Khmelnytsky Uprising

3209: 2372: 464: 755: 736: 719: 700: 683: 672: 380: 149: 112: 479: 6911: 2927: 501: 778: 609: 600: 437: 277: 3623:, Khmelnytsky's rationale was largely mercantile and the Jews of Brody, which was a major trading centre, were judged to be useful "for turnovers and profits" and thus they were only required to pay "moderate indemnities" in kind. One estimate (1996) reports that 15,000–30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. A 2014 estimate puts the number of Jews that died during the national uprising of Ukrainians to 18,000–20,000 people between the years 1648–1649; of these, 3,000–6,000 Jews were killed by Cossacks in 3656:

colossal, even exceeding the catastrophes of the Crusades and the Black Death in Western Europe. Some seven hundred Jewish communities in Poland had suffered massacre and pillage. In the Ukrainian cities situated on the left banks of the Dnieper, the region populated by Cossacks ... the Jewish communities had disappeared almost completely. In the localities on the right shore of the Dnieper or in the Polish part of Ukraine as well as those of Volhynia and Podolia, wherever Cossacks had made their appearance, only about one tenth of the Jewish population survived.

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into the fire before the eyes of their mothers, women were burned alive, men were skinned and mutilated. People must have thought hell had let loose all the tormenting monsters that medieval painters had portrayed dragging the condemned to eternal punishment. The roads were choked with thousands of refugees trying to escape the murderous hordes. The famous rabbis of the Talmud schools died by the hundreds as martyrs for their faith. The total number of the dead was estimated at about one hundred thousand.

2277:. Cossacks were gearing up to resume their traditional and lucrative attacks on the Ottoman Empire (in the first quarter of the 17th century they raided the Black Sea shores almost annually), as they greatly resented being prevented from the pirate activities by the peace treaties between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. Rumors about the emerging hostilities with "the infidels" were greeted with joy, and the news that there was to be no raiding after all was explosive in itself. 3280: 319: 3541:, many of whom were Jewish, who earned money from the collections they made for the magnates by receiving a percentage of an estate's revenue. By not supervising their estates directly, the magnates left it to the leaseholders and collectors to become objects of hatred to the oppressed and long-suffering peasants. Khmelnytsky told the people that the Poles had sold them as slaves "into the hands of the accursed Jews." With this as their battle cry, Cossacks and the peasantry 7165: 3172: 7174: 3088: 3060: 334: 7186: 3781: 3388: 660: 409: 349: 1818: 649: 627: 394: 289: 5945: 1529: 1832: 2299: 2079: 1749: 5933: 3144: 4651:[And according to these rules, the vast trading city of Brody, filled almost exclusively with Jews, was left in its former freedom and integrity, as recognized by the Russian inhabitants as useful for their turnover and earnings, and only a moderate indemnity was taken from the Jews in cloth, linen and leather for sewing to the registered army uniforms and shoes, and some provisions for feeding the troops.] 3186: 3523: 3032: 3018: 3102: 3046: 3116: 2990: 3158: 2976: 3004: 2934: 2962: 3074: 2948: 3130: 4649:А по симъ правиламъ и обширный торговый городъ Броды, наполненный почти одними Жидами, оставленъ въ прежней свободѣ и цѣлости, яко признанный отъ Рускихъ жителей полезнымъ для ихъ оборотовъ и заработковъ, а только взята отъ Жидовъ умѣренная контрибуція сукнами, полотнами и кожами для пошитья реестровому войску мундировъ и обуви, да для продовольствія войскъ нѣкоторая провизія. 3584: 3803:, on their retreat westward inflicted terrible retribution on the civilian population, leaving behind them a trail of burned towns and villages. In addition, Khmelnytsky's Tatar allies often continued their raids against the civilian population, in spite of protests from the Cossacks. After the Cossacks' alliance with 5225:

Cossack bands, and many more were disintegrated by the flight of their members to escape the enemy... The Jews of the Ukraine, Podolia and Eastern Galicia bore the brunt of the massacres. It is estimated that about two hundred thousand Jews were killed in these provinces during the fatal years of 1648–49.

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A po sim" pravilam" i obshirnyy torgovyy gorod" Brody, napolnennyy pochti odnimi Zhidami, ostavlen" v" prezhney svobodѣ i tsѣlosti, yako priznannyy ot" Ruskikh" zhiteley poleznym" dlya ikh" oborotov" i zarabotkov", a tol'ko vzyata ot" Zhidov" umѣrennaya kontributsíya suknami, polotnami i kozhami dlya

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Due to the widespread murders, Jewish elders at the Council of Vilna banned merrymaking by a decree on July 3, 1661: they set limitations on wedding celebrations, public drinking, fire dances, masquerades, and Jewish comic entertainers. Stories about massacre victims who had been buried alive, cut to

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Is there not a difference in nature between Hitler's extermination of three million Polish Jews between 1939 and 1945 because he wanted every Jew dead and the mass murder 1648–49 of 100,000 Polish Jews by General Bogdan Chmielnicki because he wanted to end Polish rule in the Ukraine and was prepared

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Under the leadership of the barbaric Bogdan Chmielnitski, they exploded in a revolt of terrible violence in which their anger at their Polish lords also turned against Jewish 'infidels,' some of whom had been used by the Poles as tax collectors... In the ten years between 1648 and 1658 no fewer than

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I estimate that the number of infants alone who were found dead along the roads and in the castles reached 10,000. I ordered them to be buried in the fields and one grave alone contained over 270 bodies... All the infants were less than a year old since the older ones were driven off into captivity.

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of 1658), the new Cossack subjects became even more dominated by Russia. The Hetmanate entered a new political situation which was far different than in the Commonwealth, and the church was much more subordinate to the tsar there. Russia had a traditional practice of imprisoning as well as executing

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sent him a letter in which he informed the Cossack leader about his election and assured him that he would grant Cossacks and all of the Orthodox faith various privileges. He requested for Khmelnytsky to stop his campaign and await the royal delegation. Khmelnytsky answered that he would comply with

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News of the peasant uprisings now troubled a nobleman such as Khmelnytsky; however, after discussing information gathered across the country with his advisers, the Cossack leadership soon realized the potential for autonomy was there for the taking. Although Khmelnytsky's personal resentment of the

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In 1648, under the leadership of Chmielnicki, they ravaged the land with fire and sword. Their hatred of the Jews was boundless and they rarely attempted to persuade the unfortunate to convert. These persecutions were characterized by hitherto-unknown atrocities. Children were torn apart or thrown

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The accounts of contemporary Jewish chroniclers of the events tended to emphasize large casualty figures, but since the end of the 20th century they have been re-evaluated downwards. Early 20th-century estimates of Jewish deaths were based on the accounts of the Jewish chroniclers of the time, and

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However, the Cossack rebellion might have fizzled in the same manner as the great rebellions of 1637–1638 but for the strategies of Khmelnytsky. Having taken part in the 1637 rebellion, he realized that Cossacks, while having an excellent infantry, could not hope to match the Polish cavalry, which

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This situation changed for the worse in 1648–49, the years in which the Chmelnicki massacres took place. These persecutions, which swept over a large part of the Polish Commonwealth, wrought havoc with the Jewry of that country. Many Jewish communities were practically annihilated by the ruthless

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The losses inflicted on the Jews of Poland during the fatal decade 1648–1658 were appalling. In the reports of the chroniclers, the number of Jewish victims varies between one hundred thousand and five hundred thousand. But even if we accept the lower figure, the number of victims still remains

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states that Jewish chroniclers of the 17th century "provide invariably inflated figures with respect to the loss of life among the Jewish population of Ukraine. The numbers range from 60,000–80,000 (Nathan Hannover) to 100,000 (Sabbatai Cohen), but that "he Israeli scholars Shmuel Ettinger and

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Within a few months almost all Polish nobles, officials and priests had been wiped out or driven from the lands of present-day Ukraine. The Commonwealth population losses in the uprising exceeded one million. In addition, Jews suffered substantial losses because they were the most numerous and

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In addition to the loss of significant forces and military leadership, the Polish state also lost King Władysław IV Vasa, who died in 1648, leaving the Crown of Poland leaderless and in disarray at a time of rebellion. The szlachta was on the run from its peasants, their palaces and estates in

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Thus, when in 1648, the Ukrainians under Chmielnicki rose against Polish dominion the Jews were to bear the main brunt of their fury. Within eighteen months over three hundred Jewish townships were destroyed and over one hundred thousand Jews—about a fifth of Polish Jewry—perished. It was the

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and quickly killed the guards assigned by the Commonwealth to protect the entrance. Once at the Sich, his oratory and diplomatic skills struck a nerve with oppressed Ruthenians. As his men repelled an attempt by Commonwealth forces to retake the Sich, more recruits joined his cause. The

2250:. All through the autumn of 1647, Khmelnytsky travelled from one regiment to another and had numerous consultations with different Cossack leaders throughout Ukraine. His activity raised the suspicions of Polish authorities already used to Cossack revolts, and he was promptly arrested. 3574:, royal officials or Jews, they killed them all, sparing neither women nor children. They pillaged the estates of the Jews and nobles, burned churches and killed their priests, leaving nothing whole. It was a rare individual in those days who had not soaked his hands in blood ... 2916:

szlachta and the magnates influenced his transformation into a revolutionary, it was his ambition to become the ruler of a Ruthenian nation that expanded the uprising from a simple rebellion into a national movement. Khmelnytsky had his forces join a peasant revolt at the

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Between 1648 and 1656, tens of thousands of Jews—given the lack of reliable data, it is impossible to establish more accurate figures—were killed by the rebels, and to this day the Khmelnytsky uprising is considered by Jews to be one of the most traumatic events in their

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was enacted, the Tatar raids became unrestrained; coupled with the onset of famine, they led to a virtual depopulation of whole areas of the country. The extent of the tragedy can be exemplified by a report of a Polish officer of the time, describing the devastation:

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Finally, in the spring of 1648, under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki (1595–1657), the Cossacks revolted in the Ukraine against Polish Rule. ... Although the exact number of Jews massacred is unknown, with estimates ranging from 40,000 to 100,000

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However, the enormous casualties suffered by the Cossacks at Berestechko made the idea of creating an independent state impossible to implement. Khmelnytsky had to decide whether to stay under Polish–Lithuanian influence or ally with the Muscovites.

