47:
388:. Higher levels of Wnt14 prevented chondrocyte differentiation whereas lower levels appeared to allow it. If the Wnt/ β-Catenin pathway is upregulated, then endochondral ossification is encouraged which promotes ossification of the formed cartilage. This pathway is a canonical Wnt pathway because of the β-Catenin that accumulates once Wnt14 signalling is initiated. After Wnt14 is initiated,
265:. Within finished cartilage, collagen fibers compose 10-20% of the volume, water 65-80%, and the proteoglycan-hyaluronic acid aggregates the remaining portion. Due to the proliferative nature of chondroblasts, cells compose a larger portion of the composition than what is normally found within completed cartilage.
471:
Chondroblasts appear to migrate to cartilage whenever chondrocytes are destroyed via mechanical force. Remaining chondrocytes divide in order to form more chondroblasts. HMGB-1, a growth factor which promotes chondrocyte division while receptors for advanced glycation products (RAGE) mediated
360:
Runx2 is another important genetic component of
Chondroblast formation. It has been found that expressing this gene will result in the suppression of the differentiation of chondroblasts. Expression of this gene will also prompt already formed cartilage to undergo
192:
Within adults and developing adults, most chondroblasts are located in the perichondrium. This is a thin layer of connective tissue which protects cartilage and is where chondroblasts help to expand cartilage size whenever prompted to by
407:
levels before the activation of the Runx2 and Osx transcription factors which seems to suggest that early β-Catenin levels can be a sign of whether an early mesenchymal progenitor cell will progress to a chondrocyte or to an osteoblast.
287:
chains. These chains together are attached to a hyaluronic acid backbone which, in conjunction with the collagen fibrils, create an interstitial intrafibrillar space in which water is held in by the negative charge of the proteoglycans.
431:
found that retinoids maintain cells within condensations in a prechondrogenic, mesenchymal cell state which prevents cell differentiation. It has also been suggested that the inhibition of receptor mediated retinoid signaling induces
717:
Lee, T. J.; Jang, J; Kang, S; Jin, M; Shin, H; Kim, D. W.; Kim, B. S. (2013). "Enhancement of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells by mesodermal lineage induction with BMP-4 and FGF2 treatment".
357:, which marks progenitor cells for chondrogenic differentiation. Inactivation of the Sox9 gene will result in the loss of all Cartilage, and thus Chondroblast, formation. This factor is also expressed alongside Sox5 and Sox6.
156:
due to their role in forming both the chondrocytes and cartilage matrix which will eventually form cartilage. Use of the term is technically inaccurate since mesenchymal progenitors can also technically differentiate into
753:
Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR (April 1999). "Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells".
372:
are not the only factors which determine whether chondroblasts will form. General inactivation or activation of these gene doesn't turn all affected cells into one type or another. Extrinsic
396:
to bind to the LEF/TCF transcription factors which lead both to the destruction of any remaining phosphorylated β-Catenin as well as the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells into
479:
However, regeneration is still too slow for patient care to effectively rely on this mechanism of repair. Part of this inability to regenerate quickly from injury results from the relative
213:
because the perichondrium, located on the outside of developing bone, is not as heavily ensheathed in cartilage extracellular matrix as the interior and because here
324:
is inside the womb. It has been suggested that differentiating embryonic stem cells with these growth factors could prevent stem cells, once injected into potential
509:
that form at the sites of endochondral ossification due to over stimulation of the chondroblasts. When they form, they are usually found on the upper or lower
476:
to clean up cell debris resulting from the damage. Chondroblasts then secrete cartilage matrix around themselves in order to reform the lost cartilage tissue.
96:
549:
309:
455:
which combine to inhibit protein 3, a protein which inhibits cartilage differentiation. These preferences are important since mature cartilage
392:
of the β-Catenin that would normally mark the protein for destruction is suppressed which allows it to accumulate and eventually go into the
1315:
930:
798:"Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Mesenchymal Progenitors Controls Osteoblast and Chondrocyte Differentiation during Vertebrate Skeletogenesis"
221:
and increases the birth of the affected tissue. It is important to note that perichondrium, and thus chondroblasts, are not found on the
517:
where chondroblast activity is most apparent. Rarely, they can be found on the feet, hands, flat bones, or spine. 30–50% of these
1365:
636:
149:. Another name for them is subchondral cortico-spongious progenitors. They have euchromatic nuclei and stain by basic dyes.
661:
Pearle, Andrew D.; Warren, Russell F.; Rodeo, Scott A. (2005). "Basic
Science of Articular Cartilage and Osteoarthritis".
