965:
756:
570:
1119:
1086:
780:, who wanted to continue to dominate the imperial court. From the beginning of his rule, the Chongzhen Emperor did his best to stem the decline of the Ming dynasty. His efforts at reform focused on the top ranks of the civil and military establishment. However, years of internal corruption and an empty treasury made it almost impossible to find capable ministers to fill important government posts. The emperor also tended to be suspicious of his subordinates, executing dozens of field commanders, including general
1094:
of regard for the plight of his people doomed his crumbling empire. His attempts at reform did not take into account the considerable decline of Ming power, which was already far advanced at the time of his accession. Over the course of his 17-year reign, the
Chongzhen Emperor executed seven military governors, 11 regional commanders, replaced his minister of defence 14 times, and appointed an unprecedented 50 ministers to the Grand Secretariat (equivalent to the cabinet and
1065:(the Prince of Fu) as the Hongguang Emperor. In 1645, however, Qing armies started to move against the Ming remnants. The Southern Ming, again bogged down by factional infighting, were unable to hold back the Qing onslaught, and Nanjing surrendered on 8 June 1645. Zhu Yousong was captured on 15 June and brought to Beijing, where he died the following year. The dwindling Southern Ming were continually pushed farther south, and the last emperor of the Southern Ming,
991:, and the Chongzhen Emperor held his last audience with his ministers on 23 April. Li Zicheng offered the emperor an opportunity to surrender, but the negotiations produced no result. Li commanded his forces to attack on 24 April. Rather than face capture by the rebels, the Chongzhen Emperor gathered all members of the imperial household except his sons. Using his sword, he killed Consort Yuan and Princess Zhaoren, and severed the arm of
999:
27:
1093:
While the
Chongzhen Emperor was not especially incompetent by the standards of the later Ming, he nevertheless sealed the fate of the Ming dynasty. In many ways, he did his best to save the dynasty. However, despite a reputation for hard work, the emperor's paranoia, impatience, stubbornness and lack
1105:
on extremely flimsy grounds was regarded as the decisively fatal blow. At the time of his death, Yuan was supreme commander of all Ming forces in the northeast, and had just rushed from the borders to defend the capital against a surprise Manchu invasion. For much of the preceding decade, Yuan had
824:
for the post of Grand
Secretary led to accusations of corruption and factionalism by his rival Wen Tiren. Qian Qianyi was imprisoned on the emperor's orders. Though he was soon released, his status was reduced to that of a commoner and he returned to Jiangnan. Wen Tiren would later become Grand
1106:
served as the Ming Empire's bulwark in the north, where he was responsible for securing Ming borders at a time when the Empire was suffering humiliating defeat after defeat. His unjust death destroyed Ming military morale and removed one of the greatest obstacles to the eventual
940:
in
December 1643. Back in Beijing, the capital defence forces consisted of old and feeble men, who were starving because of the corruption of eunuchs responsible for provisioning their supplies. The troops had not been paid for nearly a year. Meanwhile, the capture of
1014:, or strangled himself with a sash. By some accounts, the emperor left a suicide note that said, "I die unable to face my ancestors in the underworld, dejected and ashamed. May the rebels dismember my corpse and slaughter my officials, but let them not despoil the
721:. When Zhu Youjian was four years old, his mother was executed by his father for reasons unknown and was buried secretly. Zhu Youjian was then adopted by his father's other concubines. He was first raised by Consort Kang, and after she adopted his eldest brother
748:, who controlled the Tianqi Emperor, Zhu Youjian avoided attending imperial court sessions under the pretext of illness until he was summoned to court by his brother in 1627. At the time, the Tianqi Emperor was gravely ill and wanted Zhu Youjian to rely on
1098:). Even though the Ming dynasty still possessed capable commanders and skilled politicians in its dying years, the Chongzhen Emperor's impatience and paranoid personality prevented any of them from enacting any real plan to salvage a perilous situation.
792:). The Chongzhen Emperor's reign was marked by his fear of factionalism among his officials, which had been a serious issue during the reign of the Tianqi Emperor. After his brother's death, the Chongzhen Emperor immediately eliminated
1049:
as ruler of all China. Because the
Chongzhen Emperor had refused to move the court south to Nanjing, the new Qing government was able to take over a largely intact Beijing bureaucracy, aiding their efforts to displace the Ming.