3500:. As better sources and methodology are becoming available, such estimates are subject to continuing revision. Population losses of the entire Commonwealth population in the years 1648–1667 (a period which includes the Uprising, but also the 2868:

By April 1648 word of an uprising had spread throughout the Commonwealth. Either because they underestimated the size of the uprising, or because they wanted to act quickly to prevent it from spreading, the Commonwealth's Grand Crown Hetman

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Bernard D. Weinryb speak instead of the 'annihilation of tens of thousands of Jewish lives', and the Ukrainian-American historian Jaroslaw Pelenski narrows the number of Jewish deaths to between 6,000 and 14,000". Orest Subtelny concludes:

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Having received no support from Polish officials, Khmelnytsky turned to his Cossack friends and subordinates. The case of a Cossack being unfairly treated by the Poles found a lot of support not only in his regiment but also throughout the

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Although many modern sources still give estimates of Jews killed in the uprising at 100,000 or more, others put the numbers killed at between 40,000 and 100,000, and recent academic studies have argued fatalities were even lower. Modern

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In response to Poland having taken control of much of the Ukraine in the early seventeenth century, Ukrainian peasants mobilized as groups of cavalry, and these "cossacks" in the Chmielnicki uprising of 1648 killed an estimated 100,000

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of 1655–1660), that temporarily freed the Ukrainians from Polish domination but in a short time subjected them to Russian domination. Weakened by wars, in 1654 Khmelnytsky persuaded the Cossacks to ally with the Russian tsar in the

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Moreover, Poles must have been keenly aware of the massacre of Jews in 1768 and even more so as the result of the much more widespread massacres (approximately 100,000 dead) of the earlier Chmielnicki pogroms during the preceding

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and issued a list of demands to the Polish Crown, including raising the number of Registered Cossacks, returning churches taken from the Orthodox faithful and paying the Cossacks for wages, which had been withheld for five years.

3727:, 193–4), "The fragmentary information of the period—and to a great extent information from subsequent years, including reports of recovery—clearly indicate that the catastrophe may have not been as great as has been assumed." 3276:". It became clear to the Polish envoys that Khmelnytsky had positioned himself no longer as simply a leader of the Zaporozhian Cossacks but as that of an independent state and stated his claims to the heritage of the Rus'. 2233:

openly started to harass Khmelnytsky on behalf of the younger Koniecpolski in an attempt to force him off the land. On two occasions raids were made to Subotiv, during which considerable property damage was done and his son

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From Autumn of 1654 to Spring of 1655 during the "Bracław Campaign" Stefan Czarniecki's army with the support of Crimean Tatars murdered 100,000 Ukrainians some sources even put the number as high as 300,000.

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A series of massacres perpetrated by the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki saw the death of up to 100,000 Jews and the destruction of perhaps 700 communities between 1648 and 1654

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In 1648–55 the Cossack under Bogdan Chmielnicki (1593–1657) joined with the Tartars in the Ukraine to rid themselves of Polish rule... Before the decade was over, more than 100,000 Jews had been slaughtered.

3700:, became more widely adopted and tended to result in lower fatality numbers. Newer studies of the Jewish population of the affected areas of Ukraine in that period estimate it to be 50,000. According to 3772:). This translates to "the (evil) decrees of (years) 408 and 409" referring to the years 5408 and 5409 on the Jewish calendar, which corresponds to the years 1648 and 1649 on the non-Jewish calendar. 1856: 5725:

Sysyn, Frank E. (1987), "A curse on both their houses: Catholic attitudes toward the Jews and Eastern Orthodox during the Khmel'nyts'kyi Uprising in Father Pawel Ruszel 'Fawor niebieski'",

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The peasants of Ukraine rose up in 1648 under a petty aristocrat Bogdan Chmielnicki. ... It is estimated that 100,000 Jews were massacred and 300 of their communities destroyed.

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members and their collaborators, they also suffered the horrendous loss of life resulting from Polish reprisals, Tatar raids, famine, plague and general destruction due to war.

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alienated them from the lower classes. It was especially important in regard to powerful and traditionally influential great princely families of Ruthenian origins, among them

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1 (1977): 153–77. While many of them were killed, Jewish losses did not reach the hair-raising figures that are often associated with the uprising. In the words of Weinryb (

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indicating that about 50,000 Jews lived in the area where the uprising occurred. See B. Weinryb, "The Hebrew Chronicles on Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the Cossack-Polish War",

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Orthodox officials, which was foreign to people from the Commonwealth. With the Commonwealth becoming increasingly weak, Cossacks became more and more integrated into the

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published in 1976 states, "Over 100,000 Jews were killed; many more were tortured or ill-treated, others fled ...." Many other sources of the time give similar figures.

1860: 5829: 5798: 5767: 5736: 3983: 810: 5241:...carried out in 1648 and 1649 by the Cossacks of the Ukraine, led by Bogdan Chmielnicki. The anti-Semitic outburst took the lives of from 150,000 to 200,000 Jews. 2568: 2505: 8352: 8347: 8252: 8169: 6371: 5922: 3680:, first published in 1965, also gives figures of 100,000 to 500,000, stating "Many historians consider the second figure exaggerated and the first a minimum." 1916: 5390:

Even when there was mass destruction, as in the Chmielnicki uprising in 1648, the violence against Jews, where between 40000 and 100000 Jews were murdered ...

1367: 934: 839: 1840: 914: 859: 4267: 8232: 7098: 5991: 4421: 849: 7141: 4271: 2500: 1382: 949: 864: 2800: 7303: 3709: 3364: 2797: 2563: 2242:. He twice sought assistance from the king by traveling to Warsaw, only to find him either unwilling or powerless to confront the will of a magnate. 869: 3613:

were devastated by the uprising and ensuing massacres, though occasionally a Jewish population was spared, notably after the capture of the town of

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Day in 1648, and he was hailed as "the Moses, savior, redeemer, and liberator of the people from Polish captivity... the illustrious ruler of Rus".

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By the time the Cossacks and the Poles signed a peace treaty in 1654, 700 Jewish communities had been destroyed and more than 100,000 Jews killed.

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dedicated solely to the issue of Jewish casualties in the uprising concludes that 18,000–20,000 Jews were killed of a total population of 40,000.

3208: 2896:, who changed their allegiance from the Commonwealth to Khmelnytsky. The victory was quickly followed by rout of the Commonwealth's armies at the 8337: 7054: 4416: 3764:

In Jewish circles, this massacre became known as Gzeyres Takh Vetat, sometimes shortened to Takh Vetat (spelled in multiple ways in English. In

1694:. The success of the anti-Polish rebellion, along with internal conflicts in Poland, as well as concurrent wars waged by Poland with Russia and 7993: 6585: 6040: 4818: 4129: 3199: 2011: 1430: 803: 4147: 4022: 3343:, where Khmelnytsky ordered Cossacks to kill all Polish prisoners and paid Tatars for possession of the prisoners, an event known to as the 3308:

in Khmelnytsky's honour (1650–1651) explained it: "While in Poland it is King Jan II Casimir Vasa, in Rus it is Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky".

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Locations during the Khmelnitsky Uprising: Number=last digit of year; Blue Triangle=Cossack victory; Yellow Dot=Cossack defeat; Circle=siege

7570: 7431: 6611: 6434: 4953:... set off bloody massacres, led by Bogdan Chmielnicki (1593–1657), in which nearly 300,000 Eastern European Jews were killed or uprooted. 2926: 1557: 6544: 5511: 5444: 5436: 4972: 3635:

pieces, or forced to kill one another spread throughout Europe and beyond. These stories filled many with despair, led others to identify

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while retaining a wide degree of autonomy. The event triggered a period of political turbulence and infighting in the Hetmanate known as

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as ending the war; Ukrainian sources give the date as Khmelnytsky's death in 1657; and few Polish sources give the date as 1655 and the

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Bogdan Chmelnitzki leads Cossack uprising against Polish rule; 100,000 Jews are killed and hundreds of Jewish communities are destroyed

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Sources vary as to when the uprising ended. Russian and some Polish sources give the end-date of the uprising as 1654, pointing to the

17: 1475: 1357: 959: 796: 6579: 6561: 8362: 6699: 6567: 1844: 5186:... massacring an estimated one hundred thousand Jews as the Ukrainian Bogdan Chmielnicki had done nearly three centuries earlier. 3379:

at the time of the Uprising. Ottoman Jews collected funds to mount a concerted ransom effort to gain the freedom of their people.

1617:. The insurgency was accompanied by mass atrocities committed by Cossacks against the civilian population, especially against the 7903: 7387: 7374: 7359: 7325: 7131: 7091: 6520: 6146: 2218: 7470: 7320: 7045: 6597: 5420:

Stampfer in his article estimates the population at about 40,000; the same figure is given by Henry Abramson in his article on "

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stated that Khmelnytsky did indeed lay siege to the town, for about two weeks. After obtaining the ransom, he moved to besiege

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is a historical fiction novel, set in the 17th century in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Khmelnytsky Uprising.

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From the 1960s to the 1980s historians still considered 100,000 a reasonable estimate of the Jews killed and, according to

2640: 1500: 1312: 6090: 6013: 5077:... as many as 100,000 Jews were murdered throughout the Ukraine by Bogdan Chmielnicki's Cossack soldiers on the rampage. 4517:"The Urbanised Jewry of the Sandomierz and Lublin Provinces in the 18th Century: A Study in the Settlement of Population" 1347: 1327: 5269: 4630: 4457: 3224:

Khmelnytsky was persuaded not to lay siege to Lviv, in exchange for 200,000 red guldens, according to some sources, but

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Kohut, Zenon E. (2003). "The Khmelnytsky Uprising, the image of Jews, and the shaping of Ukrainian historical memory".

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by the end of the month. Khmelnytsky threw most of his resources into recruiting more fighters. He sent emissaries to

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or Jeziorna (November 1655). There is some overlap between the last phase of the uprising and the beginning of the

3433: 1966: 1699: 1550: 1515: 1510: 1272: 8035: 7282: 7272: 6977: 1412: 1142: 8332: 7854: 7776: 6334: 6282: 6181: 3758: 3672:, first published in 1962, writes "Perhaps as many as 100,000 Jews perished in the decade of this revolution." 3501: 3392: 2878: 2320: 2104: 1774: 1490: 1322: 1037: 740: 8022: 6205: 8287: 7528: 7419: 7136: 7107: 6815: 6406: 6189: 6085: 4712:. Vol. 1. Translated by Friedlander, Israel. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. pp. 156–157. 3332: 2681: 2217:

and generally was well respected within the Cossack ranks. The course of his life was altered, however, when

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Yakovenko, Natalia (2003). "The events of 1648–1649: contemporary reports and the problem of verification".

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After defeating the Polish army, the Cossacks joined with the Polish peasantry, murdering over 100,000 Jews.

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V. A. Smoliy, V. S. Stepankov. Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Sotsialno-politychnyi portret. p. 203, Lebid, Kiev. 1995

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Estimates of the death tolls of the Khmelnytsky uprising vary, as do many others from the eras analyzed by

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ended the existence of the Commonwealth in 1795, many Cossacks had already left Ukraine to colonise the

3260:, Khmelnytsky declared that he was "the sole autocrat of Rus" and that he had "enough power in Ukraine, 2285:

cavalry could provide a balanced military force and give the Cossacks a chance to beat the Polish army.

