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1330:. As head of Umkhonto we Sizwe, he was responsible for the suppression of a mutiny by dissident anti-Communist ANC members in detention camps, but denied any role in abuses including torture and murder. Many MK female operatives, such as Dipuo Mvelase, adored Chris Hani for having protected women's rights and caring about their wellbeing at military camps.
67:
1371:, who shot him as he stepped out of his car. Waluś fled the scene but was soon arrested after Margareta Harmse, a white Afrikaner housewife, saw Waluś straight after the crime as she was driving past, and called the police. A neighbour of Hani also witnessed the crime and later identified both Waluś, and the vehicle he was driving at the time.
1412:
her life so that we may know, and bring to justice, this assassin. The cold-blooded murder of Chris Hani has sent shock waves throughout the country and the world. ... Now is the time for all South
Africans to stand together against those who, from any quarter, wish to destroy what Chris Hani gave his life for – the freedom of all of us.
1411:
Tonight I am reaching out to every single South
African, black and white, from the very depths of my being. A white man, full of prejudice and hate, came to our country and committed a deed so foul that our whole nation now teeters on the brink of disaster. A white woman, of Afrikaner origin, risked
1456:
revoked. On 18 August 2017, the
Supreme Court of Appeal in Bloemfontein overturned Waluś's parole, a decision that was welcomed by the SACP. By October 2019, Waluś was still in prison, despite his lawyer's claim that he is completely rehabilitated. On 16 March 2020, Waluś was again denied parole by
1428:
In
October 1993, both Janusz Waluś and Clive Derby-Lewis were convicted for the murder and sentenced to death. Derby-Lewis's wife, Gaye, was acquitted. Both men's sentences were commuted to life imprisonment when the death penalty was abolished as a result of a Constitutional Court ruling in 1995.
1469:
Hani's assassination has attracted numerous conspiracy theories about outside involvement. The final report of the Truth and
Reconciliation Commission, however, said that it "was unable to find evidence that the two murderers convicted of the killing of Chris Hani took orders from international
1406:
Historically, the assassination is seen as a turning point. Serious tensions followed the assassination, with fears that the country would erupt in violence. Nelson
Mandela addressed the nation appealing for calm, in a speech regarded as presidential even though he was not yet president of the
1478:
Hani was a charismatic leader, with significant support among the radical anti-apartheid youth. At the time of his death, he was the most popular ANC leader after his senior, Nelson
Mandela. Following the legalisation of the ANC, Hani's support for the negotiation process with the apartheid
1247:(ANC), he wished to join the ANC but was still too young to be accepted. In Lovedale school, Hani joined the ANC Youth League when he was 15 years old, even though political activities were not allowed at black schools under apartheid. He influenced other students to join the ANC.
1440:. Their applications were denied when the TRC ruled that they had not acted under orders. Following several failed attempts, Derby-Lewis was granted medical parole in May 2015 after he had been diagnosed with terminal lung cancer; he died 18 months later, on 3 November 2016.
1239:. His father Gilbert Hani was a mine union worker and political activist who left the country to go into exile in 1962 and returned to South Africa in 1991. His mother Mary Hani was a simple person who had never attended school. He was the fifth of six children. He attended
1258:, Hani studied English, Latin and modern and classical literature. He did not participate in any sport, saying: "I would rather fight apartheid than play sport." Hani, in an interview on the Wankie campaign, mentioned that he was a Rhodes University graduate.
1301:
in the late 1960s. The
Luthuli Detachment operation consolidated Hani's reputation as a soldier in the black army that took the field against apartheid and its allies. His role as a fighter from the earliest days of MK's exile (following the arrest of
1443:
On 10 March 2016, the North
Gauteng High Court of South Africa ordered Waluś to be released on parole under bail conditions. The Department of Justice and Correctional Services lodged an appeal against the parole decision to the
1321:
In
Lesotho, Hani organised guerrilla operations of the MK in South Africa. By 1982, he had become prominent enough to have become the target of assassination attempts, and he eventually moved to the ANC's headquarters in
1436:, claiming political motivation for their crimes and applying for amnesty on the basis that they had acted on the orders of the Conservative Party. The Hani family was represented by the anti-apartheid lawyer
2273:
1243:
school in 1957, to finish his last two years. He twice finished two school grades in a single year. When Hani was 12 years old, after hearing his father's explanations about apartheid and the
1383:
for Economic Affairs at the time, who had lent Waluś his pistol, was also arrested for complicity in Hani's murder. The Conservative Party of South Africa had broken away from the ruling
1333:
Having spent time as a clandestine organiser in South Africa in the mid-1970s, he permanently returned to South Africa following the unbanning of the ANC in 1990, and took over from
2214:
2367:
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1935:
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in 1963. Because of Hani's involvement with Umkhonto we Sizwe, he was forced into hiding by the South African government and changed his first name to Chris.
