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conducted a series of experiments to discover why modern brownies tend to form a desirably glossy "skin" on their upper crust. In a video reporting his findings, Ragusea asserted that the "skin" was the result of making a batter of high viscosity, with low levels of moisture and sugar well-dissolved
300:
by Maria Willet Howard (published by Walter M. Lowney
Company, Boston) as an adaptation of the Boston Cooking School recipe for a "Bangor Brownie". It added an extra egg and an additional square of chocolate, creating a richer, fudgier dessert. The name "Bangor Brownie" appears to have been derived
165:. Brownies come in a variety of forms and may be either fudgy or cakey, depending on their density. Brownies often, but not always, have a glossy "skin" on their upper crust. They may also include nuts, frosting, chocolate chips, or other ingredients. A variation made with
224:
glaze. The Palmer House in
Chicago still serves this dessert to patrons made from the same recipe. The name was given to the dessert some time after 1893, but was not used by cookbooks or journals at the time.
801:
216:. She requested a dessert that would be smaller than a piece of cake, and easily eaten from boxed lunches. The result was the Palmer House Brownie, made of chocolate with
276:
They were called "Brownie's Food". The recipe appears on page 23 in the cake section of the book. Marie Kelley from
Whitewater, Wisconsin, created the recipe.
184:), topped with whipped cream, or sprinkled with powdered sugar. In North America, they are common homemade treats and they are also popular in restaurants,
325:(2013) said it had discovered evidence to support Schrumpf's claim, in the form of several 1904 cookbooks that included a recipe for "Bangor Brownies".
1714:
411:
177:. The brownie was developed in the United States at the end of the 19th century and popularized there during the first half of the 20th century.
1645:
293:(April 2, 1905 p. 34), and the 1906 edition of Fannie Farmer's cookbook. These recipes produced a relatively mild and cake-like brownie.
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317:(2007) refuted Schrumpf's premise that "Bangor housewives" had created the brownie, citing the publication of a brownie recipe in a 1905
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Brownies are typically eaten by hand or with utensils, and may be accompanied by a glass of milk, served warm with ice cream (
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story states was the hometown of a housewife who created the original brownie recipe. Maine food educator and columnist
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212:. In 1893, Palmer asked a pastry chef for a dessert suitable for ladies attending the Chicago
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The earliest-known published recipes for a modern-style chocolate brownie appeared in
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was the main proponent of the theory that brownies were invented in Bangor. While
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By 1907, the brownie was well established in a recognizable form, appearing in
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Numerous works erroneously credit
Schrumpf herself as the inventor.
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rather than chocolate in the batter is called a blond brownie or
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412:"Taste The Palmer House Brownies For A Bit Of Chicago History"
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692:
1,000 Foods To Eat Before You Die: A Food Lover's Life List
266:. However, Farmer's brownies did not contain chocolate.
248:
to describe a dessert appeared in the 1896 version of the
3036:
675:
Saekel, Karola. "Panel Gives Baking Mixes a High Score".
1860:
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200:
One legend about the creation of brownies is that of
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269:In 1899, the first-known recipe was published in
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742:The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink
511:
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315:The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink
1876:
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875:
445:
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580:"How to give brownies a smooth, glossy top"
1883:
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611:"Brownie connection just doesn't pan out"
685:
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244:The first-known printed use of the word
227:
141:
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1663:European Cocoa and Chocolate Directive
889:
780:
466:
1864:
1678:International Cocoa Quarantine Centre
1178:
1093:Chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream
863:
759:
738:
608:
565:
553:
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332:journalist and home cookery YouTuber
1646:CĂŽte d'IvoireâGhana Cocoa Initiative
856:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
709:
637:
517:
439:
283:(1904, Laconia, New Hampshire), the
1715:Production in SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
577:
13:
800:
674:
653:Holbrook, Carolyn (21 June 2005).
609:Clegg, Jo-Ann (27 February 1998).
451:
208:socialite whose husband owned the
14:
3214:
830:
802:"The Palmer House Hilton Brownie"
640:"History of Brownies (Chocolate)"
409:
321:cookbook, in its second edition,
3172:
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1839:
1826:
1825:
1673:International Cocoa Organization
1624:Child labour in cocoa production
848:
836:
262:cakes baked individually in tin
126:
115:
34:
1840:
712:"Seeking the ultimate brownies"
638:Gage, Mary E. (February 2010).
