510:
670:
399:
1050:
526:
42:
498:
696:(1767–1816), a British painter, illustrator and engraver who travelled to the East Asia and China in the 18th century, was directly influenced by the culture and landscape he saw in the East. He presented an idealized, romanticized depiction of Chinese culture, but he was influenced by "pre-established visual signs." While the chinoiserie landscapes that Alexander depicted accurately reflected the landscape of China, "paradoxically, it is this imitation and repetition of the iconic signs of China that negate the very possibility of authenticity, and render them into stereotypes." The depiction of China and East Asia in European and American painting was dependent on the understanding of the East by Western preconceptions, rather than representations of Eastern culture as it actually was.
22:
355:'chinoiserie' represented in European people's mind a wider region of the globe that could embrace China itself, but also Japan, Korea, South-East Asia, India or even Persia. In art, the style of "the Orient" was considered a source of inspiration; the atmosphere rich in images and the harmonic designs of the oriental style reflected the picture of an ideal world, from which to draw ideas in order to reshape one's own culture. For this reason the style of chinoiserie is to be regarded as an important result of the exchange between the West and the East. During the 19th century, and especially in its latter period, the style of chinoiserie was assimilated under the generic definition of
363:
226:
622:
478:
1005:
658:
1019:. According to Beevers, "Tea drinking was a fundamental part of polite society; much of the interest in both Chinese export wares and chinoiserie rose from the desire to create appropriate settings for the ritual of tea drinking." After 1750, England was importing 10 million pounds of tea annually, demonstrating how widespread this practice was. The taste for chinoiserie porcelain, both export wares and European imitations, and tea drinking was more associated with women than men. A number of aristocratic and socially important women were famous collectors of chinoiserie porcelain, among them
642:
382:
proper
Chinese culture as a major representative, but the meaning of the term could change according to different contexts. Sir William Chambers for example, in his oeuvre A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening of 1772, generically addresses China as the 'Orient'. In the financial records of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries were already registered expressions like 'façon de la Chine', Chinese manner, or 'à la chinoise', made in the Chinese way. In the 19th century the term 'chinoiserie' appeared for the first time in French literature. In the novel
735:
1086:
770:
705:
724:
290:
669:
751:
418:, the knowledge of China held by the Europeans continued to derive essentially from reports made by merchants and diplomatic envoys. Dating from the latter half of the 17th century a relevant role in this exchange of information was then taken up by the Jesuits, whose continual gathering of missionary intelligence and language transcription gave the European public a new deeper insight of the Chinese empire and its culture.
2118:張省卿 (Sheng-Ching Chang),《東方啓蒙西方 – 十八世紀德國沃里兹(Wörlitz)自然風景園林之中國元素(Dongfang qimeng Xifang- shiba shiji Deguo Wolizi (Wörlitz) ziran fengjing yuanlin zhi Zhongguo yuansu) 》 (The East enlightening the West – Chinese elements in the 18th century landscape gardens of Wörlitz in Germany), 台北 (Taipei):輔仁大學出版社(Furendaxue chubanshe; Fu Jen University Bookstore), 2015, pp. 44–45.
1813:),《東方啓蒙西方 – 十八世紀德國沃里兹(Wörlitz)自然風景園林之中國元素(Dongfang qimeng Xifang- shiba shiji Deguo Wolizi (Wörlitz) ziran fengjing yuanlin zhi Zhongguo yuansu) 》 (The East enlightening the West – Chinese elements in the 18th century landscape gardens of Wörlitz in Germany), 台北 (Taipei):輔仁大學出版社(Furendaxue chubanshe; Fu Jen University Bookstore), 2015, pp. 42–44.
1782:),《東方啓蒙西方 – 十八世紀德國沃里兹(Wörlitz)自然風景園林之中國元素(Dongfang qimeng Xifang- shiba shiji Deguo Wolizi (Wörlitz) ziran fengjing yuanlin zhi Zhongguo yuansu) 》 (The East enlightening the West – Chinese elements in the 18th century landscape gardens of Wörlitz in Germany), 台北 (Taipei):輔仁大學出版社(Furendaxue chubanshe; Fu Jen University Bookstore), 2015, pp. 37–44.
2926:(張省卿),《東方啓蒙西方 – 十八世紀德國沃里兹(Wörlitz)自然風景園林之中國元素(Dongfang qimeng Xifang – shiba shiji Deguo Wolizi (Wörlitz) ziran fengjing yuanlin zhi Zhongguo yuansu) 》 (The East enlightening the West – Chinese elements in the 18th century landscape gardens of Wörlitz in Germany), 台北 (Taipei):輔仁大學出版社 (Furendaxue chubanshe; Fu Jen University Bookstore), 2015.
1065:
industry to describe "designs in textiles, fashion, and the decorative arts that derive from
Chinese styles". Since the 17th century, Chinese arts and aesthetic were sources of inspiration to artists and creators, and fashion designers when goods from oriental countries were widely seen for the first
1167:
Interest in the political and civic activities of the new China, which is more or less world-wide at this time, led the designers of this page and the succeeding one to look to that country for inspiration for clothes that would be unique and new and yet fit in with present-day modes and the needs
421:
While
Europeans frequently held inaccurate ideas about East Asia, this did not necessarily preclude their fascination and respect. In particular, the Chinese who had "exquisitely finished art... whose court ceremonial was even more elaborate than that of Versailles" were viewed as highly civilized.
