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2235:"Wholly Heavenly") on account of his sorcery, was very influential among the Mongol commoners and sought to divide the imperial family. Genghis's brother Qasar was the first of Kokechu's targetsâalways distrusted by his brother, Qasar was humiliated and almost imprisoned on false charges before Hö'elĂŒn intervened by publicly reprimanding Genghis. Nevertheless, Kokechu's power steadily increased, and he publicly shamed TemĂŒge, Genghis's youngest brother, when he attempted to intervene. Börte saw that Kokechu was a threat to Genghis's power and warned her husband, who still superstitiously revered the shaman but now recognised the political threat he posed. Genghis allowed TemĂŒge to arrange Kokechu's death, and then usurped the shaman's position as the Mongols' highest spiritual authority.
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youngest brother TemĂŒge, who had the weakest claim and who was never seriously considered. Even though there was a strong possibility Jochi was illegitimate, Genghis was not particularly concerned by this; nevertheless, he and Jochi became increasingly estranged over time, due to Jochi's preoccupation with his own appanage. After the siege of
Gurganj, where he only reluctantly participated in besieging the wealthy city that would become part of his territory, he failed to give Genghis the normal share of the booty, which exacerbated the tensions. Genghis was angered by Jochi's refusal to return to him in 1223, and was considering sending Ăgedei and Chagatai to bring him to heel when news came that Jochi had died from an illness.
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1348:, Dei Sechen held the stronger negotiating position, and demanded that TemĂŒjin remain in his household to work off his future debt. Accepting this condition, YesĂŒgei requested a meal from a band of Tatars he encountered while riding homewards alone, relying on the steppe tradition of hospitality to strangers. However, the Tatars recognised their old enemy and slipped poison into his food. YesĂŒgei gradually sickened but managed to return home; close to death, he requested a trusted retainer called MĂŒnglig to retrieve TemĂŒjin from the Onggirat. He died soon after.
2164:. In a display of Genghis' meritocratic ideals, many of these men were born to low social status: Ratchnevsky cited Jelme and Subutai, the sons of blacksmiths, in addition to a carpenter, a shepherd, and even the two herdsmen who had warned TemĂŒjin of Toghrul's plans in 1203. As a special privilege, Genghis allowed certain loyal commanders to retain the tribal identities of their units. Alaqush of the Ongud was allowed to retain five thousand warriors of his tribe because his son had entered into an alliance pact with Genghis, marrying his daughter Alaqa.
1604:. The source presents this period as close friends bonding, but Ratchnevsky questioned if TemĂŒjin actually entered into Jamukha's service in return for the assistance with the Merkits. Tensions arose and the two leaders parted, ostensibly on account of a cryptic remark made by Jamukha on the subject of camping; in any case, TemĂŒjin followed the advice of Hö'elĂŒn and Börte and began to build an independent following. The major tribal rulers remained with Jamukha, but forty-one leaders gave their support to TemĂŒjin along with many commoners: these included
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2819:, three of the largest and wealthiest cities in the world, were all annihilated. This campaign established Genghis's lasting image as a ruthless, inhumane conqueror. Contemporary Persian historians placed the death toll from the three sieges alone at over 5.7 millionâa number regarded as grossly exaggerated by modern scholars. Nevertheless, even a total death toll of 1.25 million for the entire campaign, as estimated by John Man, would have been a demographic catastrophe.
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confederations. Genghis thus began a series of administrative reforms designed to suppress the power of tribal affiliations and to replace them with unconditional loyalty to the khan and the ruling family. As most of the traditional tribal leaders had been killed during his rise to power, Genghis was able to reconstruct the Mongol social hierarchy in his favour. The highest tier was occupied solely by his and his brothers' families, who became known as the
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letter to
Changchun, and objected to being addressed with obsequious flattery. He encouraged his companions to address him informally, give him advice, and criticise his mistakes. Genghis's openness to criticism and willingness to learn saw him seeking the knowledge of family members, companions, neighbouring states, and enemies. He sought and gained knowledge of sophisticated weaponry from China and the Muslim world, appropriated the
2893:. May has disputed this, arguing that the Xia fought in concert with Muqali until his death in 1223, when, frustrated by Mongol control and sensing an opportunity with Genghis campaigning in Central Asia, they ceased fighting. In either case, Genghis initially attempted to resolve the situation diplomatically, but when the Xia elite failed to come to an agreement on the hostages they were to send to the Mongols, he lost patience.
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there another year. Incensed by insults from Xia's leading commander, Genghis insisted that the siege be continued. He died on either 18 or 25 August 1227, but his death was kept a closely guarded secret and
Zhongxing, unaware, fell the following month. The city was put to the sword and its population was treated with extreme savageryâthe Xia civilization was essentially extinguished in what Man described as a "very successful
3850:, his establishment of the rule of law through an independent judiciary, and human rightsâare seen as the foundations that allowed the creation of the modern, democratic Mongolian state. Viewed as someone who brought peace and knowledge rather than war and destruction, Genghis Khan is idealised for making Mongolia the centre of international culture for a period. He is generally recognised as the founding father of Mongolia.
3940:. Similarly, Genghis is viewed extremely negatively in Russia, where historians have consistently portrayed the rule of the Golden Hordeâthe "Tatar Yoke"âas backwards, destructive, inimical to all progress, and the reason for all of Russia's flaws. His treatment in modern Central Asia and Turkey is more ambivalent: his position as a non-Muslim means other national traditions and heroes, such as Timur and the
1662:. Taking refuge across the border was a common practice both for disaffected steppe leaders and disgraced Chinese officials. TemĂŒjin's reemergence having retained significant power indicates that he probably profited in the service of the Jin. As he later overthrew that state, such an episode, detrimental to Mongol prestige, was omitted from all their sources. Zhao Hong was bound by no such taboos.
1202:âbut is more compatible with the events of Genghis Khan's life than a 1155 placement, which implies that he did not have children until after the age of thirty and continued actively campaigning into his seventh decade. 1162 is the date accepted by most historians; the historian Paul Ratchnevsky noted that TemĂŒjin himself may not have known the truth. The location of TemĂŒjin's birth, which the
1749:, and Jamukha was forced to beg for Toghrul's clemency. Desiring complete supremacy in eastern Mongolia, TemĂŒjin defeated first the Tayichiud and then, in 1202, the Tatars; after both campaigns, he executed the clan leaders and took the remaining warriors into his service. These included Sorkan-Shira, who had come to his aid previously, and a young warrior named
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others: he was superbly charismatic even as a youth, as shown by the number of people who left existing social roles behind to join him. Although his trust was hard to earn, if he felt loyalty was assured, he granted his total confidence in return. Recognised for his generosity towards his followers, Genghis unhesitatingly rewarded previous assistance. The
2531:. Interpreting this as an attempt to regroup in the south and then restart the war, Genghis concluded the terms of the peace treaty had been broken. He immediately prepared to return and capture Zhongdu. According to Christopher Atwood, it was only at this juncture that Genghis decided to fully conquer northern China. Muqali captured numerous towns in
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possibility of being outnumbered eight-to-one by 600,000 Jin soldiers, Genghis had prepared to invade the Jin since learning in 1206 that the state was wracked by internal instabilities. Genghis had two aims: to take vengeance for past wrongs committed by the Jin, foremost among which was the death of
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even by Mongol standardsâit eventually caused his death in 1241. However, he possessed talents all his brothers lackedâhe was generous and generally well-liked. Aware of his own lack of military skill, he was able to trust his capable subordinates, and unlike his elder brothers, compromise on issues;
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during winter 1214â15, and although the inhabitants of
Zhongdu surrendered to Genghis on 31 May 1215, the city was sacked. When Genghis returned to Mongolia in early 1216, Muqali was left in command in China. He waged a brutal but effective campaign against the unstable Jin regime until his death in
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by his habit of promoting commoners to high positions, which subverted social norms. Yielding eventually to these demands, Toghrul attempted to lure his vassal into an ambush, but his plans were overheard by two herdsmen. TemĂŒjin was able to gather some of his forces, but was soundly defeated at the
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No eyewitness description or contemporaneous depiction of
Genghis Khan survives. The Persian chronicler Juzjani and the Song diplomat Zhao Hong provide the two earliest descriptions. Both recorded that he was tall and strong with a powerful stature. Zhao wrote that Genghis had a broad brow and long
1655:. Zhao Hong recorded that the future Genghis Khan spent several years as a slave of the Jin. Formerly seen as an expression of nationalistic arrogance, the statement is now thought to be based in fact, especially as no other source convincingly explains TemĂŒjin's activities between Dalan Baljut and
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Genghis fell from his horse while hunting in the winter of 1226â27 and became increasingly ill during the following months. This slowed the siege of
Zhongxing's progress, as his sons and commanders urged him to end the campaign and return to Mongolia to recover, arguing that the Xia would still be
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to make it difficult for them to rebel as a single body. This was intended to ensure the disappearance of old tribal identities, replacing them with loyalty to the "Great Mongol State", and to commanders who had gained their rank through merit and loyalty to the khan. This particular reform proved
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Having attained control over one million people, Genghis Khan began a "social revolution", in May's words. As traditional tribal systems had primarily evolved to benefit small clans and families, they were unsuitable as the foundations for larger states and had been the downfall of previous steppe
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records that
Genghis chose his successor while preparing for the Khwarazmian campaigns in 1219; Rashid al-Din, on the other hand, states that the decision came before Genghis's final campaign against the Xia. Regardless of the date, there were five possible candidates: Genghis's four sons and his
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The principal source of steppe wealth was post-battle plunder, of which a leader would normally claim a large share; Genghis eschewed this custom, choosing instead to divide booty equally between himself and all his men. Disliking any form of luxury, he extolled the simple life of the nomad in a
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The absorption of the Tatars left three military powers in the steppe: the
Naimans in the west, the Mongols in the east, and the Kereit in between. Seeking to cement his position, TemĂŒjin proposed that his son Jochi marry one of Toghrul's daughters. Led by Toghrul's son Senggum, the Kereit elite
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During the following years, TemĂŒjin and
Toghrul campaigned against the Merkits, the Naimans, and the Tatars; sometimes separately and sometimes together. In around 1201, a collection of dissatisfied tribes including the Onggirat, the Tayichiud, and the Tatars swore to break the domination of the
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usurped the Jin throne in 1209. He had previously served on the steppe frontier and
Genghis greatly disliked him. When asked to submit and pay the annual tribute to Yongji in 1210, Genghis instead mocked the emperor, spat, and rode away from the Jin envoyâa challenge that meant war. Despite the
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Tensions developed as the children grew older. Both TemĂŒjin and Behter had claims to be their father's heir: although TemĂŒjin was the child of YesĂŒgei's chief wife, Behter was at least two years his senior. There was even the possibility that, as permitted under levirate law, Behter could marry
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Modern Mongolians tend to downplay Genghis's military conquests in favour of his political and civil legacyâthey view the destructive campaigns as "a product of their time", in the words of the historian Michal Biran, and secondary to his other contributions to Mongolian and world history. His
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On the other hand, his conquests were ruthless and brutal. The prosperous civilizations of China, Central Asia, and Persia were devastated by the Mongol assaults, and underwent multi-generational trauma and suffering as a result. Perhaps Genghis's greatest failing was his inability to create a
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Atwood has suggested that many of Genghis Khan's values, especially the emphasis he placed on an orderly society, derive from his turbulent youth. He valued loyalty above all and mutual fidelity became a cornerstone of his new nation. Genghis did not find it difficult to gain the allegiance of
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terms "an uneasy diarchy", while the Khwarazmian nobility and populace were discontented with his warring and the centralisation of government. For these reasons and others he declined to meet the Mongols in the field, instead garrisoning his unruly troops in his major cities. This allowed the
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Heaven grew weary of the excessive pride and luxury in China ... I am from the barbaric North ... I wear the same clothing and eat the same food as the cowherds and horse-herders. We make the same sacrifices and we share our riches. I look upon the nation as a new-born child and I care for my
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and seize the goods; Muhammad had grown suspicious of Genghis's intentions and either supported Inalchuq or turned a blind eye. A Mongol ambassador was sent with two companions to avert war, but Muhammad killed him and humiliated his companions. The killing of an envoy infuriated Genghis, who
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completed their respective histories in 1260. Juzjani was an eyewitness to the brutality of the Mongol conquests, and the hostility of his chronicle reflects his experiences. His contemporary Juvayni, who had travelled twice to Mongolia and attained a high position in the administration of
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There are many other contemporary histories which include additional information on Genghis Khan and the Mongols, although their neutrality and reliability are often suspect. Additional Chinese sources include the chronicles of the dynasties conquered by the Mongols, and the Song diplomat
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pact with him. Toghrul ruled a vast territory in central Mongolia but distrusted many of his followers. In need of loyal replacements, he was delighted with the valuable gift and welcomed TemĂŒjin into his protection. The two grew close, and TemĂŒjin began to build a following, as
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acclaimed Genghis Khan as the "man of the millennium" who "embodied the half-civilized, half-savage duality of the human race". This complex image has remained prevalent in modern scholarship, with historians emphasising both Genghis Khan's positive and negative contributions.
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had been recognised as the only ones entitled to reign. As a result, aspiring potentates not descended from him had to justify their rule, either by nominating puppet rulers of Genghis's dynasty, or by stressing their own connections to him. Most notably, the great conqueror
2520:, who may have been exaggeratingâGenghis opened peace negotiations despite his commanders' militance. He secured tribute, including 3,000 horses, 500 slaves, a Jin princess, and massive amounts of gold and silk, before lifting the siege and setting off homewards in May 1214.
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after Genghis's death, Tolui established a precedent for the customary traditions after a khan's death. These included the halting of all military offensives involving Mongol troops, the establishment of a lengthy mourning period overseen by the regent, and the holding of a
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and become TemĂŒjin's stepfather. As the friction, exacerbated by frequent disputes over the division of hunting spoils, intensified, TemĂŒjin and his younger brother Qasar ambushed and killed Behter. This taboo act was omitted from the official chronicles but not from the
3732:, and celebrations planned for the 800th anniversary of his birth in 1962 were cancelled and denigrated after loud Soviet complaints. Because Chinese historians were largely more favourable towards him than their Soviet circumstances, Genghis played a minor role in the
3053:. His elimination left Ăgedei and Tolui as the two primary candidates. Tolui was unquestionably superior in military termsâhis campaign in Khorasan had broken the Khwarazmian Empire, while his elder brother was far less able as a commander. Ăgedei was also known to
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at the source of the Onon River in 1206. Here, he formally adopted the title "Genghis Khan", the etymology and meaning of which have been much debated. Some commentators hold that the title had no meaning, simply representing TemĂŒjin's eschewal of the traditional
3498:). Believing that he had an intimate connection with Heaven, anyone who did not recognise his right to world power was treated as an enemy. This viewpoint allowed Genghis to rationalise any hypocritical or duplicitous moments on his own part, such as killing his
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considered it a literary work with no historiographical value, but more recent historians have given the work much more credence. Although it is clear that the work's chronology is suspect and that some passages were removed or modified for better narration, the
3353:; and two Chinese princesses, Chaqa and Qiguo, of the Western Xia and Jin dynasties respectively. The children of these junior wives were always subservient to those of Börte, with daughters married off to seal lesser alliances and sons, such as Qulan's child
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Chagatai's attitude towards Jochi's possible successionâhe had termed his elder brother "a Merkit bastard" and had brawled with him in front of their fatherâled Genghis to view him as uncompromising, arrogant, and narrow-minded, despite his great knowledge of
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The sources do not agree on the events of TemĂŒjin's return to the steppe. In early summer 1196, he participated in a joint campaign with the Jin against the Tatars, who had begun to act contrary to Jin interests. As a reward, the Jin awarded him the honorific
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was not only the khan's bodyguard, but his household staff, a military academy, and the centre of governmental administration. All the warriors in this elite corps were brothers or sons of military commanders and were essentially hostages. The members of the
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After Börte's final childbirth, TemĂŒjin began to acquire a number of junior wives through conquest. These wives had all previously been princesses or queens, and TemĂŒjin married them to demonstrate his political ascendancy. They included the Kereit princess
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Genghis Khan remains a controversial figure. He was generous and intensely loyal to his followers, but ruthless towards his enemies. He welcomed advice from diverse sources in his quest for world domination, for which he believed the shamanic supreme deity
1413:, which recounts that Hö'elĂŒn angrily reprimanded her sons. Behter's younger full-brother Belgutei did not seek vengeance, and became one of TemĂŒjin's highest-ranking followers alongside Qasar. Around this time, TemĂŒjin developed a close friendship with
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title, which had been accorded to Jamukha and was thus of lesser worth. Another theory suggests that the word "Genghis" bears connotations of strength, firmness, hardness, or righteousness. A third hypothesis proposes that the title is related to the
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groupâmen from nine different tribes who included Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists, united only by loyalty to TemĂŒjin and to each other. This group became a model for the later empire, termed a "proto-government of a proto-nation" by historian
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had ordained a great destiny for him. Initially, the bounds of this ambition were limited only to Mongolia, but as success followed success and the reach of the Mongol nation expanded, he and his followers came to believe he was embodied with
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stereotype of a tyrannical Oriental despot, and by the twentieth century he represented a prototypical barbarian warlord. In recent decades, Western scholarship has become increasingly nuanced, viewing Genghis as a more complex individual.
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TemĂŒjin was soon acclaimed by his close followers as khan of the Mongols. Toghrul was pleased at his vassal's elevation but Jamukha was resentful. Tensions escalated into open hostility, and in around 1187 the two leaders clashed in battle
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believed the proposal to be an attempt to gain control over their tribe, while the doubts over Jochi's parentage would have offended them further. In addition, Jamukha drew attention to the threat TemĂŒjin posed to the traditional steppe
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TemĂŒjin formally adopted the title "Genghis Khan", the meaning of which is uncertain, at an assembly in 1206. Carrying out reforms designed to ensure long-term stability, he transformed the Mongols' tribal structure into an integrated
3867:. Over time, as the world failed to end and as his descendants began converting to Islam, Muslims began to see Genghis as an instrument of God's will who was destined to strengthen the Muslim world by cleansing its innate corruption.
1778:" raised his hands and looking up at Heaven swore, saying "If I am able to achieve my 'Great Work', I shall share with you men the sweet and the bitter. If I break this word, may I be like the water of the River, drunk up by others."
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in India, in turn derived his authority through his descent from both Timur and Genghis. Until the eighteenth century in Central Asia, Genghis was considered the progenitor of the social order, and was second only to the prophet
3037:âsuccession of the youngest sonâbecause he would have had the least time to gain a following for himself and needed the help of his father's inheritance. However, this type of inheritance applied only to property, not to titles.
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was forced to flee west. The Merkits were decimated later that year, while Jamukha, who had abandoned the Naimans at Chakirmaut, was betrayed to TemĂŒjin by companions who were executed for their lack of loyalty. According to the
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were additionally unfavourable. Although the Mongols spent much of 1222 repeatedly overcoming rebellions in Khorasan, they withdrew completely from the region to avoid overextending themselves, setting their new frontier on the
898:
In addition to "Genghis", introduced into English during the 18th century based on a misreading of Persian sources, modern English spellings include "Chinggis", "Chingis", "Jinghis", and "Jengiz". His birth name "TemĂŒjin"
3098:, attended by the commanders Genghis had promoted and honoured, would however observe their former ruler's desires without question and appoint Ăgedei as ruler. It has been suggested that Tolui's reluctance to hold the
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Although he is today renowned for his military conquests, very little is known about Genghis's personal generalship. His skills were more suited to identifying potential commanders. His institution of a meritocratic
3422:, and employed numerous specialists across legal, commercial, and administrative fields. He also understood the need for a smooth succession and modern historians agree he showed good judgement in choosing his heir.
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has associated Genghis Khan with a myriad of ideologies and beliefs. Its first instinct, as Islamic thought had never previously envisioned being ruled by a non-Muslim power, was to view Genghis as the herald of
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had been strongly reinforced by the time the conflict resumed in 1213, but a Mongol detachment led by Jebe managed to infiltrate the pass and surprise the elite Jin defenders, opening the road to the Jin capital
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In 1207, Genghis had appointed a man named Qorchi as governor of the subdued Hoi-yin Irgen tribes in Siberia. Appointed not for his talents but for prior services rendered, Qorchi's tendency to abduct women as
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Retreating southeast to Baljuna, an unidentified lake or river, TemĂŒjin waited for his scattered forces to regroup: Bo'orchu had lost his horse and was forced to flee on foot, while TemĂŒjin's badly wounded son
1644:: the two forces were evenly matched but TemĂŒjin suffered a clear defeat. Later chroniclers including Rashid al-Din instead state that he was victorious but their accounts contradict themselves and each other.