571:
383:
251:Boston Cooking-School Cook Book
1149:Chocolate-covered potato chips
760:Smith, Andrew F., ed. (2013).
739:Smith, Andrew F., ed. (2007).
474:
403:
1:
1688:Philippine chocolate industry
1204:
396:
710:Snow, Jane (30 April 2003).
214:World's Columbian Exposition
132:Media: Chocolate brownie
40:A homemade chocolate brownie
7:
2411:KĂŒrtĆskalĂĄcs (Chimney cake)
745:. Oxford University Press.
482:"Who Invented the Brownie?"
340:
287:(1904, Chicago, Illinois),
121:Cookbook: Chocolate brownie
10:
3219:
1652:The Dark Side of Chocolate
602:
195:
18:
16:Baked chocolate confection
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1705:Production in Ivory Coast
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1085:
1049:
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809:Palmer House Hilton Hotel
782:"The History of Brownies"
655:"Nothing beats a brownie"
582:. YouTube. Archived from
236:with chocolate to make a
111:
101:
71:
63:
55:
45:
33:
2073:Flourless chocolate cake
1977:Smoked salmon cheesecake
1683:Manufacturers (vertical)
965:Flourless chocolate cake
766:. Vol. 2. OUP USA.
376:
1542:Chocolate-covered foods
1144:Chocolate-covered bacon
678:San Francisco Chronicle
21:Brownie Chocolate Drink
2795:Portuguese sweet bread
2486:Coffee and walnut cake
1720:World Cocoa Foundation
695:. Workman Publishing.
367:
311:Mildred Brown Schrumpf
285:Service Club Cook Book
241:
147:
2238:Torta alla Monferrina
2108:Molten chocolate cake
2088:German chocolate cake
1710:Production in Nigeria
1668:HarkinâEngel Protocol
1457:Chocolate chip cookie
1057:Chocolate chip cookie
995:Molten chocolate cake
980:German chocolate cake
231:
146:Store-bought brownies
145:
2965:Better than sex cake
2770:Date and walnut loaf
2228:Queen Elizabeth cake
1658:Environmental impact
1517:Cioccolato di Modica
845:at Wikimedia Commons
717:Akron Beacon Journal
2694:Spanische Windtorte
2531:Lady Baltimore cake
2058:Black Forest gateau
1962:Japanese cheesecake
1801:Military chocolate
1762:Chocolate addiction
1693:Production in Ghana
1482:Chocolate ice cream
1314:Tetramethylpyrazine
1108:Mint chocolate chip
1098:Chocolate ice cream
1041:Mississippi mud pie
1036:Chocolate creme pie
726:on 20 February 2016
625:on 20 February 2016
616:The Virginian-Pilot
486:www.mentalfloss.com
347:List of baked goods
30:
19:For the drink, see
3203:Chocolate desserts
2581:Paper wrapped cake
2348:Prinzregententorte
1772:Chocolate fountain
1472:Chocolate crackles
1154:Chocolate crackles
1005:Prinzregententorte
950:Death by Chocolate
891:Chocolate desserts
788:. Lifestyle Direct
337:into the mixture.