916:
These gardens often contain various fragrant plants, flowers and trees, decorative rocks, ponds or lake with fish, and twisting pathways. They are frequently enclosed by a wall. Architectural features placed in these gardens often include pagodas, ceremonial halls used for celebrations or holidays,
853:
evolved into a mid-Georgian side table and squared slat-back armchairs suited
English gentlemen as well as Chinese scholars. Not every adaptation of Chinese design principles falls within mainstream chinoiserie. Chinoiserie media included "japanned" ware imitations of lacquer and painted tin (tôle)
881:
The increased use of wallpaper in
European homes in the 18th century also reflects the general fascination with chinoiserie motifs. With the rise of the villa and a growing taste for sunlit interiors, the popularity of wallpaper grew. The demand for wallpaper created by Chinese artists began first
509:
885:
The patterns on chinoiserie wallpaper are similar to the pagodas, floral designs, and exotic imaginary scenes found on chinoiserie furniture and porcelain. Like chinoiserie furniture and other decorative art forms, chinoiserie wallpaper was typically placed in bedrooms, closets, and other private
689:
The ideas of the decorative and pictorial arts of the East permeated the
European and American arts and craft scene. For example, in the United States, "by the mid-18th century, Charleston had imported an impressive array of Asian export luxury goods ...paintings." The aspects of Chinese painting
446:
claimed that it "…consisted of mere whims and chimera, without rules or order, it requires no fertility of genius to put into execution." Those with a more archaeological view of the East, considered the chinoiserie style, with its distortions and whimsical approach, to be a mockery of the actual
381:
Even though the root of the word 'chinoiserie' is 'Chine' (China), the
Europeans of the 17th and 18th centuries did not have a clear conceptualization of how China was in reality. Often terms like 'Orient', 'Far East' or 'China' were all equally used to signify the region of Eastern Asia that had
804:
and others brought expert craftsmanship to the style. Central
European palaces like the Castle of Wörlitz or the Castle of Pillnitz all include rooms decorated with Chinese features, while in the palace of Sanssouci at Potsdam features a Dragon House (Das Drachenhaus) and the Chinese House (Das
441:
Chinoiserie was not universally popular. Some critics saw the style as "…a retreat from reason and taste and a descent into a morally ambiguous world based on hedonism, sensation and values perceived to be feminine." It was viewed as lacking the logic and reason upon which
Antique art had been
882:
with
European aristocrats between 1740 and 1790. The luxurious wallpaper available to them would have been unique, handmade, and expensive. Later wallpaper with chinoiserie motifs became accessible to the middle class when it could be printed and thus produced in a range of grades and prices.
388:
published in 1836, Honoré de Balzac used chinoiserie to refer to the craftworks made in the Chinese style. From this moment on the term gained momentum and started being used more frequently to mean objects produced in the Chinese style but sometimes also to indicate graceful objects of small
1105:
magazine also acknowledged that China had contributed to the aesthetic inspiration to global fashion. Chinese motifs grew popular in European fashion during this period. China and the Chinese people also supplied the materials and aesthetics to American fashion. Original Chinese fashion also
354:
There were many reasons why chinoiserie gained such popularity in Europe in the 18th century. Europeans had a fascination with Asia due to their increased, but still restricted, access to new cultures through expanded trade with East Asia, especially China. The 'China' indicated in the term
1424:
The term is also used in literary criticism. The so-called 'Mandarin style' "is beloved by literary pundits, by those who would make the written word as unlike as possible to the spoken one". Critics also describe a mannered "Chinese-esque" style of writing, such as that employed by
497:
621:
877:
His designs provided a guide for intricate chinoiserie furniture and its decoration. His chairs and cabinets were often decorated with scenes of colorful birds, flowers, or images of exotic imaginary places. The compositions of this decoration were often asymmetrical.
201:, which studied Far East cultures from a historical, philological, anthropological, philosophical, and religious point of view. First appearing in the 17th century, this trend was popularized in the 18th century due to the rise in trade with China (during the
212:
style. Both styles are characterized by exuberant decoration, asymmetry, a focus on materials, and stylized nature and subject matter that focuses on leisure and pleasure. Chinoiserie focuses on subjects that were thought by Europeans to be typical of
912:
written in 1685 and published in 1690. Under Temple's influence European gardeners and landscape designers used the concept of sharawadgi to create gardens that were believed to reflect the asymmetry and naturalism present in the gardens of the East.
525:
1027:, Henrietta Howard, and the Duchess of Queensbury, all socially important women. This is significant because their homes served as examples of good taste and sociability. A single historical incident in which there was a "keen competition between
471:, for example, reallocated many chinoiserie works from George IV's Royal Pavilion at Brighton to the more accessible Buckingham Palace. Chinoiserie served to remind Britain of its former colonial glory that was rapidly fading with the modern era.
1069:
In the 18th century and throughout the 19th century, chinoiserie fashion was especially celebrated in France, and the origin of most Chinese-inspired fashion was French during this period. Chinoiserie had also inspired designers such as
614:
and other factories naturally imitated Chinese designs, though the shapes for "useful wares", table and tea wares, typically remained Western, often based on shapes in silver. Decorative wares such as vases followed Chinese shapes.
463:
of 1839–1842 between Britain and China disrupted trade and caused a further decline of interest in the Oriental. China closed its doors to exports and imports and for many people chinoiserie became a fashion of the past.
560:
manufactured in Florence during the late-16th century, as the Casino of San Marco remained open from 1575 to 1587. Despite never being commercial in nature, the next major attempt to replicate Chinese porcelain was the
657:
641:
477:
869:
In the 17th and 18th centuries Europeans began to manufacture furniture that imitated Chinese lacquer furniture. It was frequently decorated with ebony and ivory or Chinese motifs such as pagodas.
315:
Though usually understood as a European style, chinoiserie was a global phenomenon. Local versions of chinoiserie were developed in India, Japan, Iran, and particularly Latin America. Through the
900:, understood as beauty, without order that takes the form of an aesthetically pleasing irregularity in landscape design. The word traveled together with imported lacquer ware from Japan where
1015:
One of the things that contributed to the popularity of chinoiserie was the 18th-century vogue for tea drinking. The feminine and domestic culture of drinking tea required an appropriate
334:
Chinoiserie had some parallel in "occidenterie", which was Western styled goods produced in 18th century China for Chinese consumers. Although this was a notable interest of the
286:. There was a revival of popularity for chinoiserie in Europe and the United States from the mid-19th century through the 1920s, and today in elite interior design and fashion.
1032:
455:
Chinoiserie persisted into the 19th and 20th centuries but declined in popularity. There was a notable loss of interest in Chinese-inspired décor after the death in 1830 of
1035:, for a Japanese blue and white plate," shows how wealthy female consumers asserted their purchasing power and their need to play a role in creating the prevailing vogue.
569:
in 1673, with Edme Poterat, widely reputed as creator of the French soft-paste pottery tradition, opening his own factory in 1647. Efforts were eventually made to imitate
577:
began in the late 17th century, was carried into European porcelain production, most naturally in tea wares, and peaked in the wave of rococo chinoiserie (c. 1740–1770).
503:
Pair of round and flat bodied bottles; 1870-1880; porcelain; first bottle: 26.4 × 21 × 10.6 cm, second bottle: 25.7 × 20.2 × 10.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
805:
Chinesische Haus). Pleasure pavilions in "Chinese taste" appeared in the formal parterres of late Baroque and Rococo German and Russian palaces, and in tile panels at
1049:
875:
The Gentleman and Cabinet-maker's Director: Being a large Collection of the Most Elegant and Useful Designs of Household Furniture, In the Most Fashionable Taste.