576:"Human platelet-rich plasma stimulates migration and chondrogenic differentiation of human subchondral progenitor cells"
1612:
1683:
1308:
923:
103:
1660:
1629:
180:. Once they embed themselves into the cartilage matrix, they grow the cartilage matrix by growing more cartilage
317:
272:
strength. The structure of these fibers, like the majority of collagen fibers, forms a triple helix structure.
574:
KrĂĽger, Jan
Philipp; Hondke, Sylvia; Endres, Michaela; Pruss, Axel; Siclari, Alberto; Kaps, Christian (2012).
91:
17:
1036:
339:
313:
46:
279:
responsible for stress shielding the matrix from compression loading. They attach themselves to up to 100
165:. Chondroblasts are called chondrocytes when they embed themselves in the cartilage matrix, consisting of
1577:
1489:
1301:
916:
376:
act upstream in determining what cell type will form out of any particular mesenchymal progenitor cell.
84:
1041:
362:
218:
135:
1668:
1560:
79:
1471:
1604:
1569:
841:
428:
1726:
964:
373:
898:
275:
Proteoglycans resist the compression generally put upon cartilage and generate the swelling
1592:
1587:
1442:
1190:
762:
436:
expression which is considered a “master switch” for the differentiation of chondroblasts.
354:
305:
181:
8:
1212:
280:
222:
766:
340:
Signaling, transcription and environmental factors responsible for chondroblast creation
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1222:
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605:
487:
206:
177:
1324:
997:
992:
857:
853:
819:
778:
735:
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632:
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609:
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Differentiation of chondroblasts is favored in an environment with high compressive
1453:
1237:
1227:
1140:
849:
809:
770:
727:
670:
587:
456:
284:
268:
Collagen Type II fibers are responsible for giving the future cartilage matrix its
146:
131:
1484:
1185:
1144:
883:
Aufderheide, A.C.; RodrĂguez-MartĂn, C.; Langsjoen, O. (2011). "Chondrosarcoma".
814:
797:
774:
502:
389:
301:
246:
202:
625:
1582:
1415:
1390:
1273:
1002:
731:
533:
198:
153:
674:
420:, need to be repressed in order for Chondroblasts to form. A 2003 study using
1720:
1496:
1278:
959:
537:
522:
506:
262:
254:
250:
210:
124:
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1083:
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823:
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139:
404:
1644:
1395:
1338:
1242:
1114:
982:
397:
385:
214:
158:
128:
384:
Wnt14 is controlled by Col2a1 and is put through the β-Catenin mediated
109:
1673:
1428:
1405:
1380:
1263:
1205:
1164:
1149:
1067:
1057:
969:
491:
473:
421:
403:
Testing of this pathway has indicated that the Wnt/β-Catenin increases
796:
Day, Timothy F.; Guo, Xizhi; Garrett-Beal, Lisa; Yang, Yingzi (2005).
592:
575:
217:
are located. The type of growth maintained by chondroblasts is called
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1516:
1506:
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1385:
1268:
1258:
1232:
1200:
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1135:
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951:
943:
908:
532:
type of tumor, but most are low grade tumors and often appear in the
529:
480:
460:
417:
296:
As suggested in the name, mesenchymal progenitors originate from the
143:
31:
1293:
882:
1634:
1479:
1343:
1217:
518:
452:
350:
329:
297:
276:
242:
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170:
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The extracellular matrix secreted by chondroblasts is composed of
1533:
1528:
1501:
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514:
325:
269:
1639:
1622:
1180:
1088:
483:
449:
238:
226:
173:
30:
This article is about the skeletal tissue. For other uses, see
842:"Molecular mechanisms regulating chondroblast differentiation"
1701:
510:
445:
369:
333:
321:
258:
67:
536:
region. It constitutes 20% of skeletal system tumors in the
1696:
1511:
1348:
1014:
939:
463:
and thus would be ill-suited to a high oxygen environment.
433:
424:
752:
304:, when forming from the mesoderm, specifically form from
162:
887:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
840:
Hoffman, L. M.; Weston, A. D.; Underhill, T. M. (2003).
573:
846:
The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
839:
795:
550:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
416:
Retinoic acid, part of a family of molecules called
27:
Mesenchymal progenitor cell that forms a chondrocyte
720:
232:
885:The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology
624:
660:
427:with a weak, constitutively active retinoic acid
1718:
835:
833:
716:
656:
654:
569:
567:
565:
365:which will prompt the cartilage to form bone.
