1002:
1018:
128:
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68:
98:
735:
810:. The alluvial floodplain habitat of the Terai is one of the best tiger habitats anywhere in the world. Since the establishment of Chitwan National Park the initially small population of about 25 individuals increased to 70–110 in 1980. In some years this population has declined due to poaching and floods. In a long-term study carried out from 1995 to 2002 tiger researchers identified a relative abundance of 82 breeding tigers and a density of 6 females per 100 km (39 sq mi). Information obtained from
518:
135:
105:
75:
727:
2243:
1997:
54:
458:– a rhino reconnaissance patrol of 130 armed men and a network of guard posts all over Chitwan. To prevent the extinction of rhinos, the Chitwan National Park was gazetted in December 1970, with borders delineated the following year and established in 1973, initially encompassing an area of 544 km (210 sq mi).
919:
spend most of the year in the less accessible Churia Hills in the south of the national park. But when the bush fires ease off in springtime and lush grasses start growing up again, they descend into the grassland and riverine forests to graze and browse. The
Chitwan population of the world's largest
465:
were forced to relocate from their traditional lands. They were denied any right to own land and thus forced into a situation of landlessness and poverty. When the national park was designated, Nepalese soldiers destroyed the villages located inside the boundary of the park, burning down houses and
508:
starts in mid June and eases off in late
September. During these 14–15 weeks most of the 2,500 mm (98 in) annual precipitation falls. After mid-October, the monsoon clouds retreat, humidity drops off, and the top daily temperature gradually subsides from around 36 °C (97 °F) to
469:
In 1977, the park was enlarged to its present area of 952.63 km (367.81 sq mi). In 1997, a bufferzone of 766.1 km (295.8 sq mi) was added to the north and west of the
Narayani-Rapti river system, and between the south-eastern boundary of the park and the international
914:
since 1986. However, the population has repeatedly been jeopardized by poaching: in 2002 alone, poachers killed 37 individuals in order to saw off and sell their valuable horns. Chitwan has the largest population of Indian rhinoceros in Nepal, estimated at 605 of 645 individuals in total in the
1033:
Every year dedicated bird watchers and conservationists survey bird species occurring all over the country. In 2006 they recorded 543 species in the
Chitwan National Park, much more than in any other protected area in Nepal and about two-thirds of Nepal's globally
1278:. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. pp. 48–51.
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in 2010 and 2011 indicated that tiger density ranged between 4.44 and 6.35 individuals per 100 km (39 sq mi). They offset their temporal activity patterns to be much less active during the day when human activity peaked.
473:
The park's headquarters is in Kasara. Close by the gharial and turtle conservation breeding centres have been established. In 2008, a vulture breeding centre was inaugurated aiming at holding up to 25 pairs of each of the two
786:
occurred in the
Narayani River. The population has dramatically declined to only 38 wild gharials in 2003. Every year gharial eggs are collected along the rivers to be hatched in the breeding center of the
1300:
1700:
Jnawali, S. R.; Baral, H. S.; Lee, S.; Acharya, K. P.; Upadhyay, G. P.; Pandey, M.; Shrestha, R.; Joshi, D.; Lamichhane, B. R.; Griffiths, J.; Khatiwada, A. P.; Subedi, N. & Amin, R. (2011).
1764:"Revisiting genetic structure of Wild Buffaloes Bubalus arnee Kerr, 1792 (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal: an assessment for translocation programs"
415:
In 1950, Chitwan's forest and grasslands extended over more than 2,600 km (1,000 sq mi) and were home to about 800 rhinos. When poor farmers from the mid-hills moved to the
454:, thousands of people had settled there, and only 95 rhinos remained. The dramatic decline of the rhino population and the extent of poaching prompted the government to institute the
509:
18 °C (64 °F). Nights cool down to 5 °C (41 °F) until late
December, when it usually rains softly for a few days. Then temperatures start rising gradually.
1176:
Checklist of 543 reported species. Published in cooperation with
Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Participatory Conservation Programme II, Kathmandu.
231:
791:, where animals are reared to an age of 6–9 years. Every year young gharials are reintroduced into the Narayani-Rapti river system, of which sadly only very few survive.
1299:
Wikramanayake, E.D.; Dinerstein, E.; Robinson, J.G.; Karanth, K.U.; Rabinowitz, A.; Olson, D.; Mathew, T.; Hedao, P.; Connor, M.; Hemley, G. & Bolze, D. (1999).