690:
that were integrated into European and American visual arts include asymmetrical compositions, lighthearted subject matter and a general sense of capriciousness.
398:
556:– Europeans were generally vague as the origin of "oriental" imports), with only partial success. One of the earliest successful attempts, for instance, was the
430:, "The fact remains that four thousand years ago, when we did not know how to read, they knew everything essentially useful of which we boast today." Moreover,
346:, it was not restricted only to the court. "Occidenterie" artifacts and art were accessible to a wider variety of consumers, as they were domestically produced.
2026:
1233:(1855) was a big success in Paris. The 1889 Paris World Fair played a significant role in bringing world music to the attention of modern Western composers.
447:
Chinese art and architecture. Finally, still others believed that an interest in chinoiserie indicated a pervading "cultural confusion" in European society.
1099:
In the early 20th century, European and fashion designers would use China and other countries outside of the Eurocentric-fashion world to seek inspiration;
886:
rooms of a house. The patterns on wallpaper were expected to complement the decorative objects and furniture in a room, creating a complementary backdrop.
675:
Dish with a Chinoiserie design. Porcelain decorated in overglaze enamels. 1735–1740 CE. From Jingdezhen, China; possibly decorated in Canton (Guangzhou).
2240:
1236:
In the early 20th century French composers responded to the West's then utopian, nostalgic view of Chinese landscape and culture in pieces such as
1113:
There was also a fashion trend for day-wear jackets and coats to be cut in styles which would suggest various Chinese items as was published the
2216:
William Temple. "Upon the Gardens of Epicurus; or Of Gardening in the Year 1685." In Miscellanea, the Second Part, in Four Essays. Simpson, 1690
2650:
2550:
2477:
2429:
2098:
2495:
635:. The Casino of San Marco's porcelain manufactory was one of the oldest successful attempts to imitate Chinese porcelain in European history.
2747:
391:
932:, exhibits strong English architectural elements, resulting in a product of combined cultures (Bald, 290). A replica of it was built in
37:
was a keen patron of chinoiserie, and had many other rooms created in this style such as the Centre Room, also located in the East Wing.
197:. The aesthetic of chinoiserie has been expressed in different ways depending on the region. It is related to the broader current of
438:
as the "production of the highest human wisdom" and "the most profitable and elevating reading which...is possible in the world."
2047:
Leath, R. A.. (1999). "After the Chinese Taste": Chinese Export Porcelain and Chinoiserie Design in Eighteen-Century Charleston.
610:
was published the 150 pictures encouraged chinoiserie, and became especially popular in the 18th century. Early ceramic wares in
2930:
Eerdmans, Emily (2006). "The International Court Style: William & Mary and Queen Anne: 1689–1714, The Call of the Orient".
1028:
41:
2939:
2626:
2526:
2453:
2405:
2372:
2179:
2081:
1951:
1926:
1640:
1615:
1564:
580:
Earliest hints of chinoiserie appear in the early 17th century, in the arts of the nations with active East India Companies,
467:
As British-Chinese relations stabilized towards the end of the 19th century, there was a revival of interest in chinoiserie.
319:, Spanish traders brought large amounts of Chinese porcelain, lacquer, textiles, and spices from Chinese merchants based in
1317:(1923). In Britain, many 20th century song composers set English translations of Chinese poetry (by orientalists such as
980:
in Toronto, sometimes featured an entire guest room decorated in the chinoiserie style, complete with Chinese-styled bed,
941:
2830:
Telling the Truth about Nixon: Parody, Cultural Representation, and Gender Politics in John Adams’s Opera Nixon in China
2671:
948:
from the 1770s onward tended to replace Oriental inspired designs, at the height of Regency "Grecian" furnishings, the
241:
21:
663:
Covered vases; circa 1770; soft-paste porcelain; height: 38.7 cm, width: 16.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
1893:
1870:
2355:
1631:
Carr, Dennis; Bailey, Gauvin A; Brook, Timothy; Codding, Mitchell; Corrigan, Karina; Pierce, Donna (2015-01-01).
949:
782:
755:
456:
2986:
2618:
Beyond chinoiserie : artistic exchange between China and the West during the late Qing dynasty (1796–1911)
130:
2292:
Porter, David (2002). "Monstrous Beauty: Eighteenth-Century Fashion and the Aesthetics of the Chinese Taste".
1524:
254:. The popularity of chinoiserie peaked around the middle of the 18th century when it was associated with the
138:
2828:
John Adams has stated: "at no point in this opera did I want to write fake Chinese music". Daines, Matthew.
1520:
837:'s mahogany tea tables and china cabinets, especially, were embellished with fretwork glazing and railings,
3040:
3030:
1364:
The influence of Chinese and East Asian music has also been evident in popular music, from musical comedy (
1343:
1024:
969:
929:
293:
1183:
Western approximations of Chinese music first began to be used in the mid-17th century in operas such as
693:
2205:
2654:
2481:
2012:
1919:
Interracial Encounters: Reciprocal Representations in African and Asian American Literatures, 1896–1937
1309:
1089:
Chinese-style garments designed by US designers in 1910s, published from the Chinese Summer dress from
1071:
676:
648:
585:
488:
301:
283:
1473:
225:
1386:
1194:
925:
894:
European understanding of Chinese and East Asian garden design is exemplified by the use of the word
873:
helped to popularize the production of chinoiserie furniture with the publication of his design book
553:
297:
279:
1970:
362:
270:
It was also popularized by the influx of Chinese and Indian goods brought annually to Europe aboard
3015:
2932:
Classic English Design and Antiques: Period Styles and Furniture; The Hyde Park Antiques Collection
2195:
Kuitert, Wybe (2014). "Japanese Art, Aesthetics, and a European Discourse: Unraveling Sharawadgi".
1581:
1280:
1122:
944:
includes another pagoda and also a Chinese teahouse. Though the rise of a more serious approach in
581:
549:
516:
275:
3020:
2709:
1792:
1442:
1262:
1091:
1004:
863:
739:
728:
267:
797:
247:
3025:
2364:
2027:"Key Periods in the Development of Chinoiserie Style in the West – How Taste Travelled. Part I"
1458:
1318:
1044:
468:
443:
2128:
1991:
1173:
Ladies’ Home Journal: The Chinese Summer Dress, published in June 1913: Vol 30, issue 6, p. 26
1358:
1252:
1204:
246:
Chinoiserie entered European art and decoration in the mid-to-late 17th century; the work of
3010:
3005:
1326:
1216:
818:
570:
562:
548:
to the 18th century Western designers attempted to imitate the technical sophistication of
384:
316:
8:
3035:
2808:
1366:
763:
515:
Wall clock; circa 1880; bronze and enamel; probably made by Escalier de Cristal (Paris);
119:
26:
16:
European interpretation and imitation of Chinese and other East Asian artistic traditions
1295:
734:
367:
259:
233:
2898:
2843:
Yellowface: Creating the Chinese in American Popular Music and Performance, 1850s-1920s
2644:
2544:
2471:
2423:
2336:
2327:
Impey, Oliver (1989). "Eastern Trade and the Furnishing of the British Country House".