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most honoured at the 1206 kurultai were those who had accompanied him since the beginning, and those who had sworn the Baljuna Covenant with him at his lowest point. He took responsibility for the families of
2077:, fragmentation never happened along tribal lines. Instead, the descendants of Genghis continued to reign unchallenged, in some cases until as late as the 1700s, and even powerful non-imperial dynasts such as
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As the sources are written in more than a dozen languages from across Eurasia, modern historians have found it difficult to compile information on the life of Genghis Khan. All accounts of his adolescence and
1442:, a man who had seen him in the river and not raised the alarm. Sorkan-Shira sheltered TemĂŒjin for three days at great personal risk before helping him to escape. TemĂŒjin was assisted on another occasion by
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prince who had been defeated in 1204, had usurped the throne of the Central Asian Qara Khitai dynasty between 1211 and 1213. He was a greedy and arbitrary ruler who probably earned the enmity of the native
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nevertheless received special privileges and direct access to the khan, whom they served and who in return evaluated their capabilities and their potential to govern or command. Commanders such as Subutai,
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at fifteen. Delighted to see the son-in-law he feared had died, Dei Sechen consented to the marriage and accompanied the newlyweds back to TemĂŒjin's camp; his wife Äotan presented Hö'elĂŒn with an expensive
1548:, Börte and Sochigel were abducted. In accordance with levirate law, Börte was given in marriage to the younger brother of the now-deceased Chiledu. TemĂŒjin appealed for aid from Toghrul and his childhood
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under Genghis killed millions of people, yet his conquests also facilitated unprecedented commercial and cultural exchange over a vast geographical area. He is remembered as a backwards, savage tyrant in
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began to view Genghis increasingly negatively. Today, he is perceived as the ultimate "accursed enemy", a "barbarian savage who began the demolition of civilization which culminated in " by his grandson
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guard. When Ăgedei acceded to the throne in 1229, the grave was honoured with three days of offerings and the sacrifice of thirty maidens. Ratchnevsky theorised that the Mongols, who had no knowledge of
2504:, a tribe subject to the Jin, entered open rebellion, Hushahu, the commander of the forces at Xijing, abandoned his post and staged a coup in Zhongdu, killing Yongji and installing his own puppet ruler,
2312:, or simply subjugating a semi-hostile state to protect the nascent Mongol nation. Most Xia troops were stationed along the southern and eastern borders of the kingdom to guard against attacks from the
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tribe that had previously offended him at a feast and refused to participate in the Tatar campaign. After executing their leaders, he had Belgutei symbolically break a leading Jurkin's back in a staged
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tribe. Both chiefs were willing to field armies of 20,000 warriors, and with Jamukha in command, the campaign was soon won. A now-pregnant Börte was recovered successfully and soon gave birth to a son,
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dramatised the situation. All the sources agree that most of YesĂŒgei's people renounced his family in favour of the Tayichiuds and that Hö'elĂŒn's family were reduced to a much harsher life. Taking up a
4132:, Jamukha said "If we camp close to the hill those who herd our horses will have their tents. If we camp beside the mountain stream those who herd our sheep and lambs will have food for their gullets."
2508:. This governmental breakdown was fortunate for Genghis's forces; emboldened by their victories, they had seriously overreached and lost the initiative. Unable to do more than camp before Zhongdu's
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kingdom in 1205, ostensibly in retaliation for allowing Senggum, Toghrul's son, refuge. More prosaic explanations include rejuvenating the depleted Mongol economy with an influx of fresh goods and
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to his youngest son Tolui. The ranks of the Naimans had swelled due to the arrival of Jamukha and others defeated by the Mongols, and they prepared for war. TemĂŒjin was informed of these events by
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which would nominate successors and select them. For Tolui, this presented an opportunity. He was still a viable candidate for succession and had the support of the family of Jochi. Any general
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and contrasts with Rashid al-Din's account, which protects the family's reputation by removing any hint of illegitimacy. Over the next decade and a half, TemĂŒjin and Börte had three more sons (
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Modern historians such as Ratchnevsky and Timothy May consider it very likely that TemĂŒjin spent a large portion of the decade following the clash at Dalan Baljut as a servant of the Jurchen
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in autumn 1219âthe siege dragged on for five months, but in February 1220 the city fell and Inalchuq was executed. Genghis had meanwhile divided his forces. Leaving his sons Chagatai and
3135:, remained his senior wife. She gave birth to four sons and five daughters, who all became influential figures in the empire. Genghis granted Börte's sons lands and property through the
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As the family lacked allies, TemĂŒjin was taken prisoner on multiple occasions. Captured by the Tayichiuds, he escaped during a feast and hid first in the Onon and then in the tent of
1375:, and other clans. As TemĂŒjin was not yet ten and Behter around two years older, neither was considered experienced enough to rule. The Tayichiud faction excluded Hö'elĂŒn from the
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Zhao Hong visited Mongolia in 1221, while Genghis was campaigning in Khorasan. Juzjani, writing thirty years after Genghis's death, relied on eyewitnesses from the same campaign.
2987:. Legends sprang up around the eventâthe most famous recounts how the beautiful Gurbelchin, formerly the Xia emperor's wife, injured Genghis's genitals with a dagger during sex.
2574:. The khan was livid at the loss of his close friend and prepared to lead a retaliatory campaign; eventually dissuaded from this course, he dispatched his eldest son Jochi and a
2605:; he undermined Kuchlug's rule by emphasising the Mongol policies of religious tolerance and gained the loyalty of the local elite. Kuchlug was forced to flee southwards to the
1681:. At around the same time, he assisted Toghrul with reclaiming the lordship of the Kereit, which had been usurped by one of Toghrul's relatives with the support of the powerful
1954:('ocean'), the title "Genghis Khan" would mean "master of the ocean", and as the ocean was believed to surround the earth, the title thus ultimately implied "Universal Ruler".
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To break any concept of tribal loyalty, Mongol society was reorganised into a military decimal system. Every man between the age of fifteen and seventy was conscripted into a
3464:), the steppe code of justice. In exceptional circumstances, such as when Muhammad of Khwarazm executed his envoys, the need for vengeance overrode all other considerations.
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gave the Mongol army military superiority, even though it was not technologically or tactically innovative. The army that Genghis created was characterised by its draconian
2453:
4115:
At this point in time, the word "Mongols" only referred to the members of one tribe in northeast Mongolia; because this tribe played a central role in the formation of the
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trading systems unprecedented in their scale, which brought wealth and security to the tribes. Although he very likely did not codify the written body of laws known as the
2780:
ended in spring 1221 amid brutal urban conflict. Jalal al-Din moved southwards to Afghanistan, gathering forces on the way and defeating a Mongol unit under the command of
3983:
The Western world, never directly affected by Genghis, has viewed him in shifting and contrasting ways. During the 14th century, as shown by the works of Marco Polo and
1144:
1273:
bridegroom Chiledu. The origin of his birth name is contested: the earliest traditions hold that his father had just returned from a successful campaign against the
5304:
10455:
3359:
2896:
Returning to Mongolia in early 1225, Genghis spent the year in preparation for a campaign against them. This began in the first months of 1226 with the capture of
2609:, but was captured by local hunters. Jebe had him beheaded and paraded his corpse through Qara Khitai, proclaiming the end of religious persecution in the region.
1544:
Soon afterwards, seeking revenge for YesĂŒgei's abduction of Hö'elĂŒn, around 300 Merkits raided TemĂŒjin's camp. While TemĂŒjin and his brothers were able to hide on
2363:
brokeâpossibly breached by the Xiaâin January 1210 and the Mongol camp was flooded, forcing them to retreat. A peace treaty was soon formalised: the Xia emperor
2227:
Kokechu, whose father MĂŒnglig had been allowed to marry Hö'elĂŒn after he defected to TemĂŒjin. Kokechu, who had proclaimed TemĂŒjin as Genghis Khan and taken the
9440:
1746:
8690:
3962:
initially caused the denigration of Genghis as a traumatic occupier, but he was later resurrected as a useful political symbol on a variety of issues. Modern
3895:, one of Genghis's lesser commanders, depicting him as Genghis's blood relative and second-in-command. He also married at least two of Genghis's descendants.
1846:, Toghrul was killed by a Naiman who did not recognise him. TemĂŒjin sealed his victory by absorbing the Kereit elite into his own tribe: he took the princess
1329:, whose identity is uncertain. The siblings grew up at Yesugei's main camp on the banks of the Onon, where they learned how to ride a horse and shoot a bow.
3840:
to brands of alcohol and toilet paper. In 2006, the Mongolian parliament officially discussed the trivialization of his name through excessive advertising.
1356:
10383:
3167:
after Börte's kidnapping, whose paternity was thus suspect even though TemĂŒjin accepted his legitimacy. Jochi predeceased Genghis; his appanage, along the
1383:
relates that the entire Borjigin clan followed, despite Hö'elĂŒn's attempts to shame them into staying by appealing to their honour. Rashid al-Din and the
1186:, which was either 1155 or 1167. While a dating to 1155 is supported by the writings of both Zhao Hong and Rashid al-Din, other major sources such as the
8754:
8319:
9978:
1332:
When TemĂŒjin was eight years old, his father decided to betroth him to a suitable girl. YesĂŒgei took his heir to the pastures of Hö'elĂŒn's prestigious
2343:; the Xia forces were deceived out of their defensive positions and overpowered. Although Zhongxing was now mostly undefended, the Mongols lacked any
10450:
1838:
involving Qasar allowed the Mongols to ambush the Kereit at the Jej'er Heights, but though the ensuing battle still lasted three days, it ended in a
1100:
Multiple chronicles in Persian have also survived, which display a mix of positive and negative attitudes towards Genghis Khan and the Mongols. Both
11326:
10789:
2846:
river. During his lengthy return journey, Genghis prepared a new administrative division which would govern the conquered territories, appointing
4082:
2717:
2239:
1696:
and humiliated the corpses of leaders who had opposed him. A number of disaffected followers, including YesĂŒgei's follower MĂŒnglig and his sons,
3947:
Under the Yuan dynasty in China, Genghis was revered as the nation's creator, and he remained in this position even after the foundation of the
1616:, the Olkhonuds, and many more. Many were attracted by TemĂŒjin's reputation as a fair and generous lord who could offer better lives, while his
2889:, having declined to provide auxiliaries for the 1219 invasion, had additionally disobeyed Muqali in his campaign against the remaining Jin in
2472:. The Jin lost numerous towns and were hindered by a series of defections, the most prominent of which led directly to Muqali's victory at the
825:; as a result, modern spellings of Mongolian names vary greatly and may result in considerably different pronunciations from the original. The
3548:"permanently alter the worldview of European, Islamic, East Asian civilizations", according to Atwood. His conquests enabled the creation of
3833:
1068:
is valued highly because the anonymous author is often critical of Genghis Khan: in addition to presenting him as indecisive and as having a
650:
to secure his familial position. His charismatic personality helped to attract his first followers and to form alliances with two prominent
9822:
2329:
1182:
The year of TemĂŒjin's birth is disputed, as historians favour different dates: 1155, 1162 or 1167. Some traditions place his birth in the
3795:
3442:, and a willingness to be utterly ruthless. Genghis thoroughly enjoyed exacting vengeance on his enemiesâthe concept lay at the heart of
2244:
2238:
During these years, the Mongols imposed their control on surrounding areas. Genghis dispatched Jochi northwards in 1207 to subjugate the
2223:
From 1204 to 1209, Genghis Khan was predominantly focused on consolidating and maintaining his new nation. He faced a challenge from the
8369:"Validation by Holiness or Sovereignty: Religious Toleration as Political Theology in the Mongol World Empire of the Thirteenth Century"
3354:
1563:; although TemĂŒjin raised him as his own, questions over his true paternity followed Jochi throughout his life. This is narrated in the
1113:, was more sympathetic; his account is the most reliable for Genghis Khan's western campaigns. The most important Persian source is the
10933:
9643:
1277:
with a captive named TemĂŒchin-uge, after whom he named the newborn in celebration of his victory, while later traditions highlight the
666:, who had been kidnapped by raiders. As his reputation grew, his relationship with Jamukha deteriorated into open warfare. TemĂŒjin was
11439:
10701:
10693:
9788:
8589:
2772:, this lasted four years and saw the Mongols come into contact with Europe for the first time. Meanwhile, the Khwarazmian capital of
2678:
2618:
2476:
in autumn 1211. The campaign was halted in 1212 when Genghis was wounded by an arrow during the unsuccessful siege of Xijing (modern
2397:
1555:
738:
475:
9642:
Togan, Isenbike (2016). "Otchigin's Place in the Transformation from Family to Dynasty". In Zimonyi, Istvan; Karatay, Osman (eds.).
2175:('bodyguard'). After TemĂŒjin defeated Toghrul in 1203, he had appropriated this Kereit institution in a minor form, but at the 1206
11419:
1701:
2924:; the khan left the siege of the capital to his generals and moved southwards with Subutai to plunder and secure Jin territories.
2882:
and authority over all monks throughout the empireâa grant which the Taoists later used to try to gain superiority over Buddhism.
2464:
aimed both to plunder and burn a vast area of Jin territory to deprive them of supplies and popular legitimacy, and to secure the
10180:
7680:
3966:
has generally viewed Genghis positively and he has been portrayed as a Chinese hero. In contemporary Japan, he is most known for
2601:. Genghis reckoned that Kuchlug could be a threat to his empire, and Jebe was sent with an army of 20,000 cavalry to the city of
1917:
5216:
11414:
10941:
9971:
8467:
1685:. The actions of 1196 fundamentally changed TemĂŒjin's position in the steppeâalthough nominally still Toghrul's vassal, he was
573:
1336:
tribe, which had intermarried with the Mongols on many previous occasions. There, he arranged a betrothal between TemĂŒjin and
790:, while recent Western scholarship has begun to reassess its previous view of him as a barbarian warlord. He was posthumously
10997:
9776:
9744:
9714:
9687:
9661:
9632:
9605:
9554:
9478:
9405:
9347:
9317:
9289:
9264:
9239:
9212:
9187:
9161:
9068:
9041:
8970:
8938:
8876:
8851:
8793:
8728:
8614:
8577:
8554:
8525:
8498:
8443:
8354:
1709:
match in retribution. This latter incident, which contravened Mongol customs of justice, was only noted by the author of the
646:. When TemĂŒjin was eight, his father died and his family was abandoned by its tribe. Reduced to near-poverty, TemĂŒjin killed
9490:
7884:
3825:
9006:
3104:
was driven by the knowledge of the threat it posed to his ambitions. In the end, Tolui had to be persuaded by the advisor
11024:
10973:
10949:
10748:
10714:
10398:
9587:
8843:
3527:
2647:. Merchants from both sides were eager to restart trading, which had halted during Kuchlug's rule; the Khwarazmian ruler
4093:(A Complete Record of the Mongol Tartars) is the only surviving source on the Mongols written during Genghis's lifetime.
3618:
and given a central role in the Mongolian religious tradition. As a deity, Genghis drew upon Buddhist, shamanistic, and
2661:
invested in one particular caravan of 450 merchants which set off to Khwarazmia in 1218 with a large quantity of wares.
1446:, an adolescent who aided him in retrieving stolen horses. Soon afterwards, Bo'orchu joined TemĂŒjin's camp as his first
11449:
11409:
11404:
10732:
10685:
8895:
8658:
6359:
3720:
promoted Genghis to build patriotic zeal against invaders; however, as he was a non-Russian hero who could serve as an
2550:
2449:
2376:
2152:
were each given ten thousand men to lead as commanders of the right and left wings of the army respectively. The other
1700:
to TemĂŒjin as a consequence; they were also probably attracted by his newfound wealth. TemĂŒjin subdued the disobedient
714:
470:
465:
10766:
2460:
fortifications were guarded by Alaqush's Ongud, who allowed the Mongols to pass without difficulty. The three-pronged
1753:, who, by killing TemĂŒjin's horse and refusing to hide that fact, had displayed martial ability and personal courage.
1594:
The followers of TemĂŒjin and Jamukha camped together for a year and a half, during which their leaders reforged their
10981:
10909:
10893:
9964:
8862:
3787:
2947:
2578:
commander. They managed to surprise and defeat the rebels, securing control over this economically important region.
1361:
758:
520:
9419:
3394:
killed in battle or who otherwise fell on hard times by raising a tax to provide them with clothing and sustenance.
1814:, to his faithful followers, which subsequently granted them great prestige. The oath-takers of Baljuna were a very
10965:
10925:
8680:
8376:
6846:
2364:
1152:
1131:
in the early 14th century. Ghazan allowed Rashid privileged access to both confidential Mongol sources such as the
870:
8981:
3544:
Genghis Khan left a vast and controversial legacy. His unification of the Mongol tribes and his foundation of the
2878:. The khan listened attentively to Changchun's teachings and granted his followers numerous privileges, including
1387:
however imply that YesĂŒgei's brothers stood by the widow. It is possible that Hö'elĂŒn may have refused to join in
10989:
10917:
10823:
10659:
10112:
8602:
5839:
3728:
and reactionary lord exploited the people." His cult was repressed, the alphabet he chose was replaced with the
3571:, meant to ensure stability, actually did the reverse, as local and state-wide interests diverged and the empire
3519:
2057:
625:
503:
10147:
9511:
2066:
operated as both a political and social unit, while the warriors of defeated tribes were dispersed to different
1293:
in his hand, a motif in Asian folklore indicating the child would be a warrior. Others claimed that Hö'elĂŒn was
11434:
11424:
11040:
10885:
10797:
10722:
10393:
5152:
4195:
Subjects include (top to bottom, left to right): Genghis, Ăgedei, Kublai, TemĂŒr, KĂŒlĂŒg, Buyantu and Rinchinbal.
4103:
3717:
3690:
3062:, was a patron of many religions including Islam. Ăgedei was thus recognised as the heir to the Mongol throne.
2218:
1827:âas the group was predominantly non-Mongol, the author presumably wished to downplay the role of other tribes.
617:
460:
454:
9387:
2837:, Genghis realised that the heat and humidity of the South Asian climate impeded his army's skills, while the
11444:
11370:
11096:
11067:
10957:
10440:
10413:
10408:
9759:
8739:
8540:
7780:
5967:
4884:
3951:
in 1368. Although the late Ming somewhat disavowed his memory, the positive viewpoint was restored under the
3724:
figurehead, this attitude swiftly changed after the war's end. According to May, Genghis "was condemned as a
3572:
3025:
to avoid his body decomposing in the summer heat while en route to Mongolia; Atwood rejects this hypothesis.
2564:
caused the tribes to rebel and take him prisoner in early 1216. The following year, they ambushed and killed
2074:
1541:
entered into his service. TemĂŒjin and Börte had their first child, a daughter named Qojin, around this time.
1147:, who visited the Mongols in 1221. Arabic sources include a contemporary biography of the Khwarazmian prince
1006:
778:
538:
514:
31:
5000:
3150:, who later married Butu of the Ikires, one of TemĂŒjin's earliest and closest supporters and the widower of
2339:) but suffered a reverse against a Xia army. After a two-month stalemate, Genghis broke the deadlock with a
11399:
10877:
10675:
10418:
10403:
9794:
4177:
initially surrendered to Tolui, but later rebelled and was destroyed in 1222; its population was massacred.
3824:, Lenin Avenue in the capital Ulaanbaatar was renamed Chinggis Khan Avenue. Since then, Mongolia has named
3821:
3783:
3652:, which says he will return to help the Mongol people in a time of great need. His cult was centred at the
2980:
2959:". The exact nature of the khan's death has been the subject of intense speculation. Rashid al-Din and the
2933:
2764:
as his successor. Jebe and Subutai then set out on a 7,500-kilometre (4,700 mi)-expedition around the
2517:
1162:
493:
435:
163:
10142:
7864:
7122:
6235:
3139:, while he secured marriage alliances by marrying her daughters to important families. Her children were:
876:
11048:
11016:
10867:
10815:
10667:
10173:
3832:(which was itself renamed after Genghis between 2013 and 2016). His visage appears on items ranging from
3644:
and to ancient Buddhist kings; he was invoked during weddings and festivals; and he took a large role in
3623:
3606:
For many centuries, Genghis was remembered in Mongolia as a religious figure, not a political one. After
2800:
2317:
1648:
754:
678:
6335:
6083:
4760:
2674:
resolved to leave Muqali with a small force in North China and invade Khwarazmia with most of his army.
2367:
submitted and handed over tribute, including his daughter Chaka, in exchange for the Mongol withdrawal.
1044:
is more disciplined in its chronology, but does not criticise Genghis and occasionally contains errors.
681:; upon reemerging in 1196, he swiftly began gaining power. Toghrul came to view TemĂŒjin as a threat and
11454:
11429:
9569:"Who Was "Hitler" Before Hitler? Historical Analogies and the Struggle to Understand Nazism, 1930â1945"
9281:
9231:
9033:
8606:
8569:
8546:
8517:
8368:
7844:
1763:
682:
566:
10122:
9817:
8462:
5427:
5056:
10901:
10859:
10842:
10776:
10756:
10740:
10502:
8948:
8916:
8886:
8508:
Birge, Bettine; Broadbridge, Anne F. (2023). "Women and Gender under Mongol Rule". In Biran, Michal;
6583:
4241:
3871:
3675:
3058:
he was also more likely to preserve Mongol traditions than Tolui, whose wife Sorghaghtani, herself a
2752:, closely followed by Jebe and Subutai; the two generals pursued the Khwarazmshah until he died from
2745:
868:
508:
498:
222:
79:
39:
7828:
3033:
The tribes of the Mongol steppe had no fixed succession system, but often defaulted to some form of
10102:
9768:
9764:
9573:
9397:
9393:
8720:
8716:
8625:
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3888:
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2352:
1059:
during the 14th and 15th centuries. Its historicity has been disputed: the 20th-century sinologist
991:, meaning 'Interpreter of the Heavenly Law, Initiator of the Good Fortune, Holy-Martial Emperor').
709:, Genghis began to consolidate his power. In 1209, he led a large-scale raid into the neighbouring
621:
43:
35:
17:
8156:
6431:
2900:
on the Xia's western border. The invasion proceeded apace. Genghis ordered that the cities of the
1297:
which announced the child's destiny, a legend which echoed that of the mythical Borjigin ancestor
10807:
9800:
9597:
9470:
8649:
8594:
8040:
6710:
4780:
3702:
3649:
3545:
2648:
2505:
2439:
in the mid-12th century, and to win the vast amounts of plunder his troops and vassals expected.
1641:
1040:, while poorly edited, provides a large amount of detail on individual campaigns and people; the
667:
9366:
6874:
3987:, he was seen as a just and wise ruler, but during the eighteenth century he came to embody the
2335:
Wulahai was captured again in May and the Mongols advanced on the capital Zhongxing (modern-day
1994:), composed of the surviving pre-empire aristocracy and the most important of the new families.
10445:
10166:
9736:
9060:
8958:
8926:
6607:
3971:
3963:
3864:
3645:
2761:
2722:
2655:
to obtain the high-quality textiles and steel of Central and Western Asia. Many members of the
1148:
1124:
1101:
1094:
430:
70:
7496:
6383:
6043:
4852:
4596:
4496:
3377:
records that Börte's father remarked on his "flashing eyes and lively face" when meeting him.