1116:
Apart from the resident birds about 160 migrating and vagrant species arrive in
Chitwan in autumn from northern latitudes to spend the winter here, among them the
500:
Chitwan has a humid subtropical monsoon influenced climate (Cwa) with high humidity all through the year. The area is located in the central climatic zone of the
2160:
533:
trees covering about 70% of the national park area. The purest stands of sal occur on well drained lowland ground in the centre. Along the southern face of the
821:
are most prevalent on the peripheries of the park. They co-exist with tigers, but being socially subordinate are not common in prime tiger habitat. In 1988, a
1318:
1901:
1762:
Kandel, R. C.; Poudel, R. C.; Sadaula, A.; Kandel, P.; Gairhe, K. P.; Pokheral, C. P.; Bajracharya, S. B.; Chalise, M. K. & Solanki, G. S. (2019).
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and of a wildlife sanctuary south of the river for a trial period of ten years. After his subsequent survey of
Chitwan in 1963, this time for both the
1512:
Priol, P. (2003). Gharial field study report (Report). Kathmandu, Nepal: A report submitted to
Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation.
742:
The wide range of vegetation types in the Chitwan National Park is haunt of more than 700 species of wildlife and a not yet fully surveyed number of
684:
cover about 20% of the park's area. More than 50 species are found here including some of the world's tallest grasses like the elephant grass called
180:
127:
1846:
440:
1720:
Thapa, K.; Kelly, M. J.; Karki, J. B.; Subedi, N. (2013). "First camera trap record of pack hunting dholes in Chitwan National Park, Nepal".
388:
to Nepal's south was arduous as the area could only be reached by foot and took several weeks. Comfortable camps were set up for the feudal
920:
wild cattle species has increased from 188 to 368 animals in the years 1997 to 2016. Furthermore, 112 animals were counted in the adjacent
67:
902:: since 1973 the population has recovered well and increased to 544 animals around the turn of the century. To ensure the survival of the
2153:
2301:
1524:
97:
774:
occur. The Narayani-Rapti river system, their small tributaries and myriads of oxbow lakes is habitat for 113 recorded species of
384:– used to be a favorite hunting ground for Nepal's ruling class during the cool winter seasons. Until the 1950s, the journey from
372:, which covers a 3,549 km (1,370 sq mi) huge block of alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests.
1301:"Where can tigers live in the future? A framework for identifying high-priority areas for the conservation of tigers in the wild"
526:
2341:
2146:
1894:
1464:
Dinerstein, E.; Wemmer, C. M. (1988). "Fruits Rhinoceros Eat: Dispersal of Trewia Nudiflora (Euphorbiaceae) in Lowland Nepal".
2346:
2178:
1442:
1283:
295:
346:. It ranges in elevation from about 100 m (330 ft) in the river valleys to 815 m (2,674 ft) in the
1874:
1887:
1312:
1188:
1143:
As soon as the winter visitors have left in spring, the summer visitors arrive from southern latitudes. The calls of
1001:
829:) was captured and radio-collared outside the protected area. It was released into the park, but did not stay there.
681:
1740:
357:-Rapti river system forms a natural boundary to human settlements. Adjacent to the east of Chitwan National Park is
2296:
1973:
1549:
Barlow, A.; McDougal, C.; Smith, J. L. D.; Gurung, B.; Bhatta, S. R.; Kumal, S.; Mahato, B.; Tamang, D. B. (2009).
1017:
2055:
2050:
39:
436:
397:
2306:
2019:
1968:
985:
423:
became rampant. In 1957, the country's first conservation law inured to the protection of rhinos and their
327:
1701:
718:
is one of the first grasses to colonise new sandbanks and to be washed away by the yearly monsoon floods.
2331:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2316:
2311:
1978:
1953:
1201:
1160:
911:
1840:
2336:
2326:
2291:
2076:
2060:
1879:
1224:
1007:
2270:
1963:
1910:
965:
273:
2321:
2213:
2198:
1047:
2170:
322:. It was established in 1973 as the Royal Chitwan National Park and was granted the status of a
1948:
1528:
1272:
Bhuju, U. R.; Shakya, P. R.; Basnet, T. B. & Shrestha, S. (2007). "Chitwan National Park".