1309:
924:
353:component of this process is Sox9, a HMG box
830:
651:
562:
1316:
1302:
931:
917:
899:"Epidemiology of Bone Cancer: An Overview"
379:
45:
813:
591:
439:
368:It is important to note here that these
344:
283:molecules and up to 50 keratan sulfate
152:These cells are extremely important in
14:
1719:
938:
1323:
1297:
912:
695:
622:
24:
486:of cartilage as compared to other
25:
1738:
1613:Dense irregular connective tissue
184:rather than by dividing further.
854:10.2106/00004623-200300002-00017
411:
233:Matrix formation and composition
104:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
1630:Dense regular connective tissue
891:
580:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
176:, until they lie in the matrix
876:
789:
746:
710:
689:
616:
505:can sometimes form, which are
291:
13:
1:
555:
318:fibroblast growth factor FGF2
815:10.1016/j.devcel.2005.03.016
775:10.1126/science.284.5411.143
631:. New York: Academic Press.
497:
187:
127:cells, is the name given to
7:
543:
525:which is similarly benign.
466:
10:
1743:
732:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.067
663:Clinics in Sports Medicine
209:. They are located on the
29:
1682:
1659:
1603:
1568:
1559:
1552:
1470:
1452:
1441:
1414:
1373:
1364:
1357:
1331:
1251:
1173:
1123:
1102:
1076:
1050:
1022:
1013:
950:
696:King, M.W. (2014-02-10).
675:10.1016/j.csm.2004.08.007
528:Chondrosarcoma is a more
363:endochondral ossification
136:endochondral ossification
102:
90:
78:
66:
61:
56:
44:
39:
848:. 85-A Suppl 2: 124–32.
219:appositional bone growth
51:Diagram of chondroblasts
380:Wnt/β-catenin signaling
332:, or stem cell caused
965:fibrocartilage callus
521:have an accompanying
513:as well as the upper
440:Environmental factors
374:environmental factors
345:Transcription factors
698:"Glycosaminoglycans"
355:transcription factor
306:embryonic stem cells
182:extracellular matrix
134:in situ which, from
767:1999Sci...284..143P
623:Hall, B.K. (1983).
281:Chondroitin sulfate
223:articular cartilage
802:Developmental Cell
488:connective tissues
207:glycosaminoglycans
85:H2.00.03.5.00002
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1655:
1654:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1437:
1436:
1325:Connective tissue
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1196:connective tissue
1191:Volkmann's canals
638:978-0-12-319501-2
593:10.1002/jor.22005
118:
117:
113:
16:(Redirected from
1734:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1485:Reticular fibers
1454:Ground substance
1450:
1449:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1238:medullary cavity
1213:Sharpey's fibres
1186:Haversian canals
1141:epiphyseal plate
1131:subchondral bone
1020:
1019:
933:
926:
919:
910:
909:
903:
902:
895:
889:
888:
880:
874:
873:
837:
828:
827:
817:
793:
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743:
714:
708:
707:
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704:
693:
687:
686:
658:
649:
648:
646:
645:
630:
620:
614:
613:
595:
571:
503:Chondroblastomas
448:and low partial
285:glycoaminoglycan
261:, and a host of
132:progenitor cells
110:edit on Wikidata
107:
49:
37:
36:
21:
1742:
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1733:
1732:
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1717:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1678:
1651:
1599:
1540:
1480:Collagen fibers
1466:
1444:
1433:
1416:Wandering cells
1410:
1353:
1327:
1322:
1292:
1283:
1247:
1169:
1145:epiphyseal line
1119:
1098:
1072:
1046:
1037:intramembranous
1009:
946:
937:
907:
906:
897:
896:
892:
881:
877:
838:
831:
794:
790:
761:(5411): 143–7.
751:
747:
715:
711:
702:
700:
694:
690:
659:
652:
643:
641:
639:
621:
617:
572:
563:
558:
546:
500:
469:
442:
414:
390:phosphorylation
382:
347:
342:
328:, from forming
294:
247:hyaluronic acid
235:
190:
142:in the growing
114:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1740:
1730:
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1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
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1699:
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1688:
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1679:
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1676:
1671:
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1663:
1657:
1656:
1653:
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1649:
1648:
1647:
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1637:
1627:
1626:
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1620:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
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1574:
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1563:
1554:
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1549:
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1541:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1509:
1504:
1497:Elastic fibers
1494:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1443:Extracellular
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
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1393:
1391:Reticular cell
1388:
1383:
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1375:
1368:
1359:
1355:
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1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
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1321:
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1313:
1306:
1298:
1289:
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1276:
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1266:
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1215:
1210:
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1188:
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1175:
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1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1138:
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1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
987:
986:
985:
980:
972:
967:
962:
956:
954:
948:
947:
936:
935:
928:
921:
913:
905:
904:
890:
875:
829:
788:
745:
709:
688:
650:
637:
615:
560:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
545:
542:
534:axial skeletal
499:
496:
468:
465:
441:
438:
413:
410:
381:
378:
346:
343:
341:
338:
293:
290:
263:macromolecules
234:
231:
189:
186:
154:chondrogenesis
116:
115:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
73:chondroblastus
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1739:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
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1670:
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1658:
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1594:
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1564:
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1527:
1523:
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1518:
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1514:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
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1481:
1478:
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1475:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
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1446:
1440:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
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1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1350:
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1345:
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1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:perichondrium
958:
957:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
929:
927:
922:
920:
915:
914:
911:
900:
894:
886:
879:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
834:
825:
821:
816:
811:
808:(5): 739–50.