2309:
2274:
1840:
1756:
1748:
1701:
1693:
1304:
1141:
1079:
1020:
905:
870:
834:
789:
589:
434:
was increasingly admired by philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer, who regarded the
271:
263:
2594:
1721:"Chinese Occidenterie: the Diversity of "Western" Objects in Eighteenth-Century China"
1314:
573:, which were held in high regard. As such, the direct imitation of Chinese designs in
2935:
2923:
2788:
2632:
2622:
2598:
2532:
2522:
2459:
2449:
2411:
2401:
2368:
2313:
2175:
2077:
2006:
1947:
1922:
1899:
1889:
1866:
1810:
1779:
1760:
1740:
1705:
1685:
1646:
1636:
1611:
1560:
1446:
1396:
1224:
989:
953:
937:
717:
611:
566:
431:
403:
327:. Those products then inspired local artists and artisans such as ceramicists making
30:
2569:"From Costume to Fashion: Visions of Chinese Modernity in Vogue Magazine, 1892–1943"
1944:
Opium, Soldiers and Evangelicals: England's 1840–42 War with China and its Aftermath
908:(1628–1699), referring to such artwork, introduces the term sharawadgi in his essay
2971:
2804:
2590:
2580:
2301:
1832:
1732:
1677:
1488:
1413:
1376:
1334:
1149:
1100:
774:
628:
557:
339:
328:
69:
46:
2585:
2568:
2496:"The Chinoiserie Paradox: Fashion Creating the Self Through the "Other" – Compass"
964:" wares. While classical styles reigned in the parade rooms, upscale houses, from
2990:
2911:
Marley rejects the chinoiserie label in favour of his own term, "Chinese Gothic".
2816:
2812:
2800:
2792:
1404:, 1976 and many more). These pieces often incorporate Western cultural shorthand
1381:
1267:
1257:
1189:
1153:
1117:
in June 1913, where the garments displayed showed influences of the Qing dynasty
965:
961:
957:
814:
801:
460:
214:
174:
125:
109:
2977:
2893:
2873:"How The 'Kung Fu Fighting' Melody Came To Represent Asia [transcript]"
2717:
1391:
1353:
1285:
1243:
1054:
973:
709:
531:
Wallpaper in the chinoiserie style, with a picture frame as its central motif,
407:
335:
34:
2636:
2463:
389:
dimension or of scarce account. In 1878 'chinoiserie' entered formally in the
2999:
2602:
2536:
2415:
1885:
Oriental enlightenment : the encounter between Asian and Western thought
1744:
1689:
1650:
1483:
1434:
1426:
1409:
1371:
1322:
1290:
1247:
1184:
1075:
945:
826:
759:
607:
484:
202:
178:
2872:
2855:
1903:
1246:). There followed three major 20th century examples of musical chinoiserie:
817:
were built in the mountainous park of Wilhelmshöhe near Kassel, Germany; in
2796:
2774:
Scott, Derek B. 'The Twentieth Century: Orientalism and Musical Style', in
2616:
2443:
1463:
1330:
1085:
846:
647:
Austrian coffeepot; circa 1720; hard-paste porcelain; 17.8 × 15.9 cm;
603:
532:
182:
2516:
2395:
2305:
1736:
1681:
2074:
Chinoiserie: Commerce and Critical Ornament in Eighteenth-Century Britain
1883:
1478:
1401:
1348:
924:
show distinct Chinese influence in architecture. The monumental 163-foot
921:
545:
251:
198:
50:
2340:
2278:
2049:
1752:
1720:
1697:
1665:
1341:
for high voice and guitar (1957). More recent operatic examples include
769:
704:
1844:
1493:
1229:
896:
435:
415:
343:
186:
170:
1140:, yaoqun (short waist-skirt), piling (collar), as well as traditional
2983:
2129:"V&A · The influence of East Asian lacquer on European furniture"
1579:
1468:
1199:
1133:
985:
981:
977:
859:
855:
723:
594:
371:
356:
289:
2832:, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Davis (1995), p. 118
1836:
1405:
1145:
1430:
1272:
1238:
1129:
1118:
1107:
806:
423:
114:
800:, were painted with chinoiserie compositions, and artists such as
750:
2746:'French Encounters with the Far East', Ch. 4 of Annegret Fauser:
1137:
1062:
792:, gave special favor to chinoiserie, as it blended well with the
778:
743:
574:
375:
190:
2934:. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. pp. 22–25.
2621:. Petra ten-Doesschate Chu, Jennifer Dawn Milam. Leiden. 2019.
1994:. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Britannica.com. 2007
1009:
933:
830:
822:
810:
793:
632:
320:
309:
255:
209:
162:
146:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1207:
included what he claimed was an authentic Chinese melody, the
93:
49:
jug, 1799, decorated to imitate another rare Chinese product,
1125:
993:
599:
194:
166:
87:
2870:
2353:
2241:"Tea Tuesdays: How Tea + Sugar Reshaped The British Empire"
1767:
324:
96:
1057:
print by Tom Ford for Yves Saint Laurent Rive Gauche, 2004
988:. Later exoticism added imaginary Turkish themes, where a
72:
2722:
Symphonic Metamorphosis of themes by Carl Maria von Weber
305:
75:
2354:
Calasibetta, Charlotte Mankey; Tortora, Phyllis (2010).
904:
was an idiom in appraisal of design in decorative arts.
606:
decoration from the early 17th century. After a book by
487:
vase; circa 1870; bone china; 20.8 × 10.2 × 10 cm;
2864:
2397:
Luxury the Chinese way : new competitive scenarios
2155:
Entwistle, E. A. (1961). "Wallpaper and its History".
1630:
1559:. Brighton: Royal Pavilion & Museums. p. 19.
602:
and other Dutch towns adopted genuine blue-and-white
588:, then by the mid-17th century, in Portugal as well.