1125:
1121:
1078:
1057:
Especially the park's alluvial grasslands are important habitats for the critically endangered
921:
881:
653:
489:
2208:
1943:
1933:
1645:
McDougal, C. (1988). "Leopard and Tiger Interactions at Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal".
1117:
856:
prevail on the southern slopes of the Churia Hills. During a camera trapping survey in 2011,
661:
481:
362:
1527:. Government of Nepal Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation. Archived from
1298:
2218:
2112:
1599:
1156:
1039:
907:
877:
767:
562:
485:
428:
419:
in search of arable land, the area was subsequently opened for settlement, and poaching of
1814:
Baral, H. S.; Chaudhary, D. B. (2006). "Status and Distribution of Slender-billed babbler
545:. On northern slopes sal associates with smaller flowering tree and shrub species such as
8:
2223:
2174:
1983:
1928:
1780:
1763:
1585:
1500:
Change in Grassland Vegetation in the Northern Part of Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal
1275:
Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites
1214:
1101:
also abound. The park is one of the few known breeding sites of the globally threatened
1066:
1051:
1024:
837:
671:
358:
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in 1984. It covers an area of 952.63 km (367.81 sq mi) in the subtropical
323:
243:
1603:
1958:
1622:
1587:
1481:
1043:
1035:
981:
903:
889:
885:
686:
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undertook a survey of the area, recommending creation of a protected area north of the
339:
2138:
1627:
1586:
Carter, N. H.; Shrestha, B. K.; Karki, J. B.; Pradhan, N. M. B. & J. Liu (2012).
1308:
1279:
1219:
1184:
899:
803:
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trampling fields using elephants. The Tharu people were forced to leave at gunpoint.
331:
1867:
365:. The coherent protected area of 2,075 km (801 sq mi) represents the
2203:
1775:
1677:
1617:
1607:
1566:
1473:
1402:
1391:"Report on a brief survey of the wildlife resources of Nepal, including rhinoceros"
1369:
1137:
1133:
973:
893:
779:
629:
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432:
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and their entourage, where they stayed for a couple of months shooting hundreds of
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969:
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27:
2122:
2097:
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1592:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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182:
43:
1743:. Government of Nepal Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation
1612:
1571:
1550:
2248:
2002:
1709:. Kathmandu, Nepal: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation.
1631:
1443:"Conservation and the impact of relocation on the Tharus of Chitwan, Nepal"
906:
in case of epidemics animals are translocated annually from Chitwan to the
849:
807:
707:
691:
666:
637:
534:
462:
393:
2117:
2102:
1855:
1110:
977:
957:
937:
933:
873:
865:
811:
597:
517:
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were recorded in the southern and western parts of the park, as well as
2107:
1485:
1098:
945:
869:
841:
833:
755:
711:
699:
409:
1909:
1860:
1431:
Habitat Himalaya - A Resources Himalaya Factfile, Volume IX, Number 3.
1245:
2127:
1841:
Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal :
1273:
1081:
were sighted in three different grassland types. The near threatened
925:
743:
613:
538:
501:
385:
285:
1477:
1155:
species are common breeding visitors during monsoon. Among the many
446:
By the end of the 1960s, 70% of Chitwan's jungles had been cleared,
924:. The animals move freely between these parks. Apart from numerous
726:
652:, the fruits of which rhinos savour so much. Understorey shrubs of
617:
605:
420:
1305:
Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in human-dominated landscapes
2228:
1152:
1106:
1090:
783:
609:
546:
505:
447:
424:
1588:"Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales"
1163:
with his long undulating tail in flight is a spectacular sight.
832:
Chitwan is considered to have the highest population density of
53:
1303:. In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S. & Jackson, P. (eds.).
1144:
929:
800:
751:
645:
578:
1914:
1148:
1094:
1086:
857:
763:
367:
319:
1738:
1522:
461:
When the first protected areas were established in Chitwan,
1703:
The Status of Nepal’s Mammals: The National Red List Series
1307:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 255–272.
1054:, an uncommon winter visitor, were sighted in spring 2008.
916:
775:
747:
476:
443:, he recommended extension of the sanctuary to the south.
1548:
1140:
just rest for a few days in February on their way north.
451:
1795:
Giri, T.; Choudhary, H. (2008). "Additional Sightings".
1868:"Important Bird Areas factsheet: Chitwan National Park"
2168:
1695:
1693:
1181:
Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent.
