictures 244:Lady Meng Jiang 231: 215: 176:cinema of China 157: 89: 84: 41:Cinema of China 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12955: 12945: 12944: 12939: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12918: 12908: 12897: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12864: 12862: 12853: 12852: 12850: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12823: 12821: 12813: 12812: 12810: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12563: 12561: 12555: 12554: 12547: 12546: 12539: 12532: 12524: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12511: 12506: 12499: 12498: 12491: 12483: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12455: 12453: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12417: 12416: 12411: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12384: 12373: 12371: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12350: 12349: 12342: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12294: 12292: 12286: 12285: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12206:Four Gentlemen 12203: 12198: 12192: 12190: 12189:Fours of China 12183: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12126: 12125: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12074: 12072: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12046: 12045: 12035: 12034: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12008: 12003: 12002: 12001: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11969: 11959: 11954: 11953: 11952: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11930: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11913: 11912: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11875: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11838:Civil aviation 11835: 11829: 11827: 11821: 11820: 11818: 11817: 11812: 11811: 11810: 11800: 11799: 11798: 11787: 11785: 11784:Infrastructure 11781: 11780: 11778: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11751: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11738:Semiconductors 11735: 11730: 11720: 11718:Historical GDP 11715: 11710: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11664: 11654: 11649: 11648: 11647: 11637: 11632: 11626: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11534: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11522: 11517: 11516: 11515: 11510: 11500: 11499: 11498: 11496:Vice President 11488: 11487: 11486: 11476: 11475: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11462: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11440: 11435: 11434: 11433: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11407: 11406: 11396: 11391: 11385: 11383: 11377: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11353: 11352: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11335: 11325: 11319: 11317: 11304: 11298: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11269: 11267: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11246: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11224:National parks 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11204:Climate policy 11201: 11199:Climate change 11195: 11193: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11127: 11125: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11105:Central Plains 11094: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11082: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11026: 11025: 11024: 11019: 11009: 11008: 11007: 11002: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10976: 10974: 10965: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10952:Extreme points 10949: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10891: 10890: 10889: 10884: 10874: 10868: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10760:Three Kingdoms 10757: 10752: 10746: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10730:Warring States 10727: 10722: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10700: 10694: 10692: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10660: 10654: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10621: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10590:Historiography 10587: 10582: 10576: 10574: 10567: 10561: 10560: 10549: 10548: 10541: 10534: 10526: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10513: 10499: 10484: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10465:Kurdish cinema 10462: 10457: 10455:Balochi cinema 10452: 10446: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10413: 10411: 10405: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10336: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10269: 10267: 10258: 10254: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10203: 10201: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10176: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10108: 10106: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10079:United Kingdom 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10025: 10023: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9996:Russian Empire 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9966:Czech Republic 9963: 9958: 9952: 9950: 9943: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9922: 9920:Russian Empire 9911: 9909: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9798: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9755: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9697: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9668: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 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8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8837: 8835: 8833:Films by genre 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8692: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8632: 8631:External links 8629: 8628: 8627: 8608: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8554: 8547: 8544: 8537: 8534: 8523: 8514: 8507: 8493: 8476: 8471:Laikwan Pang, 8469: 8459: 8452: 8421: 8408: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8358: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8337: 8320: 8314: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8280:. 