945:
by Li
Zicheng's forces gave his campaign additional momentum; garrisons began to surrender to him without a fight. Through February and March 1644, the Chongzhen Emperor declined repeated proposals to move the court south to
819:
of 1630 and 1631. The reversal of Wei
Zhongxian's fortunes resulted in a renewal of the Donglin faction's influence at court, arousing great suspicion from the Chongzhen Emperor. The nomination of Donglin favorite
732:
and Zhu
Youjian. Zhu Youjian grew up in a relatively lonely but quiet environment. After the Taichang Emperor died in 1620, Zhu Youjian's elder brother Zhu Youxiao succeeded their father and was enthroned as the
896:
and established himself the ruler of his Xi kingdom. Court officials offered a number of unrealistic proposals to stop the rebel armies, including the establishment of archery contests, the restoration of the
701:"Sizong". In historical texts, "Sizong" is the most common temple name of the Chongzhen Emperor, even though the Southern Ming rulers had changed "Sizong" to "Yizong" (毅宗) and then to "Weizong" (威宗). The
815:, or Restoration Society, whose members were a new generation of scholars who identified with the old Donglin faction. They succeeded in placing their members into high government posts through the
2845:
1033:
The
Manchus were quick to exploit the death of the Chongzhen Emperor: by claiming to "avenge the emperor," they rallied support from loyalist Ming forces and civilians. The
1897:
987:
to
Shanhai Pass. It was too late, however, and Wu would not reach Shanhai Pass until 26 April. Word reached Beijing that Shun rebels were approaching the capital through
928:
By this point, the situation had become critical for the Chongzhen Emperor, who rejected proposals to recruit new militias from the Beijing region and to recall general
936:
on the Great Wall. The Chongzhen Emperor had dispatched a new field commander, Yu Yinggui, who failed to stop Li Zicheng's armies as they crossed the
2809:
772:). As the emperor's brother, Zhu Youjian, then about 16 years old, ascended the throne as the Chongzhen Emperor. His succession was helped by
2841:
849:
who took up arms in the 1620s. At the same time, Ming armies were occupied in the defence of the northern border against the Manchu ruler
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666:, whom he succeeded to the throne in 1627. He battled peasant rebellions and was not able to defend the northern frontier against the
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857:, had united the Manchu tribes into a cohesive force. In 1636, after years of campaigns against Ming fortifications north of the
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63:
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When the Tianqi Emperor died in October 1627, he had no surviving heir (his last son died a year prior during the mysterious
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faction, which had been devastated under Wei Zhongxian's influence, established political organizations throughout the
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2005:至是八月熹宗疾大漸十一日命召帝帝初慮不為忠賢所容深自韜晦常稱病不朝承召乃入問疾熹宗憑榻顧帝曰來吾弟當為堯舜帝懼不敢應良久奏曰臣死罪陛下為此言臣應萬死熹宗慰勉至再又曰善視中宮魏忠賢可任也帝益懼而與忠賢相勞若語甚溫求出 (崇禎長編 卷一)
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In April 1644, the Ming imperial court finally ordered Wu Sangui to move his army south from his fortress at
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nor harm a single one of our people." According to a servant who discovered the emperor's body under a
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1026:(Son of Heaven) were the only written evidence left after his death. The emperor was buried in the
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On 25 April, the Chongzhen Emperor was said to have walked to Meishan, a small hill in present-day
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gave the Chongzhen Emperor the temple name "Huaizong" (懷宗), but the temple name was later revoked.
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A modern replacement of the tree from which the Chongzhen Emperor was said to have hanged himself
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The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China
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accelerated the collapse of the Ming dynasty. Two major popular uprisings swelled up, led by
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8:
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1972:
This temple name was conferred by the Qing court, but the temple name was later revoked.