450:
90:
84:
78:
2984:
Example of Chinoiserie in a French Style Harpsichord
2787:
There are other settings of Chinese translations by
928:
in the centre of the gardens, designed and built by
849:
scholars' furnishings were also naturalized, as the
57:
1557:
Chinese Whispers: Chinoiserie in Britain, 1650–1930
370:, "Child Reaching for a Caged Bird", 19th century,
81:
1666:"Eighteenth-Century Easts and Wests: Introduction"
1633:Made in the Americas: the new world discovers Asia
1293:'s 'Laideronnette, impératrice des pagodes' (from
2961:, University of Nottingham thesis, September 2011
2749:Musical Encounters at the 1889 Paris World's Fair
2997:
323:to New Spanish markets in Acapulco, Panama, and
1416:, often harmonized with open parallel fourths.
402:Man seated on plinth, holding monkey and ball.
2521:. Joanne Arbuckle (Second ed.). Landham.
1965:
1963:
1865:(1948). Johns Hopkins U. Press. 1978 edition:
968:(where the "Chinese Bedroom" was furnished by
917:pavilions with flowers and seasonal elements.
2518:Historical dictionary of the fashion industry
2265:Fisher, Reka N. (1979). "English Tea Caddy".
866:, and ceramic figurines and table ornaments.
2096:
2076:. New York: Manchester UP. pp. 29, 33.
1095:of June 1913: Vol 30 Issue 6, page 26 and 27
858:, early painted wallpapers in sheets, after
1960:
1580:Victoria and Albert Museum, Digital Media.
889:
712:as interior decoration in the oil painting
156:
2649:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2549:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2476:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2428:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
208:As a style, chinoiserie is related to the
2584:
2514:
2154:
1718:
1502:
1307:, and the light music orchestral fantasy
1106:influenced various designs and styles of
2929:
1921:. New York: NYU Press. pp. 114–37.
1084:
1048:
1003:
768:
749:
733:
722:
703:
397:
361:
288:
224:
40:
20:
2737:. Macmillan, London and New York, 1997.
2194:
2174:. New Haven, CT: Yale UP. p. 151.
2169:
2071:
1825:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
1823:Mayor, A. Hyatt (1941). "Chinoiserie".
1554:
173:artistic traditions, especially in the
2998:
2948:
2666:
2664:
2400:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire.
2291:
2264:
2225:Zhou, Ruru (2015). "Chinese Gardens".
1941:
1881:
1408:of Chinese musical style, such as the
1394:, 1971) through to modern rock music (
796:style. Entire rooms, such as those at
459:, a great proponent of the style. The
2978:(Getty Museum) "Imagining the Orient"
2562:
2560:
2393:
2326:
2238:
2150:
2148:
2067:
2065:
2063:
1822:
1605:
1419:
1384:, 1920), Broadway musicals and jazz (
108:
2566:
2157:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
1663:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1283:'s 'Chinese Dance' (from Act Two of
1008:Tea House at Myasnitskaya Street in
539:
2661:
2609:
2508:
2436:
2387:
2357:The Fairchild Dictionary of Fashion
1916:
1610:. Rockport Publishers. p. 54.
1168:and environments of American women
788:Various European monarchs, such as
236:; 1742; oil on canvas; 40.5 x 48 cm
13:
2871:Steve Inskeep (August 28, 2014).
2557:
2488:
2145:
2060:
699:
451:Persistence after the 18th century
342:, as shown by the architecture of
242:Orientalism in early modern France
33:is rife with chinoiserie designs.
14:
3052:
2965:
2951:Chinoiserie: The Vision of Cathay
2735:The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
2708:The same theme was later used by
2672:"Fashioning Empire: Chinese Chic"
1537:
1163:of June 1913, volume 30, issue 6:
1029:Margaret, 2nd Duchess of Portland
349:
2676:BASIS Independent Silicon Valley
2448:. Valerie Steele. London. 2018.
1946:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
1033:Elizabeth, Countess of Ilchester
668:
656:
640:
620:
524:
508:
496:
476:
165:interpretation and imitation of
68:
2905:
2887:
2848:
2835:
2822:
2781:
2768:
2755:
2740:
2727:
2702:
2689:
2347:
2320:
2285:
2267:Bulletin (St. Louis Art Museum)
2258:
2232:
2219:
2210:
2188:
2163:
2121:
2112:
2090:
2041:
2019:
1984:
1935:
1910:
1875:
1851:
1816:
1803:
2861:, first broadcast 8 June, 2010
1863:Essays in the History of Ideas
1785:
1712:
1657:
1624:
1599:
1573:
1513:
1227:'s satirical one-act operetta
940:, while the Chinese Garden of
442:founded. Architect and author
161:'China style') is the
151:
142:
134:
1:
2714:Variations on a Chinese Theme
2586:10.3998/ars.13441566.0047.009
2515:Sterlacci, Francesca (2017).
2445:The Berg companion to fashion
2329:Studies in the History of Art
2239:Godoy, Maria (7 April 2015).
1525:The Oxford English Dictionary
1439:Master Li & Number Ten Ox
1279:Other notable pieces include
1061:The term is also used in the
727:Painted wallcovering canvas,
205:) and the rest of East Asia.
2974:in the Columbia Encyclopedia
2854:Chris Eldon Lee (producer).
1973:. Britannica.com. 2013-07-22
1719:Kleutghen, Kristina (2014).
1344:A Night at the Chinese Opera
920:Landscapes such as London's
910:Upon the Gardens of Epicurus
284:Swedish East India Companies
232:, a chinoiserie painting by
7:
2778:No. 8212 (1998), pp. 309-35
2697:The Exotic in Western Music
1992:"Rouen ware | pottery"
1608:Universal Principles of ART
1452:
1121:(especially the bufu), the
684:
58:
10:
3057:
2595:2027/spo.13441566.0047.009
2294:Eighteenth-Century Studies
2133:Victoria and Albert Museum
1725:Eighteenth-Century Studies
1670:Eighteenth-Century Studies
1582:"Style Guide: Chinoiserie"
1310:In a Chinese Temple Garden
1144:, and traditional Chinese
1042:
1038:
677:Victoria and Albert Museum
649:Metropolitan Museum of Art
489:Metropolitan Museum of Art
392:Dictionnaire de l'Académie
331:at Puebla de Los Angeles.
239:
220:
2856:BBC Radio 4 documentary,
1017:chinoiserie mise en scène
952:came down with a case of
554:Japanese export porcelain
366:Anonymous (France) after
2733:Lamb A. Ba-ta-clan. In:
2170:Vickery, Amanda (2009).