807:
803:
799:
792:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
713:
699:
692:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
657:
655:
640:
634:
629:
628:
619:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
589:
586:(6): 845–52.
585:
581:
577:
570:
568:
566:
561:
551:
548:
547:
541:
539:
538:United States
535:
531:
526:
524:
523:osteoblastoma
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:benign tumors
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18:Chondroblasts
1727:Cell biology
1462:Tissue fluid
1195:
1084:bone mineral
1042:endochondral
1032:primary bone
1024:Ossification
978:chondroblast
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167:proteoglycan
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140:chondrocytes
138:, will form
120:
119:
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40:Chondroblast
1684:Specialized
1674:Mesenchymal
1645:Aponeurosis
1396:Tendon cell
1358:Composition
1339:Soft tissue
1243:bone marrow
983:chondrocyte
669:(1): 1–12.
398:osteoblasts
386:Wnt pathway
292:Development
215:capillaries
159:osteoblasts
129:mesenchymal
62:Identifiers
1429:Macrophage
1406:Melanocyte
1381:Fibroblast
1332:Physiology
1233:trabeculae
1228:canaliculi
1206:periosteum
1165:epicondyle
1150:metaphysis
1110:cancellous
1068:osteoclast
1058:osteoblast
970:metaphysis
703:2014-10-22
644:2014-10-22
556:References
492:human body
474:chemotaxis
422:transgenic
320:while the
1692:Cartilage
1661:Embryonic
1618:Submucosa
1578:Reticular
1507:Fibrillin
1424:Mast cell
1401:Adipocyte
1386:Fibrocyte
1274:irregular
1201:endosteum
1174:Structure
1155:diaphysis
1136:epiphysis
1063:osteocyte
952:Cartilage
944:cartilage
627:Cartilage
530:malignant
498:Pathology
481:avascular
461:avascular
418:retinoids
405:β-Catenin
330:teratomas
310:induction
188:Structure
144:cartilage
32:cartilage
1721:Category
1635:Ligament
1374:Resident
1349:Scarring
1344:Fibrosis
1279:sesamoid
1218:enthesis
1115:cortical
870:44703653
862:12721355
824:15866164
783:10102814
740:23206696
683:15636773
610:25710553
602:22058056
544:See also
519:sarcomas
467:Function
453:pressure
429:receptor
326:patients
312:through
300:. These
298:mesoderm
277:pressure
243:collagen
197:such as
195:hormones
171:collagen
1583:Adipose
1534:Elaunin
1529:EMILIN1
1502:Elastin
1223:lacunae
1160:condyle
1124:Regions
1094:osteoid
1003:fibrous
998:elastic
993:hyaline
763:Bibcode
755:Science
515:humerus
490:of the
351:genetic
270:tensile
178:lacunae
57:Details
1669:Mucoid
1640:Tendon
1623:Dermis
1561:Proper
1490:COL3A1
1472:Fibers
1445:matrix
1252:Shapes
1181:osteon
1089:ossein
1077:Matrix
989:Types
974:Cells
868:
860:
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484:nature
457:tissue
450:oxygen
334:tumors
239:fibers
227:joints
205:, and
174:fibers
147:matrix
1702:Blood
1605:Dense
1593:White
1588:Brown
1570:Loose
1553:Types
1366:Cells
1264:short
1103:Types
1051:Cells
866:S2CID
606:S2CID
511:tibia
446:force
370:genes
322:fetus
302:cells
259:water
123:, or
108:[
97:66783
68:Latin
1697:Bone
1522:FBN3
1517:FBN2
1512:FBN1
1269:flat
1259:long
1015:Bone
942:and
940:Bone
858:PMID
820:PMID
779:PMID
736:PMID
679:PMID
633:ISBN
598:PMID
434:Sox9
425:mice
316:and
314:BMP4
308:via
169:and
850:doi
810:doi
771:doi
759:284
728:doi
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671:doi
588:doi
459:is
163:fat
161:or
92:FMA
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