2104:
2093:
11389:
11188:
11132:
10465:
10127:
9227:
9204:
9029:
8962:
8930:
8835:
8827:
8490:
6926:
6475:
4636:
3837:
3799:
3791:
3782:
Depictions of Genghis Khan in modern Mongolia. Clockwise from top left: a statue outside the
3439:
3435:
3123:
2938:
2866:(local officials) to manage the region back to normalcy. He also summoned and spoke with the
2682:
2523:
As the northern Jin lands had been ravaged by plague and war, Xuanzong moved the capital and
2386:
1289:
Several legends surround TemĂŒjin's birth. The most prominent is that he was born clutching a
806:
For the uncertain meanings of the name TemĂŒjin and the title Genghis, see the below sections
559:
531:
488:
182:
8781:
7616:
6023:
5743:
4704:
2833:
Genghis abruptly halted his Central Asian campaigns in 1221. Initially aiming to return via
11394:
11088:
11080:
10560:
9564:
9546:
9428:
9339:
9179:
9093:
9080:"Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan"
8435:
7704:
6551:
6455:
5927:
5631:
4668:
4204:
The word "Mughal" derives from "Mongol", which was used in India for any northern invaders.
3988:
2990:
After his death, Genghis was transported back to Mongolia and buried on or near the sacred
2942:
Early 15th-century miniature of Genghis Khan advising his sons on his deathbed, taken from
2788:. Jalal was weakened by arguments among his commanders, and after losing decisively at the
1922:
1867:
1842:
for TemĂŒjin. Toghrul and Senggum were both forced to flee, and while the latter escaped to
1632:
1478:
1371:
YesĂŒgei's death shattered the unity of his people, which included members of the Borjigin,
1115:
1089:
1020:). The latter, now lost, served as inspiration for two Chinese chroniclesâthe 14th-century
1001:
445:
425:
7337:
6063:
3829:
2686:
lightly armoured, highly mobile Mongol armies uncontested superiority outside city walls.
2651:
dispatched an envoy shortly after the Mongol capture of Zhongdu, while Genghis instructed
2130:
1344:. As the betrothal meant YesĂŒgei would gain a powerful ally and as Börte commanded a high
1139:. As he was writing an official chronicle, Rashid censored inconvenient or taboo details.
906:
842:
8:
11336:
10290:
9706:
9653:
8773:
8136:
5907:
5583:
3959:
3431:
3415:
3059:
2789:
2250:
1623:
1617:
1157:
1028:
385:
148:
9676:
9097:
8284:
7413:
7257:
6890:
6215:
4900:
3923:
and seen in the modern Arab world as the culmination of Genghis's destructive conquests.
1449:
987:
955:
936:
761:. In 1227, Genghis died while subduing the rebellious Western Xia; following a two-year
545:
331:
312:
274:
10212:
9867:
9754:
9517:
9513:
The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century
9198:
9146:
9124:
8815:
8429:
8409:
8401:
8364:
8340:
7764:
7648:
7480:
6279:
4576:
3559:, he did reorganise the legal system and establish a powerful judicial authority under
2999:
2636:
2532:
2473:
2418:
2417:
Depictions of Mongol-Jin conflict from 14th-century Persian manuscripts. From top: the
2274:
2014:), a unit of a thousand soldiers, which was further subdivided into units of hundreds (
1278:
1207:
1056:
822:
734:
11158:
10490:
10430:
10030:
7321:
6798:
6259:
5543:
4968:
10525:
9871:
9859:
9851:
9808:
9772:
9740:
9710:
9683:
9657:
9628:
9601:
9550:
9474:
9432:
9401:
9383:
9361:
9343:
9332:
9313:
9285:
9260:
9235:
9208:
9183:
9171:
9157:
9141:
9129:
9111:
9079:
9064:
9037:
9023:
8966:
8934:
8872:
8847:
8789:
8782:
8724:
8610:
8573:
8550:
8535:
8521:
8494:
8439:
8413:
8393:
8350:
7664:
7568:
6195:
6123:
5479:
5268:
4405:
3753:
3733:
3706:
3427:
3321:
3197:
2995:
2687:
2594:
2513:
2469:
2457:
2408:
1851:
1820:
1815:
1745:). After some initial successes, TemĂŒjin and Toghrul routed this loose confederation
1400:
lifestyle, they collected roots and nuts, hunted for small animals, and caught fish.
1388:
1294:
1258:
1223:
1105:
718:
194:
136:
9818:"Genghis Khan's death (AD 1227): An unsolvable riddle or simply a pandemic disease?"
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8000:
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were appointed to the highest ranks and received the greatest honours. Bo'orchu and
702:
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9841:
9831:
9804:
9724:
9593:
9499:
9466:
9119:
9101:
8904:
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8385:
4015:
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3928:
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3611:
3580:
3205:
2984:
2804:
2785:
2777:
2737:
2730:
1946:
1839:
1811:
1771:
1693:
1678:
1376:
1238:
1219:
746:
686:
440:
8389:
3820:
in the 1980s paved the way for official rehabilitation. Less than two years after
60:
11166:
10132:
10097:
10043:
9535:
9460:
9357:
9327:
9303:
9106:
8831:
8324:
5947:
4087:
3891:, and his propaganda campaigns vastly exaggerated the prominence of his ancestor
3883:
in Central Asia, did both: he was obliged to pay homage to Genghis's descendants
3729:
3593:
3475:
3325:
3287:
3136:
3065:
2991:
2834:
2711:
2703:
2606:
2539:
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2340:
2265:. Mongol armies also rode westwards, defeating the Naiman-Merkit alliance on the
1871:
1788:
1545:
1504:
1492:
1405:
1397:
1262:
1136:
1052:
1022:
960:
941:
886:
864:
651:
643:
369:
283:
10137:
7058:
5563:
5523:
4652:
3911:
3870:
In post-Mongol Asia, Genghis was also a source of political legitimacy, because
2575:
1135:
and to experts on the Mongol oral tradition, including Kublai Khan's ambassador
959:, meaning 'Holy-Martial Emperor') upon his grandfather. Kublai's great-grandson
10435:
9836:
9816:
You, Wenpeng; Galassi, Francesco M.; Varotto, Elena; Henneberg, Maciej (2021).
9542:
9309:
9256:
9019:
8777:
8706:
8453:
8421:
8315:
8256:
8120:
6762:
6319:
3892:
3880:
3694:
3679:
3328:
in the 1240s, she was tried and executed on charges that were later suppressed.
3034:
2972:
2901:
2351:
and were unable to progress the siege. The Xia requested aid from the Jin, but
2258:
2044:). The units also encompassed each man's household, meaning that each military
1833:
1469:, are indicative of the emphasis its author put on Genghis' personal charisma.
11179:
11153:
10062:
10024:
9956:
9503:
7736:
5387:
5076:
4480:
3958:(1644â1911), who positioned themselves as his heirs. The rise of 20th-century
3291:
3105:
1806:, a leading warrior. TemĂŒjin called in every possible ally and swore a famous
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
952:
949:
693:
and executing Jamukha, he was left as the sole ruler on the Mongolian steppe.
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
271:
268:
265:
110:
11383:
11240:
11171:
10478:
10296:
10189:
10117:
10049:
9991:
9934:
9855:
9115:
8397:
7596:
7042:
6694:
6535:
6499:
5288:
5236:
4116:
3952:
3900:
3721:
3686:
3523:
3346:
3245:
3182:
3022:
2879:
2623:
2509:
2501:
2465:
2436:
2431:
2348:
2313:
2301:
1894:
1584:
1568:
1432:
609:
207:
11235:
10092:
9176:
The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, His Heirs, and the Founding of Modern China
8920:
8710:
6950:
6155:
5807:
5791:
5711:
5663:
3532:
2461:
1286:(meaning 'iron') and connect to theories that "TemĂŒjin" means 'blacksmith'.
10580:
10497:
10473:
10388:
10322:
10245:
10225:
9930:
9863:
9671:
9436:
9415:
9299:
9153:
9133:
8803:
8228:
7528:
7162:
7022:
6648:
6646:
4688:
4261:
4144:
3955:
3948:
3884:
3859:
3744:
3714:
3710:
3588:
3576:
3560:
3373:
beard while Juzjani commented on his cat's eyes and lack of grey hair. The
3176:
3151:
3070:
2909:
2781:
2356:
2292:
2270:
1921:
TemĂŒjin being proclaimed as Genghis Khan, as illustrated in a 15th-century
1855:
1692:
Jamukha behaved cruelly following his victory at Dalan Baljutâhe allegedly
1517:
1439:
1379:
ceremonies which followed a ruler's death and soon abandoned her camp. The
1314:
1199:
1195:
1183:
1060:
1012:
924:
818:
605:
10585:
10071:
9619:
The Mongol Conquests: The Military Campaigns of Genghis Khan and SĂŒbe'etei
8952:
6966:
6007:
5092:
2261:, he took control of the region's trade in grain and furs, as well as its
829:
most commonly rendered as "Genghis" ultimately derives from the Mongolian
798:; modern Mongolians recognise him as the founding father of their nation.
11306:
11255:
11215:
11184:
10285:
10107:
10087:
10067:
8997:
8891:"The Transmission of The Book Known as The Secret History of The Mongols"
8868:
8509:
6782:
6107:
5343:
4389:
3937:
3920:
3816:
3637:
3615:
3350:
3299:
3295:
3228:
3193:
2921:
2897:
2886:
2793:
2765:
2757:
2726:
2699:
2677:
Muhammad's empire was large but disunited: he ruled alongside his mother
2644:
2557:
2524:
2488:
2321:
2305:
2282:
2200:
2134:
2122:
1900:
1875:
1758:
1652:
1580:
1488:
1443:
1345:
928:
920:
762:
742:
730:
710:
698:
322:
252:
152:
9846:
9617:
9568:
9250:
8819:
8405:
7429:
6643:
6415:
6303:
5136:
4916:
4796:
4560:
3773:
2631:
Genghis had now attained complete control of the eastern portion of the
1677:, the meaning of which probably approximated "commander of hundreds" in
11351:
11260:
10610:
10595:
10332:
9057:
Cultural Relics of the Mongols in the National Palace Museum Collection
9001:
8890:
8807:
8653:
8076:
7289:
5371:
3932:
3698:
3607:
3419:
3334:
3054:
3012:"Great Taboo"; i.e. prohibited zone), was out of bounds to all but its
2976:
2943:
2875:
2849:
1847:
1716:
1341:
1290:
1234:
1211:
1166:
1069:
787:
8188:
7800:
6519:
5507:
4273:
4106:
chose to commemorate the 800th anniversary of TemĂŒjin's birth in 1962.
3685:
In the 19th and early 20th century, Genghis began to be viewed as the
2748:. Bewildered by the speed of the Mongol conquests, Muhammad fled from
2359:
into the city with a dam initially worked, but the poorly-constructed
1893:
to execute him honourably; other accounts state that he was killed by
1254:
11220:
11210:
10575:
10555:
10550:
10509:
9649:
9645:
Central Asia in the Middle Ages: Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden
7305:
6678:
5991:
5879:
5108:
5028:
4437:
3633:
3584:
3406:
3303:
3222:
3201:
3018:
3013:
2956:
2871:
2843:
2741:
2695:
2670:
2632:
2512:
while his army suffered from an epidemic and famineâthey resorted to
2320:
dynasties respectively, while its northern border relied only on the
2309:
2286:
2262:
2196:
1929:
Now sole ruler of the steppe, TemĂŒjin held a large assembly called a
1803:
1706:
1697:
1609:
1372:
1110:
826:
8908:
8671:
8484:
7964:
7178:
7090:
6994:
6662:
6627:
5695:
5355:
3689:
of the Mongolian people. Foreign powers recognised this: during its
3211:
3074:
2691:
2421:(1211); a skirmish between Mongol and Jin cavalry; Genghis entering
2167:
A key tool which underpinned these reforms was the expansion of the
1799:
1572:
1310:
875:, represented in the Mongolian and Persian romanisations by ⟨
766:
212:
11346:
10565:
10425:
10307:
9888:
9702:
9624:
9200:
The Mongol Art of War: Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Military System
9084:
8740:"Tradition, Innovation and the construction of Qubilai's diplomacy"
8344:
7908:
7233:
7211:
7209:
3905:
3810:
3619:
3568:
3270:
2917:
2916:, located just 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of the Xia capital
2905:
2885:
The usual reason given for the halting of the campaign is that the
2808:
2753:
2662:
2598:
2544:
2336:
2228:
2000:
1932:
1365:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1298:
1266:
1246:
1155:. There are also several later Christian chronicles, including the
795:
639:
349:
66:
9488:
Pow, Stephen (2017). "The Last Campaign and Death of Jebe Noyan".
7146:
6978:
6910:
6730:
5679:
5447:
4836:
3002:
and burial were not made public knowledge; the mountain, declared
2085:
were compelled to rule from behind a puppet ruler of his lineage.
1780:
Among officers and men there was none who was not moved to tears.
1503:
TemĂŒjin returned to Dei Sechen to marry Börte when he reached the
1337:
1194:
favour the year 1162. The 1167 dating, favoured by the sinologist
713:, who agreed to Mongol terms the following year. He then launched
663:
177:
11316:
11311:
11301:
11286:
10590:
10545:
10540:
10327:
10317:
10255:
5775:
3976:
3941:
3549:
3338:
3317:
3172:
2964:
2890:
2822:
2773:
2707:
2612:
2602:
2585:
2581:
2565:
2528:
2497:
2493:
2422:
2278:
2181:
its numbers were greatly expanded, from 1,150 to 10,000 men. The
1879:
1859:
1726:
1682:
1628:
1605:
1588:
1513:
1414:
1391:
with one, resulting in later tensions, or that the author of the
1306:
1250:
791:
750:
722:
701:
dedicated to the service of the ruling family. After thwarting a
690:
659:
655:
635:
613:
359:
344:
10158:
8986:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
7632:
7206:
6830:
5759:
5463:
4337:
3114:; in 1229, it crowned Ăgedei as khan, with Tolui in attendance.
2998:, on a site he had chosen years before. Specific details of the
2920:, in November. On 4 December, Genghis decisively defeated a Xia
2740:
in February 1220 and Genghis moved against Muhammad's residence
2324:
for protection. After a raid in 1207 sacked the Xia fortress of
1720:
The tribal polities united by TemĂŒjin to found the Mongol Empire
11296:
11270:
11265:
10600:
10570:
10530:
10280:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10220:
10055:
10036:
10017:
9987:
8626:"Some Royal Mongol Ladies: Alaqa-beki, Ergene-Qatun and Others"
8060:
7924:
7584:
7544:
7389:
7377:
7353:
7106:
5895:
3764:
3725:
3697:
funded the construction of a temple to Genghis, while both the
3641:
3629:
3468:
3239:
3168:
3082:
2968:
2913:
2867:
2861:
2652:
2640:
2477:
2266:
2254:
2224:
2170:
2149:
2114:
1725:
Borjigin-Kereit alliance, electing Jamukha as their leader and
1613:
1521:
1496:
1422:
1318:
1274:
1270:
1128:
783:
774:
706:
647:
104:
8954:
From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane: The Reawakening of Mongol Asia
8922:
The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion
8092:
7458:
7456:
7074:
5651:
2540:
Later reign: western expansion and return to China (1216â1227)
2300:
The Mongols had started raiding the border settlements of the
1512:
cloak. Seeking a patron, TemĂŒjin chose to regift the cloak to
890:
11341:
11321:
11250:
11230:
11225:
11205:
11145:
10312:
10302:
10250:
10011:
9944:
7401:
7245:
7194:
6746:
5727:
4353:
4174:
4047:
3896:
3876:
3553:
3342:
3276:
3256:
3157:
3050:
2816:
2749:
2666:
2590:
2561:
2325:
2296:
The states of East and Central Asia in the early 13th century
2082:
2078:
1863:
1843:
1576:
1560:
1538:
1509:
1302:
1257:, a chieftain who claimed descent from the legendary warlord
1215:
677:, and may have spent the following years as a subject of the
217:
202:
100:
10726:(1205 / 1207 / 1209â10 / 1225â27)
6571:
5124:
5044:
5016:
4988:
4944:
4932:
4624:
4468:
1600:
pact and slept together under one blanket, according to the
1301:. YesĂŒgei and Hö'elĂŒn had three younger sons after TemĂŒjin:
1229:
11291:
11245:
10605:
10535:
9516:(Shorter Version; edited by John C. Street). Translated by
7516:
7453:
5823:
4027:
4024:
2979:
claimed that he was shot by an arrow during a siege, while
2838:
2812:
2694:
to besiege the city, he had sent Jochi northwards down the
2500:). The Jin administration began to disintegrate: after the
2484:, which recruited 500 Jin experts over the next two years.
1807:
1750:
1198:, is derived from a minor sourceâa text of the Yuan artist
726:
662:; they worked together to retrieve TemĂŒjin's newlywed wife
9815:
8772:
8204:
7894:
7874:
7858:
7838:
7790:
7774:
7690:
7674:
7658:
7626:
7578:
7506:
7490:
7365:
7277:
6972:
6884:
6377:
5753:
5619:
5489:
5437:
5349:
5314:
5166:
5070:
4790:
4774:
4646:
4217:
4021:
3705:
used the memory of Genghis to woo potential allies in the
3567:
working succession systemâhis division of his empire into
2760:
island in winter 1220â21, having nominated his eldest son
2702:, while he and Tolui took the main Mongol army across the
2269:
in late 1208. Their khan was killed and Kuchlug fled into
1620:
prophesied that heaven had allocated him a great destiny.
11331:
8685:
8244:
8216:
5403:
4956:
4872:
4824:
4612:
4548:
4524:
4301:
4150:
4033:
4030:
2799:
Genghis's youngest son Tolui was concurrently conducting
1713:, who openly disapproved. These events occurred c. 1197.
9077:
8568:. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge:
7435:
3622:: for example, he was defined as a new incarnation of a
3238:, whose marriage to Törelchi secured the loyalty of the
2792:
in November 1221, he was compelled to escape across the
7940:
7761:, p. 26: "Bust Portraits of Yuan Dynasty Emperors"
4458:
4456:
4377:
4365:
4313:
4160:
4154:
4142:
3473:
3109:
3099:
3093:
3087:
2859:
2847:
2370:
2285:
and pledged themselves to Genghis in 1211 as the first
2204:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2159:
2153:
2143:
2067:
2061:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2030:
2024:
2015:
2009:
1998:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1939:
1930:
1906:
1672:
1447:
834:
634:
and given the name TemĂŒjin, he was the eldest child of
7952:
7468:
6403:
6183:
6143:
5867:
5204:
1901:
Early reign: reforms and Chinese campaigns (1206â1215)
1524:
tribe, who had fought alongside YesĂŒgei and sworn the
10456:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
8108:
7221:
5607:
5495:
4425:
4229:
4050:
4044:
4036:
3974:, a samurai and tragic hero who was forced to commit
2480:). Following this failure, Genghis set up a corps of
2355:
rejected the plea. Genghis's attempt to redirect the
2212:
1949:
1874:, the Naimans were decisively defeated: their leader
1214:, is similarly debated: it has been placed at either
1080:
and the possibility of his son Jochi's illegitimacy.
911:
858:
847:
717:, which lasted for four years and ended in 1215 with
8176:
7816:
7724:
7556:
5333:
5331:
4732:
4536:
4453:
4289:
3225:
and who succeeded his father as ruler of the empire.
880:
9678:
The Secret History of the Mongols: and other pieces
9305:
Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy
4325:
4041:
4018:
3513:
2776:was being besieged by Genghis's three eldest sons.
2158:were each given commands of one of the ninety-five
1499:
attack, and which he later came to honour as sacred
916:) is sometimes also spelled "Temuchin" in English.
737:the following year by the execution of his envoys;
9787:
9728:
9675:
9616:
9534:
9331:
9145:
8982:"The Mongol Khans and Chinese Buddhism and Taoism"
8588:
8272:
7441:
7010:
6818:
6171:
2669:, decided to massacre the merchants on grounds of
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
10451:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
8788:. Washington: Mongolian Preservation Foundation.
5415:
5328:
5256:
5172:
4812:
4720:
2665:, the governor of the Khwarazmian border town of
2209:, before being given command of their own force.
11381:
9699:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209â1370
8507:
8314:
7878:
7423:
7347:
7331:
7215:
2698:river and another force southwards into central
2545:Defeating rebellions and Qara Khitai (1216â1218)
1237:, near which TemĂŒjin was born, pictured here in
10871:(1220â22 / 1226â31 / 1237â64)
9986:
9731:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
9078:Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed; et al. (2016).
4119:, their name was later used for all the tribes.
3845:
3653:
3505:
3499:
3443:
3389:
3382:
3003:
2656:
2627:Campaigns of Genghis Khan between 1207 and 1225
2569:
2443:
1905:
1888:
1595:
1549:
1532:
1525:
1460:
1426:
1281:
1004:derive from two Mongolian-language sourcesâthe
9510:
8346:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
4770:
4754:
4682:
3536:Genghis Khan and seven of his successors from
2823:Return to China and final campaign (1222â1227)
2613:Invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire (1219â1221)
2253:. Having secured a marriage alliance with the
1554:Jamukha, who had risen to become chief of the
1340:, the daughter of an Onggirat chieftain named
612:. After spending most of his life uniting the
600: – August 1227), also known as
10174:
9972:
8599:The Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography
4159:pictured here represent peace, while a black
4153:or horses, is placed on the right; the white
3648:rituals. He also became the focus point of a
3367:
3349:, a Merkit; GĂŒrbesu, the queen of the Naiman
3077:, Genghis's third son and eventual successor.