2072:Sloboda, Stacey (2014).
1942:Gelber, Harry G (2004).
1861:Lovejoy, Arthur. (1948)
1215:, and it was re-used by
1178:
1066:time in Western Europe.
970:William and John Linnell
890:Architecture and gardens
550:Chinese export porcelain
517:Art Institute of Chicago
258:style and with works by
250:influenced the study of
2695:Bellman, Jonathan, ed.
1793:"British Museum object"
1664:Yang, Chi-ming (2014).
1606:Parks, John A. (2015).
1555:Beevers, David (2009).
1053:Satin evening dress in
984:-themed wallpaper, and
864:Jean-Baptiste Pillement
783:Ferdinand III of Sicily
729:Geelvinck-Hinlopen Huis
708:Depiction of a Chinese
416:Marco Polo's narrations
268:Jean-Baptist Pillement.
2953:. London: John Murray.
2567:Chan, Heather (2017).
2394:Rovai, Serena (2016).
2050:Historical Archaeology
2011:: CS1 maint: others (
1917:Lee, Julia H. (2011).
1882:Clarke, J. J. (1997).
1503:References and sources
1459:Chinoiserie in fashion
1339:Songs from the Chinese
1333:) to music, including
1319:Launcelot Cranmer-Byng
1176:
1096:
1058:
1045:Chinoiserie in fashion
1012:
999:
960:manufactory imitated "
785:
766:
747:
731:
720:
411:
378:
312:
237:
53:
38:
2949:Honour, Hugh (1961).
2653:) CS1 maint: others (
2480:) CS1 maint: others (
2306:10.1353/ecs.2002.0031
1888:. London: Routledge.
1737:10.1353/ecs.2014.0006
1682:10.1353/ecs.2014.0002
1253:Das Lied von der Erde
1205:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1165:
1088:
1052:
1007:
772:
753:
737:
726:
707:
552:(and for that matter
401:
365:
302:Royal Botanic Gardens
292:
240:Further information:
228:
44:
24:
2980:exhibition, 2004–05.
1412:, making use of the
1327:Edward Powys Mathers
1161:Ladies' Home Journal
1142:Chinese embroideries
1115:Ladies' Home Journal
1092:Ladies' Home Journal
956:, and Chamberlain's
798:Château de Chantilly
571:hard-paste porcelain
414:After the spread of
406:. Dated circa 1735.
317:Manila galleon trade
294:Sir William Chambers
3041:Rococo architecture
3031:Orientalism by type
2959:Musical chinoiserie
2172:Behind Closed Doors
1367:A Chinese Honeymoon
1213:Dictionary of Music
1119:mandarin court gown
854:ware that imitated
841:1753–70, but sober
764:Catherine the Great
631:bottle; 1575–1587;
131:traditional Chinese
27:Yellow Drawing Room
2989:2009-03-06 at the
2924:Chang, Sheng-Ching
2899:Enemies of Promise
2858:Chopsticks at Dawn
2097:Jan-Erik Nilsson.
1971:"Medici porcelain"
1797:The British Museum
1420:Literary criticism
1305:Bernard van Dieren
1097:
1059:
1013:
906:Sir William Temple
871:Thomas Chippendale
835:Thomas Chippendale
790:Louis XV of France
786:
781:, commissioned by
767:
762:, commissioned by
748:
732:
721:
590:Tin-glazed pottery
412:
379:
313:
264:Thomas Chippendale
248:Athanasius Kircher
238:
230:The Chinese Garden
139:simplified Chinese
110:[ʃinwazʁi]
54:
39:
2941:978-0-8478-2863-0
2841:Moon, Krystyn R.
2789:Granville Bantock
2776:Musical Quarterly
2763:Musical Exoticism
2628:978-90-04-38783-6
2528:978-1-4422-3909-8
2455:978-1-4742-6471-6
2407:978-1-137-53775-1
2374:978-1-56367-973-5
2181:978-0-300-16896-9
2083:978-0-7190-8945-9
2029:. Decorative Fair
1953:978-1-4039-0700-4
1928:978-0-8147-5257-9
1811:Sheng-Ching Chang
1780:Sheng-Ching Chang
1642:978-0-87846-812-6
1617:978-1-63159-030-6
1566:978-0-948723-71-1
1447:Chia Black Dragon
1159:According to the
954:Brighton Pavilion
938:Englischer Garten
718:Albert von Keller
694:William Alexander
612:Meissen porcelain
540:Chinese porcelain
432:Indian philosophy
404:Meissen porcelain
159:
31:Buckingham Palace
3048:
2954:
2945:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2868:
2862:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2805:Constant Lambert
2785:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2706:
2700:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2640:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2588:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2540:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2467:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2419:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2362:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2227:China Highlights
2223:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:. Gothenborg.com
2094:
2088:
2087:
2069:
2058:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1879:
1873:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1765:
1764:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1552:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1517:
1489:Qing handicrafts
1414:pentatonic scale
1377:Limehouse Nights
1335:Benjamin Britten
1301:Chinese Symphony
1174:
930:William Chambers
815:Chinese Villages
672:
660:
644:
629:Medici porcelain
624:
558:Medici porcelain
528:
512:
500:
480:
368:François Boucher
340:Qianlong Emperor
329:Talavera pottery
260:François Boucher
234:François Boucher
160:
157:
153:
144:
136:
112:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
67:
61:
47:Vienna porcelain
3056:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3016:Decorative arts
2996:
2995:
2991:Wayback Machine
2968:
2942:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2865:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2823:
2817:Humphrey Searle
2813:Alan Rawsthorne
2801:Armstrong Gibbs
2793:Lennox Berkeley
2786:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2756:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2710:Eugene Goossens
2707:
2703:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2642:
2641:
2629:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2565:
2558:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2421:
2420:
2408:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2365:Fairchild Books
2360:
2352:
2348:
2325:
2321:
2290:
2286:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2168:
2164:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2070:
2061:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1915:
1911:
1896:
1880:
1876:
1856:
1852:
1837:10.2307/3256573
1821:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1717:
1713:
1662:
1658:
1643:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1553:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1455:
1422:
1382:George Gershwin
1315:Albert Ketelbey
1263:The Nightingale
1221:Overtura cinesa
1190:The Fairy-Queen
1181:
1175:
1172:
1072:Mariano Fortuny
1047:
1041:
1002:
972:, ca 1754) and
966:Badminton House
958:Worcester china
892:
802:Antoine Watteau
756:Chinese Village
702:
700:Interior design
687:
680:
673:
664:
661:
652:
651:(New York City)
645:
636:
625:
565:manufactory at
542:
535:
529:
520:
513:
504:
501:
492:
491:(New York City)
481:
461:First Opium War
453:
428:Art de la Chine
352:
244:
223:
215:Chinese culture
175:decorative arts
105:
71:
65:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:East Asian art
3018:
3013:
3008:
2994:
2993:
2981:
2975:
2967:
2966:External links
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:Kang, Angela.
