Chopsticks - Knowledge

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servings eaten on the floor (or tatami in the case of Japan) could be different from communal meals eaten around a table while seated on chairs. The need for serving or communal chopsticks similarly differ. In some cultures it is customary to lift a bowl to the mouth, when the only eating utensil used is chopsticks. In other cultures, lifting a bowl closer to the mouth is frowned upon as equivalent to begging, as the local custom is to use chopsticks for chunky food, and a spoon for liquid food.

3425: 4531: 3264: 7575: 1215: 3633: 4198: 6903: 4405: 42: 6891: 2467: 7592: 6927: 2478: 6879: 3405: 3923: 2283: 4269: 3541:. Chopsticks used by Koreans are often made of metal. It is believed that the uses of metallic chopsticks evolved from the royal practice of using silver chopsticks to detect poison in food, but the exact reason is debated. Depending on the historical era, the metallic composition of Korean chopsticks varied. In the past, such as during the 3284:: Chopsticks may have round, square, hexagonal, or other polygonal cross-sections. Usually the edges are rounded off so there are no sharp 90° surface angles in square chopsticks. Korean chopsticks are notable for having flat handles, instead of regular full bodies as in Chinese, Vietnamese and Japanese chopsticks. 4543:

The most widespread use of disposable chopsticks is in Japan, where around a total of 24 billion pairs are used each year, which is equivalent to almost 200 pairs per person yearly. In China, an estimated 45 billion pairs of disposable chopsticks are produced yearly. This adds up to 1.66 million

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In chopstick-using countries, holding chopsticks incorrectly reflects negatively on a child's parents and home environment. There are frequent news articles on the alarming decline of children's abilities to use chopsticks correctly. Similarly, stabbing food due to one's inability to wield chopsticks

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Edo Kibashi chopsticks have been made by Tokyo craftspeople since the beginning of the Taishō period (1912–1926) roughly 100 years ago. These chopsticks use high-grade wood (ebony, red sandalwood, ironwood, Japanese box-trees, or maple), which craftspeople plane by hand. Edo Kibashi chopsticks may be

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There is a lack of written literature on the variety of chopstick grips, naming of these, classifications of these, factors used to determine grip differences, etc. There is also a lack of literature on the presumed standard grip, its physics, and its mechanical leverage. Detailed written literature

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It is considered uncultured and rude to pick up a plate or a bowl to bring it closer to one's mouth, and eat its content with chopsticks. If the food lifted "drips", a spoon is used under the lifted food to catch the dripping juices. Otherwise however, holding both a spoon and chopsticks in one hand

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It is common for Japanese sticks to be of shorter length for women, and children's chopsticks in smaller sizes are common. Many Japanese chopsticks have circumferential grooves at the eating end, which helps prevent food from slipping. Japanese chopsticks are typically sharp and pointed, in order to

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When serving food for others, in addition to having to turn the chopsticks to keep the recipient's hygiene, you also have to pay attention to pick up the food and put it in their bowl and avoid "joining chopsticks", that is, passing food from chopsticks to chopsticks of others. this brings bad luck

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When eating, holding chopsticks in your mouth, biting back and forth with your mouth, and sometimes making noises is considered an act of lack of upbringing, meanness and disrespect. In addition, this behavior and the sound it makes also make others feel uncomfortable and offensive. Therefore, this

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Vietnam is one of the countries in the original "chopsticks cultural sphere". Its customs are heavily influenced by its Chinese counterparts, including using chopsticks exclusively as eating utensils. Consequently, Vietnamese chopstick etiquette is very similar to the Chinese version. For instance,

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It is traditionally acceptable to transfer food using one's own chopsticks to closely related people. Family members transfer a choice piece of food from a dish to that of an elder person before dinner starts, as a sign of respect. In modern times, the use of serving or communal chopsticks for this

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The shape of the flat thumb is such that the bottom stick is prevented from shaking loose, and from inching closer to the top stick, during repeated standard grip motion. Keeping the two chopsticks separated far enough, at the place they intersect with the thumb, is important for the standard grip.

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The next step involves learning the right motion of fingers, in order to move the top stick from the closed posture where tips of chopsticks touch, to the open posture where tips are extended wide apart for embracing food items. The open posture and the closed posture define the two ends of maximum

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era, chopsticks used by royalty were made of silver, as its oxidizing properties could often be used to detect whether or not food intended for royals had been tampered with. In the present day, the majority of Korean metal chopsticks are made of stainless steel. Due to metal's slippery nature, the

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In this usage, the thumb, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger hold the chopsticks, while the index finger sticks out. It's like constantly pointing fingers at others, meaning to criticize and scold others. In addition, when talking during meals, pointing at others with chopsticks is also

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Before and during a meal, do not place long or short chopsticks on the table, because this is considered a bad omen. Influenced by the concept of China, the ancients also believed that this is similar to the coffin of the dead, made from 2 short wooden boards and 3 long wooden boards, representing

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Chopsticks are used in many parts of the Asian Continent and principles of etiquette are similar, but finer points can differ from region to region. Chopstick manners were gradually shaped to work with a culture's particular dietary varieties and habit. Etiquette developed for primarily individual

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The most popular chopstick learning aid is arguably the wrapper-sleeve-and-rubber-band model, which is used in East Asian restaurants around the world. These are mostly operated like tweezers, or tongs. While they are useful for picking up food, they do not help learners acquire the standard grip.

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The bottom chopstick, however, generally remains immobile. It is secured by the base of the thumb, which presses the stick against the knuckle of the ring finger, and against the purlicue. The thumb therefore does double duty. It holds the bottom stick immobile, and at the same time, it also moves

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Vietnamese chopsticks are long sticks that taper to a blunt point. They are usually big and thick at one end and thinner at the other, thin ends are often used to pick up food. They are traditionally made of bamboo or lacquered wood. Today, plastic chopsticks are also used due to their durability.

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of the Korean words for spoon and chopsticks. This (the historical extensive use of a spoon in addition to chopsticks) is also a feature unique to Korea; most chopstick-using countries have either eliminated the use of spoons, or have limited their use as eating utensils. It is traditional to rest

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The use of chopsticks as both cooking and eating utensils spread throughout East and Southeast Asia over time. Scholars such as Isshiki Hachiro and Lynn White have noted how the world was split among three dining customs, or food cultural spheres. There are those that eat with their fingers, those

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In Cambodia, chopsticks, spoon and fork, and hands are the primary eating utensils. Although chopsticks are commonly used for noodle dishes, most Cambodians use chopsticks for any meal. And because Cambodia adopted the spoon and fork later than their neighboring countries such as Thailand, it is

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Mongolian chopsticks were usually made of bones, and their tips were covered with silver, every rich man kept the chopsticks in a sheath. At the same time, sticks were not often used directly for eating, being, for the most part, an element of decor and confirmation of the status of the carrier.

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Some learning aids help learners with the initial placement of fingers, per standard grip. This can be done by making "index finger", "thumb tip", or equivalent labels at the right places on chopsticks. Often these chopsticks will have finger-shaped grooves carved out of sticks, to further help

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Adult learners, on the other hand, may acquire the skill through personal help from friends, or from instructions printed on wrapper sleeves of some disposable chopsticks. Various video hosting platforms also provide a plethora of how-to videos on learning to use chopsticks. All the same, adult

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In the past, well-educated girls were often taught to absolutely avoid using chopsticks to swing in the rice tray, choose food, and do not know where to lower the chopsticks to pick up the appropriate place. This type of behavior is a typical manifestation of lack of cultivation, moreover, not

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Both finger placement and standard grip motion rely on the thumb being flattened. With this flat thumb pose, the base of the thumb can exert enough force to pin the bottom stick against the knuckle of the ring finger, and against the purlicue. At the same time, the tip of the thumb pushes back

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In chopstick-using cultures, learning to use chopsticks is part of a child's development process. The right way to use chopsticks is usually taught within the family. But many young children find their own ways of wielding chopsticks in the process. There exists a variety of learning aids that

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percolated, they spread the usage of chopsticks as eating utensils to South and Southeast Asian countries including Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore and Thailand. In Singapore and Malaysia, the Han Chinese traditionally consume all food with chopsticks, while ethnic

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of these fingers. Other models use finger-shaped tabs instead to achieve the same, for both top and bottom sticks. Yet other models combine finger placement features with the above. Usually these models connect the two chopsticks with a bridge and a hinge, holding the two sticks in the right

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is one of the more commonly used plastics for chopsticks. Plastic chopsticks are not as effective as wood and bamboo for picking up food, because they tend to be slippery. Also, plastic chopsticks cannot be used for cooking, since high temperatures may damage the chopsticks and produce toxic