2963:mention he suffered from an illnessâpossibly
904:
853:
840:
689:and overpowered Toghrul; after defeating the
567:
65:Reproduction of a 1278 portrait taken from a
27:Founder of the Mongol Empire (c. 1162 â 1227)
10354:
9823:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
8712:The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World
2912:in autumn, the Mongols besieged present-day
2281:freed themselves from the suzerainty of the
2249:, a collection of tribes on the edge of the
1831:
1823:. The Baljuna Covenant was omitted from the
733:in 1218. Genghis was provoked to invade the
9723:
9532:
8563:
8266:
8238:
7890:
7850:
7834:
7794:
7746:
7714:
7694:
7590:
7550:
7534:
7522:
7462:
7419:
7407:
7395:
7383:
7359:
7343:
7327:
7311:
7283:
7251:
7239:
7200:
7128:
7064:
7000:
6956:
6940:
6896:
6880:
6852:
6804:
6716:
6700:
6668:
6652:
6617:
6565:
6545:
6489:
6461:
6437:
6421:
6389:
6369:
6345:
6329:
6309:
6265:
6241:
6221:
6209:
6161:
6133:
6129:
6117:
6089:
6069:
6049:
6029:
5997:
5973:
5933:
5913:
5901:
5885:
5857:
5813:
5801:
5749:
5717:
5701:
5669:
5657:
5645:
5637:
5625:
5597:
5573:
5549:
5529:
5517:
5433:
5409:
5393:
5377:
5318:
5298:
5274:
5246:
5226:
5194:
5158:
5142:
5130:
5114:
5098:
5082:
5062:
5050:
5034:
5022:
4994:
4982:
4978:
4962:
4950:
4938:
4922:
4890:
4878:
4862:
4846:
4830:
4802:
4786:
4750:
4694:
4674:
4662:
4658:
4642:
4630:
4618:
4590:
4566:
4530:
4486:
4474:
4411:
4399:
4359:
4307:
4223:
3659:
3483:
3449:
3009:
2855:
2527:600 kilometres (370 mi) southwards to
2232:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1730:
1417:, another boy of aristocratic descent; the
1161:, and works by European travellers such as
10181:
10167:
9979:
9965:
9148:Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection
8737:
8514:The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
4283:
3467:Genghis came to believe the supreme deity
879:⟩, writers transcribed the name as
739:the campaign toppled the Khwarazmian state
574:
560:
59:
9845:
9835:
9753:
9563:
9123:
9105:
8860:
8654:"The Historicity of The Baljuna Covenant"
8566:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
8298:
5313:, § "Building the Mongol Confederation";
5225:, § "Building the Mongol Confederation";
5162:
4251:
3640:; he was connected genealogically to the
3591:in the late 1200s. In the mid-1990s, the
3546:largest contiguous state in world history
3298:, later ruled the empire, while another,
2807:. Every city that resisted was destroyedâ
2639:, which ruled over much of Central Asia,
2635:, and his territory bordered that of the
2619:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
1269:clan, whom YesĂŒgei had abducted from her
9696:
9614:
9050:
8705:
8681:"Why Genghis Khan's tomb can't be found"
8420:
7895:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7875:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7859:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7839:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7791:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7775:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7758:
7691:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7675:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7659:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7627:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7579:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7507:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7491:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
7263:
7184:
7168:
7140:
7100:
7052:
7048:
7036:
6973:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
6840:
6684:
6601:
6577:
6561:
6529:
6378:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
6365:
6353:
6285:
6253:
6101:
6057:
6033:
6017:
6013:
5985:
5953:
5937:
5861:
5817:
5781:
5769:
5754:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
5490:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
5438:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
5365:
5350:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
5315:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
5294:
5167:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
5102:
5071:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
5013:, § "Building the Mongol Confederation".
4791:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
4775:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
4647:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
4443:
4383:
4319:
3910:
3540:, by Anonymous, Yuan dynasty (1271â1368)
3531:
3064:
2937:
2716:
2622:
2291:
2056:of households in what May has termed "a
1978:'white bone'); underneath them came the
1916:
1715:
1622:
1487:
1355:
1228:
1082:
940:, meaning 'Supreme Progenitor') and the
631:
9585:
9414:
9051:Liu, Fang-ju; Cheng, Shu-fang (2015).
8996:
8979:
8947:
8915:
8648:
8543:Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
8363:
8198:
8170:
8166:
8150:
8146:
8130:
8054:
6740:
6724:
6720:
6445:
6397:
6325:
5501:
5397:
5381:
5361:
5210:
5086:
4606:
4582:
4518:
4490:
4235:
4149:, a banner fashioned from the tails of
3538:Bust Portraits of Yuan Dynasty Emperors
1495:mountain, where TemĂŒjin hid during the
1076:also recounts taboo events such as his
811:
807:
14:
11382:
10801:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
10760:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
9785:
9458:
9356:
9326:
9298:
9002:"The Career of Muqali: A Reassessment"
8826:
8489:. Makers of the Muslim World. London:
8452:
8339:
8026:
8014:
7994:
7974:
7958:
7898:
7806:
7786:
7770:
7710:
7698:
7654:
7606:
7538:
7486:
7474:
7371:
7299:
7271:
7227:
7152:
7116:
7080:
7068:
6960:
6932:
6920:
6916:
6864:
6808:
6788:
6772:
6656:
6637:
6621:
6589:
6541:
6509:
6481:
6469:
6425:
6409:
6393:
6373:
6341:
6313:
6289:
6269:
6245:
6229:
6205:
6189:
6165:
6149:
6073:
5977:
5961:
5941:
5917:
5873:
5849:
5797:
5733:
5721:
5689:
5673:
5641:
5613:
5593:
5569:
5557:
5513:
5473:
5453:
5441:
5322:
5278:
5190:
5006:
4910:
4858:
4714:
4698:
4554:
4542:
4510:
4462:
4447:
4431:
4419:
4415:
4395:
4371:
4347:
4295:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4247:
4080:Also transliterated as Zhao Gong, his
3709:. This attitude was maintained during
3400:soldiers as if they were my brothers.
2927:
1802:had been transported and tended to by
1317:. TemĂŒjin also had two half-brothers,
1177:
11120:
10631:
10353:
10200:
10162:
9960:
9670:
9641:
9252:The Mongol Conquests in World History
8802:
8784:Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire
8780:; Honeychurch, William, eds. (2009).
8678:
8623:
8586:
8534:
8482:
8431:Turkestan Down To The Mongol Invasion
8290:
8278:
8262:
8250:
8234:
8222:
8210:
8194:
8182:
8162:
8142:
8126:
8114:
8082:
8066:
8050:
8030:
8010:
7990:
7934:
7918:
7870:
7854:
7822:
7810:
7742:
7730:
7686:
7670:
7638:
7622:
7602:
7447:
7315:
7295:
7267:
7136:
6984:
6944:
6900:
6856:
6776:
6752:
6704:
5310:
5250:
5222:
5010:
4894:
4710:
4602:
4506:
4343:
3418:with the help of the captured scribe
3255:, who married several members of the
2328:, Genghis decided to personally lead
1127:on the order of Genghis's descendant
10632:
10384:Administrative divisions and vassals
9491:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
9382:
9018:
8885:
8864:Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World
8470:from the original on 11 October 2022
8102:
7902:
7718:
7574:
7562:
7502:
7028:
5282:
4331:
3826:Chinggis Khaan International Airport
3364:, never a candidate for succession.
2371:Campaign against the Jin (1211â1215)
1431:pactâthe traditional oath of Mongol
10651:
9487:
9446:from the original on 31 August 2021
9273:
9248:
9221:
9196:
9170:
9140:
8844:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
8294:
8098:
8086:
8070:
8046:
8034:
8006:
7986:
7970:
7946:
7930:
7914:
7642:
7610:
7510:
7188:
7172:
7156:
7132:
7112:
7096:
7084:
7032:
7016:
7004:
6988:
6936:
6904:
6868:
6860:
6836:
6824:
6812:
6792:
6768:
6756:
6736:
6688:
6672:
6633:
6613:
6597:
6593:
6557:
6525:
6513:
6505:
6493:
6485:
6465:
6449:
6441:
6349:
6297:
6293:
6273:
6249:
6225:
6201:
6177:
6137:
6113:
6097:
6093:
6077:
6053:
6037:
6001:
5981:
5957:
5921:
5889:
5853:
5845:
5833:
5829:
5785:
5765:
5737:
5705:
5685:
5601:
5589:
5577:
5553:
5537:
5533:
5485:
5469:
5457:
5421:
5337:
5262:
5242:
5230:
5198:
5178:
5146:
5118:
5066:
5038:
4974:
4926:
4906:
4866:
4842:
4818:
4806:
4766:
4738:
4726:
4678:
4586:
4570:
4514:
4502:
4068:
3788:equestrian statue at Tsonjin Boldog
3528:Destruction under the Mongol Empire
2568:, one of Genghis's highest-ranking
2073:extremely effectiveâeven after the
2036:
2021:
2006:
1665:
1465:). These incidents, related by the
1457:
1360:Statue of Hö'elĂŒn located near the
854:
839:. This was adapted into Chinese as
729:annexed the Central Asian state of
24:
8896:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
8659:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
3919:, conducted by Genghis's grandson
3021:, may have buried the khan in the
2908:only to a few. Having crossed the
2551:Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai
2377:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
2213:Consolidation of power (1206â1210)
1887:, Jamukha convinced his childhood
1850:as a wife, and married her sister
1483:
1425:and arrows as gifts and swore the
715:a campaign against the Jin dynasty
25:
11466:
10188:
9592:. Vol. 1 (Fourth ed.).
9589:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
9537:Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy
9338:. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford:
9007:Bulletin of Sung and YĂŒan Studies
8760:from the original on 11 June 2022
8693:from the original on 18 July 2023
4897:, § "Emergence of Chinggis Khan".
3324:. Shortly after the accession of
3290:as an appanage; two of his sons,
801:
685:in 1203. TemĂŒjin retreated, then
683:launched a surprise attack on him
11440:Great Khans of the Mongol Empire
8830:(2009). "Inner Asia c.1200". In
8377:The International History Review
7752:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4168:
4014:
3772:
3763:
3752:
3743:
3514:Legacy and historical assessment
3510:who wavered in their loyalties.
3434:, its ability to gather and use
2858:"those who press the seal") and
2784:, Genghis's adopted son, in the
2448:in March 1211, Genghis launched
2407:
2396:
2385:
2103:
2092:
1631:, illustrated in a 15th-century
1472:
1325:, from YesĂŒgei's secondary wife
1077:
384:
11420:Deaths by horse-riding accident
10201:
9370:. Vol. V. pp. 133â135
9226:. Culture and Customs of Asia.
9224:Culture and Customs of Mongolia
8808:"Chinggis on the Japanese Mind"
8307:
4135:
4122:
4109:
4096:
4074:
3931:in the nineteenth century, the
3808:The arrival of the policies of
3614:in the late 1500s, Genghis was
3520:Genghis Khan in popular culture
2948:Livre des merveilles manuscript
2904:be sacked one by one, granting
1862:, the sympathetic ruler of the
963:later expanded this title into
769:acceded to the throne in 1229.
753:led an expedition that reached
749:, while Jebe and his colleague
420:
9809:10.1093/OBO/9780199791279-0154
9786:Wright, David Curtis (2017) .
8738:Fiaschetti, Francesca (2014).
4060:
4007:
3828:and erected a large statue in
3459:"good for good, evil for evil"
3286:, who received lands near the
3192:; his appanage was the former
2738:Bukhara's citadel was captured
2593:populace whom he attempted to
2219:Mongol conquest of Western Xia
1694:boiled seventy prisoners alive
1351:
741:and devastated the regions of
618:a series of military campaigns
13:
1:
11415:13th-century Chinese monarchs
11371:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
11068:Division of the Mongol Empire
9897:
9760:Chinese History: A New Manual
8564:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
8541:The Cambridge History of Iran
8434:(Third ed.). New Delhi:
8390:10.1080/07075332.2004.9641030
3995:
3865:the approaching Judgement Day
3844:policiesâsuch his use of the
3310:
3280:
3263:
3249:
3232:
3215:
3186:
3161:
3144:
3129:
3028:
2706:, surprising the garrison of
2075:division of the Mongol Empire
1656:
1295:impregnated by a ray of light
1172:
1007:Secret History of the Mongols
671:
594:
515:Secret History of the Mongols
290:Fatian Qiyun Shengwu Huangdi
129:
32:Genghis Khan (disambiguation)
9682:. London: House of Stratus.
9586:Sanders, Alan J. K. (2017).
9107:10.1371/journal.pone.0161622
9059:] (in Chinese). Taipei:
9025:Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule
8679:Craig, Erin (19 July 2017).
7424:Birge & Broadbridge 2023
7348:Birge & Broadbridge 2023
7332:Birge & Broadbridge 2023
7216:Birge & Broadbridge 2023
4211:
3853:
3691:occupation of Inner Mongolia
3259:tribe between 1207 and 1225.
3128:Börte, whom TemĂŒjin married
2934:Burial place of Genghis Khan
2468:which allowed access to the
1950:
1362:equestrian statue of her son
965:Fatian Qiyun Shengwu Huangdi
891:
833:, which may be romanised as
638:, a Mongol chieftain of the
620:, conquering large parts of
604:, was the founder and first
7:
10318:Manghit / Mangudai
8349:. New York: Facts on File.
8057:, pp. lxxviii, lxxxiv.
4161:
4155:
4143:
4104:Mongolian People's Republic
3718:Mongolian People's Republic
3601:
3474:
3269:, who married Chigu of the
3110:
3100:
3094:
3088:
2860:
2848:
2729:, from a late 17th-century
2456:the following month. These
2425:after capturing it in 1215.
2205:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2144:
2068:
2062:
2058:militaryâindustrial complex
2052:
2046:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2010:
1999:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1940:
1931:
1907:
1866:tribe. In May 1204, at the
1673:
1579:) and four more daughters (
1448:
1404:Hö'elĂŒn upon attaining his
1313:, as well as one daughter,
912:
881:
859:
848:
835:
10:
11471:
11121:
11097:Esen BuqaâAyurbarwada war
9837:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.089
9533:Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991).
9282:Edinburgh University Press
9232:Greenwood Publishing Group
9034:Greenwood Publishing Group
8607:Berkshire Publishing Group
8587:Brose, Michael C. (2014).
8570:Cambridge University Press
8547:Cambridge University Press
8518:Cambridge University Press
3944:, are viewed more highly.
3858:The historical and modern
3517:
3438:efficiently, a mastery of
3368:Character and achievements
3309:Al Altan, a daughter born
3121:
2983:reported that Genghis was
2931:
2826:
2616:
2548:
2454:outer ring of Jin defences
2374:
2289:to submit to the Mongols.
2216:
1764:Battle of Qalaqaljid Sands
1476:
1421:notes that they exchanged
1245:TemĂŒjin was born into the
994:
805:
632:Born between 1155 and 1167
29:
11450:Medieval military leaders
11410:13th-century Mongol khans
11405:12th-century Mongol khans
11368:
11279:
11198:
11131:
11127:
11116:
11060:
11009:
10912:(1223 / 1236â40)
10858:
10835:
10818:(1257 / 1284â88)
10788:
10713:
10658:
10647:
10627:
10518:
10464:
10441:ByzantineâMongol Alliance
10376:
10372:
10349:
10264:
10211:
10207:
10196:
10080:
9998:
9941:
9928:
9925:Mongol Empire established
9919:
9914:
9882:
9504:10.1017/S135618631600033X
9462:Imperial China, 1350â1900
9459:Porter, Jonathan (2016).
8590:"Chinggis (Genghis) Khan"
4861:, pp. 295â296, 390;
4713:, § "The Young TemĂŒjin";
4605:, § "The Young TemĂŒjin";
3405:Genghis Khan's letter to
3262:TĂŒmelĂŒn, a daughter born
3117:
2450:his invasion of Jin China
1261:, and his principal wife
1087:15th-century copy of the
1034:Campaigns of Genghis Khan
968:
948:
935:
927:in 1271, he bestowed the
905:
867:lacks a sound similar to
841:
765:, his third son and heir
365:
355:
343:
330:
328:
321:
293:
289:
282:
264:
258:
251:
242:
237:
233:
193:
170:
158:
142:
123:
119:
93:
85:
80:Khan of the Mongol Empire
78:
58:
53:
40:Chinggis (disambiguation)
9769:Harvard University Press
9697:Waterson, James (2013).
9627:: Helion & Company.
9598:Rowman & Littlefield
9574:Central European History
9471:Rowman & Littlefield
9398:Harvard University Press
9389:Imperial China, 900â1800
9052:
8980:Jagchid, Sechin (1979).
8861:de Hartog, Leo (1999) .
8721:Harvard University Press
8650:Cleaves, Francis Woodman
8173:, pp. 338, 357â360.
7436:Lkhagvasuren et al. 2016
7346:, pp. 67, 140â142;
7274:, pp. 201, 278â279.
7175:, pp. 70â71, 94â95.
6604:, pp. 160â161, 164.
4000:
3221:, who received lands in
3196:territories surrounding
2829:Mongol conquest of China
2746:fell the following month
1988:'black bone'; sometimes
1878:was killed, and his son
1546:Burkhan Khaldun mountain
1121:Compendium of Chronicles
1111:a Mongol successor state
919:When Genghis's grandson
705:attempt from a powerful
393:This article is part of
44:Temujin (disambiguation)
36:Genghis (disambiguation)
10394:Invasions and conquests
10313:Paiza / Gerege
9801:Oxford University Press
9615:Sverdrup, Carl (2017).
8630:World History Connected
8624:Buell, Paul D. (2010).
8463:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
8133:, pp. 86, 101â102.
7242:, pp. 67, 138â139.
3970:that he was originally
3703:Chinese Communist Party
3628:(idealised ruler) like
3316:, married the powerful
3143:Qojin, a daughter born
2203:all started out in the
1456:('personal companion';
1051:survived through being
455:Invasions and conquests
11051:(1260 / 1301)
10779:(1274 / 1281)
10446:Franco-Mongol alliance
10081:Yuan (Kublaid) Khagans
9737:Crown Publishing Group
9427:. Vol. I. Paris:
9061:National Palace Museum
8483:Biran, Michal (2012).
8365:Atwood, Christopher P.
8341:Atwood, Christopher P.
7422:, pp. 74, 88â89;
4913:, § "Early struggles".
3972:Minamoto no Yoshitsune
3964:Chinese historiography
3924:
3915:Depiction of the 1258
3846:
3796:decoration of Mongolia
3654:
3541:
3506:
3500:
3444:
3402:
3390:
3383:
3137:Mongol appanage system
3078:
3004:
2951:
2734:
2681:in what the historian
2657:
2628:
2570:
2444:
2297:
2231:title "Teb Tenggeri" (
1926:
1889:
1832:
1783:
1721:
1636:
1596:
1550:
1533:
1526:
1500:
1461:
1427:
1368:
1282:
1242:
1102:Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani
1097:
1095:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
852:, and into Persian as
817:There is no universal
648:his older half-brother
71:National Palace Museum
11435:Genocide perpetrators
11425:Deified male monarchs
9795:Oxford Bibliographies
9565:Rosenfeld, Gavriel D.
9274:May, Timothy (2018).
9249:May, Timothy (2012).
9222:May, Timothy (2008).
9197:May, Timothy (2007).
8963:Yale University Press
8931:Yale University Press
8491:Oneworld Publications
8426:Bosworth, Clifford E.
8320:"The Era of His Ways"
7302:, pp. 18, 82â83.
6867:, pp. 100, 591;
6863:, pp. 117, 254;
6791:, pp. 100, 591;
6544:, pp. 307, 436;
6468:, pp. 164, 172;
6344:, pp. 429, 431;
3914:
3899:, the founder of the
3792:Order of Genghis Khan
3535:
3518:Further information:
3440:psychological warfare
3436:military intelligence
3397:
3124:Wives of Genghis Khan
3122:Further information:
3068:
2941:
2720:
2626:
2549:Further information:
2474:Battle of Huan'erzhui
2452:in May, reaching the
2330:a full-scale invasion
2295:
2217:Further information:
1920:
1810:, later known as the
1775:
1719:
1626:
1491:
1359:
1232:
1086:
11445:Mongol Empire people
10942:Serbia and Bulgaria
9656:. pp. 407â424.
9547:Blackwell Publishing
9429:Imprimerie nationale
9367:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica
9340:Blackwell Publishing
9180:Penguin Random House
8774:Fitzhugh, William W.
8520:. pp. 628â654.
8436:Munshiram Manoharlal
8318:(31 December 1995).
8301:, pp. 255, 269.
8293:, pp. 156â158;
8265:, pp. 145â153;
8237:, pp. 153â155;
8213:, pp. 106, 127.
8169:, pp. 384â387;
8165:, pp. 122â125;
8149:, pp. 382â384;
8145:, pp. 121â122;
8129:, pp. 112â114;
8085:, pp. 144â145;
8053:, pp. 143â144;
8049:, pp. 137â138;
8033:, pp. 143â144;
8009:, pp. 143â144;
7993:, pp. 142â143;
7989:, pp. 142â143;
7973:, pp. 141â142;
7917:, pp. 138â139;
7897:, pp. 105â109;
7893:, pp. 212â213;
7879:Washington Post 1995
7837:, pp. 209â210;
7759:Liu & Cheng 2015
7717:, pp. 151â152;
7697:, pp. 169â174;
7693:, pp. 103â104;
7537:, pp. 147â148;
7330:, pp. 67, 146;
7139:, pp. 540â541;
7131:, pp. 126â128;
7067:, pp. 136â137;
7051:, pp. 457â458;
6987:, pp. 408â409;
6959:, pp. 142â143;
6899:, pp. 141â142;
6771:, pp. 209â212;
6723:, pp. 245â246;
6719:, pp. 134â136;
6703:, pp. 137â140;
6687:, pp. 167â169;
6636:, pp. 180â181;
6624:, pp. 308, 344.
6620:, pp. 118â119;
6616:, pp. 177â181;
6600:, pp. 174â175;
6564:, pp. 162â163;
6528:, pp. 173â174;
6508:, pp. 184â191;
6464:, pp. 130â133;
6392:, pp. 123â125;
6348:, pp. 120â123;
6268:, pp. 118â119;
6248:, pp. 445â446;
6244:, pp. 118â119;
6224:, pp. 117â118;
6164:, pp. 114â115;
6116:, pp. 140â141;
6092:, pp. 113â114;
6072:, pp. 112â113;
6056:, pp. 137â138;
6052:, pp. 111â112;
6036:, pp. 114â115;
6032:, pp. 110â111;
6016:, pp. 111â112;
5984:, pp. 135â136;
5976:, pp. 109â110;
5936:, pp. 109â109;
5920:, pp. 275â276;
5916:, pp. 109â109;
5860:, pp. 104â105;
5848:, pp. 132â133;
5800:, pp. 590â591;
5720:, pp. 102â103;
5672:, pp. 100â101;
5456:, pp. 505â506;
4585:, pp. 289â291;
4446:, pp. xivâxvi;
4250:, § "Introduction";
4165:would represent war.