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1996:
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was overall commander). In 1969, Hani co-signed, with six others, the "Hani Memorandum", which was strongly critical of the leadership of
2222:
1416:
While riots followed the assassination, both sides of the negotiation process were galvanised into action, and they soon agreed that the
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2634:
A 1992 long interview with Chris Hani, including about his recruitment to the SACP, underground work and leadership of MK
1417:
1138:
649:
554:
1747:
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1112:
679:
1932:
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20:
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1310:) was an important part in the fierce loyalty that Hani later enjoyed in some quarters as MK's Deputy Commander (
1059:
684:
579:
2244:
2710:
1854:
749:
1341:(SACP) on 8 December 1991. He supported the suspension of the ANC's armed struggle in favour of negotiations.
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2000:
1970:
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1461:. On 7 December 2022, Waluś was granted parole under strict conditions by Justice Minister Ronald Lamola.
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917:
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614:
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251:
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2004:
1297:, also called the Rhodesian Bush War. They were joint operations between Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) and the
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Martell, Nevin. "Dave Matthews Band: Music for the People", p. 57. Simon and Schuster, 2004.
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In 1997, Baragwanath Hospital, one of the largest hospitals in the world, was renamed the
8:
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Spectres de Marx: l'état de la dette, le travail du deil et la nouvelle Internationale
802:
2457:
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1850:
1372:
1275:
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1005:
719:
376:
125:
2323:"Advocate says Janusz Walus rehabilitated, simply being subjected to political bias"
1649:
in his memory. In September 2004, Hani was voted 20th in the controversial Top 100
1500:
957:
907:
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1939:
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1274:. He worked as a clerk for a law firm. Following his graduation, he joined
990:
952:
942:
932:
832:
381:
149:
2584:
2136:"Chris Hani and the Arms Deal bombshell: A death that still hangs over us"
1814:"The Death of Chris Hani: An African Misadventure - The O'Malley Archives"
1791:
1726:
1388:
892:
887:
872:
807:
290:
1487:
1391:. After the elections of 1989, it was the second-strongest party in the
1231:
Martin Thembisile Hani was born on 28 June 1942 in the Xhosa village in
1751:
1715:
1707:
1470:
groups, security forces or from higher up in the right-wing echelons".
1452:. The Department of Home Affairs has indicated that Waluś may have his
1367:. He was accosted by a Polish far-right anti-communist immigrant named
1315:
1311:
1000:
967:
827:
812:
669:
2649:
1971:"Chris Hani is elected SACP Secretary | South African History Online"
1703:
1400:
1334:
1232:
1204:
1021:
985:
922:
518:
433:
220:
105:
1364:
1236:
240:
1933:
The ‘Hani Memorandum’ – introduced and annotated by Hugh Macmillan
1679:
with libretto by film producer Mfundi Vundla, was commissioned by
2609:
1307:
1283:
526:
2030:
Encyclopedia of Modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups
1464:
1278:(MK), the armed wing of the ANC. Following his arrest under the
2483:, chrishanibaragwanathhospital.co.za (accessed 3 November 2016)
1742:
1327:
1323:
1011:
387:
2300:"Court overturns decision to grant Chris Hani's killer parole"
2368:"Janusz Walus discharged from hospital, officially on parole"
1219:
opposition on 10 April 1993, during the unrest preceding the
66:
1423:
2345:"Janusz Walus denied parole over Chris Hani assassination"
1694:
A District Municipality in the Eastern Cape was named the
1479:
government was critical in keeping the militants in line.
1664:, is from South Africa) began playing what would become "
1668:", with lyrics and chorus referring to Hani's shooting.
1418:
democratic elections should take place on 27 April 1994
1270:. As a student, he was active in protests against the
83:
General Secretary of the South African Communist Party
1318:, Moses Kotane and other comrades in the leadership.
1154:(28 June 1942 – 10 April 1993), born
2686:Recipient of the Order of the Star of South Africa
2474:The history of the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital
2274:"Janusz Walus fights to retain his SA citizenship"
2057:
2055:
2027:
1849:. South Africa: Awareness publishing. p. 13.
2696:Recipients of the uMkhonto we Sizwe Service Medal
2245:"Chris Hani's killer Janusz Walus granted parole"
2110:"2 South Africa Whites Guilty in Murder of Black"
2677:
2393:"Conclusions about the Chris Hani Assassination"
1261:
2691:Recipients of the uMkhonto we Sizwe Merit Medal
2215:"My husband is finally free - Gaye Derby-Lewis"
2052:
1420:, just over a year after Hani's assassination.