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The act of tapping chopsticks on the side of a bowl is considered similar to a beggar. Because, in the past, only beggars used chopsticks to knock on pots to make the sound of begging for food. This is considered rude and unlucky and should absolutely be avoided, especially when dining with

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The standard grip calls for the top chopstick to be held by the tip of the thumb, the tip of the index finger, and the middle finger knuckle. These three fingers surround the top stick from three sides, and firmly secure the stick as if they were holding a pen. The three fingers, using this

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Chopsticks in Malay-speaking countries such as Brunei, Indonesia, and other parts of Southeast Asia are used for eating noodles almost exclusively, whilst spoon and/or fork are used for eating rice, and sometimes use of hands as well. Typically most commonly seen with dishes such as

2724:, and are not designed for eating. These chopsticks allow handling of hot food with one hand, and are used like regular chopsticks. These chopsticks have a length of 30 centimeters (12 in) or more, and may be looped together with a string at the top. They are usually made from 4301:(soup). Chopsticks are laid on the right side of the paired spoon. One must never put the chopsticks to the left of the spoon. Chopsticks are only laid to the left during the food preparation for the funeral or the memorial service for the deceased family members, known as 3554:

chopsticks are stamped flat for better gripping. High-end sets, such as those intended as gifts, are often made of sterling silver. Chopsticks made of varying woods (typically bamboo) are also common in Korea. Many Korean chopsticks are ornately decorated at the grip.

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Regardless of whether users wield the standard grip, or one of many alternative grips, their goals are the same. They hold the two sticks in the dominant hand, secured by various fingers and parts of the hand, such that the sticks become an extension of the hand.

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Chinese chopsticks tend to be longer than other styles, at about 27 centimeters (11 in). They are thicker, with squared or rounded cross-sections. They end in either wide, blunt, flat tips or tapered pointed tips. Blunt tips are more common with plastic or

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varieties, whereas pointed tips are more common in wood and bamboo varieties. Chinese restaurants more commonly offer melamine chopsticks for its durability and ease of sanitation. Within individual household, bamboo chopsticks are more commonly found.

3278:: Chopsticks range from 23 centimeters (9.1 in) to 26 centimeters (10 in) long, tapering to one end. Very long, large chopsticks, usually about 30 or 40 centimeters (12 or 16 in), are used for cooking, especially for deep frying foods. 2588:. Chopsticks are often seen as requiring practice and skill to master to be used as an eating utensil. In some countries, failing to follow etiquette in their use is frowned upon, though such feelings are generally lesser than they once were. 4678:

on how to learn the standard grip has yet to be discovered. For the time being, summaries written in this article on the use of chopsticks can be substantiated by direct observations of a person using chopsticks, and by watching online videos.

2807:) use chopsticks primarily to consume noodle dishes. Overall, the use of either chopsticks, a spoon, or a fork, is interchangeable in these regions. In Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Nepal chopsticks are generally used only to consume noodles. 4506:

When eating rice but holding chopsticks in hand and constantly picking at food, in order to find a preferred food item, is likened to the act of "grave theft". This behavior also belongs to the behavior of lack of upbringing, causing

3290:: Chopsticks are usually tapered in the end used for picking up food. Chinese and Vietnamese chopsticks are more commonly blunt, while Japanese ones tend to be sharp and pointed in style. Korean chopsticks typically have sharp tapers. 4622:

A 2006 Hong Kong Department of Health survey found that, since 2003, the proportion of people using distinctly separate serving chopsticks, spoons, or other utensils for serving food from a common dish has increased from 46% to 65%.

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The proper way to use a pair is to place the first chopstick between the base of the thumb and the top of the ring finger (this chopstick remains stationary) and the second one between the top of the thumb and the middle and index

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Some learning aids allow users to wield two sticks as extensions of their fingers, without the exact finger dynamics required by the standard grip. Some models provide hoops through which fingers can move the top chopstick as an

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for decoration and waterproofing. Metal chopsticks are sometimes roughened or scribed to make them less slippery. Higher-priced metal chopstick pairs are sometimes connected by a short chain at the untapered end to prevent their

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Other materials such as ivory, jade, gold, and silver are typically chosen for luxury. Silver-tipped chopsticks were often used as a precaution by wealthy people, based on the myth that silver would turn black upon contact with

3859:, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics, summarized it thus: "Although simple, the two sticks perfectly use the physics of leverage. Chopsticks are an extension of human fingers. Whatever fingers can do, chopsticks can do, too." 2728:. For deep frying, however, metal chopsticks with bamboo handles are preferred, as tips of regular bamboo chopsticks become discolored and greasy after repeated use in hot oil. The bamboo handles protect against heat. 4460:

This behavior usually goes unnoticed. When eating, many people arbitrarily put their chopsticks on the table. The ancients considered this behavior to be counterproductive, denying all people sitting at the same

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The learning process usually starts with a proper initial placement of fingers, per standard grip. It is crucial for learners to understand how to hold both sticks firmly in the hand, as extensions of fingers.

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was predominant in North China, Korea and parts of Japan. While chopsticks were used for cooking, millet porridge was eaten with spoons at that time. The use of chopsticks in the kitchen continues to this day.

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Lifelong users and adult learners alike, around the world, hold chopsticks in more than one way. But there is a general consensus on a standard grip being the most efficient way to grip and wield chopsticks.

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The earliest evidence of chopsticks uncovered so far consists of six chopsticks, made of bronze, 26 centimeters (10 in) long, and 1.1 to 1.3 centimeters (0.43 to 0.51 in) wide, excavated from the

3728:) are large, flat chopsticks used to serve rice from a pot and there is a specialized type of chopsticks for stir-frying, they are usually 10–20 cm longer than normal chopsticks called Đũa xào (箸炒). 4390:

Historically, Thai people used bare hands to eat and occasionally used a spoon and fork for curries or soup, the result of Western influence. But many Thai noodle dishes, served in a bowl are eaten with

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by Tomé Pires, who wrote in 1515 in Malacca: "They eat with two sticks and the earthenware or china bowl in their left hand close to the mouth, with the two sticks to suck in. This is the Chinese way."

5786:"Culture : Japanese Losing Their Grip on Ancient Skill of Wielding Chopsticks : Most young children don't know the proper technique. Some even commit the ultimate crime: spearing their dinner" 2663:

is linked to the aphorism "the honorable and upright man keeps well away from both the slaughterhouse and the kitchen… And he allows no knives on his table". Confucius' reference to chopsticks in his

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it is deemed proper to hold the bowl close to the mouth, just like is the case in China. Holding chopsticks vertically up like incense sticks is taboo. Tapping bowls with chopsticks is frowned upon.

3296:: Some chopsticks have a rough surface for the tip end, to provide better friction for gripping food. The gripping surfaces may be carved as circumferential grooves, or provided as a rough texture. 2638:). These are dated roughly to 1200 BCE, during the Shang dynasty. They were supposed to have been used for cooking. The earliest known textual reference to the use of chopsticks comes from the 4223:

Reversing chopsticks to use the opposite clean end can be used to move food from a communal plate, and is acceptable if there are no communal chopsticks. In general, reversing chopsticks (

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common to see Cambodians use chopsticks for any meals. Forks are only used to help guide food onto the spoon. Forks are not used to shovel food into the mouth. For noodle dishes such as

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introduced chopsticks for foods that require them. Restaurants serving other Asian cuisines that utilize chopsticks use the style of chopstick, if any, appropriate for that cuisine.

6386: 3447:, in several varieties, depending on where they are made and what types of lacquers are used in glossing them. Japanese traditional lacquered chopsticks are produced in the city of 3988:

In general, learning aids attempt to steer learners towards the established standard grip. These aids attempt to illustrate or enforce the right standard grip mechanical leverage.

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Chopsticks come in a wide variety of styles, with differences in geometry and material. Depending on the country and the region some chopstick styles are more common than others.

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At the open posture, it allows tips to extend wide apart, without rear ends of chopsticks colliding. At the closed posture, it enables better control over tips of chopsticks.

5593: 6703: 2860:), meaning "quick". The original character, though still used in writing, is rarely used in modern spoken Mandarin. It, however, is preserved in Chinese languages such as 4188:

One should not "dig" or "search" through food for something in particular. This is sometimes known as "digging one's grave" or "grave-digging" and is extremely poor form.

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wood as these materials do not need to be artificially lightened with chemicals or bleach, and have been seen as appealing to Chinese and other East Asian consumers.