3908:in legal authority.
3838:high-value banknotes
3650:sleeping hero legend
3337:; the Tatar sisters
3051:Mongol legal customs
3019:embalming techniques
2442:After calling for a
1968:'Golden Family') or
1868:Battle of Chakirmaut
1740:"khan of the tribes"
1479:Rise of Genghis Khan
1265:, originally of the
808:Birth and early life
11400:12th-century slaves
11189:Khagans of the Yuan
10918:Poland and Bohemia
10694:Khwarazmian Empire
10419:Society and economy
9755:Wilkinson, Endymion
9654:Harrassowitz Verlag
9518:de Rachewiltz, Igor
9421:Notes on Marco Polo
9098:2016PLoSO..1161622L
8834:; Frank, Allen J.;
8269:, pp. 211â212.
8253:, pp. 132â135.
8225:, pp. 128â132.
8201:, pp. 437â438.
8089:, pp. 145â146.
8037:, pp. 144â145.
8017:, pp. 101â102.
7949:, pp. 140â141.
7841:, pp. 108â109.
7797:, pp. 198â200.
7749:, pp. 158â159.
7745:, pp. 45, 73;
7721:, pp. 433â434.
7629:, pp. 107â108.
7593:, pp. 149â150.
7553:, pp. 147â148.
7398:, pp. 187â188.
7386:, pp. 67, 156.
7374:, pp. 18, 542.
7362:, pp. 67, 144.
7071:, pp. 278â279.
6907:, pp. 246â247.
6887:, pp. 347â348.
6815:, pp. 214â215.
6795:, pp. 212â213.
6580:, pp. 160â167.
6568:, pp. 133â134.
6452:, pp. 163â164.
6332:, pp. 119â120.
6212:, pp. 116â117.
6104:, pp. 114â116.
6080:, pp. 139â140.
5988:, pp. 105â106.
5964:, pp. 275â277.
5904:, pp. 106â108.
5560:, pp. 460â462.
5540:, pp. 104â105.
5400:, pp. 298â301.
5089:, pp. 291â295.
4793:, pp. 100â101.
4557:, pp. 389â391.
4493:, pp. 284â287.
4270:, § "Introduction".
3960:Chinese nationalism
3822:the 1990 revolution
3794:medal, the highest
3669:"Eight White Yurts"
3655:naiman chagan ordon
3646:ancestor veneration
3504:Jamukha or killing
3204:, which became the
3175:, evolved into the
3171:and extending into
3060:Nestorian Christian
2985:struck by lightning
2928:Death and aftermath
2790:Battle of the Indus
2768:. Later called the
2050:was supported by a
1911:of 1206 and reforms
1364:at Tsonjin Boldog,
1178:Birth and childhood
1158:Georgian Chronicles
1029:Shengwu qinzheng lu
721:of the Jin capital
10934:Holy Roman Empire
10389:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
9797:: Military History
9763:(Third ed.).
9384:Mote, Frederick W.
8840:The Chinggisid Age
8814:. 30/31: 259â269.
8536:Boyle, John Andrew
7809:, pp. 96â99;
7689:, pp. 70â71;
7625:, pp. 71â72;
7605:, pp. 71â72;
7135:, pp. 69â70;
7099:, pp. 69â70;
6939:, pp. 95â96;
6739:, pp. 64â65;
6488:, pp. 62â63;
6448:, pp. 77â78;
6396:, pp. 14â15;
6328:, pp. 71â73;
6228:, pp. 57â58;
6096:, pp. 52â54;
5688:, pp. 44â45;
5660:, pp. 98â100.
5640:, pp. 97â98;
5576:, pp. 71â72;
5552:, pp. 92â93;
5488:, pp. 39â40;
5472:, pp. 30â31;
5396:, pp. 89â90;
5321:, pp. 86â88;
5297:, pp. 81â83;
5277:, pp. 78â80;
5229:, pp. 70â73;
5197:, pp. 67â70;
5165:, pp. 21â22;
5161:, pp. 63â67;
5145:, pp. 61â62;
5117:, pp. 46â47;
5101:, pp. 52â53;
5085:, pp. 52â53;
5065:, pp. 49â50;
5037:, pp. 49â50;
4981:, pp. 37â41;
4925:, pp. 34â35;
4893:, pp. 34â35;
4865:, pp. 32â33;
4805:, pp. 26â27;
4789:, pp. 25â26;
4771:de Rachewiltz 2015
4755:de Rachewiltz 2015
4753:, pp. 23â24;
4697:, pp. 22â23;
4683:de Rachewiltz 2015
4661:, pp. 21â22;
4645:, pp. 20â21;
4589:, pp. 67â68;
4569:, pp. 14â15;
4489:, pp. 17â18;
4402:, pp. xvâxvi.
4362:, pp. xivâxv.
3925:
3879:, who established
3542:
3248:, a daughter born
3231:, a daughter born
3079:
3000:funeral procession
2952:
2946:'s section of the
2803:in the regions of
2735:
2688:Otrar was besieged
2637:Khwarazmian Empire
2629:
2419:Battle of Yehuling
2347:better than crude
2298:
2113:Modern statues of
1927:
1722:
1637:
1608:and others of the
1501:
1369:
1243:
1098:
1057:Chinese characters
777:had destined him.
735:Khwarazmian Empire
504:In popular culture
476:Khwarazmian Empire
436:Khalakhaljid Sands
89:1206 â August 1227
42:, and
11455:Tengrist monarchs
11430:Founding monarchs
11377:
11376:
11364:
11363:
11360:
11359:
11112:
11111:
11108:
11107:
11089:KaiduâKublai war
11081:BerkeâHulagu war
11073:Toluid Civil War
10854:
10853:
10623:
10622:
10619:
10618:
10426:House of Borjigin
10345:
10344:
10341:
10340:
10156:
10155:
10059:
10040:
10021:
9955:
9954:
9942:Succeeded by
9889:House of Borjigin
9778:978-0-6740-6715-8
9746:978-0-3072-3781-1
9725:Weatherford, Jack
9716:978-1-7834-6943-7
9689:978-1-8423-2370-0
9663:978-3-4471-0664-1
9634:978-1-9133-3605-9
9607:978-1-5381-0227-5
9556:978-0-6311-6785-3
9480:978-1-4422-2293-9
9407:978-0-6740-1212-7
9349:978-0-6311-7563-6
9319:978-0-3068-2395-4
9291:978-0-7486-4237-3
9277:The Mongol Empire
9266:978-1-8618-9971-2
9241:978-0-3133-3983-7
9214:978-1-5941-6046-2
9189:978-0-5521-6880-9
9163:978-0-3129-8965-1
9070:978-9-5756-2734-8
9043:978-0-3133-2528-1
8972:978-0-3002-5112-8
8940:978-0-3001-2533-7
8878:978-1-8606-4972-1
8853:978-1-1390-5604-5
8846:. pp. 9â25.
8812:Mongolian Studies
8795:978-0-2959-8957-0
8730:978-0-6742-7865-3
8616:978-1-9337-8266-9
8579:978-1-1086-3662-9
8556:978-1-1390-5497-3
8527:978-1-3163-3742-4
8500:978-1-7807-4204-5
8445:978-8-1215-0544-4
8356:978-0-8160-4671-3
7813:, pp. 42â44.
7701:, pp. 84â93.
7645:, pp. 98â99.
7410:, pp. 73â75.
7254:, pp. 59â63.
7203:, pp. 55â56.
7191:, pp. 94â95.
7159:, pp. 68â69.
7055:, pp. 61â62.
6871:, pp. 65â66.
6727:, pp. 11â13.
6707:, pp. 66â67.
6400:, pp. 76â77.
6256:, pp. 45â46.
6060:, pp. 42â43.
5820:, pp. 97â98.
5325:, pp. 90â91.
5301:, pp. 83â86.
5285:, pp. 26â27.
5233:, pp. 96â98.
5201:, pp. 36â37.
5149:, pp. 34â35.
5133:, pp. 54â56.
5053:, pp. 49â50.
5025:, pp. 44â47.
4997:, pp. 39â41.
4953:, pp. 37â38.
4941:, pp. 66â68.
4929:, pp. 30â31.
4869:, pp. 28â29.
4809:, pp. 26â27.
4741:, pp. 25â26.
4701:, pp. 97â98.
4665:, pp. 50â51.
4633:, pp. 15â19.
4573:, pp. 20â21.
4477:, pp. 17â18.
4422:, pp. 18â21.
4374:, pp. 16â17.
4286:, pp. 77â82.
4128:According to the
3927:With the rise of
3830:SĂŒkhbaatar Square
3784:Government Palace
3734:Sino-Soviet split
3707:Chinese Civil War
3428:command structure
3055:drink excessively
2996:Khentii Mountains
2801:a brutal campaign
2470:North China Plain
2353:Emperor Zhangzong
2287:sedentary society
2257:and defeated the
2142:Genghis's senior
2131:SĂŒkhbaatar Square
1923:Jami' al-tawarikh
1633:Jami' al-tawarikh
1389:levirate marriage
1259:Bodonchar Munkhag
1224:Agin-Buryat Okrug
1151:by his companion
1116:Jami' al-tawarikh
1106:Ata-Malik Juvayni
1090:Jami' al-tawarikh
584:
583:
410:
409:
375:
374:
339:
338:
137:Khentii Mountains
16:(Redirected from
11462:
11175:
11162:
11159:Töregene Khatun
11149:
11129:
11128:
11118:
11117:
11100:
11092:
11084:
11076:
11052:
11044:
11036:
11028:
11020:
11001:
10993:
10985:
10977:
10969:
10961:
10953:
10945:
10937:
10929:
10921:
10913:
10905:
10897:
10889:
10881:
10873:
10872:
10846:
10827:
10819:
10811:
10803:
10802:
10780:
10770:
10762:
10761:
10752:
10744:
10736:
10728:
10727:
10705:
10697:
10689:
10679:
10671:
10656:
10655:
10649:
10648:
10629:
10628:
10591:Shangdu (Xanadu)
10581:Sarai Batu/Berke
10486:Chagatai Khanate
10374:
10373:
10351:
10350:
10209:
10208:
10198:
10197:
10183:
10176:
10169:
10160:
10159:
10113:YesĂŒn TemĂŒr Khan
10053:
10034:
10015:
9981:
9974:
9967:
9958:
9957:
9950:
9910:
9903:
9902:
9899:
9880:
9879:
9875:
9849:
9839:
9812:
9791:
9782:
9750:
9734:
9720:
9693:
9681:
9667:
9638:
9622:
9611:
9582:
9560:
9541:. Translated by
9540:
9529:
9527:
9525:
9507:
9484:
9455:
9453:
9451:
9445:
9426:
9411:
9379:
9377:
9375:
9353:
9337:
9323:
9295:
9270:
9245:
9218:
9193:
9167:
9151:
9137:
9127:
9109:
9074:
9047:
9015:
8993:
8976:
8944:
8912:
8903:(3/4): 433â492.
8882:
8857:
8832:Di Cosmo, Nicola
8823:
8799:
8787:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8759:
8747:Ming Qing Yanjiu
8744:
8734:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8675:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8620:
8603:Great Barrington
8592:
8583:
8560:
8531:
8504:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8449:
8422:Barthold, Vasily
8417:
8373:
8360:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8302:
8288:
8282:
8276:
8270:
8267:Ratchnevsky 1991
8260:
8254:
8248:
8242:
8239:Ratchnevsky 1991
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8192:
8186:
8180:
8174:
8160:
8154:
8140:
8134:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8106:
8096:
8090:
8080:
8074:
8064:
8058:
8044:
8038:
8024:
8018:
8004:
7998:
7984:
7978:
7968:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7944:
7938:
7928:
7922:
7912:
7906:
7891:Ratchnevsky 1991
7888:
7882:
7868:
7862:
7851:Ratchnevsky 1991
7848:
7842:
7835:Ratchnevsky 1991
7832:
7826:
7820:
7814:
7804:
7798:
7795:Ratchnevsky 1991
7784:
7778:
7768:
7762:
7756:
7750:
7747:Ratchnevsky 1991
7740:
7734:
7728:
7722:
7715:Ratchnevsky 1991
7708:
7702:
7695:Ratchnevsky 1991
7684:
7678:
7668:
7662:
7652:
7646:
7636:
7630:
7620:
7614:
7600:
7594:
7591:Ratchnevsky 1991
7588:
7582:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7551:Ratchnevsky 1991
7548:
7542:
7535:Ratchnevsky 1991
7532:
7526:
7523:Ratchnevsky 1991
7520:
7514:
7500:
7494:
7484:
7478:
7472:
7466:
7463:Ratchnevsky 1991
7460:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7427:
7420:Broadbridge 2018
7417:
7411:
7408:Broadbridge 2018
7405:
7399:
7396:Broadbridge 2018
7393:
7387:
7384:Broadbridge 2018
7381:
7375:
7369:
7363:
7360:Broadbridge 2018
7357:
7351:
7344:Broadbridge 2018
7341:
7335:
7328:Broadbridge 2018
7325:
7319:
7312:Broadbridge 2018
7309:
7303:
7293:
7287:
7284:Broadbridge 2018
7281:
7275:
7261:
7255:
7252:Broadbridge 2018
7249:
7243:
7240:Broadbridge 2018
7237:
7231:
7225:
7219:
7213:
7204:
7201:Broadbridge 2018
7198:
7192:
7182:
7176:
7166:
7160:
7150:
7144:
7129:Ratchnevsky 1991
7126:
7120:
7110:
7104:
7094:
7088:
7078:
7072:
7065:Ratchnevsky 1991
7062:
7056:
7046:
7040:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7001:Ratchnevsky 1991
6998:
6992:
6982:
6976:
6970:
6964:
6957:Ratchnevsky 1991
6954:
6948:
6941:Ratchnevsky 1991
6930:
6924:
6914:
6908:
6897:Ratchnevsky 1991
6894:
6888:
6881:Ratchnevsky 1991
6878:
6872:
6853:Ratchnevsky 1991
6850:
6844:
6834:
6828:
6822:
6816:
6805:Ratchnevsky 1991
6802:
6796:
6786:
6780:
6766:
6760:
6750:
6744:
6734:
6728:
6717:Ratchnevsky 1991
6714:
6708:
6701:Ratchnevsky 1991
6698:
6692:
6682:
6676:
6669:Ratchnevsky 1991
6666:
6660:
6653:Ratchnevsky 1991
6650:
6641:
6631:
6625:
6618:Weatherford 2004
6611:
6605:
6587:
6581:
6575:
6569:
6566:Ratchnevsky 1991
6555:
6549:
6546:Ratchnevsky 1991
6539:
6533:
6523:
6517:
6503:
6497:
6490:Ratchnevsky 1991
6479:
6473:
6462:Ratchnevsky 1991
6459:
6453:
6438:Ratchnevsky 1991
6435:
6429:
6422:Ratchnevsky 1991
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6390:Ratchnevsky 1991
6387:
6381:
6370:Ratchnevsky 1991
6363:
6357:
6346:Ratchnevsky 1991
6339:
6333:
6330:Ratchnevsky 1991
6323:
6317:
6310:Weatherford 2004
6307:
6301:
6283:
6277:
6266:Ratchnevsky 1991
6263:
6257:
6242:Ratchnevsky 1991
6239:
6233:
6222:Ratchnevsky 1991
6219:
6213:
6210:Ratchnevsky 1991
6199:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6169:
6162:Ratchnevsky 1991
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6134:Weatherford 2004
6130:Ratchnevsky 1991
6127:
6121:
6118:Ratchnevsky 1991
6111:
6105:
6090:Ratchnevsky 1991
6087:
6081:
6070:Ratchnevsky 1991
6067:
6061:
6050:Ratchnevsky 1991
6047:
6041:
6030:Ratchnevsky 1991
6027:
6021:
6011:
6005:
5998:Ratchnevsky 1991
5995:
5989:
5974:Ratchnevsky 1991
5971:
5965:
5951:
5945:
5934:Ratchnevsky 1991
5931:
5925:
5914:Ratchnevsky 1991
5911:
5905:
5902:Ratchnevsky 1991
5899:
5893:
5886:Ratchnevsky 1991
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5858:Ratchnevsky 1991
5843:
5837:
5827:
5821:
5814:Ratchnevsky 1991
5811:
5805:
5802:Ratchnevsky 1991
5795:
5789:
5779:
5773:
5763:
5757:
5750:Ratchnevsky 1991
5747:
5741:
5731:
5725:
5718:Ratchnevsky 1991
5715:
5709:
5702:Ratchnevsky 1991
5699:
5693:
5683:
5677:
5670:Ratchnevsky 1991
5667:
5661:
5658:Ratchnevsky 1991
5655:
5649:
5646:Weatherford 2004
5638:Ratchnevsky 1991
5635:
5629:
5626:Ratchnevsky 1991
5623:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5598:Ratchnevsky 1991
5587:
5581:
5574:Weatherford 2004
5567:
5561:
5550:Ratchnevsky 1991
5547:
5541:
5530:Ratchnevsky 1991
5527:
5521:
5518:Weatherford 2004
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5483:
5477:
5467:
5461:
5451:
5445:
5434:Ratchnevsky 1991
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5410:Weatherford 2004
5407:
5401:
5394:Ratchnevsky 1991
5391:
5385:
5378:Ratchnevsky 1991
5375:
5369:
5359:
5353:
5347:
5341:
5335:
5326:
5319:Ratchnevsky 1991
5308:
5302:
5299:Ratchnevsky 1991
5292:
5286:
5275:Ratchnevsky 1991
5272:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5247:Weatherford 2004
5240:
5234:
5227:Ratchnevsky 1991
5220:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5195:Ratchnevsky 1991
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5159:Ratchnevsky 1991
5156:
5150:
5143:Ratchnevsky 1991
5140:
5134:
5131:Ratchnevsky 1991
5128:
5122:
5115:Ratchnevsky 1991
5112:
5106:
5099:Ratchnevsky 1991
5096:
5090:
5083:Ratchnevsky 1991
5080:
5074:
5063:Ratchnevsky 1991
5060:
5054:
5051:Ratchnevsky 1991
5048:
5042:
5035:Ratchnevsky 1991
5032:
5026:
5023:Ratchnevsky 1991
5020:
5014:
5004:
4998:
4995:Ratchnevsky 1991
4992:
4986:
4983:Broadbridge 2018
4979:Ratchnevsky 1991
4972:
4966:
4963:Ratchnevsky 1991
4960:
4954:
4951:Ratchnevsky 1991
4948:
4942:
4939:Broadbridge 2018
4936:
4930:
4923:Ratchnevsky 1991
4920:
4914:
4904:
4898:
4891:Ratchnevsky 1991
4888:
4882:
4879:Broadbridge 2018
4876:
4870:
4863:Ratchnevsky 1991
4856:
4850:
4847:Ratchnevsky 1991
4840:
4834:
4831:Ratchnevsky 1991
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4803:Ratchnevsky 1991
4800:
4794:
4787:Ratchnevsky 1991
4784:
4778:
4764:
4758:
4751:Ratchnevsky 1991
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4708:
4702:
4695:Ratchnevsky 1991
4692:
4686:
4675:Ratchnevsky 1991
4672:
4666:
4663:Broadbridge 2018
4659:Ratchnevsky 1991
4656:
4650:
4643:Ratchnevsky 1991
4640:
4634:
4631:Ratchnevsky 1991
4628:
4622:
4619:Ratchnevsky 1991
4616:
4610:
4600:
4594:
4591:Ratchnevsky 1991
4580:
4574:
4567:Ratchnevsky 1991
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4531:Ratchnevsky 1991
4528:
4522:
4500:
4494:
4487:Ratchnevsky 1991
4484:
4478:
4475:Ratchnevsky 1991
4472:
4466:
4460:
4451:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4412:Ratchnevsky 1991
4409:
4403:
4400:Ratchnevsky 1991
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4360:Ratchnevsky 1991
4357:
4351:
4346:, pp. 7â8;
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4308:Ratchnevsky 1991
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4226:, pp. xâxi.
4224:Ratchnevsky 1991
4221:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4148:
4139:
4133:
4126:
4120:
4113:
4107:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4078:
4072:
4069:§ Name and title
4064:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4011:
3985:Geoffrey Chaucer
3929:Arab nationalism
3917:Siege of Baghdad
3849:
3800:âź20,000 banknote
3776:
3767:
3756:
3747:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3612:Tibetan Buddhism
3581:Chagatai Khanate
3509:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3409:
3393:
3386:
3363:
3315:
3312:
3285:
3282:
3268:
3265:
3254:
3251:
3237:
3234:
3220:
3217:
3206:Chagatai Khanate
3191:
3188:
3166:
3163:
3149:
3146:
3134:
3131:
3113:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3011:
3007:
2865:
2857:
2854:(commissioners,
2853:
2786:Battle of Parwan
2731:Jami al-tawarikh
2660:
2595:forcibly convert
2573:
2487:The defences of
2447:
2411:
2400:
2389:
2248:
2234:
2208:
2193:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2147:
2107:
2096:
2071:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1936:
1910:
1892:
1840:decisive victory
1837:
1812:Baljuna Covenant
1793:
1792:, vol 120 (1370)
1772:Baljuna Covenant
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1676:
1666:Defeating rivals
1661:
1658:
1599:
1553:
1536:
1529:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1430:
1377:ancestor worship
1285:
1239:Khentii Province
1220:Khentii Province
990:
958:
939:
923:established the
915:
910:
909:
902:
894:
884:
878:
874:
862:
857:
856:
851:
846:
845:
838:
832:
821:system used for
812:Kurultai of 1206
676:
673:
599:
596:
576:
569:
562:
441:Baljuna Covenant
416:Tribal campaigns
406:
405:
403:
396:
388:
381:
380:
377:
376:
334:
317:
315:
277:
262:
259:Chinggis Khaan (
246:
235:
234:
134:
131:
63:
51:
50:
21:
11470:
11469:
11465:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11460:
11459:
11380:
11379:
11378:
11373:
11356:
11275:
11194:
11173:
11160:
11147:
11123:
11104:
11098:
11090:
11082:
11074:
11056:
11050:
11042:
11034:
11026:
11018:
11005:
10999:
10991:
10983:
10975:
10967:
10959:
10951:
10943:
10935:
10927:
10919:
10911:
10903:
10895:
10894:Volga Bulgaria
10887:
10879:
10870:
10868:
10850:
10844:
10831:
10825:
10817:
10809:
10800:
10798:
10784:
10778:
10768:
10759:
10757:
10750:
10749:Southern China
10742:
10734:
10733:Northern China
10725:
10723:
10709:
10703:
10695:
10687:
10677:
10669:
10643:
10642:
10615:
10514:
10491:House of Ăgedei
10460:
10431:House of Ăgedei
10399:Destructiveness
10368:
10367:
10337:
10274:
10260:
10203:
10192:
10187:
10157:
10152:
10133:Rinchinbal Khan
10076:
10031:Töregene Khatun
9994:
9985:
9951:
9948:
9947:
9938:
9926:
9923:
9904:
9900:
9893:
9892:
9885:
9878:
9779:
9747:
9717:
9707:Frontline Books
9690:
9664:
9648:. Turcologica.