361:, contiguous in the south is the Indian Tiger Reserve
232:
Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation
1719:
678:
offer shelter and lair to a wide variety of species.
612:
evoke an ever-changing mosaic of riverine forest and
2238:
1992:
1358:"Report on a survey of the rhinoceros area of Nepal"
980:
are also present. Chitwan National Park received 18
1690:
1344:
Heart of the Jungle: the Wildlife of Chitwan, Nepal
1085:is a resident breeder around the many lakes, where
1865:
1555:) Populations and its Implications for Monitoring"
2283:
1875:Vulture Breeding Centre in Chitwan National Park
1463:
353:In the north and west of the protected area the
1663:
1813:
441:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2154:
1895:
1794:
1647:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1199:The park's unique rhino herd was featured on
616:along the river banks. On recently deposited
525:The typical vegetation of the Inner Terai is
370:Conservation Unit (TCU) Chitwan-Parsa-Valmiki
134:
104:
74:
1338:
1336:
380:Since the end of the 19th century Chitwan –
2161:
2147:
1902:
1888:
1818:in Chitwan National Park, central Nepal".
1440:
1420:
1418:
1147:herald the start of spring. The colourful
1113:scratch their living on the forest floor.
840:inhabit the numerous creeks and rivulets.
836:with an estimated 200 to 250 individuals.
1911:National Parks, Reserves and Ramsar Sites
1779:
1681:
1621:
1611:
1570:
1511:
1502:. Scientific World, Vol. 4, No. 4: 78–83.
1406:
1373:
1333:
1644:
1267:
1265:
733:
725:
516:
1498:Shrestha, B. K., Dangol, D. R. (2006).
1415:
527:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
215:952.63 km (367.81 sq mi)
2284:
1525:"Biodiversity – Chitwan National Park"
2142:
1883:
1739:Chitwan National Park Office (2015).
1664:Dinerstein, E.; Mehta, J. N. (1989).
1523:Chitwan National Park Office (2015).
1434:
1262:
1781:10.11609/jott.4940.11.15.14942-14954
799:Chitwan National Park is home to 68
1388:
1355:
952:reside predominantly in the hills.
636:predominate, followed by groups of
521:Seed of kapok, the silk cotton tree
13:
1243:
806:. The "king of the jungle" is the
14:
2358:
2302:Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands
1834:
1194:
682:Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands
2241:
2169:
1995:
1722:Canid Biology & Conservation
1179:Gurung, K. K., Singh R. (1996).
1172:Bird Conservation Nepal (2006).
1016:
1000:
782:. In the early 1950s, about 235
133:
126:
103:
96:
73:
66:
52:
1861:UNESCO World Heritage Site Link
1807:
1788:
1755:
1732:
1713:
1657:
1638:
1579:
1542:
1516:
1505:
1492:
1244:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
620:and in lowland areas groups of
1666:"The clouded leopard in Nepal"
1551:"Temporal Variation in Tiger (
1457:
1382:
1349:
1292:
1237:
1:
2342:World Heritage Sites in Nepal
1230:
1166:
512:
486:Oriental white-backed vulture
2347:1973 establishments in Nepal
1250:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
986:Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
789:Gharial Conservation Project
87:Show map of Bagmati Province
7:
1447:Himalayan Research Bulletin
1208:
1183:Academic Press, San Diego,
1128:. Common sightings include
10:
2363:
1768:Journal of Threatened Taxa
1202:The Jeff Corwin Experience
1161:Indian paradise flycatcher
928:, there are also herds of
912:Shuklaphanta National Park
852:roam the jungle for prey.
794:
495:
437:Fauna Preservation Society
375:
330:of south-central Nepal in
244:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2258:
2236:
2185:
2085:
2069:
2028:
2012:
1990:
1921:
1683:10.1017/S0030605300023024
1408:10.1017/s0030605300002416
1375:10.1017/S0030605300000326
1225:Jatayu vulture restaurant
1205:in season 2, episode 11.
1008:White-throated kingfisher
966:Indian crested porcupines
537:sal is interspersed with
305:
301:
291:
281:
266:
258:
250:
241:
237:
227:
219:
211:
174:
164:
156:
60:
51:
37:
31:
26:
21:
2271:Sagarmatha National Park
1866:BirdLife International.