2955:
2946:
2940:
2927:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2904:
2902:(1938), ch. 20
2894:Cyril Connolly
2886:
2863:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2780:
2767:
2761:Locke, Ralph.
2754:
2739:
2726:
2716:(1912) and by
2701:
2688:
2660:
2627:
2608:
2573:Ars Orientalis
2556:
2527:
2507:
2487:
2454:
2435:
2406:
2386:
2373:
2346:
2319:
2300:(3): 395–411.
2284:
2273:(2): 174–175.
2257:
2231:
2218:
2209:
2187:
2180:
2162:
2144:
2120:
2111:
2089:
2082:
2059:
2040:
2018:
1983:
1959:
1952:
1934:
1927:
1909:
1894:
1874:
1850:
1831:(5): 111–114.
1815:
1802:
1784:
1766:
1731:(2): 117–135.
1711:
1656:
1641:
1623:
1616:
1598:
1572:
1565:
1536:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1443:Stephen Marley
1421:
1418:
1392:Duke Ellington
1354:Nixon in China
1286:The Nutcracker
1211:, in his 1768
1180:
1177:
1170:
1055:Chinese dragon
1043:Main article:
1040:
1037:
1001:
998:
974:Nostell Priory
891:
888:
775:Chinese Palace
710:folding screen
701:
698:
686:
683:
682:
681:
674:
667:
665:
662:
655:
653:
646:
639:
637:
626:
619:
541:
538:
537:
536:
530:
523:
521:
514:
507:
505:
502:
495:
493:
482:
475:
457:King George IV
452:
449:
408:British Museum
385:L'Interdiction
351:
350:Popularization
348:
336:Kangxi Emperor
222:
219:
35:King George IV
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3053:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Art of Europe
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2758:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2222:
2213:
2207:
2206:Online as PDF
2202:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2115:
2100:
2099:"chinoiserie"
2093:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2028:
2022:
2014:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1895:0-203-00438-8
1891:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1871:0-313-20504-3
1868:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:(2): 95–101.
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1587:
1586:www.vam.ac.uk
1583:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:Oriental riff
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:Barry Hughart
1432:
1428:
1427:Ernest Bramah
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:oriental riff
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:Tin Pan Alley
1369:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1337:in his cycle
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:Herbert Giles
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1299:, 1910), the
1298:
1297:
1296:Ma mère l'Oye
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1244:Debussy, 1903
1241:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:Callot Soeurs
1073:
1067:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Queen Mary II
1018:
1011:
1006:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:Prince Regent
947:
946:Neoclassicism
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:Tsarskoe Selo
824:
820:
819:Drottningholm
816:
812:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
780:
776:
771:
765:
761:
760:Tsarskoe Selo
757:
752:
745:
741:
740:Chinese House
736:
730:
725:
719:
715:
711:
706:
697:
695:
691:
678:
671:
666:
659:
654:
650:
643:
638:
634:
630:
623:
618:
617:
616:
613:
609:
608:Johan Nieuhof
605:
601:
597:
596:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
534:
527:
522:
518:
511:
506:
499:
494:
490:
486:
479:
474:
473:
472:
470:
469:Prince Albert
465:
462:
458:
448:
445:
444:Robert Morris
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:According to
419:
417:
409:
405:
400:
396:
394:
393:
387:
386:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
358:
347:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
243:
235:
231:
227:
218:
216:
211:
206:
204:
203:High Qing era
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:garden design
176:
172:
168:
164:
154:
148:
140:
132:
129:, "Chinese";
128:
127:
122:
121:
116:
111:
101:
62:
60:
52:
48:
43:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
2958:
2950:
2931:
2907:
2897:
2889:
2877:. Retrieved
2866:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2824:
2797:Arthur Bliss
2783:
2775:
2770:
2762:
2757:
2748:
2742:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2680:. Retrieved
2678:. 2021-04-29
2675:
2617:
2611:
2579:(20220203).
2576:
2572:
2517:
2510:
2499:. Retrieved
2490:
2444:
2438:
2396:
2389:
2378:. Retrieved
2363:. New York:
2356:
2349:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2244:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2212:
2200:
2197:Japan Review
2196:
2190:
2171:
2165:
2156:
2136:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2114:
2103:. Retrieved
2092:
2073:
2054:
2048:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2021:
1996:. Retrieved
1986:
1975:. Retrieved
1943:
1937:
1918:
1912:
1884:
1877:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1632:
1626:
1607:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:
1575:
1556:
1528:. Retrieved
1515:
1498:
1464:Gufeng music
1438:
1423:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1352:
1351:, 1987) and
1342:
1338:
1331:Arthur Waley
1308:
1300:
1294:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1266:(1914), and
1261:
1251:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:high collars
1114:
1112:
1101:
1098:
1090:
1068:
1060:
1016:
1014:
926:Great Pagoda
919:
915:
909:
901:
895:
893:
884:
880:
874:
868:
850:
842:
838:
787:
713:
692:
688:
593:
579:
543:
533:Rex Whistler
466:
454:
440:
427:
420:
413:
390:
383:
380:
353:
333:
314:
298:Great Pagoda
245:
229:
207:
183:architecture
152:Zhōngguófēng
150:
124:
118:
117:from French
56:
55:
18:
3011:Chinoiserie
3006:Chinese art
2972:Chinoiserie
2057:(3), 48–61.
2033:3 September
1479:Orientalism
1441:novels and
1402:David Bowie
1387:Chinoiserie
1349:Judith Weir
1281:Tchaikovsky
1209:air chinois
1193:(1692) and
1080:Jean Paquin
942:Oranienbaum
922:Kew Gardens
546:Renaissance
252:Orientalism
199:Orientalism
120:chinoiserie
59:Chinoiserie
51:lacquerware
3036:Rococo art
3000:Categories
2682:2022-07-29
2637:1077291584
2501:2022-07-15
2464:1101075054
2380:2011-02-17
2159:: 450–456.