9635:
9608:
9557:
9523:
9521:
9481:
9449:
9447:
9443:
9424:
9408:
9373:
9371:
9350:
9320:
9292:
9267:
9242:
9215:
9190:
9164:
9071:
9054:
9044:
8973:
8941:
8909:10.2307/2718184
8879:
8854:
8796:
8778:Rossabi, Morris
8763:
8761:
8757:
8742:
8731:
8707:Favereau, Marie
8696:
8694:
8672:10.2307/2718438
8639:
8637:
8617:
8580:
8557:
8528:
8501:
8473:
8471:
8454:Bawden, Charles
8446:
8371:
8357:
8330:
8328:
8325:Washington Post
8316:Achenbach, Joel
8310:
8305:
8297:, p. 146;
8289:
8285:
8277:
8273:
8261:
8257:
8249:
8245:
8233:
8229:
8221:
8217:
8209:
8205:
8193:
8189:
8181:
8177:
8161:
8157:
8141:
8137:
8125:
8121:
8113:
8109:
8101:, p. 145;
8097:
8093:
8081:
8077:
8069:, p. 144;
8065:
8061:
8045:
8041:
8029:, p. 102;
8025:
8021:
8013:, p. 143;
8005:
8001:
7985:
7981:
7969:
7965:
7957:
7953:
7945:
7941:
7933:, p. 139;
7929:
7925:
7913:
7909:
7889:
7885:
7877:, p. 104;
7873:, p. 158;
7869:
7865:
7853:, p. 207;
7849:
7845:
7833:
7829:
7821:
7817:
7805:
7801:
7793:, p. 108;
7789:, p. 369;
7785:
7781:
7773:, p. 369;
7769:
7765:
7757:
7753:
7741:
7737:
7729:
7725:
7713:, p. 101;
7709:
7705:
7685:
7681:
7669:
7665:
7657:, p. 101;
7653:
7649:
7637:
7633:
7621:
7617:
7609:, p. 101;
7601:
7597:
7589:
7585:
7577:, p. 433;
7573:
7569:
7561:
7557:
7549:
7545:
7533:
7529:
7521:
7517:
7509:, p. 100;
7505:, p. 433;
7501:
7497:
7489:, p. 101;
7485:
7481:
7473:
7469:
7461:
7454:
7446:
7442:
7434:
7430:
7418:
7414:
7406:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7382:
7378:
7370:
7366:
7358:
7354:
7342:
7338:
7326:
7322:
7310:
7306:
7294:
7290:
7282:
7278:
7262:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7238:
7234:
7226:
7222:
7214:
7207:
7199:
7195:
7187:, p. 463;
7183:
7179:
7171:, p. 463;
7167:
7163:
7155:, p. 542;
7151:
7147:
7127:
7123:
7111:
7107:
7095:
7091:
7079:
7075:
7063:
7059:
7047:
7043:
7031:, p. 434;
7027:
7023:
7015:
7011:
7003:, p. 125;
6999:
6995:
6983:
6979:
6971:
6967:
6955:
6951:
6943:, p. 144;
6935:, p. 163;
6931:
6927:
6919:, p. 163;
6915:
6911:
6895:
6891:
6885:You et al. 2021
6883:, p. 141;
6879:
6875:
6855:, p. 141;
6851:
6847:
6835:
6831:
6823:
6819:
6811:, p. 591;
6807:, p. 140;
6803:
6799:
6787:
6783:
6775:, p. 591;
6767:
6763:
6751:
6747:
6735:
6731:
6715:
6711:
6699:
6695:
6683:
6679:
6671:, p. 134;
6667:
6663:
6655:, p. 134;
6651:
6644:
6632:
6628:
6612:
6608:
6592:, p. 307;
6588:
6584:
6576:
6572:
6556:
6552:
6540:
6536:
6524:
6520:
6512:, p. 521;
6504:
6500:
6492:, p. 133;
6484:, p. 307;
6480:
6476:
6460:
6456:
6440:, p. 130;
6436:
6432:
6424:, p. 130;
6420:
6416:
6408:
6404:
6388:
6384:
6376:, p. 431;
6372:, p. 123;
6364:
6360:
6340:
6336:
6324:
6320:
6312:, p. 105;
6308:
6304:
6296:, p. 151;
6292:, p. 446;
6284:
6280:
6272:, p. 446;
6264:
6260:
6240:
6236:
6220:
6216:
6208:, p. 502;
6200:
6196:
6188:
6184:
6176:
6172:
6160:
6156:
6148:
6144:
6132:, p. 114;
6128:
6124:
6112:
6108:
6100:, p. 140;
6088:
6084:
6076:, p. 620;
6068:
6064:
6048:
6044:
6028:
6024:
6012:
6008:
6000:, p. 110;
5996:
5992:
5980:, p. 501;
5972:
5968:
5952:
5948:
5940:, p. 104;
5932:
5928:
5912:
5908:
5900:
5896:
5888:, p. 108;
5884:
5880:
5872:
5868:
5852:, p. 591;
5844:
5840:
5828:
5824:
5816:, p. 104;
5812:
5808:
5796:
5792:
5780:
5776:
5764:
5760:
5752:, p. 103;
5748:
5744:
5736:, p. 590;
5732:
5728:
5716:
5712:
5704:, p. 102;
5700:
5696:
5684:
5680:
5668:
5664:
5656:
5652:
5644:, p. 531;
5636:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5596:, p. 297;
5588:
5584:
5572:, p. 297;
5568:
5564:
5548:
5544:
5528:
5524:
5516:, p. 393;
5512:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5484:
5480:
5468:
5464:
5452:
5448:
5440:, p. 104;
5432:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5408:
5404:
5392:
5388:
5376:
5372:
5364:, p. 296;
5360:
5356:
5348:
5344:
5336:
5329:
5317:, p. 103;
5309:
5305:
5293:
5289:
5273:
5269:
5261:
5257:
5241:
5237:
5221:
5217:
5209:
5205:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5157:
5153:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5113:
5109:
5097:
5093:
5081:
5077:
5061:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5033:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5005:
5001:
4993:
4989:
4973:
4969:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4937:
4933:
4921:
4917:
4905:
4901:
4889:
4885:
4877:
4873:
4857:
4853:
4841:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4801:
4797:
4785:
4781:
4765:
4761:
4749:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4709:
4705:
4693:
4689:
4673:
4669:
4657:
4653:
4641:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4601:
4597:
4581:
4577:
4565:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4529:
4525:
4501:
4497:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4461:
4454:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4418:, p. 117;
4410:
4406:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4358:
4354:
4342:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4298:, pp. 4â5.
4294:
4290:
4284:Fiaschetti 2014
4278:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4254:, p. 776;
4246:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4140:
4136:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4110:
4101:
4097:
4085:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4061:
4040:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3872:his descendants
3856:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3769:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3730:Cyrillic script
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3620:folk traditions
3604:
3594:Washington Post
3573:began splitting
3530:
3516:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3416:Uyghur alphabet
3411:
3404:
3370:
3357:
3313:
3288:Altai Mountains
3283:
3266:
3252:
3235:
3218:
3189:
3164:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3031:
2992:Burkhan Khaldun
2961:History of Yuan
2936:
2930:
2831:
2825:
2712:pincer movement
2704:Kyzylkum Desert
2621:
2615:
2607:Pamir Mountains
2553:
2547:
2542:
2482:siege engineers
2466:mountain passes
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2345:siege equipment
2341:feigned retreat
2242:
2221:
2215:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2097:
1913:
1903:
1872:Altai Mountains
1808:oath of loyalty
1795:
1789:History of Yuan
1785:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1689:an equal ally.
1668:
1659:
1642:at Dalan Baljut
1587:, TĂŒmelĂŒn, and
1520:(ruler) of the
1505:age of majority
1493:Burkhan Khaldun
1486:
1484:Early campaigns
1481:
1475:
1398:hunter-gatherer
1354:
1222:or in southern
1188:History of Yuan
1184:Year of the Pig
1180:
1175:
1137:Bolad Chingsang
1038:History of Yuan
1023:History of Yuan
997:
945:Shengwu Huangdi
942:posthumous name
900:
830:
815:
804:
779:The Mongol army
674:
642:, and his wife
597:
580:
527:
525:
485:
480:
457:
452:
417:
401:
399:
398:
397:
394:
392:
291:
284:Posthumous name
260:
244:
229:
189:
166:
147:
135:
132:
128:
115:
74:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11468:
11458:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11375:
11374:
11369:
11366:
11365:
11362:
11361:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11283:
11281:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11202:
11200:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11192:
11182:
11177:
11172:Oghul Qaimish
11169:
11164:
11156:
11151:
11143:
11137:
11135:
11125:
11124:
11114:
11113:
11110:
11109:
11106:
11105:
11103:
11102:
11094:
11086:
11078:
11070:
11064:
11062:
11058:
11057:
11055:
11054:
11046:
11038:
11030:
11022:
11013:
11011:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11003:
10995:
10987:
10979:
10971:
10963:
10955:
10947:
10939:
10931:
10923:
10915:
10907:
10899:
10891:
10883:
10875:
10864:
10862:
10856:
10855:
10852:
10851:
10849:
10848:
10839:
10837:
10833:
10832:
10830:
10829:
10821:
10813:
10805:
10794:
10792:
10786:
10785:
10783:
10782:
10773:
10772:
10764:
10754:
10746:
10738:
10730:
10719:
10717:
10711:
10710:
10708:
10707:
10699:
10691:
10683:
10682:
10681:
10664:
10662:
10653:
10645:
10644:
10641:
10640:
10637:
10633:
10625:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10617:
10616:
10614:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10522:
10520:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10512:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10495:
10494:
10493:
10483:
10482:
10481:
10470:
10468:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10436:Mongol Armenia
10433:
10428:
10422:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10380:
10378:
10370:
10369:
10366:
10365:
10362:
10359:
10355:
10347:
10346:
10343:
10342:
10339:
10338:
10336:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10277:
10275:
10273:
10272:
10269:
10265:
10262:
10261:
10259:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10217:
10215:
10205:
10204:
10194:
10193:
10186:
10185:
10178:
10171:
10163:
10154:
10153:
10151:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10128:Khutughtu Khan
10125:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10084:
10082:
10078:
10077:
10075:
10074:
10065:
10060:
10046:
10041:
10027:
10022:
10008:
10002:
10000:
9996:
9995:
9984:
9983:
9976:
9969:
9961:
9953:
9952:
9943:
9940:
9927:
9924:
9917:
9916:
9915:Regnal titles
9912:
9911:
9886:
9883:
9877:
9876:
9813:
9789:"Genghis Khan"
9783:
9777:
9751:
9745:
9721:
9715:
9694:
9688:
9668:
9662:
9639:
9633:
9612:
9606:
9583:
9561:
9555:
9543:Thomas Haining
9530:
9508:
9485:
9479:
9456:
9412:
9406:
9380:
9354:
9348:
9324:
9318:
9310:Hachette Books
9296:
9290:
9271:
9265:
9257:Reaktion Books
9246:
9240:
9219:
9213:
9194:
9188:
9168:
9162:
9138:
9075:
9069:
9053:ćç«æ
ćźźćç©éąèèć€æç©ćœç·š
9048:
9042:
9016:
8994:
8977:
8971:
8949:Jackson, Peter
8945:
8939:
8917:Jackson, Peter
8913:
8883:
8877:
8858:
8852:
8824:
8800:
8794:
8770:
8735:
8729:
8703:
8676:
8666:(3): 357â421.
8646:
8621:
8615:
8584:
8578:
8561:
8555:
8532:
8526:
8505:
8499:
8480:
8458:"Genghis Khan"
8450:
8444:
8418:
8384:(2): 237â256.
8361:
8355:
8337:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8303:
8299:Rosenfeld 2018
8283:
8271:
8255:
8243:
8241:, p. 212.
8227:
8215:
8203:
8197:, p. 83;
8187:
8175:
8155:
8153:, p. 337.
8135:
8119:
8117:, p. 136.
8107:
8105:, p. 434.
8091:
8075:
8073:, p. 145.
8059:
8039:
8019:
7999:
7997:, p. 101.
7979:
7977:, p. 101.
7963:
7961:, p. 161.
7951:
7939:
7937:, p. 139.
7923:
7921:, p. 139.
7907:
7905:, p. 434.
7901:, p. 97;
7883:
7863:
7861:, p. 109.
7857:, p. 69;
7843:
7827:
7815:
7799:
7779:
7777:, p. 108.
7763:
7751:
7735:
7723:
7703:
7679:
7677:, p. 103.
7673:, p. 70;
7663:
7661:, p. 102.
7647:
7641:, p. 72;
7631:
7615:
7595:
7583:
7581:, p. 102.
7567:
7565:, p. 433.
7555:
7543:
7527:
7525:, p. 149.
7515:
7495:
7493:, p. 100.
7479:
7477:, p. 101.
7467:
7465:, p. 145.
7452:
7440:
7438:, p. 433.
7428:
7426:, p. 636.
7412:
7400:
7388:
7376:
7364:
7352:
7350:, p. 636.
7336:
7334:, p. 636.
7320:
7314:, p. 67;
7304:
7298:, p. 69;
7288:
7276:
7270:, p. 69;
7266:, p. 65;
7256:
7244:
7232:
7220:
7218:, p. 635.
7205:
7193:
7177:
7161:
7145:
7143:, p. 463.
7121:
7119:, p. 418.
7115:, p. 69;
7105:
7103:, p. 463.
7089:
7083:, p. 81;
7073:
7057:
7041:
7035:, p. 69;
7021:
7009:
6993:
6977:
6975:, p. 109.
6965:
6963:, p. 163.
6949:
6925:
6909:
6903:, p. 61;
6889:
6873:
6859:, p. 61;
6845:
6839:, p. 17;
6829:
6817:
6797:
6781:
6761:
6755:, p. 61;
6745:
6729:
6709:
6693:
6677:
6661:
6659:, p. 591.
6642:
6640:, p. 244.
6626:
6606:
6596:, p. 63;
6582:
6570:
6560:, p. 63;
6550:
6548:, p. 133.
6534:
6532:, p. 161.
6518:
6498:
6474:
6472:, p. 307.
6454:
6444:, p. 62;
6430:
6428:, p. 307.
6414:
6412:, p. 307.
6402:
6382:
6380:, p. 104.
6368:, p. 55;
6358:
6352:, p. 42;
6334:
6318:
6316:, p. 100.
6302:
6288:, p. 46;
6278:
6276:, p. 150.
6258:
6252:, p. 60;
6234:
6232:, p. 502.
6214:
6204:, p. 57;
6194:
6192:, p. 393.
6182:
6170:
6168:, p. 277.
6154:
6152:, p. 277.
6142:
6136:, p. 97;
6122:
6120:, p. 114.
6106:
6082:
6062:
6042:
6040:, p. 137.
6022:
6006:
6004:, p. 137.
5990:
5966:
5960:, p. 50;
5956:, p. 39;
5946:
5944:, p. 424.
5926:
5906:
5894:
5892:, p. 134.
5878:
5876:, p. 275.
5866:
5856:, p. 48;
5838:
5832:, p. 48;
5822:
5806:
5804:, p. 104.
5790:
5788:, p. 116.
5784:, p. 96;
5774:
5768:, p. 38;
5758:
5756:, p. 104.
5742:
5726:
5724:, p. 563.
5710:
5694:
5692:, p. 502.
5678:
5676:, p. 100.
5662:
5650:
5630:
5628:, p. 101.
5618:
5616:, p. 297.
5606:
5604:, p. 106.
5600:, p. 94;
5592:, p. 78;
5582:
5562:
5556:, p. 77;
5542:
5536:, p. 77;
5532:, p. 92;
5522:
5506:
5494:
5492:, p. 104.
5478:
5462:
5446:
5436:, p. 90;
5426:
5414:
5402:
5386:
5384:, p. 297.
5380:, p. 89;
5370:
5354:
5352:, p. 103.
5342:
5327:
5303:
5287:
5281:, p. 98;
5267:
5255:
5249:, p. 58;
5245:, p. 40;
5235:
5215:
5213:, p. 397.
5203:
5193:, p. 98;
5183:
5171:
5169:, p. 102.
5163:de Hartog 1999
5151:
5135:
5123:
5107:
5091:
5075:
5073:, p. 101.
5069:, p. 32;
5055:
5043:
5027:
5015:
5009:, p. 98;
4999:
4987:
4977:, p. 31;
4967:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4915:
4909:, p. 30;
4899:
4883:
4871:
4851:
4845:, p. 28;
4835:
4823:
4811:
4795:
4779:
4777:, p. 101.
4769:, p. 74;
4759:
4743:
4731:
4719:
4703:
4687:
4681:, p. 25;
4677:, p. 22;
4667:
4651:
4649:, p. 100.
4635:
4623:
4611:
4609:, p. 288.
4595:
4575:
4559:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4517:, p. 22;
4513:, p. 97;
4509:, p. 33;
4505:, p. 70;
4495:
4479:
4467:
4452:
4436:
4434:, p. 154.
4424:
4414:, p. xv;
4404:
4398:, p. 18;
4388:
4386:, p. xvi.
4376:
4364:
4352:
4336:
4334:, p. 481.
4324:
4322:, p. xiv.
4312:
4310:, p. xii.
4300:
4288:
4282:, p. 24;
4272:
4260:
4252:Wilkinson 2012
4240:
4238:, p. 281.
4228:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4167:
4134:
4130:Secret History
4121:
4108:
4095:
4073:
4059:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3893:Qarachar Noyan
3881:his own empire
3855:
3852:
3834:postage stamps
3781:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3715:Soviet-aligned
3695:Imperial Japan
3680:Inner Mongolia
3636:, the martial
3603:
3600:
3515:
3512:
3493:'divine grace'
3445:achi qari'ulqu
3396:
3375:Secret History
3369:
3366:
3330:
3329:
3307:
3302:, founded the
3274:
3260:
3243:
3226:
3209:
3180:
3155:
3119:
3116:
3042:Secret History
3035:ultimogeniture
3030:
3027:
2973:bubonic plague
2929:
2926:
2902:Gansu Corridor
2880:tax exemptions
2827:Main article:
2824:
2821:
2778:The long siege
2617:Main article:
2614:
2611:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2525:imperial court
2510:fortifications
2416:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2375:Main article:
2372:
2369:
2349:battering rams
2259:Yenisei Kyrgyz
2251:Siberian taiga
2214:
2211:
2112:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
1912:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1885:Secret History
1834:ruse de guerre
1825:Secret History
1776:
1769:
1768:
1711:Secret History
1667:
1664:
1602:Secret History
1565:Secret History
1485:
1482:
1477:Main article:
1474:
1471:
1467:Secret History
1433:blood brothers
1419:Secret History
1411:Secret History
1393:Secret History
1381:Secret History
1353:
1350:
1204:Secret History
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1123:) compiled by
1074:Secret History
1070:phobia of dogs
1066:Secret History
1053:transliterated
1049:Secret History
996:
993:
803:
802:Name and title
800:
725:. His general
668:badly defeated
654:leaders named
616:, he launched
582:
581:
579:
578:
571:
564:
556:
553:
552:
551:
550:
543:
536:
524:
523:
518:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
481:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
453:
451:
450:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
423:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
395:a series about
391:
389:
373:
372:
367:
363:
362:
357:
353:
352:
347:
341:
340:
337:
336:
326:
325:
319:
318:
287:
286:
280:
279:
256:
255:
249:
248:
240:
239:
231:
230:
228:
227:
220:
215:
210:
205:
199:
197:
191:
190:
188:
187:
180:
174:
172:
168:
167:
162:
160:
156:
155:
144:
140:
139:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
114:
113:
108:
97:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
76:
75:
64:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11467:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11387:
11385:
11372:
11367:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11284:
11282:
11278:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11241:Chagatai Khan
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11197:
11190:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11130:
11126:
11119:
11115:
11101:
11095:
11093:
11087:
11085:
11079:
11077:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11065:
11063:
11059:
11053:
11047:
11045:
11039:
11037:
11031:
11029:
11023:
11021:
11015:
11014:
11012:
11008:
11002:
10996:
10994:
10988:
10986:
10980:
10978:
10972:
10970:
10964:
10962:
10956:
10954:
10950:Latin Empire
10948:
10946:
10940:
10938:
10932:
10930:
10924:
10922:
10916:
10914:
10908:
10906:
10900:
10898:
10892:
10890:
10884:
10882:
10876:
10874:
10866:
10865:
10863:
10861:
10857:
10847:
10841:
10840:
10838:
10834:
10828:
10822:
10820:
10814:
10812:
10806:
10804:
10796:
10795:
10793:
10791:
10787:
10781:
10775:
10774:
10771:
10765:
10763:
10755:
10753:
10747:
10745:
10739:
10737:
10731:
10729:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10712:
10706:
10700:
10698:
10692:
10690:
10684:
10680:
10674:
10673:
10672:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10661:
10657:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10638:
10635:
10634:
10630:
10626:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10517:
10511:
10508:
10504:
10501:
10500:
10499:
10496:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10487:
10484:
10480:
10479:Northern Yuan
10477:
10476:
10475:
10472:
10471:
10469:
10467:
10463:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10423:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10404:Imperial Seal
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10381:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10363:
10360:
10357:
10356:
10352:
10348:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10298:
10297:Pax Mongolica
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10276:
10270:
10267:
10266:
10263:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10218:
10216:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10199:
10195:
10191:
10190:Mongol Empire
10184:
10179:
10177:
10172:
10170:
10165:
10164:
10161:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10138:Ukhaantu Khan
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10118:Ragibagh Khan
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10079:
10073:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10057:
10052:
10051:
10050:Oghul Qaimish
10047:
10045:
10042:
10038:
10033:
10032:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10019:
10014:
10013:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10001:
9999:Early Khagans
9997:
9993:
9992:Mongol Empire
9989:
9982:
9977:
9975:
9970:
9968:
9963:
9962:
9959:
9946:
9937:
9936:
9935:Mongol Empire
9932:
9922:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9896:
9891:
9890:
9884:Genghis Khan
9881:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9829:
9825:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9796:
9790:
9784:
9780:
9774:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9761:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9742:
9738:
9733:
9732:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9695:
9691:
9685:
9680:
9679:
9673:
9672:Waley, Arthur
9669:
9665:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9646:
9640:
9636:
9630:
9626:
9621:
9620:
9613:
9609:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9590:
9584:
9581:(2): 249â281.