1424:Adhikari, T. R. (2002).
1346:. André Deutsch, London.
1077:. In 2005 more than 200
991:
944:that inhabits the park.
730:Basking mugger crocodile
721:
2297:National parks of Nepal
2214:Kathmandu Durbar Square
2199:Bhaktapur Durbar Square
1613:10.1073/pnas.1210490109
1572:10.1644/07-mamm-a-415.1
1246:"Chitwan National Park"
1079:slender-billed babblers
1073:and several species of
1048:blossom-headed parakeet
882:yellow-throated martens
706:and several species of
598:Spatholobus parviflorus
32:चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज
1816:Turdoides longirostris
1342:Gurung, K. K. (1983).
1122:eastern imperial eagle
922:Parsa Wildlife Reserve
762:, 17 other species of
739:
731:
656:Callicarpa macrophylla
522:
490:slender-billed vulture
160:Central Terai of Nepal
147:Show map of South Asia
16:National park in Nepal
2266:Chitwan National Park
2209:Changu Narayan Temple
1856:Chitwan National Park
1843:Chitwan National Park
1118:greater spotted eagle
968:, several species of
878:crab-eating mongooses
737:
729:
654:velvety beautyberry (
520:
482:critically endangered
480:vultures species now
363:Valmiki National Park
312:Chitwan National Park
196:27.50000°N 84.33333°E
141:Chitwan National Park
111:Chitwan National Park
81:Chitwan National Park
22:Chitwan National Park
2219:Pashupatinath Temple
2175:World Heritage Sites
2113:Jagdishpur Reservoir
1559:Journal of Mammalogy
1427:The curse of success
1040:black-chinned yuhina
915:country as of 2015.
908:Bardia National Park
838:Smooth-coated otters
754:species. Apart from
714:Saccharum spontaneum
565:Anogeissus latifolia
549:Terminalia bellirica
429:Edward Pritchard Gee
328:Inner Terai lowlands
2307:Grasslands of Nepal
2224:Patan Durbar Square
1774:(15): 14942–14954.
1604:2012PNAS..10915360C
1598:(38): 15360–15365.
1441:McLean, J. (1999).
1389:Gee, E. P. (1963).
1356:Gee, E. P. (1959).
1215:Terai Arc Landscape
1126:Pallas's fish-eagle
1067:grey-crowned prinia
1052:slaty-breasted rail
1038:. Additionally, 20
1025:paradise flycatcher
674:Phyllanthus emblica
646:rhino apple trees (
579:grey downy balsam (
529:with predominantly
382:Heart of the Jungle
359:Parsa National Park
324:World Heritage Site
228:Governing body
192: /
2332:Makwanpur District
2103:Gokyo Lake Complex
2029:Conservation areas
1974:Shivapuri Nagarjun
1849:2019-07-04 at the
1741:"Rhino population"
1136:. Large flocks of
1036:threatened species
982:wild water buffalo
904:endangered species
740:
732:
687:Saccharum ravennae
523:
282:Reference no.
201:27.50000; 84.33333
2317:Nawalpur District
2312:Wetlands of Nepal
2279:
2278:
2136:
2135:
2013:Wildlife reserves
1285:978-92-9115-033-5
1220:Wildlife of Nepal
1174:Birds of Chitwan.
1061:, the vulnerable
974:black-naped hares
900:Indian rhinoceros
894:Asian palm civets
827:Neofelis nebulosa
780:mugger crocodiles
470:border to India.
463:Tharu communities
450:eradicated using
309:
308:
277:
165:Nearest city
117:Show map of Nepal
2354:
2337:Bagmati Province
2327:Chitwan District
2292:IUCN Category II
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2204:Boudhanath Stupa
2173:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2070:Hunting reserves
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1904:
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1489:
1472:(6): 1768–1774.