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It is rude to stand chopsticks vertically in rice, or pass food from one pair chopsticks to another, as these are reminiscent of parts of Japanese funeral traditions.

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When eating rice but only using a chopstick to stir the plate of food, this must also be avoided, because it is considered to be insulting to those at the table.

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In North and South Korea, chopsticks of medium-length with a small, flat rectangular shape are paired with a spoon, made of the same material. The set is called

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tripod-like hold, can wiggle and twirl the top stick, as if it were an extension of them. The rear end of the top stick rests on the base of the index finger.

2994:, a phrase commonly on the wrappers of disposable chopsticks noting the placement of chopsticks at a serving table at the base of the hands directly Infront. 3690: 3342:

chopsticks can be purchased at prices comparable to a good pair of wooden chopsticks. Silver is still common among wealthy families, and as part of gift sets.

4569:. This measure had the most effect in Japan as many of its disposable chopsticks are imported from China, which account for over 90% of the Japanese market. 6783: 7164: 2692:

The first chopsticks were used for cooking, stirring the fire, serving or seizing bits of food, and not as eating utensils. One reason was that before the

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bad luck. You should pay attention to equalize chopsticks when eating, not only to avoid possible bad luck but in fact it makes it easier to pick up food.

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When eating rice from a bowl, it is normal to hold the rice bowl up to one's mouth and use chopsticks to push or shovel the rice directly into the mouth.

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learners find the right placement. Other finger placement chopsticks instead carve circumferential grooves into sticks, in place of finger-shaped ones.

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If during a meal, chopsticks are inserted into the food, this is a kind of rude behavior, very impolite and taboo for the people sitting at the table.

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This is taboo because it is similar to sticking incense in an incense bowl, implying an invitation to the deceased, bringing bad spirits to the meal.

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As in China and Japan, chopsticks are not stuck into food and left standing up, as this resembles food offerings at a grave for deceased ancestors.

5853: 5410: 6016: 5564: 7408: 6676: 6582:"Annual output of 4 billion pairs of biodegradable plant fiber chopsticks project of Jilin Agricultural Science Hi-tech Industry Co., Ltd" 2852:). Although it may have been widely used in ancient vernacular Chinese, its use was eventually replaced by the pronunciation for the character 6645: 7697: 7236: 5477: 4721: 4513:

Using chopsticks to pick up food that is not neat or pick up one dish and spill it on another or on the table is considered extremely rude.

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for over three millennia. They are held in the dominant hand, secured by fingers, and wielded as extensions of the hand, to pick up food.

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pentagonal, hexagonal or octagonal in cross-section. The tips of these chopsticks are rounded to prevent damage to the dish or the bowl.

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because in some places, when cremating the dead, the ashes will be passed with chopsticks. You should avoid bringing bad luck to you.

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when the chopsticks are not being used. However, when a chopstick rest is not available as is often the case in restaurants using

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that use forks and knives, and then there is the "chopsticks cultural sphere", consisting of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

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Although there are some similarities with China, they still have some differences, some other common Vietnamese taboos are:

2950:) which is also a pidgin word stemming from Southeast Asia meaning "food". Thus chopsticks would simply mean "food sticks". 6065: 3866:) power they can generate. Some grips can generate substantial, outward extension force, while others are unable to do so. 5044:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Rev. and enl., 2000), 647 citing Yun Liu, Renxiang Wang, Qin Mu, 木芹. 刘云. 王仁湘刘云 4929: 4500:

treating anyone well enough to make others feel offensive. In modern society, this behavior also does not make good sense.

4243:), where both ends of chopsticks are tapered, but only one end is for humankind to use, while the other is for use by God. 3941: 3933: 7620: 6552:"Japan fears shortage of disposable chopsticks: China slaps 5 percent tax on wooden utensils over deforestation concerns" 5618: 4820: 5518: 6804: 4185:

It is poor etiquette to tap chopsticks on the edge of one's bowl; beggars make this sort of noise to attract attention.

4094:. Some inventions combine other utensils with chopsticks. These include The Chork, the Fork and Knife Chopsticks, etc. 2541:, chopsticks later spread to other parts of continental Asia. Chopsticks have become more accepted in connection with 7600: 7009: 6559: 6186: 6049: 5916: 5888: 5544: 5261: 5098: 4989: 4855: 4714: 3959: 2423: 6301: 3891: 4006: 4592: 4400:

It is poor etiquette to rest or hold chopsticks pointing towards others, as pointing is considered disrespectful.

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From hand to mouth: How we invented knives, forks, spoons, and chopsticks, & the manners to go with them

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Chopsticks, when not in use, are placed either to the right or below one's plate in a Chinese table setting.

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against the index finger and the knuckle of the middle finger, as all three wield the top stick in concert.

2942:: "they are called by the English seamen Chopsticks". Another possibility, is that the term is derived from 3862:

Alternative grips differ in their effectiveness in picking up food. They differ in the amount of pinching (

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Similarly, chopsticks have become more accepted in connection with East Asian cuisine around the world, in

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standard grip motion. In most eating situations, tips of chopsticks need not be extended this wide apart.

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In general, chopsticks should not be left vertically stuck into a bowl of rice because it resembles the

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himself allegedly said that knives are for warriors, but chopsticks are for scholars, and his successor

6857: 3694:Đũa cả, a type of Vietnamese chopsticks used to scoop rice. In the photo is the Đũa cả artifact of the 3008:

is used for politeness.おてもと can refer to any small plate or serving utensil placed at a serving table.

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Plastic chopsticks are relatively inexpensive, low in temperature conduction, and resistant to wear.

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Still widely used across East Asia, but in China has become archaic in most Chinese dialects except

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either via the Chinese diaspora or through some dishes such as noodles that may require chopsticks.

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that chopsticks came into exclusive use for both serving and eating. They then acquired the name

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Simple Korean table (chopsticks and a spoon placed palewise, on the right side of rice and soup)

3832: 3722:). Vietnam has a number of specialized chopsticks for cooking and stirring rice such as Đũa cả ( 3451:

in Fukui Prefecture, and come in many colors coated in natural lacquer. They are decorated with

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Chopsticks should be placed in the right-left direction, and the tips should be on the left.

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dissect fish and seafood. They are traditionally made of wood or bamboo, and are lacquered.

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continued to be used alongside chopsticks as eating utensils at meals. It was not until the

7670: 7665: 7583: 4109: 3796: 2652: 2217: 6264: 5303: 3188:, chopsticks are called "savkh" which is written as "савх" in Mongolian and as "ᠰᠠᠤᠬᠠ" in 3100: 3020: 479: 8: 7635: 7296: 7089: 4119: 3767: 3216: 3211: 3148: 2207: 2202: 2074: 808: 793: 421: 5494: 6732: 6151: 4898: 4890: 3196: 3185: 2926: 2791: 2651:

The wide diffusion of chopsticks in the Chinese culture is sometimes attributed to the

2542: 1274: 6757: 5723: 4233:) is frowned upon, however, because of the association to the celebratory chopsticks ( 7548: 7373: 7094: 7049: 6524: 6470: 6432: 6182: 6155: 6124: 6045: 5987: 5933: 5912: 5884: 5764: 5757: 5685: 5540: 5441: 5209: 5094: 4985: 4902: 4851: 4807: 4758: 4741: 4710: 4572:

American manufacturers have begun exporting American-made chopsticks to China, using

3516: 3310: 3129: 3045: 3012: 3003: 2961: 2804: 2756: 2453: 2358: 2110: 931: 896: 644: 390: 197: 189: 7473: 113: 7498: 7336: 7266: 7196: 6353: 6233: 5818: 5664: 5660: 4880: 3189: 2954: 2880: 2717: 2640: 2363: 2321: 2295: 1219: 1102: 941: 906: 818: 803: 751: 705: 682: 649: 639: 317: 292: 154: 129: 6066:"5 Essential Chopstick Etiquette Tips to Know in Japan! | LIVE JAPAN travel guide" 4565:

imposed a 5% tax on disposable chopsticks to reduce waste of natural resources by

3909:

the top stick. The thumb must be flattened, in order to perform this double duty.

3773: 3245: 2576:, and in modern days, increasingly available in non-traditional materials such as 7523: 7478: 7331: 7321: 7124: 6968: 6914: 6464: 6426: 5522: 5501: 5481: 5435: 5253: 5203: 5188: 5088: 4824: 4725: 4637: 4566: 4522: 3740:, there may be several names for chopsticks. In Borneo, bamboo chopsticks called 3695: 3642: 3615: 3452: 3411: 3392: 3335: 3078: 2939: 2865: 2833: 2619: 2581: 2523: 2400: 2237: 1315: 1190: 1132: 1107: 936: 926: 901: 876: 871: 866: 852: 837: 813: 769: 728: 700: 634: 602: 78: 3670:

Historically, Thais tended to use their hands when eating their native cuisine.