9580:
9576:
9575:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9539:
9538:
9531:
9519:
9515:
9514:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9492:
9486:
9482:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9463:
9457:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9416:Pelliot, Paul
9413:
9409:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9391:
9390:
9385:
9381:
9369:
9368:
9363:
9362:"ÄengÄ«z Khan"
9359:
9358:Morgan, David
9355:
9351:
9345:
9341:
9336:
9335:
9329:
9328:Morgan, David
9325:
9321:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9306:
9301:
9300:McLynn, Frank
9297:
9293:
9287:
9283:
9280:. Edinburgh:
9279:
9278:
9272:
9268:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9253:
9247:
9243:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9220:
9216:
9210:
9207:: Westholme.
9206:
9202:
9201:
9195:
9191:
9185:
9181:
9177:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9159:
9155:
9150:
9149:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9072:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9049:
9045:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9026:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8978:
8974:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8955:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8923:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8897:
8892:
8888:
8887:Hung, William
8884:
8880:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8865:
8859:
8855:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8836:Golden, Peter
8833:
8829:
8828:Golden, Peter
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8804:Fogel, Joshua
8801:
8797:
8791:
8786:
8785:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8741:
8736:
8732:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8713:
8708:
8704:
8692:
8688:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8660:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8622:
8618:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8591:
8585:
8581:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8562:
8558:
8552:
8548:
8545:. Cambridge:
8544:
8542:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8523:
8519:
8516:. Cambridge:
8515:
8511:
8506:
8502:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8486:Chinggis Khan
8481:
8469:
8465:
8464:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8378:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8338:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8312:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8287:
8280:
8275:
8268:
8264:
8259:
8252:
8247:
8240:
8236:
8231:
8224:
8219:
8212:
8207:
8200:
8196:
8191:
8185:, p. 83.
8184:
8179:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8159:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8139:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8116:
8111:
8104:
8100:
8095:
8088:
8084:
8079:
8072:
8068:
8063:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8043:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8023:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8003:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7983:
7976:
7972:
7967:
7960:
7955:
7948:
7943:
7936:
7932:
7927:
7920:
7916:
7911:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7887:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7867:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7847:
7840:
7836:
7831:
7825:, p. 44.
7824:
7819:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7776:
7772:
7767:
7760:
7755:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7733:, p. 73.
7732:
7727:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7707:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7683:
7676:
7672:
7667:
7660:
7656:
7651:
7644:
7640:
7635:
7628:
7624:
7619:
7613:, p. 31.
7612:
7608:
7604:
7599:
7592:
7587:
7580:
7576:
7571:
7564:
7559:
7552:
7547:
7541:, p. 63.
7540:
7536:
7531:
7524:
7519:
7513:, p. 31.
7512:
7508:
7504:
7499:
7492:
7488:
7483:
7476:
7471:
7464:
7459:
7457:
7449:
7444:
7437:
7432:
7425:
7421:
7416:
7409:
7404:
7397:
7392:
7385:
7380:
7373:
7368:
7361:
7356:
7349:
7345:
7340:
7333:
7329:
7324:
7318:, p. 69.
7317:
7313:
7308:
7301:
7297:
7292:
7286:, p. 67.
7285:
7280:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7264:Favereau 2021
7260:
7253:
7248:
7241:
7236:
7230:, p. 45.
7229:
7224:
7217:
7212:
7210:
7202:
7197:
7190:
7186:
7185:Barthold 1992
7181:
7174:
7170:
7169:Barthold 1992
7165:
7158:
7154:
7149:
7142:
7141:Barthold 1992
7138:
7134:
7130:
7125:
7118:
7114:
7109:
7102:
7101:Barthold 1992
7098:
7093:
7087:, p. 69.
7086:
7082:
7077:
7070:
7066:
7061:
7054:
7053:Favereau 2021
7050:
7049:Barthold 1992
7045:
7039:, p. 65.
7038:
7037:Favereau 2021
7034:
7030:
7025:
7019:, p. 69.
7018:
7013:
7007:, p. 69.
7006:
7002:
6997:
6991:, p. 68.
6990:
6986:
6981:
6974:
6969:
6962:
6958:
6953:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6929:
6923:, p. 72.
6922:
6918:
6913:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6893:
6886:
6882:
6877:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6849:
6843:, p. 77.
6842:
6841:Favereau 2021
6838:
6833:
6827:, p. 66.
6826:
6821:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6801:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6779:, p. 61.
6778:
6774:
6770:
6765:
6759:, p. 65.
6758:
6754:
6749:
6743:, p. 34.
6742:
6738:
6733:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6691:, p. 43.
6690:
6686:
6685:Sverdrup 2017
6681:
6675:, p. 64.
6674:
6670:
6665:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6630:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6610:
6603:
6602:Sverdrup 2017
6599:
6595:
6591:
6586:
6579:
6578:Sverdrup 2017
6574:
6567:
6563:
6562:Sverdrup 2017
6559:
6554:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6531:
6530:Sverdrup 2017
6527:
6522:
6516:, p. 43.
6515:
6511:
6507:
6502:
6496:, p. 36.
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6458:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6434:
6427:
6423:
6418:
6411:
6406:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6386:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6366:Favereau 2021
6362:
6356:, p. 54.
6355:
6354:Favereau 2021
6351:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6300:, p. 35.
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6286:Favereau 2021
6282:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6255:
6254:Favereau 2021
6251:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6218:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6198:
6191:
6186:
6180:, p. 55.
6179:
6174:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6151:
6146:
6140:, p. 54.
6139:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6103:
6102:Sverdrup 2017
6099:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6066:
6059:
6058:Waterson 2013
6055:
6051:
6046:
6039:
6035:
6034:Sverdrup 2017
6031:
6026:
6020:, p. 42.
6019:
6018:Waterson 2013
6015:
6014:Sverdrup 2017
6010:
6003:
5999:
5994:
5987:
5986:Sverdrup 2017
5983:
5979:
5975:
5970:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5954:Waterson 2013
5950:
5943:
5939:
5938:Sverdrup 2017
5935:
5930:
5924:, p. 39.
5923:
5919:
5915:
5910:
5903:
5898:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5875:
5870:
5864:, p. 38.
5863:
5862:Waterson 2013
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5836:, p. 55.
5835:
5831:
5826:
5819:
5818:Sverdrup 2017
5815:
5810:
5803:
5799:
5794:
5787:
5783:
5782:Sverdrup 2017
5778:
5772:, p. 37.
5771:
5770:Waterson 2013
5767:
5762:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5708:, p. 45.
5707:
5703:
5698:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5675:
5671:
5666:
5659:
5654:
5648:, p. 73.
5647:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5627:
5622:
5615:
5610:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5520:, p. 67.
5519:
5515:
5510:
5504:, p. 65.
5503:
5498:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5476:, p. 99.
5475:
5471:
5466:
5460:, p. 39.
5459:
5455:
5450:
5444:, p. 97.
5443:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5424:, p. 39.
5423:
5418:
5412:, p. 65.
5411:
5406:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5383:
5379:
5374:
5368:, p. 37.
5367:
5366:Favereau 2021
5363:
5358:
5351:
5346:
5340:, p. 36.
5339:
5334:
5332:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5300:
5296:
5295:Sverdrup 2017
5291:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5265:, p. 40.
5264:
5259:
5253:, p. 38.
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5212:
5207:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5181:, p. 36.
5180:
5175:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5121:, p. 32.
5120:
5116:
5111:
5105:, p. 56.
5104:
5103:Sverdrup 2017
5100:
5095:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5059:
5052:
5047:
5041:, p. 32.
5040:
5036:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4996:
4991:
4985:, p. 64.
4984:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4965:, p. 37.
4964:
4959:
4952:
4947:
4940:
4935:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4881:, p. 58.
4880:
4875:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4849:, p. 31.
4848:
4844:
4839:
4833:, p. 27.
4832:
4827:
4821:, p. 28.
4820:
4815:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4740:
4735:
4729:, p. 25.
4728:
4723:
4717:, p. 98.
4716:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4627:
4621:, p. 17.
4620:
4615:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4593:, p. 17.
4592:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4556:
4551:
4545:, p. 97.
4544:
4539:
4533:, p. 19.
4532:
4527:
4521:, p. 63.
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4465:, p. 55.
4464:
4459:
4457:
4449:
4445:
4444:Sverdrup 2017
4440:
4433:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4385:
4384:Sverdrup 2017
4380:
4373:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4350:, p. 11.
4349:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4321:
4320:Sverdrup 2017
4316:
4309:
4304:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4264:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4138:
4131:
4125:
4118:
4117:Mongol Empire
4112:
4105:
4099:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4083:Meng Da beilu
4077:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4055:
4010:
4006:
3993:
3990:
3989:Enlightenment
3986:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3901:Mughal Empire
3898:
3894:
3890:
3889:Sultan Mahmud
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3851:
3848:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3766:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3722:anticommunist
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3687:national hero
3683:
3681:
3677:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:converted to
3609:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3524:Pax Mongolica
3521:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3465:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3279:, a son born
3278:
3275:
3272:
3261:
3258:
3247:
3244:
3242:to the north.
3241:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3214:, a son born
3213:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3185:, a son born
3184:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3160:, a son born
3159:
3156:
3153:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3125:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2728:
2725:crossing the
2724:
2721:Depiction of
2719:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2679:Terken Khatun
2675:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2653:his merchants
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2516:according to
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2437:Ambaghai Khan
2433:
2432:Wanyan Yongji
2424:
2420:
2410:
2399:
2388:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2241:
2240:Hoi-yin Irgen
2236:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2095:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2033:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1971:chaghan yasun
1962:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1896:
1895:dismemberment
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1816:heterogeneous
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1747:at Yedi Qunan
1728:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1473:Rise to power
1470:
1468:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:DelĂŒĂŒn Boldog
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:Rashid al-Din
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:rise to power
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
966:
962:
957:
954:
951:
946:
943:
938:
933:
930:
926:
922:
917:
914:
908:
896:
893:
889:authors used
888:
883:
872:
866:
861:
850:
844:
837:
828:
824:
820:
814:respectively.
813:
809:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:Borjigin clan
637:
633:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:Mongol tribes
611:
610:Mongol Empire
607:
603:
602:Chinggis Khan
592:
588:
577:
572:
570:
565:
563:
558:
557:
555:
554:
549:
548:
544:
542:
541:
537:
535:
534:
530:
529:
528:
522:
519:
517:
516:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
484:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
456:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:Rise to power
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
413:
404:
390:
387:
383:
382:
379:
378:
371:
368:
364:
361:
358:
354:
351:
348:
346:
342:
333:
327:
324:
320:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
288:
285:
281:
276:
273:
270:
267:
257:
254:
250:
241:
236:
232:
226:
225:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
198:
196:
192:
186:
185:
181:
179:
176:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
145:
141:
138:
126:
122:
118:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
72:
68:
62:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
11390:Genghis Khan
11141:Genghis Khan
11140:
10910:Kievan Rus'
10888:(1237â1300s)
10880:(1237â1300s)
10724:Western Xia
10686:Qara Khitai
10519:Major cities
10498:Golden Horde
10474:Yuan dynasty
10361:Organization
10295:
10246:Khong Tayiji
10143:BiligtĂŒ Khan
10123:Jayaatu Khan
10103:Buyantu Khan
10093:ĂljeytĂŒ Khan
10048:
10029:
10010:
10006:Genghis Khan
10005:
9929:
9920:
9906:
9894:
9887:
9847:10447/620953
9827:
9821:
9793:
9758:
9735:. New York:
9730:
9698:
9677:
9644:
9618:
9588:
9578:
9572:
9536:
9522:. Retrieved
9512:
9498:(1): 31â51.
9495:
9489:
9461:
9448:. Retrieved
9420:
9388:
9372:. Retrieved
9365:
9333:
9308:. New York:
9304:
9276:
9251:
9223:
9199:
9175:
9154:Bantam Press
9147:
9089:
9083:
9056:
9024:
9020:Lane, George
9011:
9005:
8998:Kwanten, Luc
8989:
8985:
8953:
8921:
8900:
8894:
8863:
8839:
8811:
8783:
8762:. Retrieved
8750:
8746:
8711:
8695:. Retrieved
8684:
8663:
8657:
8638:. Retrieved
8633:
8629:
8598:
8595:Brown, Kerry
8565:
8539:
8513:
8485:
8472:. Retrieved
8461:
8430:
8381:
8375:
8345:
8329:. Retrieved
8323:
8308:Bibliography
8286:
8274:
8258:
8246:
8230:
8218:
8206:
8199:Jackson 2023
8190:
8178:
8171:Jackson 2023
8167:Jackson 2017
8158:
8151:Jackson 2023
8147:Jackson 2017
8138:
8131:Jackson 2023
8122:
8110:
8094:
8078:
8062:
8055:Sanders 2017
8042:
8022:
8002:
7982:
7966:
7954:
7942:
7926:
7910:
7886:
7866:
7846:
7830:
7818:
7802:
7782:
7766:
7754:
7738:
7726:
7706:
7682:
7666:
7650:
7634:
7618:
7598:
7586:
7570:
7558:
7546:
7530:
7518:
7498:
7482:
7470:
7443:
7431:
7415:
7403:
7391:
7379:
7367:
7355:
7339:
7323:
7307:
7291:
7279:
7259:
7247:
7235:
7223:
7196:
7180:
7164:
7148:
7124:
7108:
7092:
7076:
7060:
7044:
7024:
7012:
6996:
6980:
6968:
6952:
6928:
6912:
6892:
6876:
6848:
6832:
6820:
6800:
6784:
6764:
6748:
6741:Kwanten 1978
6732:
6725:Jagchid 1979
6721:Atwood 2004a
6712:
6696:
6680:
6664:
6629:
6609:
6585:
6573:
6553:
6537:
6521:
6501:
6477:
6457:
6446:Jackson 2017
6433:
6417:
6405:
6398:Jackson 2017
6385:
6361:
6337:
6326:Jackson 2017
6321:
6305:
6281:
6261:
6237:
6217:
6197:
6185:
6173:
6157:
6145:
6125:
6109:
6085:
6065:
6045:
6025:
6009:
5993:
5969:
5949:
5929:
5909:
5897:
5881:
5869:
5841:
5825:
5809:
5793:
5777:
5761:
5745:
5729:
5713:
5697:
5681:
5665:
5653:
5633:
5621:
5609:
5585:
5565:
5545:
5525:
5509:
5502:Jackson 2017
5497:
5481:
5465:
5449:
5429:
5417:
5405:
5398:Pelliot 1959
5389:
5382:Pelliot 1959
5373:
5362:Pelliot 1959
5357:
5345:
5306:
5290:
5270:
5258:
5238:
5218:
5211:Cleaves 1955
5206:
5186:
5174:
5154:
5138:
5126:
5110:
5094:
5087:Pelliot 1959
5078:
5058:
5046:
5030:
5018:
5002:
4990:
4970:
4958:
4946:
4934:
4918:
4902:
4886:
4874:
4854:
4838:
4826:
4814:
4798:
4782:
4762:
4746:
4734:
4722:
4706:
4690:
4670:
4654:
4638:
4626:
4614:
4607:Pelliot 1959
4598:
4583:Pelliot 1959
4578:
4562:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4519:Jackson 2017
4498:
4491:Pelliot 1959
4482:
4470:
4439:
4427:
4407:
4391:
4379:
4367:
4355:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4303:
4291:
4275:
4263:
4243:
4236:Pelliot 1959
4231:
4219:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4170:
4137:
4129:
4124:
4111:
4098:
4081:
4076:
4067:
4062:
4009:
3982:
3975:
3956:Qing dynasty
3949:Ming dynasty
3946:
3926:
3885:Soyurgatmish
3869:
3860:Muslim world
3857:
3842:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3711:World War II
3684:
3625:chakravartin
3624:
3605:
3592:
3589:Yuan dynasty
3577:Golden Horde
3565:
3561:Shigi Qutuqu
3555:
3543:
3537:
3476:
3466:
3424:
3412:
3403:
3398:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3331:
3177:Golden Horde
3169:Irtysh river
3127:
3108:to hold the
3080:
3073:portrait of
3071:Yuan dynasty
3047:
3041:
3039:
3032:
2994:peak in the
2989:
2960:
2953:
2910:Yellow River
2895:
2884:
2832:
2798:
2796:into India.
2782:Shigi Qutuqu
2769:
2762:Jalal al-Din
2736:
2723:Jalal al-Din
2683:Peter Golden
2676:
2630:
2580:
2554:
2522:
2496:(modern-day
2486:
2441:
2430:
2357:Yellow River
2334:
2299:
2271:Central Asia
2267:River Irtysh
2237:
2222:
2166:
2141:
2126:
2118:
2029:) and tens (
1996:
1956:
1928:
1914:
1884:
1852:Sorghaghtani
1829:
1824:
1796:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1755:
1723:
1710:
1691:
1686:
1683:Naiman tribe
1669:
1646:
1638:
1627:TemĂŒjin and
1601:
1593:
1564:
1543:
1502:
1466:
1450:
1440:Sorkan-Shira
1437:
1435:âat eleven.
1423:knucklebones
1418:
1410:
1402:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1331:
1288:
1251:Mongol tribe
1249:clan of the
1244:
1203:
1200:Yang Weizhen
1196:Paul Pelliot
1191:
1187:
1181:
1156:
1149:Jalal al-Din
1141:
1133:Altan Debter
1132:
1120:
1114:
1099:
1088:
1073:
1065:
1061:Arthur Waley
1048:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1013:Altan Debter
1011:
1005:
998:
964:
944:
931:
925:Yuan dynasty
918:
897:
819:romanisation
816:
771:
695:
691:Naiman tribe
630:
626:Central Asia
601:
590:
587:Genghis Khan
586:
585:
546:
539:
532:
526:
513:
494:Burial place
482:
431:Dalan Baljut
402:Genghis Khan
400:
261:á Žá ąá ©á á ąá ° á Źá á á á š
223:
183:
54:Genghis Khan
48:
11395:1227 deaths
11216:Sartaq Khan
11185:Kublai Khan
11180:Möngke Khan
11154:Ăgedei Khan
11133:Great Khans
11099:(1314â1318)
11091:(1268â1301)
11043:(1260â1323)
11027:(1253â1256)
11010:Middle East
10904:(1238â1239)
10845:(1221â1327)
10704:(1219â1256)
10696:(1219â1221)
10678:(1264â1308)
10670:(1207-1308)
10536:Azov (Azaq)
10202:Terminology
10148:Uskhal Khan
10108:Gegeen Khan
10088:Setsen Khan
10068:Kublai Khan
10063:Möngke Khan
10025:Ăgedei Khan
9901: 1162
9830:: 347â348.
9524:22 November
9374:10 December
9334:The Mongols
8869:I.B. Tauris
8640:25 November
8510:Kim, Hodong
8331:27 November
8027:Atwood 2004
8015:Atwood 2004
7995:Atwood 2004
7975:Atwood 2004
7959:Atwood 2004
7899:Atwood 2004
7807:Morgan 1986
7787:Atwood 2004
7771:Atwood 2004
7711:Atwood 2004
7699:Morgan 1986
7655:Atwood 2004
7607:Atwood 2004
7539:Morgan 1986
7487:Atwood 2004
7475:Atwood 2004
7372:Atwood 2004
7300:Atwood 2004
7272:Atwood 2004
7228:Atwood 2004
7153:Atwood 2004
7117:Atwood 2004
7081:Atwood 2004
7069:Atwood 2004
6961:Atwood 2004
6933:Atwood 2004
6921:Morgan 1986
6917:Atwood 2004
6865:Atwood 2004
6809:Atwood 2004
6789:Atwood 2004
6773:Atwood 2004
6657:Atwood 2004
6638:Atwood 2004
6622:Atwood 2004
6590:Atwood 2004
6542:Atwood 2004
6510:Atwood 2004
6482:Atwood 2004
6470:Atwood 2004
6426:Atwood 2004
6410:Atwood 2004
6394:Golden 2009
6374:Atwood 2004
6342:Atwood 2004
6314:Atwood 2004
6290:Atwood 2004
6270:Atwood 2004
6246:Atwood 2004
6230:Atwood 2004
6206:Atwood 2004
6190:Atwood 2004
6166:Atwood 2004
6150:Atwood 2004
6074:Atwood 2004
5978:Atwood 2004
5962:Atwood 2004
5942:Atwood 2004
5918:Atwood 2004
5874:Atwood 2004
5850:Atwood 2004
5798:Atwood 2004
5734:Atwood 2004
5722:Atwood 2004
5690:Atwood 2004
5674:Atwood 2004
5642:Atwood 2004
5614:Atwood 2004
5594:Atwood 2004
5570:Atwood 2004
5558:Atwood 2004
5514:Atwood 2004
5474:McLynn 2015
5454:Atwood 2004
5442:McLynn 2015
5323:McLynn 2015
5279:Atwood 2004
5191:Atwood 2004
5007:Atwood 2004
4911:Bawden 2022
4859:Atwood 2004
4715:Atwood 2004
4699:Atwood 2004
4555:Atwood 2004
4543:Atwood 2004
4511:Atwood 2004
4463:Morgan 1986
4448:Wright 2017
4432:Atwood 2004
4420:Morgan 1986
4416:Atwood 2004
4396:Morgan 1986
4372:Morgan 1986
4348:Morgan 1986
4296:Morgan 1986
4280:Porter 2016
4268:Bawden 2022
4256:Morgan 1990
4248:Bawden 2022
4086: [
3921:Hulegu Khan
3817:perestroika
3713:, when the
3676:a mausoleum
3638:bodhisattva
3358: [
3351:Tayang Khan
3314: 1196
3284: 1193
3267: 1192
3253: 1190
3236: 1188
3229:Checheyigen
3219: 1186
3194:Qara Khitai
3190: 1184
3165: 1182
3148: 1179
3133: 1178
3106:YelĂŒ Chucai
3081:Serving as
2922:relief army
2898:Khara-Khoto
2887:Western Xia
2794:Indus river
2766:Caspian Sea
2758:Caspian Sea
2727:Indus River
2700:Transoxiana
2649:Muhammad II
2645:Afghanistan
2514:cannibalism
2489:Juyong Pass
2322:Gobi desert
2306:Western Xia
2283:Qara Khitai
2243: [
2135:Ulaanbaatar
1925:manuscript.