29 July 2012 8265: 8254:. 29 July 2012 8239: 8211: 8186: 8161: 8136: 8096: 8065: 8030: 7995: 7975: 7944: 7911: 7874: 7833: 7794: 7755: 7720: 7674: 7641: 7635:978-0393292398 7634: 7609: 7581: 7555: 7524: 7493: 7465: 7422: 7379: 7352: 7319: 7286: 7248: 7215: 7189: 7182: 7160: 7134: 7106: 7078: 7045: 7017: 7002: 6974: 6946: 6921: 6906: 6888: 6876: 6862: 6853: 6828: 6825:. p. 134. 6809: 6786: 6765: 6734: 6723:. 4 April 2014 6708: 6697:. 1 April 2011 6682: 6657: 6626: 6592: 6562: 6531: 6519:New York Times 6505: 6493:Electric Sheep 6479: 6472: 6452: 6426: 6392: 6363: 6357:The New Yorker 6350:(4 May 2009). 6339: 6313: 6300: 6287: 6274: 6255:(2): 166–218. 6239: 6228:(2): 127–145. 6212: 6197: 6179: 6166: 6139:(6): 523–537. 6123: 6116: 6098: 6091: 6073: 6051: 6044: 6022: 5995: 5982: 5943: 5936: 5910: 5882: 5854: 5824: 5790: 5783: 5759: 5736: 5708: 5701: 5695:. p. 22. 5677: 5670: 5652: 5645: 5614: 5593: 5586: 5576:. Ithaca, NY: 5559: 5546: 5539: 5521: 5514: 5496: 5483: 5470: 5463: 5445: 5438: 5416: 5403: 5396: 5378: 5365: 5354:. China.org.cn 5342: 5335: 5314: 5298: 5280: 5273: 5238: 5225: 5199: 5173: 5159: 5134: 5121: 5095: 5069: 5055: 5041: 5027: 5000: 4973: 4959: 4945: 4931: 4913: 4895: 4881: 4850: 4844:Laikwan Pang, 4837: 4812: 4787: 4761: 4747: 4740: 4722: 4709:"Zhou Xuan 周璇" 4700: 4675: 4653: 4646: 4624: 4598: 4585: 4559: 4523: 4509: 4502: 4479: 4472: 4407: 4374: 4361: 4346: 4321: 4314: 4225: 4199: 4181: 4155: 4122: 4083: 4038: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3969:Adaptation of 3957: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3865:Cinema of Asia 3860: 3857: 3842:Kung Fu Hustle 3836: 3833: 3781:Huayi Brothers 3736: 3735:Film companies 3733: 3730: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3436: 3402:movie theaters 3374:21.8 billion ( 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3260:), Hong Kong ( 3216:Forbidden City 3122:Huang Xiaoming 3102: 3099: 3070:, directed by 2932:Southeast Asia 2923:Shaolin Temple 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2822: 2821: 2772: 2770: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2734: 2731: 2713: 2710: 2688: 2685: 2654:animated short 2637: 2634: 2622: 2619: 2604:Fortune Teller 2456: 2453: 2418:The Other Half 2397: 2394: 2255: 2252: 2200:A Touch of Sin 2184: 2181: 2122:A Touch of Sin 1988:Takeshi Kitano 1930:Wang Xiaoshuai 1885: 1883: 1880: 1800: 1797: 1568: 1565: 1486: 1483: 1360:film festivals 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1338:Albanian films 1244: 1241: 1083:Films such as 1040:Animated films 990:lantern slides 894:People's Daily 856: 853: 739:Kunlun Studios 714: 711: 626:or Hong Kong. 596: 593: 474:The Great Road 427: 424: 363:Laborer's Love 313:Zhang Shichuan 309:Zheng Zhengqiu 270:cinematography 230: 227: 170: 169: 166: 165:National films 162: 161: 154: 150: 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 95: 94: 78: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 62: 52: 51: 43: 42: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12954: 12943: 12942:Arts in China 12940: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12907: 12899: 12898: 12895: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12858: 12854: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12842:South Ossetia 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12824: 12822: 12820: 12814: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12545: 12540: 12538: 12533: 12531: 12526: 12525: 12522: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12496: 12492: 12489: 12485: 12484: 12480: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12452: 12448: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12415: 12414:Protestantism 12412: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12399:Folk religion 12397: 12395: 12392: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12366: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12347: 12343: 12340: 12336: 12335: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12303:Ethnic groups 12301: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12216:Four Beauties 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12187: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12067: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12055:Urban society 12053: 12051: 12048: 12044: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12036: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12013: 12012: 12011:Social issues 12009: 12007: 12004: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11989:Rural society 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11951: 11948: 11944: 11941: 11940: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11922: 11919: 11918: 11917: 11914: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11896: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11889:Chinese Dream 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11854: 11853:Space program 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11830: 11828: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11813: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11804: 11801: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11782: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11688: 11687: 11684: 11680: 11677: 11676: 11675: 11672: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11646: 11643: 11642: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11627: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11615: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11583: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11555: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11527: 11521: 11518: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11505: 11504: 11503:State Council 11501: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11492: 11489: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11477: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11463: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11450: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11432: 11429: 11428: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11389:Civil