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poshit'ya reyestrovomu voysku mundirov" i obuvi, da dlya prodovol'stvíya voysk" nѣkotoraya provizíya.

4426: 4063: 3561: 3237: 3233: 1907:). The Kingdom of Poland already controlled several Ruthenian lands which formed the voivodeships of 1302: 1295: 976: 676: 7234: 5890: 4157: 2206: 2061:

were implanted into consciousness of the area and came out in force during the military campaign of

1725:, the Uprising is known for the atrocities against the Jews who, in their capacity as leaseholders ( 1372: 8372: 8367: 8297: 8292: 7935: 7898: 6388: 6248: 5827:

Sysyn, Frank E. (2003). "The Khmel'nyts'kyi Uprising: a characterization of the Ukrainian revolt".

2089: 1870: 1759: 1167: 954: 44: 2177:. At the age of 22, he joined his father in the service of the Commonwealth, battling against the 7945: 7923: 7913: 7677: 7655: 7637: 7457: 7312: 7209: 6840: 6739: 6645: 6320: 6241: 6080: 6070: 5863: 5348: 5171: 4240: 4035: 3316: 2635: 2579: 2548: 2309: 2158: 2093: 2015: 1987: 1763: 1667: 1622: 1192: 964: 904: 727: 691: 509: 196: 6910: 6513: 2029:

in 1596, which attempted to retain the autonomy of the Eastern Orthodox churches in present-day

8247: 8012: 7890: 7615: 7598: 7565: 6713: 6640: 5636: 5521: 5401: 5236: 5006: 4982: 4573: 3336: 2824: 2415: 2221:, heir to hetman Koniecpolski's magnate estate, attempted to seize Khmelnytsky's land. In 1647 2210: 2182: 2007: 1342: 929: 889: 770: 61: 7781: 7558: 7487: 6892: 6655: 4055: 3800: 2885: 1888: 1630: 687: 8117: 8045: 7928: 7918: 7754: 7482: 6801: 6650: 5398:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999

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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999

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The More Moderate Side of Joseph De Maistre: Views on Political Liberty And Political Economy

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instead. Although the Commonwealth tried to regain its influence over the Cossacks (note the

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Between 100,000–500,000 Jews were murdered by the Cossacks during the Chmielnicki massacres.

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The Cossacks were already on the brink of a new rebellion as plans for the new war with the

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History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)#Cossacks and Cossack rebellions

3836: 3753:

In the two decades following the uprising the Commonwealth suffered two more major wars (

3740: 3424: 3396: 3323:. When hostilities resumed, however, his forces suffered a massive defeat in 1651 at the 3225: 2917: 2900:, which saw both the elder Potocki and Kalinowski captured and imprisoned by the Tatars. 2893: 2716: 2588: 2465: 2430: 2259: 1970: 1809: 1703: 1422: 1282: 1185: 1087: 1082: 879: 522: 7330: 4004: 3761:; during that period total Jewish casualties are estimated at another 20,000 to 30,000. 3508:) are estimated at 4 million (roughly a decrease from 11 to 12 million to 7–8 million). 2897: 844: 8222: 8197: 7979: 7741: 7608: 7593: 7540: 7504: 7397: 7342: 6968: 6952: 6869: 6786: 6705: 6671: 6623: 6508: 6482: 6471: 6411: 5846: 5815: 5784: 5753: 5685: 5421: 4812: 4747: 4690: 4635: 4123: 3937: 3857: 3619: 3594: 3481: 3454: 3285: 2711: 2671: 2603: 2558: 2400: 2190: 2062: 1598: 1392: 1242: 1077: 1009: 971: 505: 484: 218: 200: 6996: 2870: 2281:

was possibly the best in Europe at the time. However, combining Cossack infantry with

723: 653: 8181: 8040: 7859: 7835: 7771: 7684: 7575: 7287: 7214: 6940: 6573: 6277: 6220: 5974: 5850: 5819: 5788: 5757: 5710:

The Lithuanian-Rus' commonwealth, the Polish domination, and the Cossack-Hetman State

5694: 5666: 5631:[Stefan Charnetskyi. Put the spotted dog to sleep. Ask the dead Foreigners]. 5379: 5352: 5313: 5291: 5252: 5213: 5175: 5148: 5118: 5091: 5066: 5036: 5010: 4925: 4902: 4834: 4830: 4780: 4755: 4725: 4610: 4581: 4375: 4344: 4111: 4101: 4071: 3804: 3736: 3610: 3445: 3440:

and agreed on an anti-Swedish alliance in 1657, Khmelnytsky's Cossacks supported the

3312: 2874: 2817: 2691: 2645: 2630: 2620: 2615: 2593: 2543: 2470: 2455: 2405: 2355: 2262:

assisted Khmelnytsky in his escape, and with a group of supporters he headed for the

2235: 2139: 1731:), were seen by the peasants as their immediate oppressors and became the subject of 1711: 1707: 1675: 1671: 1591: 1583: 1407: 1267: 1232: 1227: 1122: 1057: 759: 704: 469: 454: 309: 271: 248: 204: 190: 186: 168: 3537:

Before the Khmelnytsky uprising, magnates had sold and leased certain privileges to

8217: 8202: 8004: 7864: 7803: 7736: 7714: 7694: 7553: 7533: 7402: 6946: 6821: 6780: 6749: 6526: 6297: 6292: 6125: 5979: 5838: 5807: 5776: 5745: 5481: 4143: 3957: 3893: 3878: 3754: 3505: 3441: 3320: 2845: 2666: 2263: 1955:, which acquired even more power and were able to gather more lands, creating huge 1936: 1912: 1892: 1852: 1715: 1402: 1211: 1201: 1100: 1067: 1047: 909: 899: 854: 744: 708: 642: 616: 572: 556: 526: 226: 103: 8050: 5472:

Stampfer, Shaul (2003). "What Actually Happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648?".

5406:

A lower estimate puts the Jewish pogrom deaths in the Ukraine, 1648–56, at 56,000.

5249:

Double Takes: Thinking and Rethinking Issues of Modern Judaism in Ancient Contexts

4408: 3371:, participated in the insurrection, seeing it as a source of captives to be sold. 3252:

In February 1649, during negotiations with a Polish delegation headed by nobleman

8212: 8055: 7808: 7424: 7407: 6928: 6532: 6030: 4568: 4557: 4434: 4365: 3925: 3765: 3673: 3661: 3640: 3530: 3360: 3340: 2865:

to join him in a potential assault against their shared enemy, the Commonwealth.

2844:

On January 25, 1648, Khmelnytsky brought a contingent of 400–500 Cossacks to the

2805: 2538: 2485: 2445: 2410: 2022: 1896: 1866: 1659: 1618: 1470: 1332: 1237: 1172: 1042: 1020: 944: 894: 884: 781: 552: 440: 280: 8147: 6349: 5626:"Stefan Charnets'kyy. Pryspaty ryaboho Sobaku. Spytayte u mertvykh Chuzhyntsiv" 5288:

World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History, and Analysis

3403: 1928: 8267: 8242: 7813: 6307: 6302: 6135: 5680: 5054: 4800: 4606: 3732: 3701: 3693: 3681: 3526: 3517: 3450: 3437: 3368: 3344: 3328: 3294: 2862: 2676: 2490: 2475: 2450: 2282: 2270: 2202:

with a wife and several children. He participated in campaigns for Grand Crown

2186: 2178: 2026: 2003: 1948: 1924: 1722: 1695: 1606: 1533: 1337: 1252: 1132: 324: 121: 5842: 5811: 5780: 5749: 5485: 2238:

was badly beaten, until Khmelnytsky moved his family to a relative's house in

8281: 8257: 6213: 5969: 5083: 4894: 4640: 4468: 4367:

The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

3849: 3636: 3589: 3555: 3470: 3372: 2721: 2706: 2553: 2533: 2480: 2440: 2395: 2050: 1435: 1257: 1247: 1117: 664: 222: 7076: 4115: 3279: 3241:

his monarch's request and then turned back. He made a triumphant entry into

225:, resumed talks with the Commonwealth, which resulted in the signing of the 7967: 7724: 7465: 6761: 6591: 5964: 5551: 5205: 4888:

In their revolt, the Ukrainians slaughtered over one hundred thousand Jews.

4705: 4533: 3648: 3598: 2908: 2850: 2696: 2460: 2435: 2420: 2386: 1991: 1848: 1352: 1157: 429: 369: 4337:

The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721

3813:

The surviving peasants wander about in groups, bewailing their misfortune.

2892:, which saw a considerable number of defections on the field of battle by 1952: 7869: 7164: 6957: 6887: 5734:

Rosman, Moshe (Murray) J. (2003). "Dubno in the wake of Khmel'nyts'kyi".

5144: 4859: 4560:(p. 115), 1618 languages map (p. 119), 1657–1667 losses map (p. 128) and 4095: 3861: 3617:(the population of which was 70% Jewish). According to the book known as 3458: 3229: 3217: 2920:, striking another terrible blow to weakened and depleted Polish forces. 2686: 2523: 2154: 1932: 1923:

was granted full rights within the Rzeczpospolita, their assimilation of

1876: 1732: 1262: 631: 339: 7173: 2881:, towards Khmelnytsky, without waiting to gather additional forces from 1710:

and caused a secular decline of Polish power during the period known in

1586:

that took place between 1648 and 1657 in the eastern territories of the

27:

Cossack rebellion within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648–1657

7354: 7349: 6495: 6489: 6001: 5136: 4914:

greatest calamity the Jews were to experience until the rise of Hitler.

4772: 4274:[The slaughter of Polish prisoners of war at Batoh] (in Polish) 4007: 3780: 3665: 3602: 3387: 3257: 3253: 2701: 2323: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1973: 1956: 1614: 1417: 1107: 1072: 1052: 788: 541: 7185: 5628:Стефан Чарнецький. Приспати рябого Собаку. Спитайте у мертвих Чужинців 4827:

Hostages of modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism 1870–1933/39

4463:[The Cossack Era: § 1. The Cossack Revolution of 1648–1657.]. 3639:

as the Messiah, and contributed in later years to growing interest in

1670:

population; at the same time, it led to the eventual incorporation of

3538: 3305: 3289: 3246: 2762: 2251: 2145: 1980: 1940: 1817: 1727: 1362: 612: 414: 354: 5944: 3647:

tended to be high, ranging from 100,000 to 500,000 or more; in 1916

3423:(which included the Swedish invasion of the Commonwealth during the 3319:, Khmelnytsky gained numerous privileges for the Cossacks under the 2298: 2273:

advanced by the Polish king Władysław IV Vasa were cancelled by the

2078: 1748: 8112: 7064: 4977: 4674:

Gordon, Mel (Spring 2011). "Catastrophe in Ukraine, Comedy Today".