1876:Tayang Khan
1759:aristocracy
1674:cha-ut kuri
1660: 1195
1653:North China
1649:Jin dynasty
1581:Checheyigen
1352:Adolescence
1346:bride price
1206:records as
1018:Golden Book
929:temple name
921:Kublai Khan
763:interregnum
759:Kievan Rus'
743:Transoxiana
731:Qara Khitai
719:the capture
711:Western Xia
699:meritocracy
679:Jin dynasty
675: 1187
598: 1162
499:Descendants
471:Qara Khitai
466:Jin dynasty
461:Western Xia
323:Temple name
253:Regnal name
153:Western Xia
146:August 1227
133: 1162
111:Ăgedei Khan
11384:Categories
11352:Nogai Khan
11236:Ăzbeg Khan
11167:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
11061:Civil wars
11049:Palestine
10958:Lithuania
10878:Circassia
10611:Xacitarxan
10596:Soltaniyeh
10333:Darughachi
10098:KĂŒlĂŒg Khan
10044:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
10012:Tolui Khan
9939:1206â1227
9799:. Oxford:
9545:. Oxford:
9450:17 October
9255:. London:
9178:. London:
9152:. London:
9092:(9): 433.
8992:(1): 7â28.
8867:. London:
8764:10 January
8474:17 October
8291:Biran 2012
8279:Fogel 2008
8263:Biran 2012
8251:Biran 2012
8235:Biran 2012
8223:Biran 2012
8211:Biran 2012
8195:Biran 2012
8183:Biran 2012
8163:Biran 2012
8143:Biran 2012
8127:Biran 2012
8115:Biran 2012
8083:Biran 2012
8067:Biran 2012
8051:Biran 2012
8031:Biran 2012
8011:Biran 2012
7991:Biran 2012
7935:Biran 2012
7919:Biran 2012
7871:Biran 2012
7855:Biran 2012
7823:Biran 2012
7811:Biran 2012
7743:Biran 2012
7731:Biran 2012
7687:Biran 2012
7671:Biran 2012
7639:Biran 2012
7623:Biran 2012
7603:Biran 2012
7448:Buell 2010
7316:Biran 2012
7296:Biran 2012
7268:Biran 2012
7137:Boyle 1968
6985:Togan 2016
6945:Craig 2017
6901:Biran 2012
6857:Biran 2012
6777:Biran 2012
6753:Biran 2012
6705:Biran 2012
5311:Brose 2014
5251:Biran 2012
5223:Brose 2014
5011:Brose 2014
4895:Brose 2014
4711:Brose 2014
4685:, § 71â73.
4603:Brose 2014
4507:Biran 2012
4344:Waley 2002
3996:References
3968:the legend
3933:Arab world
3699:Kuomintang
3608:Altan Khan
3587:, and the
3432:discipline
3420:Tata-tonga
3326:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
3029:Succession
3005:ikh khorig
2977:Marco Polo
2944:Marco Polo
2932:See also:
2876:Hindu Kush
2870:patriarch
2850:darughachi
2770:Great Raid
2733:manuscript
2658:altan uruq
2558:concubines
2462:chevauchée
2361:earthworks
2263:gold mines
1981:qara yasun
1961:altan uruq
1854:and niece
1635:manuscript
1342:Dei Sechen
1291:blood clot
1241:, Mongolia
1235:Onon River
1226:, Russia.
1212:Onon River
1173:Early life
1167:Marco Polo
1078:fratricide
1010:, and the
961:KĂŒlĂŒg Khan
788:Arab world
446:Chakirmaut
421:Early life
11221:Orda Khan
11211:Batu Khan
11075:(1260â64)
11019:(1241â43)
11017:Anatolia
10992:(1287â88)
10984:(1285â86)
10976:(1264â65)
10968:(1259â60)
10960:(1258â59)
10936:(1241â42)
10928:(1241â42)
10920:(1240â41)
10896:(1229â36)
10886:Chechnya
10826:(1300â02)
10790:Southeast
10769:(1253â56)
10751:(1235â79)
10743:(1231â60)
10735:(1211â34)
10688:(1216â18)
10676:Sakhalin
10636:Campaigns
10586:Saray-JĂŒk
10576:Samarkand
10551:Karakorum
10510:Ilkhanate
10268:Political
10072:Ariq Böke
9949:As regent
9921:New title
9872:231610775
9856:1201-9712
9765:Cambridge
9757:(2012) .
9650:Wiesbaden
9394:Cambridge
9172:Man, John
9142:Man, John
9116:1932-6203
8959:New Haven
8927:New Haven
8753:(1): 82.
8717:Cambridge
8424:(1992) .
8414:159826445
8398:0707-5332
8367:(2004a).
8103:Mote 1999
7903:Mote 1999
7719:Mote 1999
7575:Mote 1999
7563:Mote 1999
7503:Mote 1999
7029:Mote 1999
5283:Lane 2004
4757:, §76â78.
4332:Hung 1951
4212:Citations
3980:in 1189.
3854:Elsewhere
3682:, China.
3674:), today
3634:Vajrapani
3585:Ilkhanate
3575:into the
3569:appanages
3407:Changchun
3304:Ilkhanate
3223:Dzungaria
3202:Turkestan
3014:Uriankhai
2957:ethnocide
2918:Zhongxing
2872:Changchun
2844:Amu Darya
2742:Samarkand
2696:Syr Darya
2671:espionage
2633:Silk Road
2365:Xiangzong
2332:in 1209.
2310:livestock
2273:. Led by
2197:Chormaqan
1804:Borokhula
1707:wrestling
1610:Uriankhai
1373:Tayichiud
1153:al-Nasawi
1145:Zhao Hong
913:TiÄmĂčzhÄn
849:ChĂ©ngjĂsÄ«
827:honorific
823:Mongolian
687:regrouped
509:Mausoleum
243:TemĂŒjin (
94:Successor
11347:Boroldai
11327:Khubilai
11307:Bo'orchu
11280:Military
11174:(regent)
11161:(regent)
11148:(regent)
11033:Baghdad
10982:Hungary
10926:Hungary
10869:Georgia
10816:Vietnam
10668:Siberia
10566:Maragheh
10466:Khanates
10414:Religion
10409:Military
10358:Politics
10308:Kurultai
10271:Military
9864:33444749
9727:(2004).
9703:Barnsley
9674:(2002).
9625:Solihull
9567:(2018).
9441:Archived
9418:(1959).
9386:(1999).
9360:(1990).
9330:(1986).
9302:(2015).
9228:Westport
9174:(2014).
9144:(2004).
9134:27627454
9085:PLoS ONE
9030:Westport
9022:(2004).
9014:: 31â38.
9000:(1978).
8951:(2023).
8919:(2017).
8889:(1951).
8838:(eds.).
8820:43193543
8806:(2008).
8755:Archived
8709:(2021).
8691:Archived
8652:(1955).
8538:(1968).
8512:(eds.).
8468:Archived
8456:(2022).
8406:40109471
8343:(2004).
8295:May 2008
8099:May 2008
8087:May 2008
8071:May 2008
8047:May 2008
8035:May 2008
8007:May 2008
7987:May 2008
7971:May 2008
7947:May 2008
7931:May 2008
7915:May 2008
7643:May 2018
7611:May 2018
7511:May 2018
7189:May 2018
7173:May 2018
7157:May 2018
7133:May 2018
7113:May 2018
7097:May 2018
7085:May 2018
7033:May 2018
7017:May 2018
7005:May 2018
6989:May 2018
6937:May 2018
6905:Man 2004
6869:May 2018
6861:Man 2004
6837:May 2007
6825:May 2018
6813:Man 2004
6793:Man 2004
6769:Man 2004
6757:May 2018
6737:May 2018
6689:May 2012
6673:May 2018
6634:Man 2004
6614:Man 2004
6598:Man 2004
6594:May 2018
6558:May 2018
6526:Man 2004
6514:May 2012
6506:Man 2004
6494:Pow 2017
6486:May 2018
6466:Man 2004
6450:Man 2004
6442:May 2018
6350:May 2012
6298:Pow 2017
6294:Man 2004
6274:Man 2004
6250:May 2018
6226:May 2018
6202:May 2018
6178:May 2018
6138:May 2018
6114:Man 2004
6098:Man 2004
6094:May 2018
6078:Man 2004
6054:Man 2004
6038:Man 2004
6002:Man 2004
5982:Man 2004
5958:May 2018
5922:May 2012
5890:Man 2004
5854:May 2018
5846:Man 2004
5834:Man 2014
5830:May 2018
5786:Man 2004
5766:May 2012
5738:Man 2004
5706:May 2018
5686:May 2018
5602:Man 2004
5590:May 2018
5578:May 2018
5554:May 2018
5538:Man 2004
5534:May 2018
5486:May 2018
5470:May 2007
5458:May 2018
5422:May 2018
5338:May 2012
5263:Man 2014
5243:Man 2014
5231:Man 2004
5199:May 2018
5179:May 2018
5147:May 2018
5119:May 2018
5067:May 2018
5039:May 2018
4975:May 2018
4927:May 2018
4907:May 2018
4867:May 2018
4843:May 2018
4819:May 2018
4807:May 2018
4773:, §116;
4767:Man 2004
4739:May 2018
4727:May 2018
4679:May 2018
4587:Man 2004
4571:May 2018
4515:May 2018
4503:Man 2004
3906:Muhammad
3847:kurultai
3811:glasnost
3798:; and a
3701:and the
3632:, or of
3602:Mongolia
3550:Eurasian
3271:Onggirat
3198:Almaligh
3183:Chagatai
3111:kurultai
3101:kurultai
3095:kurultai
3089:kurultai
2906:clemency
2809:Nishapur
2805:Khorasan
2754:dysentry
2744:, which
2663:Inalchuq
2599:Buddhism
2560:for his
2533:Liaodong
2506:Xuanzong
2445:kurultai
2337:Yinchuan
2229:Tengrist
2178:kurultai
2123:Bo'orchu
2060:". Each
1933:kurultai
1908:Kurultai
1821:John Man
1698:defected
1687:de facto
1589:Al Altan
1569:Chagatai
1537:such as
1444:Bo'orchu
1406:majority
1366:Mongolia
1334:Onggirat
1327:Sochigel
1323:Belgutei
1299:Alan Gua
1267:Olkhonud
1247:Borjigin
1190:and the
1026:and the
885:, while
796:Mongolia
786:and the
747:Khorasan
533:Category
350:Borjigin
208:Chagatai
149:Xingqing
73:, Taipei
69:album â
67:Yuan-era
18:Chinggis
11317:Boroqul
11312:Guo Kan
11302:Negudar
11287:Subutai
11187: (
11025:Alamut
10998:Serbia
10990:Poland
10974:Thrace
10966:Poland
10902:Alania
10767:Yunnan
10702:Persia
10660:Central
10639:Battles
10546:Bolghar
10541:Bukhara
10526:Almalik
10328:Kheshig
10256:Tarkhan
9990:of the
9933:of the
9437:1741887
9205:Yardley
9125:5023095
9094:Bibcode
8697:19 July
8597:(ed.).
8428:(ed.).
3977:seppuku
3942:Seljuks
3663:
3616:deified
3487:
3453:
3339:Yesugen
3322:Barchuk
3173:Siberia
3152:TemĂŒlĂŒn
2981:Carpini
2965:malaria
2891:Shaanxi
2874:in the
2774:Gurganj
2708:Bukhara
2603:Kashgar
2591:Islamic
2582:Kuchlug
2566:Boroqul
2529:Kaifeng
2518:Carpini
2502:Khitans
2498:Beijing
2494:Zhongdu
2423:Zhongdu
2326:Wulahai
2279:Uyghurs
2275:Barchuk
1991:qarachu
1941:gurkhan
1880:Kuchlug
1870:in the
1860:Alaqush
1734:
1727:gurkhan
1679:Jurchen
1629:Toghrul
1618:shamans
1614:Barulas
1606:Subutai
1556:Jadaran
1514:Toghrul
1415:Jamukha
1385:Shengwu
1315:TemĂŒlĂŒn
1307:Hachiun
1263:Hö'elĂŒn
1255:YesĂŒgei
1210:on the
1192:Shengwu
1163:Carpini
1042:Shengwu
1036:). The
995:Sources
901:á Čá Ąá źá Šá ”á ąá š
882:JÌingiz
836:Äinggis
792:deified
755:Georgia
751:Subutai
723:Zhongdu
660:Toghrul
656:Jamukha
644:Hö'elĂŒn
636:Yesugei
608:of the
591:TemĂŒjin
540:Gallery
370:Hö'elĂŒn
360:Yesugei
329:Taizu (
245:á Čá Ąá źá Šá ”á ąá š
164:Unknown
127:TemĂŒjin
11297:Muqali
11271:Ghazan
11266:Arghun
11256:Hulegu
11146:Tolui
11122:People
11083:(1262)
11041:Syria
11035:(1258)
11000:(1291)
10952:(1242)
10944:(1242)
10860:Europe
10843:India
10824:Burma
10810:(1293)
10799:Burma
10777:Japan
10758:Tibet
10741:Korea
10601:Tabriz
10571:Qarshi
10531:Avarga
10377:Topics
10281:Jarlig
10241:Jinong
10236:Khanum
10231:Khatun
10221:Khagan
10213:Titles
10056:Regent
10037:Regent
10018:Regent
9988:Khagan
9905:
9870:
9862:
9854:
9775:
9743:
9713:
9686:
9660:
9631:
9604:
9594:Lanham
9553:
9520:. 2015
9477:
9467:Lanham
9435:
9404:
9346:
9316:
9288:
9263:
9238:
9211:
9186:
9160:
9132:
9122:
9114:
9067:
9040:
8969:
8937:
8875:
8850:
8818:
8792:
8727:
8613:
8576:
8553:
8524:
8497:
8442:
8412:
8404:
8396:
8353:
3953:Manchu
3938:Hulegu
3786:; the
3726:feudal
3642:Buddha
3630:Ashoka
3583:, the
3579:, the
3554:Great
3526:, and
3469:Tengri
3355:Kölgen
3320:ruler
3318:Uighur
3300:Hulagu
3296:Kublai
3292:Möngke
3273:tribe.
3240:Oirats
3212:Ăgedei
3118:Family
3083:regent
3075:Ăgedei
2969:typhus
2914:Lingwu
2868:Taoist
2862:basqaq
2692:Ăgedei
2641:Persia
2586:Naiman
2584:, the
2576:Dörbet
2536:1223.
2478:Datong
2458:border
2302:Tangut
2277:, the
2255:Oirats
2225:shaman
2206:keshig
2199:, and
2191:keshig
2184:keshig
2171:keshig
2161:minkad
2150:Muqali
2127:bottom
2121:) and
2115:Muqali
2069:minqad
2063:minqan
2053:minqan
2047:minqan
2026:jaghat
2017:jaghun
2011:minkad
2001:minqan
1951:tÀngiz
1947:Turkic
1800:Ăgedei
1702:Jurkin
1612:, the
1575:, and
1573:Ăgedei
1522:Kerait
1497:Merkit
1319:Behter
1311:TemĂŒge
1309:, and
1275:Tatars
1271:Merkit
1129:Ghazan
1072:, the
892:Ć Ä«ngÄ«z
887:Syriac
865:Arabic
860:ÄÉngÄ«z
831:á Žá ąá ©á á ąá °
784:Russia
775:Tengri
767:Ăgedei
707:shaman
652:steppe
589:(born
547:Quotes
521:Statue
483:Legacy
366:Mother
356:Father
224:others
213:Ăgedei
184:others
171:Spouse
159:Burial
105:regent
38:,
34:,
11342:Kadan
11337:Bayan
11322:Jelme
11261:Abaqa
11251:Kebek
11231:Toqta
11226:Berke
11206:Jochi
11199:Khans
10836:South
10808:Java
10561:Majar
10503:Wings
10323:TĂŒmen
10303:Yassa
10286:Ărtöö
10251:Noyan
9945:Tolui
9907:Died:
9895:Born:
9868:S2CID
9444:(PDF)
9425:(PDF)
9055:[
8816:JSTOR
8758:(PDF)
8743:(PDF)
8593:. In
8410:S2CID
8402:JSTOR
8372:(PDF)
4175:Herat
4090:]
4001:Notes
3897:Babur
3877:Timur
3790:; an
3507:nökod
3391:nökod
3384:nökod
3362:]
3347:Qulan
3343:Yesui
3335:Ibaqa
3277:Tolui
3257:Ongud
3246:Alaqa
3158:Jochi
3023:Ordos
2971:, or
2839:omens
2835:India
2817:Herat
2756:on a
2750:Balkh
2710:in a
2667:Otrar
2571:nökod
2562:harem
2304:-led
2247:]
2201:Baiju
2155:nökod
2145:nökod
2129:) in
2083:Edigu
2079:Timur
2041:arbat
2032:arban
1864:Ongud
1856:Doquz
1848:Ibaqa
1844:Tibet
1585:Alaqa
1577:Tolui
1561:Jochi
1539:Jelme
1534:nökod
1510:sable
1462:nökod
1451:nökor
1338:Börte
1303:Qasar
1283:temĂŒr
1216:Dadal
1055:into
932:Taizu
873:]
869:[
863:. As
855:ÚÙÚŻÛŰČ
664:Börte
622:China
489:Wives
345:House
238:Names
218:Tolui
203:Jochi
195:Issue
178:Börte
101:Tolui
86:Reign
11292:Jebe
11246:Duwa
10715:East
10652:Asia
10606:Ukek
10556:Dadu
10364:Life
10291:Orda
10226:Khan
10054:(as
10035:(as
10016:(as
9931:Khan
9909:1227
9860:PMID
9852:ISSN
9773:ISBN
9741:ISBN
9711:ISBN
9684:ISBN
9658:ISBN
9629:ISBN
9602:ISBN
9551:ISBN
9526:2022
9475:ISBN
9452:2022
9433:OCLC
9402:ISBN
9376:2022
9344:ISBN
9314:ISBN
9286:ISBN
9261:ISBN
9236:ISBN
9209:ISBN
9184:ISBN
9158:ISBN
9130:PMID
9112:ISSN
9065:ISBN
9038:ISBN
8967:ISBN
8935:ISBN
8873:ISBN
8848:ISBN
8790:ISBN
8766:2020
8725:ISBN
8699:2023
8642:2023
8611:ISBN
8574:ISBN
8551:ISBN
8522:ISBN
8495:ISBN
8476:2022
8440:ISBN
8394:ISSN
8351:ISBN
8333:2023
4151:yaks
4141:The
4102:The
4066:See
3887:and
3836:and
3814:and
3660:lit.
3556:Yasa
3501:anda
3484:lit.
3450:lit.
3341:and
3294:and
3040:The
3010:lit.
2856:lit.
2815:and
2813:Merv
2643:and
2316:and
2314:Song
2233:lit.
2081:and
1986:lit.
1976:lit.
1966:lit.
1890:anda
1786:The
1770:The
1751:Jebe
1731:lit.
1597:anda
1551:anda
1527:anda
1518:khan
1428:anda
1321:and
1279:root
1233:The
1165:and
1104:and
1047:The
810:and
757:and
745:and
727:Jebe
703:coup
658:and
624:and
606:khan
143:Died
124:Born
11332:Aju
9842:hdl
9832:doi
9828:104
9805:doi
9500:doi
9120:PMC
9102:doi
8905:doi
8686:BBC
8668:doi
8636:(1)
8386:doi
4162:tuq
4156:tuq
4145:tuq
3678:in
3477:suu
3200:in
2597:to
2318:Jin
2119:top
2037:pl.
2022:pl.
2007:pl.
1651:in
1591:).
1458:pl.
1253:to
1218:in
1093:by
907:é”æšç
843:æćæ
794:in
670:in
11386::
10070:/
9898:c.
9866:.
9858:.
9850:.
9840:.
9826:.
9820:.
9803:.
9792:.
9771:.
9767::
9739:.
9709:.
9705::
9701:.
9652::
9623:.
9600:.
9596::
9579:51
9577:.
9571:.
9549:.
9496:27
9494:.
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9469::
9465:.
9439:.
9431:.
9400:.
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9392:.
9364:.
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9312:.
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9230::
9203:.
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9156:.
9128:.
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9110:.
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9090:11
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9063:.
9036:.
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9028:.
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9010:.
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8965:.
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8933:.
8929::
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8899:.
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8842:.
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8460:.
8438:.
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8400:.
8392:.
8382:26
8380:.
8374:.
8322:.
7455:^
7208:^
6645:^
5330:^
4455:^
4088:de
4048:ÉË
4022:dÊ
3736:.
3693:,
3563:.
3522:,
3360:ja
3345:;
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