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military colony system, and the execution of disloyal peasants. Li Zicheng took
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All of the Taichang Emperor's sons died before reaching adulthood except for
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1996:(《居業堂文集》), vol. 19. "聞之張景蔚親見烈皇帝神主題御諱字德約，行五，生於萬曆庚戌十二月二十四日寅時，崩於崇禎甲申三月十九日丑時。"
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In the early 17th century, persistent drought and famine driven by the
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784:, who had directed the defence of the northern frontier against the
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902:
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After the Chongzhen Emperor's death, loyalist forces proclaimed a
1945:
This temple name was initially conferred by the Hongguang Emperor
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This posthumous name was initially conferred by the Qing dynasty
909:, which had been the city's name when it was the capital of the
1918:
This posthumous name was conferred by the Southern Ming dynasty
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Qintian Shoudao Minyi Dunjian Hongwen Xiangwu Tiren Zhixiao
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Through the 1630s, rebellion spread from Shaanxi to nearby
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Zhaotian Yidao Gangming Kejian Kuiwen Fenwu Dunren Maoxiao
2212:
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2140:
2128:
2077:
2065:
2041:
693:, who had proclaimed himself the Hongguang Emperor of the
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2029:
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lasted less than a year with Li Zicheng's defeat at the
2335:
The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300–1850
2384:
The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44
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1954:
This temple name was changed by the Hongguang Emperor
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This temple name was conferred by the Longwu Emperor
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This posthumous name was changed by the Qing dynasty
1101:
In particular, the Chongzhen Emperor's execution of
2188:
2101:
2089:
2053:
2008:
759:
Ming dynasty porcelain bowl, Chongzhen reign period
713:Zhu Youjian was the fifth son of Zhu Changluo, the
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1238:; 1611 – 16 October 1642), personal name Xiuying (
888:to Li Zicheng. The next year, Li Zicheng captured
608:; 6 February 1611 – 25 April 1644), personal name
2856:
2588:
969:The Chongzhen Emperor Slays One of His Daughters
655:of his reign, means "honorable and auspicious."
1882:Portrayed by Wong Wai in the 2000, TVB series
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861:, Hong Taiji declared himself emperor of the
638:
129:
1089:Cannon forged during Chongzhen's reign, 1633
892:. The year after that, Zhang Xianzhong took
741:, as "Consort Xian" (賢妃). Fearing the court
1373:Lady of Selected Service, of the Xue clan (
1364:Lady of Selected Service, of the Fan clan (
917:of 1644, he proclaimed himself king of the
2581:
2567:
678:in 1644, he committed suicide, ending the
445:(崇禎): 5 February 1628 – 25 April 1644
1041:. The victorious Manchus established the
717:, and one of his low-ranking concubines,
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2434:United States Government Printing Office
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1869:Portrayed by Seo Young-jin in the 1981
1224:; 1639 – 24 April 1644), third daughter
1177:; 1630 – 24 April 1644), first daughter
352: 1626; died 1644)
282:Chongzhen 17, 19th day of the 3rd month
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1189:; 1630–1646), personal name Meichuo (
1159:; 26 February 1629 – 1644), first son
1077:, and executed in 1662 by Wu Sangui.
2429:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
2355:
2194:
2110:
2059:
2014:
1986:
880:devastated northern China. In 1641,
254:Wanli 38, 24th day of the 12th month
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
1858:Chinese emperors family tree (late)
1168:; died 15 January 1630), second son
725:, he was raised by Consort Zhuang.
682:. The Manchu formed the succeeding
13:
2308:
2026:及熹宗大漸，折忠賢逆謀、傳位信王者，后力也。 (明史 卷一百一十四)
811:region. Chief among these was the
14:
2921:
1285:Noble Consort, of the Yuan clan (
697:, gave the Chongzhen Emperor the
647:. He reigned from 1627 to 1644. "
1301:Consort Shun, of the Wang clan (
1247:Zhu Cizhao, Prince Dao of Yong (
1209:Zhu Cijiong, Prince Ai of Ding (
1162:Zhu Cixuan, Prince Yin of Huai (
845:, both poor men from famine-hit
568:
25:
16:Last Emperor of the Ming Dynasty
2290:
2264:
2224:
2020:
1271:; 1637 – 5 May 1639), sixth son
1147:; 10 May 1611 – 24 April 1644)
349:
36:needs additional citations for
2401:University of California Press
1999:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1230:Imperial Noble Consort Gongshu
626:
617:
604:
595:
587:
506:Sizong (思宗) (commonly known) →
380:Zhu Cizhao, Prince Dao of Yong
377:Zhu Cijiong, Prince Ai of Ding
374:Zhu Cixuan, Prince Yin of Huai
149:2 October 1627 – 25 April 1644
1:
2875:17th-century Chinese monarchs
2810:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1979:
1637:Chongzhen Emperor (1611–1644)
884:fell to Zhang Xianzhong, and
708:
2910:Suicides in the Ming dynasty
2905:Suicides by hanging in China
2895:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
2590:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
1256:Zhu Cihuan, Prince Daoling (
1122:Personal seal and monogram (
803:Meanwhile, partisans of the
286:Wansui Hill, Imperial City,
7:
2512:Emperor of the Ming dynasty
1851:
1416:
1346:Consort, of the Fang clan (
1328:Consort, of the Wang clan (
1319:Consort, of the Wang clan (
1310:Consort, of the Shen clan (
1265:Zhu Cican, Prince Daohuai (
977:De Bello Tartarico Historia
662:and younger brother of the
658:Zhu Youjian was son of the
645:emperor of the Ming dynasty
140:Emperor of the Ming dynasty
10:
2926:
1898:Perish in the Name of Love
1651:
1534:
1428:
1355:Consort, of the You clan (
1337:Consort, of the Liu clan (
1128:) of the Chongzhen Emperor
957:
905:in late 1643, renaming it
383:Zhu Cihuan, Prince Daoling
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960:Qing conquest of the Ming
876:. From 1633 to 1644, the
643:), was the 17th and last
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564:
554:
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386:Zhu Cican, Prince Daohuai
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2367:Harvard University Press
2314:Chao, Zhongchen (2000).