298:Lowney's Cook Book
258:, in reference to
242:
210:Palmer House Hotel
148:
26:
3198:American desserts
3185:
3184:
2709:Zuger Kirschtorte
2654:Brazo de Mercedes
2501:Frankfurter Kranz
2363:Smith Island cake
2286:Devil's food cake
2193:Jewish apple cake
2068:Chocolate brownie
1934:Gooey butter cake
1858:
1857:
1797:In savory cooking
1777:Chocolate museums
1698:Ghana Cocoa Board
1614:Organic chocolate
1568:Aerated chocolate
1512:Chocolate truffle
1497:Chocolate pudding
1487:Chocolate liqueur
1447:Chocolate brownie
1442:Chocolate biscuit
1172:
1171:
1159:Chocolate pudding
1103:Cookies and Cream
955:Devil's food cake
935:Chocolate brownie
910:Black Forest cake
841:Media related to
301:from the town of
186:ice cream parlors
158:, is a chocolate
152:chocolate brownie
140:
139:
28:Chocolate brownie
3210:
3175:
3174:
3165:
3164:
2780:Flies' graveyard
2621:Upside-down cake
2616:Tres leches cake
2526:Hummingbird cake
2466:Buko pandan cake
2461:Boston cream pie
2321:Maria Luisa cake
2266:Buckwheat gateau
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1848:
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1619:Fair trade cocoa
1502:Chocolate spread
1361:
1236:Chocolate liquor
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1185:
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1062:Chocolate salami
1000:Pain au chocolat
920:Boston cream pie
884:
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817:
811:. Archived from
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720:. Archived from
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619:. Archived from
596:
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586:on April 3, 2024
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290:The Boston Globe
272:Machias Cookbook
130:
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72:Main ingredients
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3167:Food portal
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3127:Sweetheart cake
2943:
2894:Marry girl cake
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2649:Angel food cake
2638:
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2626:Victoria sponge
2591:Red velvet cake
2561:Marry girl cake
2456:Battenberg cake
2437:
2430:
2392:
2378:Torta Tre Monti
2373:Torta setteveli
2301:EsterhĂĄzy torte
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2168:Clementine cake
2122:
2039:
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1998:Brazil nut cake
1986:
1943:
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1846:
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1787:Cocoa smuggling
1767:Chocolate bloom
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1507:Chocolate syrup
1477:Chocolate gravy
1467:Chocolate coins
1413:
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1972:Ube cheesecake
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1547:Mint chocolate
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1492:Chocolate milk
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:Chocolate chip
1459:
1454:
1452:Chocolate cake
1449:
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1301:
1299:Phenethylamine
1296:
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1164:Chocolate salo
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1032:
1030:
1029:Pies and tarts
1026:
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1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
985:Hedgehog slice
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
940:Chocolate cake
937:
932:
930:Chantilly cake
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
901:
899:
895:
894:
887:
886:
879:
872:
864:
858:
857:
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832:
831:External links
829:
828:
827:
798:
778:
773:978-0199734962
772:
757:
752:978-0199885763
751:
736:
707:
702:978-0761183068
701:
687:Sheraton, Mimi
683:
672:
650:
635:
604:
601:
598:
597:
570:
568:, p. 220.
558:
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456:
444:
427:
410:Colby, Terri.
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232:Mixing melted
204:, a prominent
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154:, or simply a
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3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:Punschkrapfen
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Pain d'Ă©pices
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3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
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3035:
3033:
3032:Ispanaklı kek
3030:
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3016:
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3008:
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2873:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:Pan de Pascua
2846:
2844:
2843:Bûche de Noël
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Birthday cake
2826:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2808:
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2521:Hot milk cake
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2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:Princess cake
2341:
2337:
2334:
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2329:
2327:
2326:Cremeschnitte
2324:
2323:
2322:
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2147:
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2125:
2119:
2118:Torta caprese
2116:
2114:
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2066:
2064:
2063:Blackout cake
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2028:Pain de GĂȘnes
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Chestnut cake
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
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1993:
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1970:
1968:
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1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1902:List of cakes
1897:
1893:
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1872:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1838:
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1819:
1811:
1810:United States
1808:
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1632:
1631:Big Chocolate
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
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1584:
1583:Dutch process
1581:
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1574:
1573:Broma process
1571:
1569:
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1563:
1559:
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1535:
1533:
1532:Hot chocolate
1530:
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1445:
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1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:Chocolate bar
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:Raw chocolate
1397:
1395:
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1390:
1387:
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1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:Phenylalanine
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
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1125:
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1111:
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1055:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1020:Torta caprese
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:Bûche de Noël
923:
921:
918:
916:
915:Blackout cake
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
900:
896:
892:
885:
880:
878:
873:
871:
866:
865:
862:
855:
851:
847:
844:
839:
835:
834:
818:on 2017-12-23
814:
810:
803:
799:
787:
783:
779:
775:
769:
765:
764:
758:
754:
748:
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743:
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724:
719:
718:
713:
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693:
688:
684:
680:
679:
673:
662:
661:
656:
651:
641:
636:
623:
618:
617:
612:
607:
606:
585:
581:
574:
567:
562:
556:, p. 71.