3334:

Metal chopsticks are durable and easy to clean, but present a slippery surface.

3122: 2888: 2556:

Chopsticks are smoothed, and frequently tapered. They are traditionally made of

136: 7533: 7453: 7398: 7301: 6907: 4917: 4420: 4213: 3737: 3646: 3499: 3415: 3375: 3207: 2845: 2550: 2316: 2033: 1795: 1373: 1287: 921: 911: 886: 881: 823: 774: 672: 387: 175: 5472: 4885: 4872: 2751: 451: 437: 7686: 7488: 7458: 7438: 7383: 7316: 7291: 7226: 7211: 7191: 7171: 7144: 7129: 7114: 7104: 7084: 7079: 7064: 5513: 5298: 4632: 4555: 3856: 3424: 2898: 2819: 2796: 2721: 2665: 2603: 2546: 2067: 1911: 1768: 1231: 891: 798: 788: 746: 723: 677: 667: 227: 6808: 4394:

Unlike in China and in Vietnam, chopsticks are not used with a bowl of rice.

3309:

Bamboo and wooden chopsticks are relatively inexpensive, low in temperature

3153: 428: 7543: 7513: 7443: 7433: 7403: 7368: 7363: 7351: 7341: 7326: 7306: 7286: 7281: 7261: 7246: 7231: 7186: 7176: 7109: 7043: 6895: 6883: 6871: 4800: 4352: 3671: 3448: 3071: 2901:(semantic-phonetic) compound created with a phonetic part meaning "quick" ( 2771: 2686: 2471: 2115: 1468: 1393: 1362: 1207: 359: 324: 161: 6551: 5257: 4817: 4530: 3985:

learners too, often find their own alternative grips to using chopsticks.

3981:

parents purchase to help their children learn to use chopsticks properly.

3766:

is typically adjoined at the back. In Indonesian chospticks may be called

3718:

chopsticks are often more popular, especially in the village countryside (

3596: 3178: 458: 7463: 7423: 7413: 7206: 7201: 7119: 7074: 7039: 6999: 6979: 6931: 6919: 6638:"As China goes ecological, Japan fears shortage of disposable chopsticks" 6293: 4662: 4584: 3564: 2873: 2869: 2763: 2693: 2615: 2607: 2482: 2405: 2395: 2084: 1663: 1562: 1441: 1333: 1195: 1137: 1127: 1079: 380: 4894: 3486:) when used to transfer cooked food to the dishes it will be served in. 3263: 2614:

wrote that it is likely that chopsticks were also used in the preceding

7448: 7393: 7388: 7378: 7358: 7241: 7216: 7099: 5313:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 269. 4848:

The Asian Pacific American Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts

4408: 4374: 4366: 4315: 4291: 3719: 3222: 2743:) or "grand chopsticks" in cooking, and for serving rice from the pot. 2089: 2042: 1993: 1954: 1920: 1902: 1857: 1627: 1591: 1582: 1382: 1353: 206: 4246:

Chopsticks should not be crossed on a table, as this symbolizes death.

4220:(disposable chopsticks), chopstick wrappers may be folded into a rest. 4090:

Many similar chopstick inventions can be found on the market, such as

3632: 3141: 3082: 2857: 2841: 2817:

The earliest European reference to chopsticks comes in the Portuguese

2622:, although finding archeological evidence from this era is difficult. 2327: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2096: 2065: 2051: 2040: 2031: 2022: 2013: 1991: 1980: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1843: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1793: 1784: 1775: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1739: 1730: 1721: 1712: 1703: 1692: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1560: 1551: 1542: 1530: 1520: 1511: 1502: 1493: 1484: 1466: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1425: 1416: 1391: 1380: 1371: 1360: 1351: 1340: 1331: 1322: 1313: 299: 30:

This article is about the Asian eating utensil. For the lip balm, see

7346: 7311: 7251: 7221: 7181: 7059: 7019: 6039: 5777: 5016: 4573: 4404: 4197: 4135:

Westerners using chopsticks in a tourist restaurant in mainland China

3303: 2656: 2611: 2531: 2173: 2053: 2024: 1929: 1893: 1875: 1786: 1741: 1732: 1654: 1553: 1450: 338: 248: 60: 31: 4673: 4671: 7428: 7159: 7149: 5848: 4830: 3339: 3327: 3241: 2585: 2098: 2015: 1884: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1723: 1714: 1645: 1609: 1459: 1418: 1324: 402: 345: 269: 72: 6095:"Where should I put the spoon on the table? Correct spot location" 5909:

Etiquette Guide to Japan: Know the rules that make the difference!

5881:

Japanese Etiquette Today: A Guide to Business & Social Customs

3533:

The earliest uses of chopsticks in Korea seem to date back to the

3115:

cannot be used alone, but can be found in other compounds such as

610: 41: 7493: 7154: 7134: 7054: 7024: 6994: 5302: 4799:第二章殷墟青銅器的類別與器型殷墟青銅食器十、銅箸这三双箸长26、粗细在1.1-1.3厘米之间，出土于西北岗1005号大墓。 4668: 4577: 4346: 4321: 4152: 3746: 3654: 3650: 3620: 3456: 3355: 3229: 3133: 2861: 2660: 2645: 2577: 2573: 2447: 2369: 2182: 2105: 1963: 1866: 1544: 1533: 1504: 1427: 54: 6937: 6147:

Step by Step Cooking Korean: Delightful Ideas for Everyday Meals

4846:

Scott, Mary (2012). "Chinese Food". In George J. Leonard (ed.).

7560: 7418: 7271: 7256: 6181:. Translated by Chun, Chong-Hoon. Pagijong Press. p. 117. 4148: 3755: 3715: 3711: 3592: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3523: 3233: 2811: 2725: 2697: 2631: 2561: 2522:

are shaped pairs of equal-length sticks that have been used as

2137: 1972: 1833: 1750: 1695: 1522: 1513: 1434: 1342: 472: 66: 6408:"Kiêng kỵ khi dùng đũa của người xưa bạn có vô tình phạm phải" 5471:

Megumi, I. (Producer), & Masahiko, H. (Director). (2009).

3576:, so chopsticks and the spoon do not touch the table surface. 395: 7538: 7528: 7518: 7508: 7483: 4588: 4562: 4285: 4279: 3679: 3600: 3559: 3506: 3117: 2934:, the earliest published use of the word is in the 1699 book 2767: 2655:

that emphasizes family harmony as the basis for civil order.

2635: 2627: 2569: 2565: 2538: 2376: 2347: 2164: 2146: 2060: 1846: 1777: 1705: 1636: 1618: 1573: 1014: 534: 371: 88: 84: 48: 6926: 6878: 5750: 5748: 4179:

transfer has gained momentum, for better sanitary practices.

3537:

with the oldest chopsticks excavated from the royal tomb of

3404: 2477: 2282: 96:• Disposable bamboo chopsticks from Japan (in paper wrapper) 7069: 6805:"マイ箸推進プロジェクト My-Hashi My-Heart これからはワらない、もったいないキャンペーン_活動主旨" 6316: 5440:. Carlton, Vic.: Curriculum Corporation. 1996. p. 80. 4814: 4736:卢茂村 (Lu, Maocun). "筷子古今谈 (An Introduction to Chopsticks)", 4303: 4256:) should be replaced into the wrapper at the end of a meal. 4126: 3759: 3675: 3604: 3588: 2557: 2155: 1759: 1672: 1600: 548: 6780:"Chopstick Economics and the "My Hashi" Boom | Japan" 6424: 4411:(fried noodles) are often used with chopsticks and spoon. 4397:

It is considered impolite to make a sound with chopsticks.

4268: 2762:

Chopsticks began to be used as eating utensils during the

27:

Shaped pairs of sticks used as kitchen and eating utensils

6511:. Asia Times. Archived from the original on 26 April 2006 5745: 4297: 4212:

The pointed ends of the chopsticks should be placed on a

3705:

Forks and chopsticks in a Vietnamese restaurant in France

3682:, adopted from the West, are now the most commonly used. 2079: 1495: 1486: 350: 274: 260: 6431:. New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. p. 1043. 6383:"The Ultimate Guide to Customs and Etiquette in Vietnam" 6375: 5651:山内知子; 小出あつみ; 山本淳子; 大羽和子 (2010). "食育の観点からみた箸の持ち方と食事マナー". 4329:

simultaneously or in both hands is usually frowned upon.