4067: 3793: 3548: 3542: 3265: 3232:, when he finally heard about the election of the new Polish King, 2782: 2528: 2363: 2239: 2226: 2222: 2058: 2046: 1961: 1944: 1920: 1873: 1683: 1277: 1162: 399: 294: 3269: 1831: 7240: 6050: 4340: 3831: 3628: 3624: 3302: 3261: 2787: 2772: 2767: 2747: 2255: 2199: 2038: 2030: 1969:, oppressed the lower-class Ruthenians, with the introduction of 1647: 1635: 1610: 1147: 1127: 1112: 1062: 208: 5932: 3522: 4752:

The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism

4718:

Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion

3827: 3678:

The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism

3376: 3339:. A year later, in 1652, the Cossacks had their revenge at the 3273: 2882: 2858: 2854: 2792: 2777: 2757: 2742: 2737: 2214: 2203: 2195: 2170: 2162: 2034: 1655: 1651: 1595: 5455: 5453: 5572: 5441:

Ideals Face Reality: Jewish Law and Life in Poland, 1550–1655

4202:

History of the Ukrainian Nation, Volume II: The Cossack Cause

3799:

At the initial stages of the uprising, armies of the magnate

3792:) were in many cases the perpetrators of massacres of Polish 3614: 3466: 3442:

invasion of the Commonwealth by Sweden's Transylvanian allies

2888:. Khmelnytsky marshalled his forces and met his enemy at the 2752: 3545:

numerous Jewish and Polish–Lithuanian townsfolk, as well as

3268:... in his land and principality stretching as far as Lviv, 2904:

flames. All the while, Khmelnytsky's army marched westward.

5930: 5516: 5450: 3242: 2274: 2247: 2174: 2149: 2042: 1687: 1626: 5088:

Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources

4458:"Kozats'ka Era: § 1. Kozatsʹka revolyutsiya 1648–1657 rr" 3583: 7225:

Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis

1977: 5251:. University Press of America. p. 77, footnote 17. 4207: 2877:

sent 3,000 soldiers under the command of Potocki's son,

6329:

Wooden synagogues in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

5592: 5580: 4179: 4049: 4047: 4045: 3419:

The uprising began a period in Polish history known as

5492: 4655: 4450: 4316: 4060:

Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia

2169:

Born to a noble family, Bohdan Khmelnytsky attended a

1917:

Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

1646:

The uprising has a symbolic meaning in the history of

5160:

to use Cossack terrorism to kill Jews in the process?

4097:

God's playground: a history of Poland: in two volumes

2002:

in the north sought to acquire the southern lands of

1990:

traditions were also affected from the assumption of

1368:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

4603:

Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine

4042: 3461:

sided with Sweden. By the time that the last of the

3375:

sent a large influx of captives to slave markets in

3236:, whom Khmelnytsky favored. According to Hrushevsky 1861:

Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1620–1686)

1841:

Articles for the Reassurance of the Ruthenian people

214:

Recognition of the Ukrainian Eastern Orthodox Church

5029:

The Killing Trap: genocide in the twentieth century

4460:КОЗАЦЬКА ЕРА: § 1. Козацька революція 1648–1657 рр. 4228: 3848:is also a Polish historical drama film directed by 1965:, along with the actions of the upper-class Polish 460: 159: 5059:Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past 3399:diminished the scope of Polish–Lithuanian control. 376: 145: 8177: 6379: 5860:The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine 5200:Sources estimating more than 100,000 Jews killed: 8343:Rebellions in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8279: 5343:Pasachoff, Naomi E.; Littman, Robert J. (2005). 5342: 3407:Territory gained after the Khmelnytsky Uprising. 475: 7055:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 5414: 5369: 5246: 5141:With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide 3488:, as Cossack and Russian forces became allied. 118:Entrance of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi to Kyiv in 1649 7436:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland 7142:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5338:Sources estimating 40,000–100,000 Jews killed: 4880:Power Struggle: An Autobiographical Confession 4864:The Jews: A Chronicle for Christian Conscience 3436:. When Poland–Lithuania and Russia signed the 1915:. The combined lands would be formed into the 420: 360: 8163: 7106: 7092: 6365: 5916: 2825: 1551: 804: 330: 5370:Goldberg, David Theo; Solomos, John (2002). 4170: 4017: 4015: 3569: 3546: 2010:it began this process by insisting that the 8353:1650s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8348:1640s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 7432:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537) 7420:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522) 5576:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 5307: 5290:. University Press of America. p. 77. 4854:Other 1960s–1980s estimates of Jews killed: 4743: 4741: 3560:the contemporary 17th-century chronicle by 2107:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1835:Control of the territory of Ukraine in 1600 1777:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 405: 345: 8170: 8156: 7278:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60) 7099: 7085: 6662:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1600–1629) 6372: 6358: 5923: 5909: 5395: 5230: 5090:. Information Age Publishing. p. 25. 4922:My People: Abba Eban's History of the Jews 4874: 4817:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4572: 4543: 4128:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3788:While the Cossacks and peasants (known as 3609:Most Jewish communities in the rebellious 2832: 2818: 1558: 1544: 811: 797: 390: 285: 7283:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88) 7273:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41) 5764: 5707: 5612:Історія польсько-українських конфліктівda 5108: 5026: 4942: 4919: 4514: 4213: 4185: 4142: 4136: 4012: 3529:of 3,000–5,000 Polish captives after the 2339:Learn how and when to remove this message 2229:(head of the local royal administration) 2127:Learn how and when to remove this message 1797:Learn how and when to remove this message 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 7571:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) 5896:The Zaporozhian Cossack Battle at Korsun 5679: 5598: 5586: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5447:) give a higher estimate of over 51,000. 5372:A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies 4738: 4710:History of the Jews in Russia and Poland 4639:(in Russian). p. 80. Archived from 4089: 4087: 3779: 3696:methods, particularly from the realm of 3593:(1653): "I write of the Evil Decrees of 3582: 3521: 3402: 3386: 3278: 3207: 2138: 1830: 1816: 1808: 818: 445: 315: 300: 43:This article includes a list of general 7132:History of Polish intelligence services 6876:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession 6612:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession 5891:Cossacks' Uprising, Jewish Encyclopedia 5653: 5498: 5285: 5053: 4967:Sources estimating 100,000 Jews killed: 4893: 4824: 4799: 4715: 4661: 4510: 4508: 4322: 4053: 3775: 1857:1638 Ordination of the Zaporizhian Host 1613:, fought against Polish domination and 14: 8338:Jews and Judaism in the Russian Empire 8280: 8085:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5857: 5733: 5429:Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 5345:A Concise History Of The Jewish People 5247:Garber, Zev; Zuckerman, Bruce (2004). 5204: 5082: 4771: 4704: 4673: 4363: 4266: 4093: 1813:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648 1378:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 8151: 7478:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570) 7080: 6353: 5904: 5877:Jewish Publication Society of America 5826: 5795: 5724: 5312:. KTAV Publishing House. p. 42. 5165: 5000: 4334: 4084: 3821: 3143: 2068: 1706:(1655–1660) respectively), ended the 792: 7668:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) 7321:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) 6598:Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory 6435:Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372) 5870: 5635:(in Ukrainian). 2017. Archived from 5212:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 20. 5168:A Brief History of the Jewish People 5135: 4945:Ashkenaz: The German Jewish Heritage 4858: 4722:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 4600: 4505: 4292: 3826:The rebellion had a major effect on 3731:A 2003 study by Israeli demographer 3017: 2975: 2321:adding citations to reliable sources 2292: 2105:adding citations to reliable sources 2072: 1899:under the agreement forming the new 1775:adding citations to reliable sources 1742: 29: 7904:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 6829:Polish–Lithuanian–Cossack–Tatar War 5210:History of Jewish Literature Part 3 4924:. Behrman House. pp. 184–185. 4058:. In Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.). 4056:"Chmielnicki Massacres (1648–1649)" 3769: 2012:Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus′ 24: 5718: 5550:. 21 November 2011. Archived from 4272:"Rzeź polskich jeńców pod Batohem" 4034:(in Russian). 2005. Archived from 3956:: Паўстанне Багдана Хмяльніцкага; 3708:Weinryb cites the calculations of 3664:, many considered it "a minimum". 3412:accessible representatives of the 3185: 3171: 3045: 2907:Khmelnytsky stopped his forces at 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 8394: 6922:Lithuania partitioned (1795–1918) 5884: 4866:. Association Press. p. 72. 4762:, p. 158 and footnote 33, p. 327. 4407:] (in Polish). Archived from 3852:. The film is based on the novel 3087: 2378:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks 2025:expansionism culminated with the 1629:, as well as savage reprisals by 1594:in Ukraine. Under the command of 1590:, which led to the creation of a 1398:Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine 8266: 7690:War of the Holy League 1683–1699 7393:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 7184: 7172: 7163: 6909: 6854:Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702) 6504:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 6450:Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) 6440:Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) 5943: 5931: 4825:Strauss, Herbert Arthur (1993). 4695:, Random House, 2001, pp. 25–28. 3184: 3170: 3156: 3142: 3128: 3115: 3114: 3100: 3086: 3072: 3058: 3044: 3031: 3030: 3016: 3003: 3002: 2989: 2988: 2974: 2960: 2946: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2370: 2297: 2077: 2041:by aligning themselves with the 1845:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 1821:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1747: 1527: 1328:West Ukrainian People's Republic 1273:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 1019: 776: 764: 753: 734: 717: 698: 681: 670: 658: 647: 636: 625: 607: 598: 590: 581: 565: 546: 535: 516: 499: 477: 462: 447: 435: 422: 407: 392: 378: 362: 347: 332: 317: 302: 287: 275: 265: 161: 147: 110: 34: 8363:Ukrainian independence movement 7673:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 7663:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 7651:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621 7604:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 7522:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 7517:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625 7512:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618 7500:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611 7495:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629 7388:Władysław the White's rebellion 7375:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521) 7360:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) 7326:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) 6978:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 6700:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War 6540:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) 5873:Kiddush HaShem: An Epic of 1648 5646: 5618: 5604: 5566: 5536: 5504: 5332: 5286:Spector, Robert Melvin (2005). 5194: 5115:McGill-Queen's University Press 4961: 4848: 4793: 4779:. Signet Classic. p. 247. 4765: 4698: 4682: 4667: 4623: 4594: 4483: 4388: 4357: 4328: 4286: 4260: 4219: 4191: 4031:The Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia 3942:повстання Богдана Хмельницького 3354: 3157: 3101: 2961: 2308:needs additional citations for 136:25 January 1648 – 6 August 1657 7855:Greater Poland uprising (1848) 7646:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 7415:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 7060:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 6646:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish wars 6521:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 6477:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 4467:(in Ukrainian). Archived from 4164: 4028:[Khmelnitsky Bogdan]. 3998: 3976: 3962:восстание Богдана Хмельницкого 3919: 3073: 3059: 2185:. After being held captive in 2055:did not unite under one church 1901:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1686:would swear allegiance to the 1588:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1198:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1153:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' 13: 1: 8323:Anti-Jewish pogroms in Europe 7762:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667 7730:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 7403:1444 war against the Ottomans 7230:German–Polish War (1028–1031) 7220:German–Polish War (1003–1018) 7137:List of wars involving Poland 6848:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6835:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6775:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6768:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 6734:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6692:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6686:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6680:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6666:Polish-Lithuanian–Swedish War 6407:Mongol invasions of Lithuania 6381:Lithuanian wars and conflicts 5939:Jews and Judaism in Lithuania 4693:: A History of Fundamentalism 4437:[Cossack Uprisings]. 4419:[Cossack uprisings]. 3988:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com 3970: 3491: 3457:(1700–1721), in which hetman 1738: 1318:Ukrainian War of Independence 185:Military intervention of the 181:Zaporozhian Cossacks victory 7772:War of the Bar Confederation 7767:War of the Polish Succession 6882:War of the Bar Confederation 6586:5th Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6580:4th Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6568:3rd Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6562:2nd Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6545:1st Muscovite–Lithuanian War 5708:Chirovsky, Nicholas (1984). 5396:Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). 5231:Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). 5027:Midlarsky, Manus I. (2005). 5003:The Jews in Colonial America 4973:"Judaism Timeline 1618–1770" 4943:Hirschler, Gertrude (1988). 4901:. Redwood Burn. p. 12. 4532:(4): 223–239. Archived from 4005:The Khmelnytsky insurrection 3889:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 3553:during the years 1648–1649. 