1905:
1895:in the 2003, TVB series
1748:Empress Dowager Xiaochun
1695:Liu Yingyuan (1533–1588)
1583:Empress Dowager Xiaojing
1498:Empress Dowager Xiaoding
1291:; 1616 – 24 April 1644)
1153:, Crown Prince Xianmin (
1108:Manchu conquest of China
1069:, was finally caught in
1012:hanged himself on a tree
953:
921:and prepared to capture
763:
559:Empress Dowager Xiaochun
2362:Imperial China 900–1800
1262:; 1633–1637), fifth son
878:Great Plague of Jingshi
770:Wanggongchang Explosion
437:Era name and dates
2491:Merged into the Crown
1253:; b. 1632), fourth son
1129:
1090:
1039:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1003:
980:
760:
371:, Crown Prince Xianmin
2880:17th-century suicides
2526:Southern Ming dynasty
2418:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
2391:Wakeman, Frederic Jr.
1215:; b. 1632), third son
1121:
1088:
1022:, however, the words
1001:
967:
817:imperial examinations
758:
695:Southern Ming dynasty
180:Southern Ming dynasty
2423:"Chu Yu-chien"
1232:, of the Tian clan (
1141:, of the Zhou clan (
788:(later known as the
674:reached the capital
670:. When rebels under
45:improve this article
2900:People from Beijing
2386:(Routledge, 2014).
2221:, pp. 259–263.
2185:, pp. 240–247.
2173:, pp. 234–240.
2161:, pp. 233–234.
2149:, pp. 236–238.
2137:, pp. 226–227.
2086:, pp. 125–126.
2074:, pp. 119–122.
2050:, pp. 111–115.
1198:Married Zhou Xian (
1195:), second daughter
1133:Consorts and Issue:
1010:. There, he either
825:Secretary himself.
592:traditional Chinese
288:Shuntian Prefecture
259:Shuntian Prefecture
60:"Chongzhen Emperor"
2445:Chongzhen Emperor
2382:Swope, Kenneth M.
2357:Mote, Frederick W.
1864:In popular culture
1218:Princess Zhaoren (
1181:Princess Changping
1139:Empress Xiaojielie
1130:
1091:
1004:
993:Princess Changping
981:
932:, the defender of
761:
584:simplified Chinese
396:Princess Changping
338:Empress Xiaojielie
319:Siling Mausoleum,
126:Chongzhen Emperor
2852:
2851:
2557:
2556:
2543:Succeeded by
2522:Hongguang Emperor
2519:Succeeded by
2298:Mingshi (Vol 121)
2038:, pp. 87–90.