4277:

In Korea, chopsticks are paired with a spoon, forming a

3002:

means the area under or around something. The preceding

2602:

Chopsticks have been around and used since at least the

218: 6584:. People's Government of Jilin Province. Archived from 5980: 5878: 5807: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 3758:, a native staple food of glutinous porridge made from 3039:, ʔNmeesi). A special type of chopsticks made from the 5619:"Story behind why chopsticks are steel in South Korea" 5156:"Learning the Art of Chopsticks - Hawaii Aloha Travel" 4554: cu ft) of timber or 25 million fully grown 2979:. A common misconception is that they are referred as 576: 6855: 5955: 5646: 5644: 3649:, chopsticks have also been found in old traditional 2766:, as rice consumption increased. During this period, 329: 194: 180: 166: 5127:"Forget the chopsticks, give us forks | YouGov" 4952: 2755:

A painting of a Japanese woman using chopsticks, by

516: 502: 2920:The English word "chopstick" may have derived from 2781: 239: 6137: 6118: 6035: 6033: 5879:Vardaman, James; Sasaki Vardaman, Michiko (2011). 5756: 5641: 5252: 4871:Fam, Kim-Shyan; Yang, Zhilin; Hyman, Mike (2009). 6505:"Rising Chinese chopstick prices help Japan firm" 5650: 4709:, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 4450:Index finger pointing out when holding chopsticks 3991: 7684: 5925: 5539:. Boston, MA: Harvard Common Press. p. 15. 5437:Access Asia: Primary Speaking and Learning Units 3731: 3723: 3354:: Wooden or bamboo chopsticks can be painted or 3172: 3165: 3158: 2827: 2738: 2732: 456: 442: 426: 6697: 6123:. China: Reaktion Books Ltd. pp. 154–159. 6030: 4596: 4436:Placing chopsticks unevenly on the dining table 3338:is a common metal used to make chopsticks, but 2980: 2965: 118:The original Chinese character for "chopsticks" 6040:Tokyo YWCA World Fellowship Committee (1955). 5323:Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition 1989 5208:. Cambridge: Harvard University. p. 647. 4607: 4234: 4224: 3976:Chopstick wrapper with how-to-use instructions 3624:is also popular in more traditional settings. 3481: 3471: 3466:In Japan, chopsticks for cooking are known as 3443:Lacquered chopsticks are known in Japanese as 3318: 3054: 2987: 2972: 2709: 2669:suggests these items were widely known in the 553: 539: 6953: 6499: 6497: 5715: 5677: 5578: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4595:. In Japan, reusable chopsticks are known as 4289:are placed on the right side and parallel to 4155:-burning that symbolizes "feeding" the dead. 3912: 2908: 2902: 2892: 2500: 2259: 1251: 297: 134: 92:• Japanese palmwood couple's set (two pairs) 6469:(10th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 73. 6087: 5612: 5610: 4918:"Cooks, Knife-Wielders, and Their Audiences" 4870: 3398:Japanese-style wooden and plastic chopsticks 3086: 3066:). These are used at altars of offerings in 2685:Silver chopsticks, spoon, and bowl from the 1297: 1291: 477: 6348: 6346: 6344: 5086: 4981:Chopsticks: A cultural and culinary history 4496:Picking up and putting down without picking 6960: 6946: 6833:. .news.gov.hk. 2006-12-26. Archived from 6700:"Chopsticks Carry 'Made in America' Label" 6494: 5934:"Chopsticks: Eating habits under scrutiny" 4319:(rice) and soupy dishes, while most other 2507: 2493: 2266: 2252: 1273: 1258: 1244: 112: 5607: 5201: 5059:"Etiquette in Singapore | Frommer's" 5048:中国箸文化大观 (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 1996). 4884: 4359: 3960:Learn how and when to remove this message 3258: 2907:), and a semantic part meaning "bamboo" ( 2648:(c. 280–233 BCE) in the 3rd century BCE. 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6462: 6341: 5906: 5783: 5721: 5297: 5093:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 4759:"Le due leggende sulle bacchette cinesi" 4538: 4529: 4521: 4419: 4403: 4325:(side dishes) are eaten with chopsticks. 4267: 4207:Customs and etiquette in Japanese dining 4196: 4130: 4127:Chopstick customs, manners and etiquette 4108: 4096: 4080: 3971: 3700: 3689: 3631: 3423: 3262: 2957:, chopsticks are called "kho-ze" ཁོ་ཙེ. 2750: 2716:are Japanese kitchen chopsticks used in 2680: 45:Various chopsticks, from top to bottom: 40: 6831:"Hong Kong Department of Health survey" 6666: 4984:. England: Cambridge University Press. 4915: 4170:Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining 3253: 14: 7685: 6324:"The Scoop on Chopsticks in Thai Food" 6204:"All About Traditional Cambodian Food" 6121:Korean cuisine: an illustrated history 6112: 5902: 5900: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5754: 5534: 5416:from the original on February 18, 2021 4916:Kaufman, Cathy K. (Spring–Fall 2016). 4655: 4534:Disposable chopsticks in a recycle bin 4464:Using chopsticks to plug the rice bowl 4252:In formal use, disposable chopsticks ( 4144:with dexterity is also frowned upon. 3171:is the non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of 2872:languages are directly descended from 2720:. They are used in the preparation of 2676: 401: 196: 6941: 6562:from the original on 18 November 2020 6537: 6425:Hayes, Dayle; Laudan, Rachel (2009). 6201: 6178:Korean Culture for Curious New Comers 5911:. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 43–44. 5883:. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 68–69. 5684:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 37. 5678:Reiber, Beth; Spencer, Janie (2010). 5629:from the original on 27 November 2021 5162:from the original on 25 November 2015 4845: 4836:Needham (2000), p. 104, footnote 161. 2746: 2591: 7698:East Asian food preparation utensils 7591: 6326:. Brooklynbrainery.com. 2012-01-30. 6174: 6168: 5931: 4977: 4617: 3999:Range of motion of the standard grip 3916: 6262: 6143: 6042:Japanese Etiquette: An Introduction 5965:. Chinatoday.com.cn. Archived from 5897: 5867: 5616: 5563:. Shogakukan and NTT Resonant Inc. 5288:, Cambridge University Press, p267. 5087:Suryadinata, Leo (1 January 1997). 4705:, Volume 6 of Joseph Needham, ed., 4583:The American-born Taiwanese singer 4333: 3781: 3232:栓筆／栓笔 (sng-pit, “holding pin”). In 2836:, the character for chopsticks was 1282:This article is part of a series on 24: 6044:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 154. 5428: 5243:, Cambridge University Press, p76. 5090:Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians 4587:has publicly advocated the use of 4483:Using a chopstick to stir the food 4123:configuration on behalf of users. 3932:tone or style may not reflect the 3845: 2930:meant "quickly". According to the 2644:, a philosophical text written by 2290:This article is part of the series 25: 7719: 6967: 6851: 6354:"วัฒนธรรมตะเกียบ ... สนเทศน่ารู้" 6304:from the original on 24 June 2021 6244:from the original on 24 June 2021 6214:from the original on 24 June 2021 5907:De Mente, Boye Lafayette (2011). 5107:from the original on 4 April 2024 4707:Science and Civilisation in China 4703:Biology and Biological Technology 4517: 4443:Knocking chopsticks into the bowl 4424:A popular tray of rice in Vietnam 4054:Side view showing flattened thumb 3772:. In Malaysia they may be called 3660: 3587:used in the court were made with 3510:, a set of chopsticks and a spoon 2424:List of Japanese cooking utensils 7590: 7574: 7573: 6925: 6913: 6901: 6889: 6877: 6865: 6414:from the original on 2024-04-04. 5409:. Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 4873:"Confucian/Chopsticks Marketing" 4381:, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore). 4076: 4044: 4035: 4017: 4005: 3942:guide to writing better articles 3921: 3890: 3878: 3869: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3515: 3498: 3403: 3391: 2782:Propagation throughout the world 2731:Similarly, Vietnamese cooks use 2476: 2465: 2281: 1225: 1213: 1201: 1189: 609: 6823: 6797: 6786:from the original on 2010-06-12 6772: 6746: 6725:"Wang Leehom, "Change My Ways"" 6717: 6706:from the original on 2012-05-14 6691: 6679:from the original on 2020-11-06 6669:"Japan faces chopsticks crisis" 6660: 6648:from the original on 2012-05-01 6630: 6618:from the original on 2020-11-29 6600: 6574: 6483:from the original on 2024-04-04 6456: 6445:from the original on 2024-04-04 6418: 6400: 6389:from the original on 2021-01-03 6364:from the original on 2020-11-23 6330:from the original on 2019-02-09 6286: 6275:from the original on 2020-11-06 6256: 6226: 6202:Vater, Tom (20 November 2015). 6195: 6101:from the original on 2018-04-13 6076:from the original on 2022-07-02 6058: 6019:from the original on 2020-10-27 6005: 5994:from the original on 2020-11-23 5944:from the original on 2020-11-24 5856:from the original on 2020-11-06 5836: 5796:from the original on 2021-01-03 5784:Watanabe, Teresa (1992-06-23). 5734:from the original on 2020-10-31 5698:from the original on 2024-04-04 5671: 5596:from the original on 2021-12-15 5567:from the original on 2014-03-01 5553: 5528: 5506: 5487: 5465: 5454:from the original on 2024-04-04 5396: 5385: 5374: 5350: 5326: 5317: 5291: 5275: 5264:from the original on 2007-09-30 5246: 5233: 5222:from the original on 2024-04-04 5195: 5182:The Suma oriental of Tome Pires 5174: 5148: 5137:from the original on 2020-11-22 5119: 5080: 5069:from the original on 2021-09-30 5051: 5034: 5023:from the original on 2019-02-05 5009: 4998:from the original on 2024-04-04 4943: 4932:from the original on 2022-11-01 4765:from the original on 2016-04-12 4738:农业考古 (Agricultural Archaeology) 4699:Fermentations and Food Science. 4470:Using chopsticks to skewer food 3199:(Khmer), chopsticks are called 399:Min Dong Chinese pronunciation: 396: 372: 351: 275: 261: 240: 219: 6698:Philip Graitcer (2011-07-17). 6667:McCurry, Justin (2006-05-14). 6608:"China imposes chopsticks tax" 5722:Ashcraft, Brian (2018-01-31). 