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768:starred tortoise
702:Phragmites karka
662:hill glory bower
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819:Indian leopards
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772:monitor lizards
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608:, flooding and
592:Bauhinia vahlii
573:Dillenia indica
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314:is the first
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44:national park
41:
40:IUCN category
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2249:Nepal portal
2086:Ramsar sites
2056:Kanchenjunga
2051:Gaurishankar
2003:Nepal portal
1979:Shuklaphanta
1954:Makalu Barun
1938:
1842:
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1745:. Retrieved
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1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1518:
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1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1304:
1294:
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1253:. Retrieved
1249:
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1200:
1198:
1180:
1173:
1159:species the
1151:and several
1142:
1115:
1056:
1046:, a pair of
1042:, a pair of
1032:
978:hispid hares
958:gray langurs
898:
890:small Indian
874:leopard cats
866:fishing cats
842:Bengal foxes
831:
826:
817:
812:camera traps
808:Bengal tiger
798:
788:
741:
713:
712:Kans grass (
708:true grasses
701:
694:Arundo donax
693:
692:giant cane (
685:
680:
673:
672:gooseberry (
667:Clerodendrum
665:
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640:Bombax ceiba
639:
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535:Churia Hills
524:
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472:
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414:
398:rhinoceroses
381:
379:
366:
352:
311:
310:
2118:Mai Pokhari
2020:Koshi Tappu
1453:(2): 38–44.
1111:jungle fowl
1099:kingfishers
946:Choushingas
938:red muntjac
870:jungle cats
834:sloth bears
760:rock python
738:Chital stag
539:chir pine (
456:Gaida Gasti
433:Rapti River
427:. In 1959,
410:sloth bears
220:Established
199: /
175:Coordinates
2286:Categories
2108:Gosaikunda
1964:Sagarmatha
1747:31 January
1653:: 609–610.
1535:2018-01-21
1325:23 October
1255:2023-05-15
1231:References
1167:Literature
1157:flycatcher
1134:goosanders
926:wild boars
756:king cobra
630:rosewood (
614:grasslands
563:axlewood (
555:rosewood (
513:Vegetation
296:South Asia
267:Designated
262:vii, ix, x
2128:Rara Lake
2077:Dhorpatan
2046:Blackbuck
2041:Api Nampa
2036:Annapurna
1826:(4): 1–6.
1728:(2): 4–7.
1368:: 67–76.
988:in 2016.
744:butterfly
670:sp.) and
622:catechu (
606:bushfires
604:Seasonal
547:beleric (
502:Himalayas
386:Kathmandu
340:Makwanpur
187:84°20′0″E
184:27°30′0″N
169:Bharatpur
2186:Cultural
1949:Langtang
1847:Archived
1632:22949642
1209:See also
1091:bitterns
1050:and one
910:and the
784:gharials
618:alluvium
589:such as
587:creepers
504:, where
488:and the
439:and the
421:wildlife
406:leopards
402:elephant
355:Narayani
332:Nawalpur
259:Criteria
157:Location
2259:Natural
2229:Lumbini
2061:Manaslu
1944:Khaptad
1939:Chitwan
1934:Bardiya
1803:(2): 6.
1623:3458348
1600:Bibcode
1486:1941155
1466:Ecology
1153:sunbird
1145:cuckoos
1107:Peafowl
804:species
795:Mammals
638:kapok (
610:erosion
506:monsoon
496:Climate
448:malaria
425:habitat
376:History
336:Chitwan
274:session
254:Natural
1820:Danphe
1797:Danphe
1630:
1620:
1484:
1311:
1282:
1187:
1095:storks
1087:egrets
934:sambar
930:chital
858:dholes
801:mammal
764:snakes
752:insect
394:tigers
292:Region
28:Nepali
2179:Nepal
1984:Parsa
1929:Banke
1915:Nepal
1707:(PDF)
1482:JSTOR
1149:pitta
1023:Male
992:Birds
984:from
917:Gaurs
886:large
722:Fauna
644:with
628:with
368:Tiger
320:Nepal
272:(8th
270:1984
1959:Rara
1749:2016
1670:Oryx
1628:PMID
1395:Oryx
1362:Oryx
1327:2011
1309:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1132:and
1124:and
1109:and
1097:and
948:and
940:and
892:and
848:and
778:and
776:fish
770:and
758:and
750:and
748:moth
595:and
585:and
477:Gyps
408:and
342:and
251:Type
223:1973
212:Area
42:II (
2177:in
1913:of
1776:doi
1678:doi
1618:PMC
1608:doi
1596:109
1567:doi
1474:doi
1451:XIX
1403:doi
1370:doi
1105:.
531:sal
452:DDT
318:of
286:284
2288::
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1766:.
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1372::
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676:)
664:(
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650:)
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634:)
626:)
583:)
575:)
567:)
559:)
551:)
543:)
276:)
46:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