2791:South African expatriates in the Soviet Union
2716:African politicians assassinated in the 1990s
2585:"About Us – Chris Hani District Municipality"
2420:"Obituary: Hamba Kahle Chris Hani: 1942-1993"
2184:
2182:
1656:Days after his assassination, the rock group
1465:Conspiracy theories surrounding assassination
1132:
2756:People from Intsika Yethu Local Municipality
1988:
1725:, the new terminus serving eastern areas of
1215:, a Polish immigrant and sympathiser of the
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1784:"My Life, An autobiography written in 1991"
1777:
1775:
2546:Tonight - 'Bonsai opera' revitalises genre
2418:Mzamane, Nthoana and Mbulelo (July 1993).
2179:
2019:
1781:
1139:
1125:
65:
23:. For the settlement in Western Cape, see
2781:South African Communist Party politicians
2395:. Africanhistoryabout.com. Archived from
2237:
2085:
2083:
1424:Assassins' conviction and amnesty hearing
2557:
2411:
2161:"Waluś denies Hani killing was his idea"
1863:
1772:
1486:
1395:, after the National Party, and opposed
2417:
2320:
2133:
2034:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.
1844:
1203:(ANC). He was a fierce opponent of the
1080:Music in the movement against apartheid
2741:Assassinated South African politicians
2726:South African anti-apartheid activists
2678:
2606:"New trains for Khayelitsha residents"
2321:Tlhabye, Goitsemang (7 October 2019).
2107:
2089:
2080:
2025:
1896:
19:For the district in Eastern Cape, see
2721:African National Congress politicians
2268:
2266:
1949:
1359:on 10 April 1993 outside his home in
1306:and the other internal MK leaders at
1289:He received military training in the
2736:Assassinated South African activists
1994:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1387:out of opposition to the reforms of
1299:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
410:South African National Defence Force
405:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
2134:Grootes, Stephen (8 October 2014).
1434:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1432:Hani's killers appeared before the
555:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
13:
2365:
2263:
1748:Thembisile Hani Local Municipality
1712:Thembisile Hani Local Municipality
1660:(whose lead singer and guitarist,
14:
2827:
2746:Deaths by firearm in South Africa
2627:
2494:"Top 100 Greatest South Africans"
1831:
2766:People of the Rhodesian Bush War
2731:Politicians assassinated in 1993
2608:. West Cape News. Archived from
2108:Keller, Bill (15 October 2020).
1878:"Martin Thembisile (Chris) Hani"
1757:Chris Hani District Municipality
1696:Chris Hani District Municipality
1629:
1614:
1599:
1580:
1561:
1546:
1527:
1508:
1344:
1266:At the age of 15, he joined the
1108:
1107:
1070:Internal resistance to apartheid
525:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
348:
21:Chris Hani District Municipality
2761:People murdered in South Africa
2598:
2577:
2551:
2539:
2530:
2512:
2486:
2467:
2446:
2359:
2337:
2314:
2292:
2207:
2153:
2127:
2101:
1739:Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital
1732:
1647:Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital
1293:and served in campaigns in the
580:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
299:
2811:University of Fort Hare alumni
1963:
1959:. The Sowetan. 7 October 2008.
1926:
1806:
1:
2801:South African revolutionaries
2658:South African Communist Party
2190:"Hani killers denied amnesty"
2001:South African Communist Party
1995:Hani, Chris (February 1991).
1766:
1363:, a racially mixed suburb of
1339:South African Communist Party
1262:Political and military career
1226:
1193:South African Communist Party
262:South African Communist Party
2063:"Hani Truth hearing resumes"
1721:In 2009, after extension of
1494:In 1993, French philosopher
1473:
1295:Zimbabwean War of Liberation
1280:Suppression of Communism Act
1045:Apartheid in popular culture
7:
2806:UMkhonto we Sizwe personnel
2095:Tomorrow is Another Country
2026:Atkins, Stephen E. (2004).
1880:. About.com. Archived from
1729:was christened Chris Hani.