1994:Ju ye tang wen ji
1848:
1847:
1274:Prince Daoliang (
1073:, transported to
580:Chongzhen Emperor
576:
575:
516:
515:
477:(欽天守道敏毅敦儉弘文襄武體仁致孝
464:(紹天繹道剛明恪儉揆文奮武敦仁懋孝
432:Zhu Youjian (朱由檢)
176:Hongguang Emperor
121:
120:
113:
95:
2917:
2728:Prince of Lu (魯)
2717:Prince of Lu (潞)
2697:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2536:Emperor of China
2502:Preceded by
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2459:
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2440:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2379:
2352:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2274:. Archived from
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2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1524:Taichang Emperor
1440:Longqing Emperor
1422:
1421:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1171:Princess Kunyi (
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1145:
853:, whose father,
715:Taichang Emperor
660:Taichang Emperor
642:
641:
628:
619:
606:
597:
589:
572:
549:Taichang Emperor
424:
423:
400:Princess Zhaoren
353:
351:
304:Xicheng District
279:
251:
249:
188:Emperor of China
134:
133:
132:
123:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2755:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2592:
2587:
2553:
2546:Shunzhi Emperor
2539:
2529:
2515:
2507:
2486:
2472:Chinese royalty
2460:
2458:6 February 1611
2454:
2453:
2446:
2411:
2377:
2350:
2330:Fagan, Brian M.
2316:Chongzhen zhuan
2311:
2309:Further reading
2306:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2278:on 4 March 2016
2270:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1992:Wang Yuan (王源)，
1991:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1866:
1854:
1849:
1419:
1295:Fourth daughter
1116:
1083:
1043:Shunzhi Emperor
973:Martino Martini
962:
956:
839:Zhang Xianzhong
831:
805:Donglin Academy
766:
752:in the future.
711:
511:
509:
507:
482:
469:
451:Posthumous name
418:
404:Fourth daughter
389:Prince Daoliang
355:
347:
343:
340:
327:
285:
283:
281:
277:
257:
256:(萬曆三十八年十二月二十四日)
255:
253:
252:6 February 1611
247:
245:
214:Shunzhi Emperor
128:
127:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2850:
2849:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2517:
2508:
2505:Tianqi Emperor
2503:
2499:
2498:
2497:Regnal titles
2494:
2493:
2488:
2484:Prince of Xin
2481:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2420:, ed. (1943).
2414:
2409:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2353:
2348:
2326:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2289:
2263:
2261:, p. 257.
2251:
2249:, p. 266.
2239:
2223:
2211:
2209:, p. 290.
2199:
2197:, p. 808.
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2125:, p. 206.
2115:
2113:, p. 798.
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2062:, p. 779.
2052:
2040:
2028:
2019:
2017:, p. 777.
2007:
1998:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1889:
1880:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1409:Sixth daughter
1406:
1404:Fifth daughter
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:), seventh son
1272:
1263:
1254:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1115:
1112:
1103:Yuan Chonghuan
1082:
1079:
1016:imperial tombs
955:
952:
915:lunar New Year
835:Little Ice Age
830:
827:
782:Yuan Chonghuan
765:
762:
735:Tianqi Emperor
710:
707:
664:Tianqi Emperor
574:
573:
566:
562:
561:
556:
552:
551:
546:
542:
541:
536:
530:
529:
524:
518:
517:
514:
513:
508:Yizong (毅宗) →
503:
502:
496:
495:
454:
453:
447:
446:
439:
438:
434:
433:
429:
428:
420:
419:
417:
416:
414:Sixth daughter
411:
409:Fifth daughter
406:
401:
398:
393:
392:Princess Kunyi
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
365:
363:
357:
356:
345:
341:
336:
335:
333:
329:
328:
318:
316:
312:
311:
280:(aged 33)
274:
270:
269:
243:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
222:
221:
211:
207:
206:
205:Tianqi Emperor
203:
199:
198:
195:
191:
190:
184:
183:
173:
169:
168:
166:Tianqi Emperor
163:
159:
158:
157:2 October 1627
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
136:
135:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2922:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2704:Southern Ming
2701:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:(Restoration)
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2465:25 April 1644
2464:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:9780520048041
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2376:9780520048041
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:9780465022724
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:957-05-1612-7
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2299:
2293:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2237:, p. 266
2236:
2232:
2231:Mingji beilüe
2227:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2098:, p. 50.