3511: 3486:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 3434:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 3382: 2947: 2288: 1700:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 1313:Ukraine after the Revolution 7: 8130:Russian invasion of Ukraine 8023:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising 7819:War of the Fourth Coalition 7471:campaign of Stephen Báthory 6810:Russo-Polish–Lithuanian War 5691:University of Toronto Press 5663:University of Toronto Press 5614:(in Ukrainian). p. 27. 4716:Schultz, Joseph P. (1981). 4515:Muszyńska, Jadwiga (1999). 4425:(in Polish). Archived from 4300:[Sarmatian Katyn]. 4171:Krypiakevych, Ivan (1954). 3884:Wars of national liberation 3867: 3599:may his name be obliterated 3216:'s envoy by Khmelnitsky in 3129: 2014:was now the primate of the 1639:(military governor) of the 1453:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1413:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 1323:Ukrainian People's Republic 1038:Trypillian–Cucuteni culture 318: 18:Chmielnicki's Uprising 10: 8399: 8108:Operation Uphold Democracy 7843:War of the Sixth Coalition 7831:War of the Fifth Coalition 7777:Polish–Russian War of 1792 7152:Warfare in Medieval Poland 7127:History of the Polish Army 7016:June Uprising in Lithuania 6445:Battle of the Vikhra River 6288:Knesses Yisrael (Slabodka) 6131:Choral Synagogue (Vilnius) 5633:kampodsvoboda.blogspot.com 5033:Cambridge University Press 3759:Russo-Polish War (1654–67) 3515: 2209:, led delegations to King 2053:. While all of the people 1838: 1388:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 1358:Communist Party of Ukraine 1308:Ukraine during World War I 591: 582: 566: 547: 536: 517: 266: 217:After the death of Hetman 8264: 8188: 8093: 8070: 8031: 8018:Białystok Ghetto uprising 8003: 7963: 7954: 7889: 7848:French invasion of Russia 7794: 7707: 7636: 7549: 7529:Northern War of 1655–1660 7456: 7447: 7383: 7311: 7302: 7265: 7205: 7196: 7158: 7114: 7108:Polish wars and conflicts 7044: 7025: 7006: 6967: 6935:French invasion of Russia 6921: 6904: 6862: 6633: 6606:Northern Seven Years' War 6554: 6458: 6421: 6397: 6387: 6316: 6266: 6231: 6157: 6144: 6118: 6107: 6023: 6012: 5952: 5439:) and Edward Fram in his 5431:. Paul M. Johnson in his 5308:Scharfstein, Sol (2004). 5276:The Columbia Encyclopedia 5063:Columbia University Press 4949:Yeshiva University Museum 4937:100,000 Jews were killed. 4920:Bamberger, David (1978). 4578:Poland a Historical Atlas 4495:encyclopediaofukraine.com 4343:. pp. 173–174, 183. 4335:Frost, Robert I. (2000). 4064:Santa Barbara, California 3961: 3941: 3721:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3627:in May 1648 and 1,500 in 3564:, an eyewitness, states: 3562:Nathan ben Moses Hannover 1983:to manage their estates. 1976:practices and the use of 1303:Modern history of Ukraine 830: 492: 258: 221:, his supporters, led by 197:Ruthenian Uniate Churches 128: 109: 101: 96: 8328:Jewish Ukrainian history 7936:Second Silesian Uprising 7253:1156 war against Germany 7250:1146 war against Germany 6389:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 6249:Great Synagogue of Vilna 5712:. Philosophical Library. 5627: 5349:Rowman & Littlefield 5172:Rowman & Littlefield 5109:Camcastle, Cara (2005). 4648: 4459: 4364:Snyder, Timothy (2004). 4100:(2 ed.). New York. 4024: 3930:powstanie Chmielnickiego 3912: 3568:Wherever they found the 2189:, he returned home as a 2144:Bohdan Khmelnytsky with 1580:Khmelnytsky insurrection 1168:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1163:Principality of Moldavia 298:(1651, 1653, 1656–1657) 8308:17th-century rebellions 8303:Antisemitism in Ukraine 8135:Military aid to Ukraine 7946:Third Silesian Uprising 7914:First Silesian Uprising 7909:Polish–Czechoslovak War 7678:Battle of Chocim (1673) 7656:Battle of Chocim (1621) 6841:Battle of Khotyn (1673) 6740:Battle of Khotyn (1621) 6322:List of Lithuanian Jews 6242:Red Synagogue of Jonava 5864:Oxford University Press 5858:Plokhi, Serhii (2001). 5843:10.1023/A:1022356306799 5812:10.1023/A:1022300121820 5781:10.1023/A:1022308423637 5750:10.1023/a:1022352222729 5486:10.1023/A:1022330717763 5402:McFarland & Company 5237:McFarland & Company 5007:McFarland & Company 4754:, Paulist Press, 2004, 4574:Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian 4241:Encyclopedia of Ukraine 4153:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4094:Davies, Norman (2005). 4054:Batista, Jakub (2014). 4023:"Khmel'nitskiy Bogdan" 3601:... in (5)'408 to '411 3578: 2873:and Field Crown Hetman 2626:Colonisation of Siberia 2219:Aleksander Koniecpolski 1826: Kingdom of Poland 1373:Ukraine in World War II 283:(1648–1654, 1656–1657) 64:more precise citations. 8253:1750 Haidamak Uprising 8248:1734 Haidamak Uprising 8013:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 7956:World War II in Poland 7616:Zebrzydowski rebellion 7599:Moldavian Magnate Wars 7566:Siege of Danzig (1577) 6714:Zebrzydowski rebellion 6641:Moldavian Magnate Wars 6233:Destroyed / demolished 5727:Israel and the Nations 5310:Jewish History and You 5166:Weiss, Mosheh (2004). 4876:Rubenstein, Richard L. 4807:. London. p. 530. 4777:Jews, God, and History 4643:on 22 September 2023. 3949: 3932:; in Ukraine known as 3929: 3815: 3785: 3751: 3729: 3670:Jews, God, and History 3658: 3606: 3576: 3570: 3547: 3534: 3469:and, in process, were 3408: 3400: 3337:Treaty of Bila Tserkva 3331:. They were forced at 3298: 3221: 2207:Stanisław Koniecpolski 2183:Moldavian Magnate Wars 2166: 2049:were also against the 2008:fall of Constantinople 1836: 1828: 1814: 1678:initiated by the 1654 1343:Directorate of Ukraine 571:Ivan Zolotarenko 493:Commanders and leaders 8383:Polish–Ukrainian wars 8333:Jewish Polish history 8118:2003 invasion of Iraq 8046:Operation Ostra Brama 7941:Polish–Lithuanian War 7755:Battle of Berestechko 7483:War against Sigismund 7257:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 6989:Polish–Lithuanian War 6983:Lithuanian–Soviet War 6802:Battle of Berestechko 6651:War against Sigismund 6429:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 6283:Knesses Beis Yitzchak 5871:Asch, Sholem (1919). 5548:www.jewishhistory.org 5433:A History of the Jews 5001:Reiss, Oscar (2004). 4372:Yale University Press 4236:"Khmelnytsky, Bohdan" 4200:Terletskyi, Omelian: 3950:Chmelnickio sukilimas 3810: 3784:Cossack army in 1648. 3783: 3746: 3706: 3698:historical demography 3653: 3586: 3566: 3525: 3498:historical demography 3406: 3390: 3325:Battle of Berestechko 3282: 3211: 2890:Battle of Zhovti Vody 2142: 1998:in 1448. The growing 1996:Grand Duchy of Moscow 1919:. Although the local 1871:Lithuanian-controlled 1869:granted the southern 1834: 1820: 1812: 1650:'s relationship with 1641:Ruthenian Voivodeship 1615:Commonwealth's forces 8288:Khmelnytsky Uprising 8228:Khmelnytsky Uprising 7899:Polish–Ukrainian War 7750:Khmelnytsky Uprising 7313:Polish–Teutonic wars 7122:Early modern warfare 7036:Lithuanian partisans 6796:Khmelnytsky Uprising 6466:Samogitian uprisings 6182:Beit Medrash Hagadol 5997:Khmelnytsky Uprising 5659:A History of Ukraine 5655:Magocsi, Paul Robert 5639:on 27 February 2024. 5524:on 19 September 2020 5512:"Gzeyres Takh Vetat" 5376:Blackwell Publishing 4805:Jewish History Atlas 4580:. Hippocrene Books. 4491:"Cossack-Polish War" 4440:Encyklopedia Interia 4435:"Kozackie Powstania" 4417:"Kozackie powstania" 4296:(14 February 2014). 4148:"Cossacks' Uprising" 4070:. pp. 100–101. 3984:"Cossack-Polish War" 3907:Pereiaslav Agreement 3856:, the first part in 3776:Ukrainian population 3686:Jewish History Atlas 3506:the Swedish invasion 3478:Treaty of Pereyaslav 3463:partitions of Poland 3430:Treaty of Pereyaslav 3397:Second Northern Wars 3200:class=notpageimage| 2636:Pugachev's Rebellion 2516:Other Cossack groups 2317:improve this article 2173:school, probably in 2101:improve this section 1992:ecclesiastical power 1771:improve this section 1680:Pereiaslav Agreement 1666:domination over the 1609:and local Ukrainian 1603:Zaporozhian Cossacks 1574:, also known as the 1572:Khmelnytsky Uprising 1218:Khmelnytsky Uprising 1186:Early modern history 1138:Principality of Kiev 822:Khmelnytsky Uprising 97:Khmelnytsky Uprising 8378:Genocides in Europe 8208:Fedorovych uprising 8179:Zaporozhian cossack 7996:during World War II 7782:Kościuszko Uprising 7746:1644 Tatar Invasion 7720:Fedorovych uprising 7711:1624 Tatar Invasion 7638:Polish–Ottoman wars 7590:1593 Tatar Invasion 7582:1589 Tatar Invasion 7559:Battle of Lubieszów 7488:Battle of Stångebro 7458:Polish–Swedish wars 7365:Thirteen Years' War 7235:Miecław's Rebellion 7210:Polish–Veletian War 7147:Polish Armed Forces 7115:General and related 6893:Kościuszko Uprising 6792:1644 Tatar Invasion 6756:Fedorovych uprising 6746:1624 Tatar Invasion 6656:Battle of Stångebro 6514:Battle of Pabaiskas 5554:on 21 February 2024 5462:, pp. 127–128. 5271:Chmielnicki, Bohdan 4985:on 27 December 2023 4601:Reid, Anna (2000). 4551:1618 population map 4248:on 25 February 2024 3900:With Fire and Sword 3854:With Fire and Sword 3845:With Fire and Sword 3837:With Fire and Sword 3801:Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 3741:Paul Robert Magocsi 3432:, which led to the 3425:Second Northern War 2918:Battle of Pyliavtsi 2894:Registered Cossacks 2886:Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 2717:Yermak Timofeyevich 2589:Registered Cossacks 2260:Mykhailo Krychevsky 2153:, oil on canvas by 1971:Counter-Reformation 1704:Second Northern War 1631:Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 1423:Russo-Ukrainian War 1283:Carpathian Ruthenia 1083:Chernyakhov culture 688:Jeremi Wiśniowiecki 523:Tymofiy Khmelnytsky 8223:Ostryanyn uprising 8198:Nalyvaiko Uprising 8123:Occupation of Iraq 8103:War in Afghanistan 7980:Invasion of Poland 7875:fighting in Poland 7796:Poland partitioned 7742:Ostryanyn uprising 7594:Nalyvaiko Uprising 7541:Great Northern War 7505:Battle of Kircholm 7398:Battle of Grotniki 7370:War of the Priests 7343:Battle of Grunwald 7046:Restored Lithuania 6969:Interwar Lithuania 6953:Revolution of 1905 6870:Great Northern War 6787:Ostryanyn uprising 6706:Battle of Klushino 6672:Battle of Kircholm 6624:Nalyvaiko Uprising 6483:Battle of Grunwald 6472:Lithuanian Crusade 6412:Lithuanian Crusade 5729:, pp. xi–xxiv 5686:Ukraine: A History 5274:(Sixth ed.). 5137:Tatz, Colin Martin 5009:. pp. 98–99. 4748:Edward H. Flannery 4691:The Battle for God 4636:History of the Rus 4567:2013-02-17 at the 4556:2013-02-17 at the 4471:on 3 December 2007 4400:Kozackie powstania 4173:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 4025:Хмельницкий Богдан 3858:Henryk Sienkiewicz 3822:In popular culture 3786: 3725:The Jews of Poland 3620:History of the Rus 3607: 3535: 3502:Polish-Russian War 3482:Battle of Jezierna 3455:Great Northern War 3409: 3401: 3359:The Tatars of the 3313:Battles of Zbarazh 3299: 3286:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 3222: 2712:Pavlo Skoropadskyi 2672:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 2651:Cossacks in the SS 2193:, settling in his 2191:Registered Cossack 2167: 2069:Khmelnytsky's role 2063:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 2057:, the concepts of 1837: 1829: 1815: 1668:Ukrainian Orthodox 1605:, allied with the 1599:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 1576:Cossack–Polish War 1534:Ukraine portal 1476:Historical regions 1078:Zarubintsy culture 960:Moldavian Campaign 506:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 403:(1648–1650, 1653) 219:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 124:in the XIX century 8358:National revivals 8318:Cossack Hetmanate 8313:Cossack uprisings 8275: 8274: 8233:Barabash Uprising 8193:Kosiński uprising 8145: 8144: 8080:Racibórz Conflict 8072:People's Republic 8066: 8065: 8041:Operation Tempest 7919:Polish–Soviet War 7860:November Uprising 7836:Austro-Polish War 7824:Prussian campaign 7790: 7789: 7685:Great Turkish War 7626:Battle of Humenné 7621:Thirty Years' War 7609:Battle of Kłuszyn 7586:Kosiński uprising 7576:Battle of Byczyna 7443: 7442: 7355:Gollub War (1422) 7350:Hunger War (1414) 7298: 7297: 7288:Battle of Legnica 7239:1072 war against 7215:Battle of Cedynia 7074: 7073: 7027:Soviet occupation 6941:November Uprising 6902: 6901: 6726:Battle of Humenné 6720:Thirty Years' War 6618:Kosiński uprising 6574:Glinski rebellion 6347: 6346: 6278:Kelm Talmud Torah 6262: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6103: 6102: 5975:Paneriai massacre 5424:" (2010), in the 4831:Walter de Gruyter 4688:Karen Armstrong, 4678:. pp. 50–51. 4422:Encyclopedia WIEM 4411:on 29 April 2009. 4405:Cossack uprisings 4381:978-0-300-10586-5 4350:978-0-582-06429-4 4160:on 21 April 2024. 