5665:10.11402/cookeryscience.43.260 5362:ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp 5338:ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp 4909: 4864: 4839: 4776: 4761:. Italian.cri.cn. 2008-06-19. 4751: 4730: 4691: 4489:Connecting chopsticks together 4158: 4085:wrapper and rubber band method 3992:Full range of chopstick motion 3177:. An alternative character is 2606:(1766–1122 BCE). However, the 577: 517: 503: 457: 443: 330: 298: 195: 181: 167: 135: 94:• Japanese child's chopsticks 13: 1: 6013:"祝い箸の基礎知識｜さまざまな呼び名の由来と正しい使い方" 4879:. 88, Supplement 3: 393–397. 4697:H.T. Huang (Huang Xingzong). 4685: 4384: 4101:Finger placement learning aid 3789:A sample of alternative grips 3732:Borneo/Malaysia/Indonesia etc 3545:era, chopsticks were made of 2828:Naming in different countries 1092:Ingredients and types of food 6731:. 2007-08-22. Archived from 5755:Giblin, James Cross (1987). 5617:Kim, ChiHon (19 July 2021). 5202:Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). 5046:Zhongguo Zhu Wen Hua Da Guan 5019:. Batkhuat.net. 2011-06-19. 4476:Sucking or biting chopsticks 4415: 3363: 3125:) ("spoon and chopsticks"). 2876:rather than Middle Chinese. 1176:List of restaurants in China 7: 6150:(New ed.). Singapore: 6119:Pettid, Michael J. (2008). 5821:. p. 4. Archived from 5474:Begin Japanology-Chopsticks 4796:』上海大学出版社, 2008-08, p. 48 " 4626: 4597: 4338: 3665: 3627: 3579:In the past, materials for 3236:, bamboo chopsticks called 2981: 2966: 2181: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2097: 2066: 2052: 2041: 2032: 2023: 2014: 1992: 1981: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1865: 1856: 1844: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1693: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1644: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1590: 1581: 1572: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1531: 1521: 1512: 1503: 1494: 1485: 1467: 1458: 1449: 1440: 1426: 1417: 1392: 1381: 1372: 1361: 1352: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1314: 1171:List of Chinese restaurants 36:Chopsticks (disambiguation) 10: 7724: 6294:"Cambodia Food and Eating" 4877:Journal of Business Ethics 4612:, meaning "my chopsticks") 4480:is not advisable behavior. 4263: 4204: 4192: 4167: 4163: 3913:Learning to use chopsticks 3685: 3583:varied with social class: 3435:(for cooking, shown below) 3267:Chopsticks on a store rack 3095:) is used in the compound 2598:List of Chinese inventions 2595: 2233:Korean royal court cuisine 782:New Eight Great Traditions 29: 7569: 7035: 7010:Food preparation utensils 6975: 6529:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6265:"Cambodian Table Manners" 5590:Academy of Korean Studies 5258:"Definition of chopstick" 5205:Chinese history: A manual 5115:– via Google Books. 5042:Chinese History: A Manual 5005:– via Google Books. 4886:10.1007/s10551-009-0307-6 4798: 4792: 4786: 4608: 4235: 4225: 4113:Exoskeleton learning aids 3897:Parts of fingers and hand 3724: 3672:Ethnic Chinese immigrants 3482: 3472: 3319: 3173: 3159: 3087: 3055: 2988: 2973: 2932:Oxford English Dictionary 2909: 2903: 2893: 2739: 2710: 1298: 1292: 736:Fourteen Great Traditions 588: 570: 565: 561: 554: 547: 540: 533: 528: 510: 496: 491: 487: 478: 471: 466: 450: 436: 420: 415: 386: 379: 365: 358: 344: 337: 323: 316: 311: 307: 291: 286: 268: 254: 247: 233: 226: 212: 205: 188: 174: 160: 153: 148: 144: 128: 123: 111: 107: 102: 47:• 12-inch (30.5 cm) 7646:Machine and metalworking 6463:Rowthorn, Chris (2007). 5932:Ying, Zhu (2020-04-25). 5512:NHK (Producer). (2006). 4978:Wang, Q. Edward (2015). 4648: 4454:extremely disrespectful. 3738:Malay-speaking countries 3574:spoon and chopstick rest 3489: 3382: 3368: 3214:, chopsticks are called 3208:Malay-speaking countries 3151:, chopsticks are called 3136:, chopsticks are called 3132:, which is derived from 3103:), which is composed of 3015:, chopsticks are called 2964:, chopsticks are called 2936:Voyages and Descriptions 2891:). The first character ( 1161:List of Chinese desserts 831:Beijing and the vicinity 759:Sixteen Great Traditions 287:Alternative Chinese name 7656:Measuring and alignment 7469:Salt and pepper shakers 6410:. Pháp luật newspaper. 5724:"How To Use Chopsticks" 5535:Shimbo, Hiroko (2000). 5310:Encyclopædia Britannica 4949:Needham (2000), p. 104. 4740:, 2004, No. 1:209–216. 4643:List of eating utensils 4510:Picking up spilled food 4201:Various chopstick rests 3647:Inner Mongolia of China 3599:, while commoners used 3535:Three Kingdoms of Korea 3031:) as a polite word, or 2883:term for chopsticks is 2778:and the present shape. 2390:Preparation and cooking 2223:Korean regional cuisine 1121:Preparation and cooking 713:Twelve Great Traditions 7015:Food storage container 5844:"Manners in the world" 5659:(4). 情報知識学会: 260–264. 5254:Merriam-Webster Online 4535: 4527: 4503:Searching through food 4425: 4412: 4360:Indonesia and Malaysia 4313:The spoon is used for 4273: 4202: 4136: 4114: 4102: 4086: 3977: 3706: 3698: 3637: 3436: 3268: 3259:Common characteristics 3166: 3157:, which is written as 2922:Chinese Pidgin English 2759: 2733: 2689: 2228:Korean Chinese cuisine 1166:List of Chinese dishes 657:Eight Great Traditions 427: 97: 34:. For other uses, see 6990:Cookware and bakeware 6208:hachettebookgroup.com 6175:Park, Hannah (2014). 6144:Lee, MinJung (2009). 5763:. New York: Crowell. 5493:Edo Kibashi. (2019). 5239:Norman, Jerry (1988) 4922:P-e-r-f-o-r-m-a-n-c-e 4803:认为这种箸原案有长形木柄，应该是烹调用具。 4593:sustainable materials 4591:chopsticks made from 4539:Environmental impacts 4533: 4526:Disposable chopsticks 4525: 4423: 4407: 4271: 4205:Further information: 4200: 4168:Further information: 4134: 4112: 4100: 4084: 3975: 3704: 3693: 3635: 3614:is usually made with 3427: 3266: 2754: 2684: 2671:Warring States period 2618:and even the earlier 2436:Rituals and festivals 2213:List of Korean dishes 1948:List of Korean drinks 1156:Customs and etiquette 860:Other regional styles 628:Four Great Traditions 44: 7621:Cutting and abrasive 6735:on December 16, 2007 6298:cambodiaa.weebly.com 6234:"Cambodia Etiquette" 5815:"Chinese Chopsticks" 5537:The Japanese Kitchen 5515:Binotsubo-Chopsticks 5040:Endymion Wilkinson, 3254:Styles of chopsticks 3023:) as a vulgar word, 2653:Confucian philosophy 2218:North Korean cuisine 1220:Hong Kong portal 690:Ten Great Traditions 498:Revised Romanization 7090:Cake and pie server 4457:Crossing chopsticks 3636:Mongolian knife set 3522:Bronze chopsticks ( 3410:Chopsticks made of 3244:they may be called 3107:("chopsticks") and 2677:As cooking utensils 2208:Kimchi refrigerator 2203:Kimchi Field Museum 597:Part of a series on 422:Vietnamese alphabet 7693:Chinese inventions 7165:Mated colander pot 6428:Food and Nutrition 6263:Gilbert, Abigail. 6152:Marshall Cavendish 5521:2019-03-01 at the 5500:2020-09-28 at the 5480:2020-05-08 at the 5304:"Chopsticks" 5187:2023-04-29 at the 4823:2024-04-04 at the 4724:2023-03-25 at the 4536: 4528: 4426: 4413: 4274: 4203: 4137: 4115: 4103: 4087: 3978: 3707: 3699: 3638: 3526:dynasty, 918~1392) 3437: 3269: 2792:Chinese emigration 2760: 2747:As eating utensils 2690: 2592:Origin and history 1987:(alcoholic drinks) 1064:Religious cuisines 650:Huaiyang (Jiangsu) 98: 83:• Korean matching 7680: 7679: 7504:Strawberry huller 7374:Mortar and pestle 7095:Candy thermometer 6509:Asia Times Online 6476:978-1-74104-667-0 6438:978-0-7614-7827-0 6161:978-981-261-799-6 6130:978-1-86189-348-2 5790:Los Angeles Times 5770:978-0-690-04660-1 5691:978-0-470-54129-6 5447:978-1-86366-345-8 5215:978-0-674-00249-4 4618:Effects on health 3970: 3969: 3962: 3936:used on Knowledge 3934:encyclopedic tone 3645:and Mongols from 3431:(for eating) and 3130:Taiwanese Hokkien 3049:) stem is called 3046:Polygala japonica 2757:Utagawa Kuniyoshi 2673:(c. 475–221 BC). 2517: 2516: 2308:Regional cuisines 2276: 2275: 2111:Persimmon vinegar 1479:Soups & stews 1268: 1267: 1232:Taiwan portal 764: 741: 718: 695: 662: 621:Regional cuisines 592: 591: 584: 583: 524: 523: 512:McCune–Reischauer 411: 410: 318:Standard Mandarin 282: 281: 256:Yale Romanization 155:Standard Mandarin 16:(Redirected from 7715: 7708:Serving utensils 7601:Kitchen utensils 7594: 7593: 7577: 7576: 7337:Meat thermometer 7267:Grapefruit knife 7197:Edible tableware 6962: 6955: 6948: 6939: 6938: 6930: 6929: 6918: 6917: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6882: 6881: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6861: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6811:on 20 April 2009 6807:. Archived from 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6760:on 29 March 2012 6756:. Archived from 6750: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6588:on 28 March 2012 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6548: 6535: 6534: 6528: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6385:. Vietnam Visa. 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6358:www.lib.ru.ac.th 6350: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6238:gocambodia.tours 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6037: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5904: 5895: 5894: 5876: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5819:chinaculture.org 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5762: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5704: 5703: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5532: 5526: 5510: 5504: 5491: 5485: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5358:"語彙詳細 — 首里・那覇方言" 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5334:"語彙詳細 — 首里・那覇方言" 5330: 5324: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5306: 5295: 5289: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5199: 5193: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5131:today.yougov.com 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5063:www.frommers.com 5055: 5049: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4975: 4950: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4888: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4805: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4734: 4728: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4666: 4659: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4550: 4549: 4544:cubic meters (59 4373:, Indonesia) or 4238: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4048: 4039: 4021: 4009: 3965: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3944:for suggestions. 