555:
550:
543:
542:Sheraton 2015
538:
531:
530:Holbrook 2005
526:
519:
514:
507:
502:
487:
483:
477:
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469:
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461:
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417:
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371:
370:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
338:
335:
331:
328:In 2021, the
326:
324:
320:
319:Fannie Farmer
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Bangor, Maine
299:
294:
292:
291:
286:
282:
277:
275:
273:
267:
265:
261:
257:
256:Fannie Farmer
253:
252:
247:
239:
235:
230:
226:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:Bertha Palmer
193:
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176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
144:
133:
129:
124:
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118:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:United States
58:
54:
51:
50:Square or bar
48:
44:
37:
32:
22:
2939:Wedding cake
2909:Pop out cake
2869:
2855:Groom's cake
2775:Easter bread
2760:Chorley cake
2725:Banbury cake
2659:Chiffon cake
2546:Madeira cake
2506:French Fancy
2358:Sarawak cake
2353:Rainbow cake
2291:Doberge cake
2281:Coconut cake
2067:
2003:Castagnaccio
1924:Banana bread
1911:Butter cakes
1900:
1844:
1830:
1782:Chocolatiers
1755:Other topics
1650:
1636:Chocolaterie
1446:
1349:Valeric acid
1324:Theophylline
1250:
1246:Cocoa solids
1241:Cocoa butter
1231:Flavor cocoa
934:
820:. Retrieved
813:the original
808:
790:. Retrieved
785:
762:
741:
728:. Retrieved
723:the original
715:
691:
676:
664:. Retrieved
658:
643:. Retrieved
627:. Retrieved
622:the original
614:
588:. Retrieved
584:the original
573:
561:
549:
537:
525:
513:
501:
490:. Retrieved
488:. 2014-11-13
485:
476:
467:
447:
419:. Retrieved
415:
405:
385:
362:Hash brownie
334:Adam Ragusea
330:food science
327:
322:
314:
297:
295:
288:
284:
281:Home Cookery
280:
278:
270:
268:
249:
245:
243:
199:
190:coffeehouses
179:
155:
151:
149:
92:cocoa powder
3072:Ontbijtkoek
3062:Marble cake
3057:Mané pelado
3052:Louise cake
3005:Gingerbread
2995:Coffee cake
2990:Carrot cake
2914:Simnel cake
2735:Bienenstich
2730:Berlingozzo
2718:Yeast cakes
2576:Pandan cake
2296:Dobos torte
2248:Layer cakes
2233:Raisin cake
2208:Mango float
2178:Dundee cake
2163:Cherry cake
2141:Banana cake
2113:Sachertorte
2098:Joffre cake
2083:Garash cake
1949:Cheesecakes
1805:Switzerland
1746:Switzerland
1641:Chocolatier
1593:Sugar crust
1425:CaffĂš mocha
1319:Theobromine
1289:Flavan-3-ol
1134:Banana boat
1067:Nanaimo bar
1015:Sachertorte
975:Garash cake
945:Chokladboll
352:Dessert bar
305:, which an
167:brown sugar
3192:Categories
3147:Welsh cake
3122:Sugee cake
3112:Ruske kape
3097:Petit four
3047:Lolly cake
3022:Heavy cake
2980:Cake balls
2975:Bulla cake
2924:Stack cake
2879:Kransekake
2833:Buccellato
2689:Sans rival
2679:Mango cake
2636:Foam cakes
2611:Swiss roll
2606:Spice cake
2571:Opera cake
2536:Ladyfinger
2496:Fanta cake
2491:Donauwelle
2471:Bundt cake
2421:Spettekaka
2406:Baumkuchen
2398:Spit cakes
2388:VĂnarterta
2316:Liver cake
2261:Bolo fiado
2256:Angel cake
2203:Mango cake
2188:Genoa cake