4144:Rosenthal, Herman 4077:978-1-59884-926-4 3805:Tsardom of Russia 3737:Hebrew University 3587:First edition of 3446:Treaty of Hadiach 2875:Marcin Kalinowski 2842: 2841: 2692:Yemelyan Pugachev 2682:Petro Sahaidachny 2646:De-Cossackization 2631:Bulavin Rebellion 2349: 2348: 2341: 2231:Daniel Czapliński 2211:Władysław IV Vasa 2137: 2136: 2129: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1708:Polish Golden Age 1676:Tsardom of Russia 1592:Cossack Hetmanate 1584:Cossack rebellion 1568: 1567: 1465:Topics by history 1448:COVID-19 pandemic 1408:Orange Revolution 1383:Volhynia genocide 1268:Habsburg monarchy 1228:Cossack Hetmanate 990: 989: 875:Starokostiantyniv 787: 786: 771:George II Rákóczi 760:Stefan Czarniecki 705:Marcin Kalinowski 587:Anton Zhdanovych 470:Holy Roman Empire 272:Cossack Hetmanate 254: 253: 249:Cossack Hetmanate 247:Emergence of the 191:Cossack Hetmanate 187:Tsardom of Russia 169:Cossack Hetmanate 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 8390: 8270: 8218:Pavlyuk uprising 8203:Zhmaylo uprising 8172: 8165: 8158: 8149: 8148: 8036:Italian Campaign 8005:Ghetto uprisings 7992:, and 7961: 7960: 7924:Battle of Warsaw 7865:January Uprising 7804:Denisko uprising 7737:Pavlyuk uprising 7715:Zhmaylo uprising 7695:Battle of Vienna 7554:Danzig rebellion 7454: 7453: 7331:Battle of Płowce 7309: 7308: 7304:Jagiellon Poland 7266:Mongol invasions 7203: 7202: 7188: 7176: 7167: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7078: 7077: 6947:January Uprising 6913: 6781:Pavlyuk uprising 6750:Zhmaylo uprising 6527:Crusade of Varna 6509:Battle of Ašmena 6395: 6394: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6351: 6350: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6270: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6126:Kaunas Synagogue 6116: 6115: 6111: 6056:Chabad-Lubavitch 6021: 6020: 6016: 5980:Jewish partisans 5947: 5940: 5935: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5902: 5901: 5880: 5867: 5854: 5823: 5792: 5761: 5730: 5713: 5704: 5676: 5641: 5640: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5520:. 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Archived from 3980: 3964: 3963: 3943: 3923: 3894:Deluge (history) 3879:Ogniem i Mieczem 3771: 3718: 3573: 3552: 3321:Treaty of Zboriv 3188: 3187: 3174: 3173: 3160: 3159: 3146: 3145: 3132: 3131: 3118: 3117: 3104: 3103: 3090: 3089: 3076: 3075: 3062: 3061: 3048: 3047: 3034: 3033: 3020: 3019: 3006: 3005: 2992: 2991: 2978: 2977: 2964: 2963: 2950: 2949: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2898:Battle of Korsuń 2861:, enjoining the 2846:Zaporizhian Sich 2834: 2827: 2820: 2667:Petro Doroshenko 2659:Notable Cossacks 2572: 2509: 2501:Irkutsk Cossacks 2374: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2301: 2293: 2264:Zaporozhian Sich 2132: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2081: 2073: 2021:The pressure of 1853:Pavlyuk uprising 1825: 1802: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1751: 1743: 1660:Polish Catholic 1623:Ruthenian Uniate 1560: 1553: 1546: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1496:Economic history 1403:Cassette Scandal 1208:Zaporozhian Host 1202:Kiev Voivodeship 1108:Early East Slavs 1068:Bosporan Kingdom 1048:Catacomb culture 1023: 1013: 995: 994: 825: 823: 813: 806: 799: 790: 789: 780: 769: 768: 767: 758: 757: 756: 749: 739: 738: 737: 722: 721: 720: 713: 703: 702: 701: 686: 685: 684: 675: 674: 673: 663: 662: 661: 652: 651: 650: 643:Alexis of Russia 641: 640: 639: 630: 629: 628: 621: 611: 602: 596:Matvei Sikorski 595: 594: 593: 586: 585: 584: 577: 570: 569: 568: 561: 551: 550: 549: 540: 539: 538: 531: 521: 520: 519: 504: 503: 502: 487: 483: 481: 480: 472: 468: 466: 465: 457: 453: 451: 450: 439: 432: 428: 426: 425: 417: 413: 411: 410: 402: 398: 396: 395: 388: 386:Poland–Lithuania 384: 382: 381: 372: 368: 366: 365: 357: 353: 351: 350: 342: 338: 336: 335: 327: 323: 321: 320: 312: 308: 306: 305: 297: 293: 291: 290: 279: 270: 269: 268: 227:Union of Hadiach 171: 167: 165: 164: 157: 155:Poland–Lithuania 153: 151: 150: 130: 129: 114: 94: 93: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 8398: 8397: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8373:1650s in Russia 8368:1640s in Russia 8298:1650s conflicts 8293:1640s conflicts 8278: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8262: 8213:Sulyma uprising 8184: 8176: 8146: 8141: 8089: 8062: 8056:Warsaw Uprising 8027: 7999: 7950: 7891:Second Republic 7885: 7809:Napoleonic Wars 7786: 7703: 7632: 7545: 7439: 7425:Battle of Orsha 7408:Battle of Varna 7379: 7294: 7261: 7246:Siege of Głogów 7192: 7191: 7180: 7156: 7110: 7105: 7075: 7070: 7040: 7021: 7002: 6997:Klaipėda Revolt 6963: 6929:Napoleonic Wars 6917: 6916: 6898: 6858: 6629: 6550: 6533:Battle of Varna 6454: 6417: 6383: 6378: 6348: 6343: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6312: 6268: 6254: 6227: 6147: 6140: 6109: 6099: 6014: 6008: 5948: 5938: 5929: 5887: 5721: 5719:Further reading 5716: 5701: 5681:Subtelny, Orest 5673: 5649: 5644: 5629: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5451: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5386: 5359: 5351:. p. 182. 5337: 5333: 5329: 5320: 5298: 5268: 5259: 5220: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5182: 5174:. p. 193. 5155: 5147:. p. 146. 5125: 5098: 5073: 5065:. p. 219. 5055:Gilbert, Martin 5043: 5035:. p. 352. 5017: 4988: 4986: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4932: 4909: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4810: 4809: 4801:Gilbert, Martin 4798: 4794: 4787: 4770: 4766: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4724:. p. 268. 4703: 4699: 4687: 4683: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4569:Wayback Machine 4558:Wayback Machine 4548: 4544: 4536: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4461: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4433: 4415: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4374:. p. 117. 4362: 4358: 4351: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4294:Duda, Sebastian 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4270:(3 June 2014). 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4169: 4165: 4141: 4137: 4121: 4120: 4108: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4062:. Vol. 1. 4052: 4043: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4013: 4003: 3999: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3934:Khmelʹnychchyna 3924: 3920: 3915: 3870: 3824: 3778: 3712: 3694:historiographic 3674:Edward Flannery 3662:Edward Flannery 3581: 3531:Battle of Batih 3520: 3514: 3494: 3385: 3361:Crimean Khanate 3357: 3341:Battle of Batih 3238:John Casimir II 3234:John Casimir II 3206: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2871:Mikołaj Potocki 2838: 2806:Cossack cuisine 2798:Cossaks clothes 2566: 2564:Buryat Cossacks 2503: 2381: 2345: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2314: 2302: 2291: 2159:National Museum 2133: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2098: 2082: 2071: 2006:, and with the 1897:Crown of Poland 1867:Union of Lublin 1863: 1827: 1823: 1803: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1768: 1752: 1741: 1672:eastern Ukraine 1658:. It ended the 1625:clergy and the 1564: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1471:Name of Ukraine 1466: 1458: 1457: 1333:Ukrainian State 1298: 1288: 1287: 1238:Sloboda Ukraine 1188: 1178: 1177: 1173:Crimean Khanate 1143:Kingdom of Rus' 1103: 1093: 1092: 1043:Yamnaya culture 1033: 1011: 1004: 993: 992: 991: 986: 826: 821: 819: 817: 782:Mehmed IV Giray 775: 773: 765: 763: 762: 754: 752: 751: 745: 735: 733: 732: 724:Mikołaj Potocki 718: 716: 715: 709: 699: 697: 696: 682: 680: 679: 677:John II Casimir 671: 669: 659: 657: 656: 654:Gheorghe Ștefan 648: 646: 645: 637: 635: 634: 626: 624: 623: 617: 606: 604:İslâm III Giray 597: 589: 588: 580: 579: 573: 564: 563: 557: 553:Maksym Kryvonis 545: 544: 534: 533: 527: 515: 514: 500: 498: 478: 476: 474: 463: 461: 459: 448: 446: 444: 441:Crimean Khanate 434: 423: 421: 419: 408: 406: 404: 393: 391: 389: 379: 377: 363: 361: 359: 348: 346: 344: 333: 331: 329: 316: 314: 303: 301: 299: 288: 286: 284: 281:Crimean Khanate 274: 264: 243: 195:Decline of the 172: 162: 160: 158: 148: 146: 115: 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8396: 8386: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8273: 8272: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8243:Paliy uprising 8240: 8238:Bohun Uprising 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8175: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8152: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8097: 8095:Third Republic 8091: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8082: 8076: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8038: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8009: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7982: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7929:Kiev offensive 7926: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7816: 7814:Peninsular War 7811: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7747: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7648: 7642: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7618: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7588: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7568: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7480: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7462: 7460: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7417: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7323: 7317: 7315: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7178: 7177: 7169: 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6485: 6469: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6401: 6392: 6385: 6384: 6377: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6354: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6325: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6308:Tomchei Tmimim 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6194: 6186: 6178: 6171: 6163: 6161: 6159:Still standing 6152: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6136:Vilnius Kenesa 6133: 6128: 6122: 6120: 6113: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6043: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6018: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5886: 5885:External links 5883: 5882: 5881: 5868: 5855: 5837:(2): 115–139. 5830:Jewish History 5824: 5806:(2): 141–163. 5799:Jewish History 5793: 5775:(2): 165–178. 5768:Jewish History 5762: 5744:(2): 239–255. 5737:Jewish History 5731: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5705: 5699: 5677: 5671: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5617: 5603: 5601:, p. 136. 5591: 5589:, p. 128. 5579: 5565: 5535: 5503: 5501:, p. 201. 5491: 5480:(2): 165–178. 5474:Jewish History 5464: 5449: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5404:. p. 56. 5393: 5384: 5378:. p. 68. 5367: 5357: 5339: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5318: 5305: 5296: 5283: 5266: 5257: 5244: 5239:. p. 56. 5228: 5218: 5201: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5180: 5163: 5153: 5133: 5123: 5117:. p. 26. 5106: 5096: 5084:Totten, Samuel 5080: 5071: 5051: 5041: 5024: 5015: 4998: 4968: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4951:. p. 64. 4940: 4930: 4917: 4907: 4895:Bermant, Chaim 4891: 4886:. p. 95. 4872: 4855: 4847: 4839: 4792: 4785: 4773:Dimont, Max I. 4764: 4737: 4730: 4697: 4681: 4676:Reform Judaism 4666: 4664:, p. 350. 4654: 4622: 4615: 4609:. p. 35. 4607:Westview Press 4593: 4586: 4542: 4525:Studia Judaica 4504: 4501:on 5 May 2023. 4482: 4465:franko.lviv.ua 4449: 4446: 4445: 4431: 4429:on 2017-09-22. 4413: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4356: 4349: 4327: 4325:, p. 200. 4315: 4285: 4259: 4227: 4218: 4216:, p. 178. 4214:Chirovsky 1984 4206: 4204:, p. 75. 1924. 4198:(in Ukrainian) 4190: 4188:, p. 176. 4186:Chirovsky 1984 4178: 4163: 4135: 4106: 4083: 4076: 4041: 4011: 3997: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3866: 3823: 3820: 3777: 3774: 3770:גזירת ת"ח ות"ט 3733:Shaul Stampfer 3702:Orest Subtelny 3682:Martin Gilbert 3631:in July 1648. 