service 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11378: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11346: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11266: 11262: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11188: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11122: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11031: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11013: 11010: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10995:South Central 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10973: 10969: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10932: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10892: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10861: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10782:Jin (266–420) 10780: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10739: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10687: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10647: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10625:Ethnic groups 10623: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10547: 10542: 10540: 10535: 10533: 10528: 10527: 10524: 10512: 10511: 10506: 10500: 10498: 10497: 10486: 10485: 10482: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10470:Latin America 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10439: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10406: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10380: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10329: 10321: 10318: 10317: 10316: 10315:United States 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10262: 10259: 10255: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10198: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10039:Faroe Islands 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10020: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9906: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9748: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9694: 9690: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9564:Chhattisgarhi 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9459: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9206: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9193: 9189: 9182: 9177: 9175: 9170: 9168: 9163: 9162: 9159: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8964:Films by year 8961: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8775:Screenwriters 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8729: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8690: 8685: 8683: 8678: 8676: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8625: 8624:0-231-52744-6 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8591: 8588: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8422: 8411: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8373: 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7396: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7367: 7363: 7356: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7290: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7219: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7185: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7110: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7049: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7021: 7013: 7006: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6978: 6963: 6962: 6961:New Statesman 6957: 6950: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6917: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6892: 6885: 6880: 6872: 6866: 6857: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6805: 6800: 6799: 6790: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6769: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6475: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6456: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6397: 6381: 6379: 6370: 6368: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6310: 6304: 6297: 6291: 6284: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6119: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6047: 6045:9781350374645 6041: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5858: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5763: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5712: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5681: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5646:9781760462499 5642: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5610:0-415-15168-6 5607: 5603: 5597: 5589: 5587:9781501774157 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5556: 5550: 5542: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5487: 5480: 5474: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5439:9781469664606 5435: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5369: 5353: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5319: 5311: 5305: 5303: 5295: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5235: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5163: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5131: 5125: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5065: 5059: 5051: 5045: 5037: 5031: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4963: 4955: 4949: 4941: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4904:"Li Lili 黎莉莉" 4899: 4891: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4841: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4486: 4484: 4475: 4473:9780231204477 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4371: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4315:9780231206273 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4068: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4014: 4010: 3989: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3844:; and 2010's 3843: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3785:cinema chains 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749:Enlight Media 3746: 3742: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3461: 3458:(in millions) 