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1891:Portrayed by
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:Crimson Sabre
1881:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1466:Wanli Emperor
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1228:
1217:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1182:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:Southern Ming
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Jingshan Park
1000:
996:
994:
990:
986:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
951:
949:
944:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
826:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
794:Wei Zhongxian
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:Wei Zhongxian
775:
774:Empress Zhang
771:
757:
753:
751:
750:Wei Zhongxian
747:
746:Wei Zhongxian
744:
740:
736:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
636:
633:
632:courtesy name
629:
623:
615:
611:
607:
601:
593:
585:
581:
571:
567:
563:
560:
557:
553:
550:
547:
543:
540:
537:
535:
531:
528:
525:
523:
519:
512:Huaizong (懷宗)
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
430:
425:
421:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
399:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
366:
364:
362:
358:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Jingshan Park
298:(present-day
297:
293:
289:
276:25 April 1644
275:
271:
268:
264:
260:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:Prince of Xin
223:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
124:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2798:N. Dynasties
2794:S. Dynasties
2686:
2550:Qing dynasty
2534:
2510:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2462:
2455:
2450:House of Zhu
2448:
2427:
2395:
2383:
2361:
2334:
2315:
2297:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2276:the original
2266:
2259:Wakeman 1986
2254:
2247:Wakeman 1986
2242:
2235:Wakeman 1986
2233:, quoted in
2230:
2226:
2219:Wakeman 1986
2214:
2207:Wakeman 1986
2202:
2190:
2183:Wakeman 1986
2178:
2171:Wakeman 1986
2166:
2159:Wakeman 1986
2154:
2147:Wakeman 1986
2142:
2135:Wakeman 1986
2130:
2123:Wakeman 1986
2118:
2091:
2084:Wakeman 1986
2079:
2072:Wakeman 1986
2067:
2055:
2048:Wakeman 1986
2043:
2036:Wakeman 1986
2031:
2022:
2010:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1896:
1883:
1874:
1672:Liu Tingchen
1559:Wang Chaocai
1408:
1403:
1382:Yang Yanji (
1294:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1100:
1092:
1052:
1047:Qing dynasty
1035:Shun dynasty
1032:
1023:
1005:
982:
976:
968:
938:Yellow River
934:Shanhai Pass
927:
919:Shun dynasty
911:Tang dynasty
898:
867:
863:Qing dynasty
832:
812:
802:
790:Qing dynasty
767:
727:
712:
703:Qing dynasty
688:
684:Qing dynasty
680:Ming dynasty
657:
634:
625:
609:
605:Chóngzhēn Dì
603:
579:
577:
510:Weizong (威宗)
491:
487:
483:
478:
474:
470:
465:
461:
457:
413:
408:
403:
296:Ming dynasty
284:(崇禎十七年三月十九日)
278:(1644-04-25)
267:Ming dynasty
218:Qing dynasty
154:Enthronement
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2870:1644 deaths
2865:1611 births
2790:16 Kingdoms
2340:Basic Books
2282:30 December
2272:"古代碑石墓志的宝库"
1750:(1588–1615)
1585:(1565–1611)
1526:(1582–1620)
1500:(1545–1614)
1468:(1563–1620)
1442:(1537–1572)
1391:Lin Wanyu (
1067:Zhu Youlang
1063:Zhu Yousong
1057:dynasty in
989:Juyong Pass
822:Qian Qianyi
730:Zhu Youxiao
723:Zhu Youxiao
699:temple name
691:Zhu Yousong
627:Zhū Yóujiǎn
610:Zhu Youjian
500:Temple name