3580: 3577: 3518:Batih massacre 3513: 3510: 3493: 3490: 3451:Russian Empire 3438:Truce of Vilna 3384: 3381: 3369:Ottoman Empire 3356: 3353: 3345:Batih massacre 3335:to accept the 3329:Crimean Tatars 3311:Following the 3295:Juliusz Kossak 3198: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3070: 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2271:Ottoman Empire 2187:Constantinople 2179:Ottoman Empire 2135: 2134: 2085: 2083: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2043:Bishop of Rome 2027:Union of Brest 2016:Russian Church 1925:Polish culture 1905:Rzeczpospolita 1822: 1805: 1804: 1755: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1723:Jewish history 1712:Polish history 1682:, whereby the 1619:Roman Catholic 1607:Crimean Tatars 1566: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1548: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1501:Rail transport 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1433: 1431:Crimean crisis 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1338:Makhnovshchina 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1296:Modern history 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1253:Russian Empire 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1205: 1195: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1123:Rus' Khaganate 1120: 1115: 1110: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1016: 1015: 1006: 1005: 998: 988: 987: 985: 984: 979: 974: 969: 968: 967: 957: 955:Monastyryshche 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 831: 828: 827: 816: 815: 808: 801: 793: 785: 784: 741:Stefan Potocki 667: 495: 494: 490: 489: 485:Denmark–Norway 374: 261: 260: 256: 255: 252: 251: 245: 239: 238: 237: 236: 230: 215: 212: 193: 178: 174: 173: 144: 142: 138: 137: 134: 126: 125: 122:Mykola Ivasyuk 107: 106: 99: 98: 92: 91: 88: 87: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8395: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 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5963: 5962: 5961: 5960:The Holocaust 5958: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5934: 5926: 5921: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5700:0-8020-0591-8 5696: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5672:0-8020-7820-6 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5621: 5613: 5607: 5600: 5599:Subtelny 1994 5595: 5588: 5587:Subtelny 1994 5583: 5577: 5574: 5569: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5460:Subtelny 1994 5456: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5385:0-631-20616-7 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5365: 5360: 5358:0-7425-4366-8 5354: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5325: 5321: 5319:0-88125-806-7 5315: 5311: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5297:0-7618-2963-6 5293: 5289: 5284: 5281: 5278:. 2001–2005. 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5258:0-7618-2894-X 5254: 5250: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5219:0-7661-4370-8 5215: 5211: 5207: 5206:Waxman, Meyer 5203: 5202: 5197: 5187: 5183: 5181:0-7425-4402-8 5177: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5161: 5156: 5154:1-85984-550-9 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5126: 5124:0-7735-2976-4 5120: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5099: 5097:1-59311-074-X 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5072:0-231-10965-2 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5042:0-521-81545-2 5038: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5016:0-7864-1730-7 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4996: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4931:0-87441-263-3 4927: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4910: 4908:0-297-77419-0 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4842: 4840:3-11-013715-1 4836: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4788: 4786:0-451-52940-5 4782: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4761: 4760:0-8091-4324-0 4757: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4733: 4731:0-8386-1707-7 4727: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4706:Dubnow, Simon 4701: 4694: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4618: 4616:0-8133-3792-5 4612: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4587:0-88029-394-2 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571:(p. 141) from 4570: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4518: 4511: 4509: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4453: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4360: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4131: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4107:0-231-12816-9 4103: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4018: 4016: 4009: 4006: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3850:Jerzy Hoffman 3847: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3767: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3676:, writing in 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3637:Sabbatai Zevi 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3590:Yeven Mezulah 3585: 3575: 3572: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3557: 3556:Yeven Mezulah 3551: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3405: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3373:Slave raiding 3370: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3212:Reception of 3210: 3201: 3150:Berestechko.1 2928: 2921: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2730:Cossack terms 2729: 2728: 2723: 2722:Ivan Vyhovsky 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2707:Andrei Shkuro 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2387:Cossack hosts 2385: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2343: 2340: 2332: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2306:This section 2304: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2284: 2283:Crimean Tatar 2278: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2131: 2128: 2120: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2086:This section 2084: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:Uniate Church 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000:Russian state 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1833: 1819: 1811: 1801: 1798: 1790: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1756:This section 1754: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1436:War in Donbas 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:Ukrainian SSR 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258:Little Russia 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1118:White Croatia 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101:Early history 1097: 1096: 1089: 1088:Hunnic Empire 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 996: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 966: 963: 962: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 829: 824: 814: 809: 807: 802: 800: 795: 794: 791: 783: 779: 772: 761: 750: 748: 742: 731: 730: 725: 714: 712: 706: 695: 694: 689: 678: 668: 666: 665:Matei Basarab 655: 644: 633: 622: 620: 614: 610: 605: 601: 578: 576: 562: 560: 554: 543: 532: 530: 524: 513: 512: 507: 497: 496: 491: 486: 471: 456: 442: 438: 431: 416: 401: 387: 375: 371: 356: 341: 326: 311: 296: 282: 278: 273: 263: 262: 257: 250: 246: 241: 240: 235: 232:Beginning of 231: 228: 224: 223:Ivan Vyhovsky 220: 216: 213: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 192: 188: 184: 183: 182: 179: 176: 175: 170: 156: 143: 140: 139: 135: 132: 131: 127: 123: 119: 113: 108: 105: 100: 95: 84: 81: 73: 63: 59: 53: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 8227: 7984:Polish 7968:World War II 7749: 7725:Smolensk War 7466:Livonian War 7449:Commonwealth 7198:Piast Poland 7179: 7048:(since 1990) 7008:World War II 6863:18th century 6837:(1672–1676) 6818:(1655–1660) 6816:Northern War 6798:(1648–1657) 6795: 6764:(1632–1634) 6762:Smolensk War 6736:(1620–1621) 6722:(1618–1648) 6702:(1605–1618) 6668:(1600–1611) 6634:17th century 6594:(1558–1583) 6592:Livonian War 6555:16th century 6529:(1443–1444) 6479:(1409–1411) 6459:15th century 6422:14th century 6399:13th century 6247: 6240: 6232: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6188: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6158: 6145: 5996: 5965:Vilna Ghetto 5942: 5936: 5872: 5859: 5834: 5828: 5803: 5797: 5772: 5766: 5741: 5735: 5726: 5709: 5684: 5658: 5647:Bibliography 5637:the original 5632: 5620: 5611: 5606: 5594: 5582: 5568: 5556:. Retrieved 5552:the original 5547: 5544:"Tach V'Tat" 5538: 5526:. Retrieved 5522:the original 5515: 5506: 5499:Magocsi 1996 5494: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5440: 5432: 5425: 5416: 5405: 5397: 5389: 5371: 5362: 5344: 5334: 5323: 5309: 5301: 5287: 5279: 5270: 5262: 5248: 5240: 5232: 5223: 5209: 5196: 5185: 5167: 5158: 5140: 5128: 5110: 5101: 5087: 5076: 5058: 5046: 5028: 5020: 5002: 4994: 4987:. Retrieved 4983:the original 4976: 4963: 4952: 4944: 4935: 4921: 4912: 4898: 4887: 4879: 4867: 4863: 4860:Vogt, Hannah 4850: 4845:(footnote 3) 4826: 4804: 4795: 4776: 4767: 4751: 4717: 4714:. Quoted in 4709: 4700: 4689: 4684: 4675: 4669: 4662:Magocsi 1996 4657: 4644: 4641:the original 4634: 4625: 4602: 4596: 4577: 4545: 4534:the original 4529: 4523: 4499:the original 4494: 4485: 4473:. Retrieved 4469:the original 4464: 4452: 4443:(in Polish). 4438: 4427:the original 4420: 4409:the original 4404: 4399: 4390: 4366: 4359: 4336: 4330: 4323:Magocsi 1996 4318: 4306:. Retrieved 4301: 4288: 4276:. Retrieved 4262: 4250:. 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Ettinger 3459:Ivan Mazepa 3284:Meeting of 2687:Ivan Mazepa 2609:Khmelnytsky 2567: [ 2504: [ 2496:Zaporozhian 2329:August 2023 2155:Jan Matejko 2004:Kievan Rus' 1933:Czartoryski 1733:antisemitic 1133:Kievan Rus' 1010:History of 925:Berestechko 920:Kopychyntsi 835:Zhovti Vody 632:Vasile Lupu 373:(1656–1657) 340:Brandenburg 242:Territorial 211:in Ukraine. 62:introducing 8282:Categories 7990:resistance 7534:The Deluge 6822:The Deluge 6496:Gollub War 6490:Hunger War 6209:(Joniškis) 6201:(Joniškis) 6110:Synagogues 6002:Vilna Gaon 5862:. Oxford: 5573:Посполитые 4008:Britannica 3971:References 3954:Belarusian 3946:Lithuanian 3755:The Deluge 3666:Max Dimont 3603:Anno Mundi 3539:arendators 3516:See also: 3492:Casualties 3421:The Deluge 3258:Pereiaslav 3254:Adam Kysil 3226:Hrushevsky 3192:Okhmativ.5 3178:Zhvanets.3 3052:Pylavtsi.8 2702:Ivan Sirko 2466:Semirechye 2225:deputy of 1981:arendators 1974:missionary 1957:latifundia 1839:See also: 1739:Background 1735:violence. 1728:arendators 1516:Television 1511:Technology 1418:Euromaidan 1263:New Russia 1243:Right bank 1031:Prehistory 542:Ivan Bohun 201:Right-Bank 116:Painting “ 45:references 8182:uprisings 7338:Great War 6391:(to 1795) 6224:(Vilnius) 6190:Merchants 6061:Chernobyl 6041:Ashkenazi 6036:Orthodoxy 5851:159327759 5820:159708538 5789:159214775 5758:159067943 4813:cite book 4549:Based on 4124:cite book 3938:Ukrainian 3790:pospolity 3611:Hetmanate 3543:massacred 3512:Massacres 3471:russified 3383:Aftermath 3363:, then a 3306:panegyric 3290:Tugay Bey 3247:Christmas 3094:Zbarazh.9 2763:Oseledets 2641:Communism 2621:Hetmanate 2604:Nalyvaiko 2594:Uprisings 2524:Albazinan 2416:Black Sea 2401:Astrakhan 2289:Beginning 2252:Polkovnyk 2146:Tugay Bey 2088:does not 1953:Zasławski 1941:Sanguszko 1937:Ostrogski 1874:Ruthenian 1758:does not 1674:into the 1611:peasantry 1578:, or the 1426:(outline) 1393:Chernobyl 1363:Holodomor 1233:Left bank 1113:Onoghuria 935:Taborivka 930:2nd Loyew 890:1st Loyew 880:Pyliavtsi 840:Machnivka 613:Tugay Bey 415:Wallachia 355:Wallachia 205:Left-Bank 8113:Iraq War 7065:Iraq War 6298:Rameiles 6293:Ponevezh 6269:Yeshivas 6193:(Jonava) 6185:(Jonava) 6091:Vizhnitz 6086:Veretzky 6046:Hasidism 5992:Timeline 5683:(1994). 5657:(1996). 5558:16 April 5528:16 April 5208:(2003). 5139:(2003). 5086:(2004). 5057:(1999). 5048:century. 4978:CBS News 4899:The Jews 4897:(1978). 4884:Scribner 4878:(1974). 4862:(1967). 4803:(1976). 4775:(2004). 4708:(1916). 4576:(1987). 4565:Archived 4562:1717 map 4554:Archived 4475:11 March 4146:(1906). 4116:57754186 4068:ABC-CLIO 3868:See also 3794:szlachta 3749:history. 3651:stated: 3641:Hasidism 3571:szlachta 3549:szlachta 3533:in 1652. 3527:Massacre 3416:regime. 3414:szlachta 3266:Volhynia 3122:Zboriv.9 3038:BilaTs.1 3010:Cherkasy 2996:Korsun.8 2940:Chyhyryn 2783:Stanitsa 2599:Kosiński 2544:Nekrasov 2471:Siberian 2456:Orenburg 2426:Caucasus 2364:Cossacks 2356:a series 2354:Part of 2240:Chyhyryn 2227:starosta 2223:Chyhyryn 2157:, 1885, 2117:May 2016 2059:autonomy 2047:Cossacks 2023:Catholic 1988:Orthodox 1967:magnates 1962:szlachta 1945:Zbaraski 1921:nobility 1895:—to the 1881:Volhynia 1787:May 2016 1714:as "the 1692:the Ruin 1684:Cossacks 1662:szlachta 1582:, was a 1440:timeline 1278:Bukovina 1223:The Ruin 1193:Cossacks 1073:Sarmatia 1053:Cimmeria 1001:a series 999:Part of 982:Magierów 977:Okhmativ 972:Zhvanets 915:Lipowiec 860:Rzeczyca 400:Moldavia 295:Moldavia 234:The Ruin 229:in 1658. 141:Location 70:May 2024 7988:, 7986:history 7877:on the 7241:Bohemia 6221:Zamelis 6175:Čekiškė 6119:Current 6066:Komarno 6051:Breslov 6031:Karaite 5987:History 5422:Ukraine 4341:Longman 3958:Russian 3832:Ukraine 3684:in his 3629:Tulczyn 3625:Nemirov 3367:of the 3303:Vilnius 3262:Podolia 3164:Batih.2 3108:Loyew.9 2968:Perekop 2788:Shashka 2773:Plastun 2768:Papakhi 2748:Kontusz 2580:History 2559:Turkish 2549:Persian 2529:Bashkir 2256:colonel 2200:Subotiv 2181:in the 2109:removed 2094:sources 2045:. 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