3454: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3398:Greater China 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3362:In 1998, the 3360: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3279:Lust, Caution 3275: 3274:Michelle Yeoh 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3201:The Road Home 3197: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3163:Maggie Cheung 3160: 3156: 3155: 3149: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2988:James Cameron 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972:Jacqueline Wu 2969: 2968:Rosamund Kwan 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2944:Feng Xiaogang 2941: 2939: 2938: 2937:Murder in 405 2933: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2828: 2818: 2815: 2807: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2773:This section 2771: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2756:2010s–present 2753: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2740:Lotus Lantern 2730: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2706:Heavenly Book 2703: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2525:Three Sisters 2521: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2463:'s 70-minute 2462: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2328:Jasmine Women 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2160:Summer Palace 2156: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2056:globalization 2053: 2052: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1942:'s hand-held 1941: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1921:cinéma vérité 1918: 1914: 1913:digital video 1910: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1843:The Opium War 1839: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1789:United States 1784: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1721:Huang Jianxin 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1622:One and Eight 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601:Zhang Junzhao 1598: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1564: 1562: 1561:The Blue Kite 1556: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517:Deng Xiaoping 1514: 1513: 1512:The Blue Kite 1508: 1504: 1503: 1502:Hibiscus Town 1498: 1492: 1485:"Scar dramas" 1482: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1445:Japanese film 1438: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1388: 1384: 1363: 1361: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1265:doubled. The 1262: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1017:to study the 1016: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 984: 980: 975: 973: 968: 964: 960: 956: 954: 950: 944: 941: 936: 930: 928: 924: 920: 919: 914: 913: 906: 904: 900: 896: 895: 890: 889: 882: 880: 876: 872: 871: 866: 862: 852: 850: 846: 845: 840: 836: 832: 827: 823: 822: 817: 813: 810:(1947), like 809: 808: 803: 802: 797: 793: 792: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 767: 762: 758: 757: 752: 751: 746: 745: 740: 736: 727: 723: 719: 710: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 665:Yan'an Soviet 661: 658: 656: 655: 650: 646: 645: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 605: 601: 592: 590: 586: 582: 581: 576: 575: 570: 569: 564: 563: 558: 557: 552: 551: 546: 545: 544:Love and Duty 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 516: 515: 510: 506: 502: 500: 496: 491: 489: 485: 481: 480: 475: 471: 467: 466: 461: 457: 456: 451: 443: 442: 441:Love and Duty 437: 432: 423: 419: 417: 416:Street Angels 413: 412: 407: 403: 399: 396: 395:sound-on-film 392: 391:disc-recorded 388: 384: 381: 377: 376: 371: 370: 365: 364: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 342: 337: 332: 328: 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 305: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 284: 279: 275: 271: 267: 266:Louis Lumière 262: 260: 256: 250: 246: 245: 240: 235: 226: 224: 219: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 184:film industry 181: 177: 167: 163: 155: 151: 146: 142: 138: 135:1,370,000,000 134: 130: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 92: 87: 82: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64:86,300 (2023) 63: 61: 53: 49: 44: 39: 36: 32: 27: 19: 18:Chinese films 12857:Dependencies 12787:Turkmenistan 12752:Saudi Arabia 12606: 12404:Christianity 12394:Confucianism 12354:Urbanization 12290:Demographics 12266:Gang of Four 12231:Four Symbols 12130:Martial arts 12097: 11904:Prostitution 11791:Architecture 11645:Central bank 11513:Vice Premier 11465:United front 11394:Constitution 11350:Penal system 11328:Human rights 11265:Subdivisions 11103: / 11099: / 11022:Southwestern 11017:Northwestern 10720:Western Zhou 10668:Yellow River 10618:1949–present 10501: 10487: 10475:Soviet Union 10227:German Turks 10001:Soviet Union 9925:Soviet Union 9879:Saudi Arabia 9779:Turkmenistan 9693:Southeastern 9478: 9448:South Africa 9341:Burkina Faso 9188:World cinema 8808:Silent films 8695: 8658: 8611: 8602: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8557: 8550: 8549:Gary G. Xu, 8540: 8526: 8517: 8510: 8484: 8472: 8465: 8455: 8434:(1): 49–65. 8431: 8425: 8413:. Retrieved 8398: 8389: 8388:Dai Jinhua, 8382: 8381:Shuqin Cui, 8375: 8374:Cheng, Jim, 8364: 8354: 8326: 8305: 8282:. Retrieved 8277: 8268: 8256:. Retrieved 8251: 8242: 8230:. Retrieved 8224: 8214: 8202:. Retrieved 8198: 8189: 8177:. Retrieved 8173: 8164: 8152:. Retrieved 8148: 8139: 8113:. Retrieved 8109: 8099: 8087:. Retrieved 8083: 8056:. Retrieved 8050: 8021:. Retrieved 8015: 7987: 7978: 7966:. Retrieved 7960: 7935:. Retrieved 7931:the original 7924: 7914: 7902:. Retrieved 7898:the original 7865:. Retrieved 7861:the original 7824:. Retrieved 7820:the original 7785:. Retrieved 7781:the original 7746:. Retrieved 7742:the original 7711:. Retrieved 7707:the original 7665:. Retrieved 7654: 7644: 7621: 7612: 7600:. Retrieved 7594: 7584: 7572:. Retrieved 7568: 7558: 7546:. Retrieved 7540: 7515:. Retrieved 7509: 7484:. Retrieved 7478: 7468: 7442:. Retrieved 7435: 7425: 7399:. Retrieved 7392: 7382: 7370:. 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