2146:BĂĄnh chuá»i
2136:Apple cake
2128:Fruitcakes
2078:Fudge cake
2053:Batik cake
2013:Falculelle
1939:Pound cake
1729:By country
1379:Couverture
1334:Tryptophan
1329:Tryptamine
1309:Salsolinol
1284:Enkephalin
1279:Endorphins
1269:Anandamide
1262:Components
1226:Bulk cocoa
1217:Cocoa bean
1139:Brigadeiro
970:Fudge cake
905:Batik cake
822:2017-08-05
786:The Nibble
730:7 February
666:7 February
645:2010-03-13
629:7 February
566:Smith 2013
554:Smith 2007
506:Clegg 1998
492:2019-12-23
468:The Nibble
421:2020-06-09
397:References
307:apocryphal
163:confection
102:Variations
3107:Rice cake
2960:Beer cake
2919:Soul cake
2889:Love cake
2865:King cake
2821:occasions
2785:Gugelhupf
2750:Campanile
2745:Cacavellu
2704:Yema cake
2669:Kyiv cake
2664:Dacquoise
2601:Shortcake
2556:Mantecada
2551:Madeleine
2541:Lamington
2511:Frog cake
2481:Charlotte
2306:Flan cake
2223:Plum cake
2218:Panpepato
2153:Black bun
2103:Kladdkaka
2038:Chocolate
2018:Financier
1991:Nut cakes
1598:Tempering
1561:Processes
1537:beverages
1207:Chocolate
1113:Milkshake
1086:Ice cream
990:Kladdkaka
590:7 January
518:Snow 2003
440:Gage 2010
369:Kladdkaka
238:chocolate
182:Ă la mode
88:chocolate
67:Worldwide
3177:Category
3137:Tiramisu
3092:Parrozzo
3067:Nonnette
2985:Cake pop
2970:Bizcocho
2955:Basbousa
2899:Mooncake
2805:Rum baba
2790:Inuliata
2755:Canestru
2740:Breudher
2699:Ube cake
2641:meringue
2596:Rum cake
2476:Castella
2426:TrdelnĂk
2368:Spekkoek
2336:Tompouce
2213:Panforte
2198:Kornigou
2183:Fig cake
2158:Bolo-rei
2048:Amandine
1833:Category
1607:Industry
1578:Conching
1418:Products
1389:Gianduja
1374:Compound
1344:Tyrosine
1339:Tyramine
1294:Lecithin
1274:Caffeine
843:brownies
792:13 March
689:(2015).
341:See also
260:molasses
3132:Teacake
3117:Soufflé
3082:Pancake
3000:Cupcake
2934:Strenna
2929:Stollen
2819:Special
2800:Pandoro
2765:Cozonac
2684:Pavlova
2586:Pionono
2516:GĂ©noise
2451:BĂĄnh bĂČ
2416:Ć akotis
2331:Ć ampita
2271:Cassata
1967:Ostkaka
1957:Fiadone
1847:Outline
1792:History
1736:Belgium
1588:Enrober
1527:Ganache
1077:S'mores
1050:Cookies
854:Brownie
660:The Age
603:Sources
246:brownie
240:brownie
222:apricot
220:and an
218:walnuts
206:Chicago
196:History
175:blondie
171:vanilla
156:brownie
106:Blondie
90:and/or
3087:Parkin
2884:Lekach
2446:Bahulu
2436:Sponge
2023:Neccio
1741:France
1435:brands
1369:Baking
1118:Sundae
960:Ăclair
770:
749:
699:
452:Palmer
416:Forbes
234:butter
188:, and
125:
80:butter
3010:house
2948:Other
2904:PascÄ
2674:MamĂłn
2438:cakes
2383:Torte
2040:cakes
1919:Babka
1892:Cakes
1522:Fudge
1409:White
1360:Types
1127:Other
1072:Oreos
898:Cakes
816:(PDF)
805:(PDF)
377:Notes
357:Fudge
264:molds
160:baked
96:sugar
76:Flour
3042:Kuih
2639:and
1552:Mole
1404:Ruby
1394:Milk
1384:Dark
794:2013
768:ISBN
747:ISBN
732:2016
697:ISBN
668:2016
631:2016
592:2022
169:and
84:eggs
46:Type
3037:Kue
3015:man
254:by
3194::
1982:Tu
807:.
784:.
714:.
657:.
613:.
484:.
459:^
430:^
414:.
192:.
150:A
94:,
86:,
82:,
78:,
1884:e
1877:t
1870:v
1198:e
1191:t
1184:v
883:e
876:t
869:v
825:.
796:.
776:.
755:.
734:.
705:.
681:.
670:.
648:.
633:.
594:.
532:.
520:.
508:.
495:.
471:.
454:.
442:.
424:.
274:.
23:.
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