3940:See Knowledge's 3925: 3924: 3917: 3894: 3882: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3782:Using chopsticks 3744:are used to eat 3727: 3726: 3519: 3502: 3485: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3407: 3395: 3322: 3321: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3161: 3090: 3089: 3065: 3058: 3057: 3038: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2969: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2896: 2895: 2881:Standard Chinese 2848:reconstruction: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2718:Japanese cuisine 2715: 2713: 2712: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2481: 2480: 2472:Japan portal 2470: 2469: 2468: 2298: 2297:Japanese cuisine 2285: 2278: 2277: 2268: 2261: 2254: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2102: 2071: 2057: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2019: 1997: 1988: 1986: 1976: 1967: 1958: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1861: 1851: 1837: 1828: 1819: 1810: 1799: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1763: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1700: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1649: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1566: 1557: 1548: 1538: 1526: 1517: 1508: 1499: 1490: 1472: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1431: 1422: 1397: 1386: 1377: 1366: 1357: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1319: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1277: 1270: 1269: 1260: 1253: 1246: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1208:China portal 1206: 1205: 1204: 1194: 1193: 954:Overseas cuisine 922:Putian (Henghwa) 762: 739: 716: 693: 660: 613: 594: 593: 580: 579: 563: 562: 557: 556: 543: 542: 520: 519: 506: 505: 489: 488: 483: 482: 462: 461: 446: 445: 432: 407: 406: 405: 403:[tøy˨˦˨] 400: 375: 374: 354: 353: 333: 332: 309: 308: 303: 302: 278: 277: 264: 263: 243: 242: 222: 221: 201: 200: 199: 184: 183: 170: 169: 146: 145: 140: 139: 116: 100: 99: 81:flat chopsticks 21: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7703:Eating utensils 7683: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7675: 7565: 7524:Trussing needle 7332:Meat tenderizer 7322:Measuring spoon 7031: 7005:Eating utensils 6971: 6966: 6936: 6924: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6856: 6854: 6849: 6840: 6838: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6789: 6787: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6738: 6736: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6709: 6707: 6702:. Voanews.com. 6696: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6665: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6591: 6589: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6550: 6549: 6538: 6522: 6521: 6514: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6495: 6486: 6484: 6477: 6461: 6457: 6448: 6446: 6439: 6423: 6419: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6392: 6390: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6367: 6365: 6352: 6351: 6342: 6333: 6331: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6278: 6276: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6245: 6240:. 16 May 2017. 6232: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6117: 6113: 6104: 6102: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6079: 6077: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6038: 6031: 6022: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6006: 5997: 5995: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5972: 5970: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5947: 5945: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5877: 5868: 5859: 5857: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5828: 5826: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5799: 5797: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5753: 5746: 5737: 5735: 5720: 5716: 5701: 5699: 5692: 5681:Frommer's Japan 5676: 5672: 5649: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5615: 5608: 5599: 5597: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5570: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5533: 5529: 5523:Wayback Machine 5511: 5507: 5502:Wayback Machine 5492: 5488: 5482:Wayback Machine 5470: 5466: 5457: 5455: 5448: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5375: 5366: 5364: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5342: 5340: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5296: 5292: 5280: 5276: 5267: 5265: 5251: 5247: 5238: 5234: 5225: 5223: 5216: 5200: 5196: 5189:Wayback Machine 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5158:. 7 June 2012. 5154: 5153: 5149: 5140: 5138: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5101: 5085: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5039: 5035: 5026: 5024: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4992: 4976: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4914: 4910: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4825:Wayback Machine 4793:殷墟青銅器︰青銅時代的中國文明 4782: 4781: 4777: 4768: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4735: 4731: 4726:Wayback Machine 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4669: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4638:Chinese cuisine 4629: 4620: 4605: 4567:overconsumption 4561:In April 2006, 4547: 4545: 4541: 4520: 4418: 4387: 4362: 4341: 4336: 4266: 4209: 4195: 4172: 4166: 4161: 4129: 4079: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4040: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3966: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3939: 3930:This section's 3926: 3922: 3915: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3872: 3848: 3846:Chopstick grips 3843: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3804: 3803: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3784: 3734: 3688: 3668: 3663: 3643:Khalkha Mongols 3641:Apart from the 3630: 3616:stainless steel 3531: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3511: 3503: 3492: 3453:mother-of-pearl 3422: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3385: 3371: 3366: 3336:Stainless steel 3261: 3256: 3063: 3036: 2998:means hand and 2985: 2970: 2940:William Dampier 2834:written Chinese 2830: 2803:(especially in 2784: 2749: 2707: 2679: 2620:Erlitou culture 2600: 2594: 2582:stainless steel 2543:East Asian food 2537:Originating in 2528:eating utensils 2513: 2483:Food portal 2475: 2474: 2466: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2437: 2429: 2428: 2419: 2411: 2410: 2401:Double steaming 2391: 2383: 2382: 2342: 2334: 2333: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2272: 2243: 2242: 2238:Korean barbecue 2198: 2190: 2189: 2131: 2123: 2122: 2009: 2001: 2000: 1979: 1945: 1937: 1936: 1690: 1680: 1679: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1309: 1296: 1290: 1264: 1226: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1202: 1200: 1196:Asia portal 1188: 1181: 1180: 1151: 1143: 1142: 1133:Double steaming 1123: 1113: 1112: 1093: 1085: 1084: 1065: 1057: 1056: 955: 947: 946: 761: 738: 715: 692: 659: 645:Yue (Guangdong) 635:Chuan (Sichuan) 623: 603:Chinese cuisine 416:Vietnamese name 398: 119: 95: 93: 91: 82: 79:stainless steel 76: 70: 64: 58: 52: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7721: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7611:Types of tools 7607: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7534:Weighing scale 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7454:Poultry shears 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7399:Pastry blender 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7302:Lemon squeezer 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7277:Gravy strainer 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6985:Cooking vessel 6976: 6973: 6972: 6965: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6942: 6935: 6934: 6922: 6910: 6898: 6886: 6874: 6853: 6852:External links 6850: 6848: 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Pandaphone. 5979: 5954: 5924: 5917: 5896: 5889: 5866: 5852:. 2017-09-05. 5835: 5806: 5776: 5769: 5744: 5714: 5690: 5670: 5640: 5606: 5577: 5552: 5545: 5527: 5505: 5486: 5464: 5446: 5427: 5395: 5384: 5373: 5349: 5325: 5316: 5301:, ed. (1911). 