2138:2018-01-24
2105:2007-09-17
1998:2015-06-18
1977:2015-06-18
1859:as qtd. in
1530:2015-12-09
1508:References
1494:Sharawadgi
1397:China Girl
1359:John Adams
1303:(1914) by
1258:Stravinsky
1230:Ba-ta-clan
1108:deshabille
1025:Queen Anne
897:Sharawadgi
860:engravings
716:(1873) by
598:) made at
563:soft-paste
436:Upanishads
344:Xiyang Lou
187:literature
171:Sinosphere
169:and other
2718:Hindemith
2645:cite book
2603:2328-1286
2545:cite book
2537:969439606
2472:cite book
2424:cite book
2416:946357865
2335:: 177–2.
2314:161692788
1857:Voltaire
1761:146268869
1745:0013-2586
1706:161177163
1690:0013-2586
1651:916494129
1521:"Chinois"
1469:Japonisme
1433:stories,
1370:, 1899),
1361:, 1987).
1276:(1926).
1225:Offenbach
1200:Le cinesi
1134:mamianqun
992:became a
978:Casa Loma
902:shara'aji
856:japanning
845:to early
746:(Germany)
679:, London.
595:delftware
544:From the
372:engraving
357:exoticism
66:English:
2987:Archived
2879:March 4,
2809:C.W. Orr
2341:42620694
2279:40716247
2250:12 April
2007:cite web
1904:52219015
1753:24690358
1698:24690356
1591:12 April
1474:Karamono
1453:See also
1449:series.
1431:Kai Lung
1273:Turandot
1256:(1908),
1223:(1804).
1203:(1754).
1171:—
1123:jiaoling
807:Aranjuez
685:Painting
424:Voltaire
163:European
115:loanword
2918:Sources
2720:in the
2712:in his
2245:npr.org
1845:3256573
1445:in his
1437:in his
1429:in his
1406:clichés
1289:1892),
1268:Puccini
1239:Pagodas
1219:in his
1185:Purcell
1156:, etc.
1138:yunjian
1063:fashion
1039:Fashion
990:"diwan"
982:phoenix
843:homages
779:Palermo
744:Potsdam
586:England
582:Holland
575:faience
483:Cuboid
426:in his
376:etching
300:at the
272:English
221:History
191:theatre
167:Chinese
126:chinois
123:, from
106:French:
2938:
2845:(2005)
2765:(2009)
2752:(2005)
2724:(1943)
2699:(1998)
2635:
2625:
2601:
2535:
2525:
2462:
2452:
2414:
2404:
2371:
2339:
2312:
2277:
2178:
2080:
1950:
1925:
1902:
1892:
1869:
1843:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1649:
1639:
1614:
1563:
1248:Mahler
1150:pankou
1146:Lào zi
1130:kanjia
1078:, and
1074:, the
1031:, and
1010:Moscow
934:Munich
831:Russia
823:Sweden
811:Madrid
794:rococo
714:Chopin
633:Louvre
321:Manila
310:London
282:, and
280:French
266:, and
256:Rococo
210:Rococo
193:, and
149::
147:pinyin
141::
133::
2875:. NPR
2361:(PDF)
2337:JSTOR
2310:S2CID
2275:JSTOR
2203:: 78.
1841:JSTOR
1809:張省卿 (
1778:張省卿 (
1757:S2CID
1749:JSTOR
1702:S2CID
1694:JSTOR
1291:Ravel
1217:Weber
1195:Gluck
1179:Music
1126:ruqun
1102:Vogue
986:china
962:Imari
809:near
777:" in
773:The "
758:" at
754:The "
600:Delft
592:(see
567:Rouen
276:Dutch
195:music
2936:ISBN
2881:2023
2815:and
2655:link
2651:link
2633:OCLC
2623:ISBN
2599:ISSN
2551:link
2533:OCLC
2523:ISBN
2482:link
2478:link
2460:OCLC
2450:ISBN
2430:link
2412:OCLC
2402:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2252:2018
2176:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2035:2021
2013:link
1948:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1900:OCLC
1890:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1741:ISSN
1686:ISSN
1647:OCLC
1637:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1593:2018
1561:ISBN
1329:and
994:sofa
851:tang
847:Qing
825:and
738:The
604:Ming
584:and
519:(US)
485:Cong
374:and
338:and
325:Lima
158:lit.
25:The
2591:hdl
2581:doi
2302:doi
1833:doi
1733:doi
1678:doi
1400:by
1390:by
1380:by
1313:by
1270:'s
1260:'s
1250:'s
1197:'s
1187:'s
1110:.
1082:.
1000:Tea
976:to
936:'s
862:by
742:in
359:.
306:Kew
304:at
143:中国风
135:中國風
29:at
3002::
2896:,
2811:,
2807:,
2803:,
2799:,
2795:,
2791:,
2674:.
2663:^
2647:}}
2643:{{
2631:.
2597:.
2589:.
2577:47
2575:.
2571:.
2559:^
2547:}}
2543:{{
2531:.
2474:}}
2470:{{
2458:.
2426:}}
2422:{{
2410:.
2367:.
2333:25
2331:.
2308:.
2298:35
2296:.
2271:15
2269:.
2243:.
2201:27
2199:.
2147:^
2131:.
2062:^
2055:33
2053:,
2009:}}
2005:{{
1962:^
1898:.
1839:.
1829:36
1827:.
1795:.
1769:^
1755:.
1747:.
1739:.
1729:47
1727:.
1723:.
1700:.
1692:.
1684:.
1674:47
1672:.
1668:.
1645:.
1635:.
1584:.
1539:^
1523:.
1325:,
1321:,
1152:,
1148:,
1136:,
1132:,
1128:,
1023:,
996:.
839:c.
833:.
829:,
821:,
813:.
627:A
395:.
308:,
296:'
278:,
274:,
262:,
217:.
189:,
185:,
181:,
177:,
155:;
145:;
137:;
113:;
104:,
94:ər
88:ɑː
45:A
2944:.
2883:.
2819:.
2685:.
2657:)
2639:.
2605:.
2593::
2583::
2553:)
2539:.
2504:.
2484:)
2466:.
2432:)
2418:.
2383:.
2343:.
2316:.
2304::
2281:.
2254:.
2229:.
2184:.
2141:.
2108:.
2086:.
2037:.
2015:)
2001:.
1980:.
1956:.
1931:.
1906:.
1847:.
1835::
1799:.
1763:.
1735::
1708:.
1680::
1653:.
1620:.
1595:.
1569:.
1533:.
1374:(
1357:(
1347:(
1242:(
410:.
100:/
97:i
91:z
85:w
82:ˈ
79:n
76:ɪ
73:ʃ
70:/
63:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.