292:North Zhili
263:North Zhili
202:Predecessor
162:Predecessor
2890:Uxoricides
2859:Categories
2782:3 Kingdoms
2752:(doubtful)
2540:1627–1644
2516:1627–1644
2487:1622–1627
2096:Fagan 2000
1980:References
1893:Moses Chan
1873:TV Series
1334:) (second)
1151:Zhu Cilang
1096:chancellor
1028:Ming tombs
958:See also:
859:Great Wall
851:Hong Taiji
843:Li Zicheng
709:Early life
672:Li Zicheng
486:Zhuanglie
369:Zhu Cilang
321:Ming tombs
248:1611-02-06
101:April 2020
71:newspapers
2885:Filicides
2712:Hongguang
2687:Chongzhen
2479:New title
2195:Mote 2003
2111:Mote 2003
2060:Mote 2003
2015:Mote 2003
1876:Daemyeong
1325:) (first)
1204:) in 1644
1061:, naming
930:Wu Sangui
913:. On the
882:Xiangyang
689:In 1645,
649:Chongzhen
565:Signature
443:Chongzhen
233:1622–1627
210:Successor
197:1627–1644
172:Successor
2746:(regent)
2730:(regent)
2719:(regent)
2677:Taichang
2667:Longqing
2647:Chenghua
2641:Yingzong
2631:Yingzong
2393:(1986),
2359:(2003),
2332:(2000),
1852:See also
1724:Lady Jia
1417:Ancestry
1400:Unknown
1235:恭淑皇貴妃 田氏
1156:獻愍太子 朱慈烺
1144:孝節烈皇后 周氏
985:Ningyuan
907:Chang'an
809:Jiangnan
798:Madam Ke
739:Lady Liu
719:Lady Liu
653:era name
310:, China)
2662:Jiajing
2657:Zhengde
2652:Hongzhi
2636:Jingtai
2611:Jianwen
1806:Lady Xu
1614:Lady Ge
1268:悼懷王 朱慈燦
1259:悼靈王 朱慈煥
1250:永悼王 朱慈炤
1212:定哀王 朱慈炯
1165:懷隱王 朱慈烜
1059:Nanjing
1045:of the
971:, from
948:Nanjing
943:Taiyuan
923:Beijing
894:Wuchang
890:Kaifeng
886:Luoyang
870:Huguang
855:Nurhaci
847:Shaanxi
676:Beijing
651:", the
614:Chinese
534:Dynasty
484:Emperor
471:Emperor
458:Emperor
354:
346:
342:
332:Consort
325:Beijing
308:Beijing
85:scholar
2822:W. Xia
2750:Dingwu
2744:Dongwu
2739:Yongli
2734:Shaowu
2723:Longwu
2682:Tianqi
2626:Xuande
2621:Hongxi
2616:Yongle
2606:Hongwu
2461:
2407:
2373:
2346:
2322:
2318:(崇禎傳)
1783:Mr. Xu
1114:Family
1081:Legacy
1075:Yunnan
1024:tianzi
979:(1655)
899:weisuo
786:Manchu
743:eunuch
668:Manchu
624::
622:pinyin
616::
602::
600:pinyin
594::
586::
555:Mother
545:Father
315:Burial
230:Tenure
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2766:Shang
2672:Wanli
2463:Died:
2456:Born:
1906:Notes
1376:選侍 薛氏
1367:選侍 范氏
1304:順妃 王氏
1288:貴妃 袁氏
1125:huaya
1071:Burma
954:Death
903:Xi'an
874:Henan
813:Fushe
764:Reign
635:Deyue
522:House
427:Names
361:Issue
348:(
344:
194:Reign
146:Reign
92:JSTOR
78:books
2838:Qing
2834:Ming
2830:Yuan
2818:Song
2814:Liao
2806:Tang
2770:Zhou
2598:Ming
2405:ISBN
2371:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2284:2014
1871:KBS1
1358:妃 尤氏
1349:妃 方氏
1340:妃 劉氏
1331:妃 王氏
1322:妃 王氏
1313:妃 沈氏
1221:昭仁公主
1186:長平公主
1174:坤儀公主
1020:tree
872:and
841:and
796:and
578:The
539:Ming
475:Duan
273:Died
242:Born
64:news
2846:PRC
2842:ROC
2826:Jīn
2802:Sui
2786:Jìn
2778:Han
2774:Qin
2762:Xia
1394:藺婉玉
1385:養豔姬
1277:悼良王
995:.
975:'s
630:),
618:朱由檢
596:崇禎帝
588:崇祯帝
527:Zhu
492:愍皇帝
490:(莊烈
488:Min
479:端皇帝
466:烈皇帝
462:Lie
131:崇禎帝
47:by
2861::
2844:/
2840:→
2836:→
2832:→
2828:→
2824:/
2820:/
2816:/
2812:→
2808:→
2804:→
2800:→
2796:/
2792:→
2788:/
2784:→
2780:→
2776:→
2772:→
2768:→
2764:→
2432:.
2426:.
2403:,
2399:,
2369:,
2365:,
2342:,
2338:,
2103:^
1244:)
1241:秀英
1201:周顯
1192:媺娖
1110:.
1030:.
925:.
865:.
686:.
640:德約
620:;
598:;
590:;
350:m.
323:,
306:,
302:,
294:,
290:,
265:,
261:,
2696:明
2582:e
2575:t
2568:v
2552:)
2548:(
2528:)
2524:(
2436:.
2300:.
2286:.
1901:.
1888:.
1879:.
1397:)
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637:(
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89:·
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