5299:Chisholm, Hugh 5290: 5274: 5245: 5232: 5214: 5194: 5173: 5147: 5118: 5099: 5079: 5050: 5033: 5008: 4990: 4951: 4942: 4908: 4863: 4856: 4838: 4829: 4775: 4750: 4729: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4667: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4628: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4540: 4537: 4519: 4518:Global impacts 4516: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4417: 4414: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4361: 4358: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4334:Southeast Asia 4332: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4311: 4308: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4221: 4214:chopstick rest 4194: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4128: 4125: 4078: 4075: 4053: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4015: 4012:Closed posture 4011: 4004: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3968: 3967: 3929: 3927: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3896: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3847: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3829: 3826:Dangling stick 3825: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3733: 3730: 3687: 3684: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3661:Southeast Asia 3659: 3657:knives' sets. 3629: 3626: 3521: 3514: 3513: 3504: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3416:chopstick rest 3409: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3352:Embellishments 3349: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3332: 3324: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3061:sooroo ʔNmeesi 2846:Middle Chinese 2829: 2826: 2783: 2780: 2748: 2745: 2678: 2675: 2593: 2590: 2551:Southeast Asia 2515: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2263: 2256: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2178: 2169: 2160: 2151: 2142: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2077: 2072: 2063: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2038: 2020: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1989: 1977: 1968: 1959: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1829: 1820: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1791: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1632: 1623: 1614: 1605: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1549: 1528: 1527: 1518: 1509: 1500: 1491: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1464: 1455: 1446: 1432: 1423: 1412:Pickled dishes 1410: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1288:Korean cuisine 1284: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1262: 1255: 1248: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1222: 1210: 1198: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 956: 953: 952: 949: 948: 945: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 863: 862: 856: 855: 850: 845: 840: 834: 833: 827: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 785: 784: 778: 777: 772: 766: 765: 755: 754: 749: 743: 742: 732: 731: 726: 720: 719: 709: 708: 703: 697: 696: 686: 685: 680: 675: 670: 664: 663: 653: 652: 647: 642: 637: 631: 630: 624: 619: 618: 615: 614: 606: 605: 599: 598: 590: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 574: 568: 567: 566:Transcriptions 559: 558: 551: 545: 544: 537: 531: 530: 526: 525: 522: 521: 514: 508: 507: 500: 494: 493: 492:Transcriptions 485: 484: 475: 469: 468: 464: 463: 454: 448: 447: 440: 434: 433: 424: 418: 417: 413: 412: 409: 408: 393: 384: 383: 377: 376: 369: 363: 362: 356: 355: 348: 342: 341: 339:Yue: Cantonese 335: 334: 327: 321: 320: 314: 313: 312:Transcriptions 305: 304: 295: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 279: 272: 266: 265: 258: 252: 251: 249:Yue: Cantonese 245: 244: 237: 231: 230: 224: 223: 216: 210: 209: 203: 202: 192: 186: 185: 178: 172: 171: 164: 158: 157: 151: 150: 149:Transcriptions 142: 141: 132: 126: 125: 121: 120: 117: 109: 108: 105: 104: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7720: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7489:Slotted spoon 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7459:Roller docker 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7439:Potato masher 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7384:Nutmeg grater 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7317:Measuring cup 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7227:Fat separator 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7212:Egg separator 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7192:Cutting board 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7172:Cookie cutter 7170: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7145:Citrus reamer 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7130:Cherry pitter 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7115:Cheese slicer 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7105:Cheese cutter 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7085:Butter curler 7083: 7081: 7080:Browning tray 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7065:Bottle opener 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6969:Kitchen tools 6963: 6958: 6956: 6951: 6949: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6909: 6899: 6897: 6887: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6873: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6837:on 2009-05-05 6836: 6832: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6532: 6526: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6459: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6259: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6190: 6188:9788962927252 6184: 6180: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6157: 6154:. p. 9. 6153: 6149: 6148: 6140: 6132: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6100: 6097:(in Korean). 6096: 6090: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6053: 6051:9780804802901 6047: 6043: 6036: 6034: 6018: 6014: 6008: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5969:on 2012-07-21 5968: 5964: 5958: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5920: 5918:9781462902460 5914: 5910: 5903: 5901: 5892: 5890:9781462902392 5886: 5882: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5825:on 2012-04-28 5824: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5751: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5710: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5645: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5611: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5548: 5546:1-55832-177-2 5542: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5490: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5468: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5431: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5377: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5320: 5312: 5311: 5305: 5300: 5294: 5287: 5283: 5282:Norman, Jerry 5278: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5242: 5236: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5198: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5106: 5102: 5100:9789813055506 5096: 5092: 5091: 5083: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5022: 5018: 5012: 4997: 4993: 4991:9781107023963 4987: 4983: 4982: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4946: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4857:9781135580179 4853: 4850:. Routledge. 4849: 4842: 4833: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4779: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4715:0-521-65270-7 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4674: 4672: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4633:Chinese spoon 4631: 4630: 4624: 4615: 4603: 4601: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4532: 4524: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4422: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4380: 4379:fried noodles 4376: 4372: 4371:fried noodles 4368: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4348: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4232: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4199: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4124: 4121: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4083: 4077:Learning aids 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4047: 4038: 4020: 4008: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3964: 3961: 3953: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3893: 3885:Standard grip 3881: 3870:Standard grip 3867: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3857:Tsung-Dao Lee 3852: 3834: 3822: 3814:Chicken claws 3810: 3798: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3697: 3692: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3549:. During the 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3525: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3487: 3479: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3394: 3380: 3377: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3306:, and ivory. 3305: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3282:Cross-section 3280: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3190:Old Mongolian 3187: 3182: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3140:, written as 3139: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2983: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2913:), using the 2900: 2899:pictophonetic 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2820:Suma Oriental 2815: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2753: 2744: 2735: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2722:Japanese food 2719: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2666:Book of Rites 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604:Shang dynasty 2599: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2473: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2075:Mustard sauce 2073: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1941: 1940: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1912:Mujigae-tteok 1908: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769:Yeotgangjeong 1765: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1405: 1404: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1280: 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