1552:Conspicuous Leadership Star
1351:Assassination of Chris Hani
615:Saint James Church massacre
610:Assassination of Chris Hani
10:
2832:
2163:. Dispatch. Archived from
1957:"Underground fight for SA"
1482:
1348:
620:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
18:
2664:
2656:General Secretary of the
2654:
2646:
2641:
1818:omalley.nelsonmandela.org
1698:. This district includes
1454:South African citizenship
1375:, a senior South African
1245:African National Congress
1201:African National Congress
868:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
500:
458:
448:
426:
418:
397:
369:
364:
356:
344:
317:
309:
284:
274:African National Congress
267:
257:
248:Manner of death
247:
230:
203:
198:
194:
182:
163:
142:
131:
123:
111:
99:
88:
80:
76:
64:
34:
2786:South African communists
2771:Rhodes University alumni
2642:Party political offices
2560:"The struggle continues"
2452:Jacques Derrida (1994),
1918:: CS1 maint: location (
1723:Cape Town's Central Line
1282:, he went into exile in
1199:, the armed wing of the
1191:, was the leader of the
1055:Cape Qualified Franchise
25:Chris Hani, Western Cape
2430:(1): 22. Archived from
1938:25 January 2013 at the
1845:Van Wyk, Chris (2003).
1685:University of Cape Town
1651:Greatest South Africans
1446:Supreme Court of Appeal
1252:University of Fort Hare
1221:transition to democracy
1085:Nostalgia for apartheid
16:Anti-apartheid activist
2796:South African Marxists
2776:South African atheists
2751:Former Roman Catholics
2424:Southern Africa Report
1491:
1414:
1195:and chief of staff of
1156:Martin Thembisile Hani
1060:Disinvestment campaign
785:State Security Council
208:Martin Thembisile Hani
175:Keith Mokoape (acting)
71:Portrait of Chris Hani
2711:20th-century atheists
1718:also bears his name.
1691:on 21 November 2010.
1677:Bongani Ndodana-Breen
1490:
1409:
1050:Apartheid legislation
1040:Afrikaner nationalism
600:Cape Town peace march
590:Trojan Horse Incident
550:1948 general election
419:Years of service
2280:on 20 September 2016
2007:on 28 September 2007
1975:www.sahistory.org.za
1687:, premiering at the
1567:Decoration for Merit
1514:Star of South Africa
1207:government, and was
948:Eugène Terre'Blanche
818:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
625:Shell House massacre
595:Khotso House bombing
565:Sharpeville massacre
2456:, Paris: Galilée, (
2225:on 16 February 2017
1794:on 25 February 2017
1782:Chris Hani (1991).
1272:Bantu Education Act
1256:Alice, Eastern Cape
1095:Sullivan Principles
439:Political commissar
278:Tripartite Alliance
2526:. DMBAlmanac.com².
2520:"Song Listing for
2399:on 4 November 2016
2366:Maromo, Jonisayi.
2249:The M&G Online
2167:on 5 December 2008
1905:Leaders-Chris Hani
1788:SA Communist Party
1658:Dave Matthews Band
1641:) (posthumously)
1626:) (posthumously)
1611:) (posthumously)
1596:) (posthumously)
1524:) (posthumously)
1492:
1399:'s dismantling of
1377:Conservative Party
680:Conservative Party
560:1956 Treason Trial
453:Rhodesian Bush War
124:Chief of Staff of
2674:
2673:
2665:Succeeded by
2500:. 13 October 2013
2479:3 August 2012 at
2462:978-2-7186-0429-9
1577:) (posthumously)
1558:) (posthumously)
1543:) (posthumously)
1457:Justice Minister
1393:House of Assembly
1373:Clive Derby-Lewis
1276:Umkhonto we Sizwe
1197:uMkhonto we Sizwe
1149:
1148:
1006:South-West Africa
504:
503:
377:Umkhonto We Sizwe
126:Umkhonto we Sizwe
2823:
2647:Preceded by
2639:
2638:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
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2471:
2465:
2450:
2444:
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2441:
2439:
2415:
2409:
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2404:
2389:
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2378:
2363:
2357:
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2352:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2302:. 18 August 2017
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2276:. Archived from
2270:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2221:. Archived from
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2091:Sparks, Allister
2087:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2033:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2003:. Archived from
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1842:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1790:. Archived from
1779:
1633:
1618:
1603:
1584:
1565:
1550:
1533:Star for Bravery
1531:
1512:
1504:(1993) to Hani.
1501:Spectres de Marx
1268:ANC Youth League
1250:In 1959, at the
1190:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1111:
1110:
908:Albertina Sisulu
903:Benjamin Moloise
838:Arthur Goldreich
529:
506:
505:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
365:Military service
352:
332:military veteran
303:
301:
237:
217:
215:
199:Personal details
185:
166:
136:
114:
102:
93:
69:
59:
32:
31:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2668:Charles Nqakula
2661:
2652:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2612:on 18 July 2011
2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2556:
2552:
2548:, tonight.co.za
2544:
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2816:Xhosa people
2655:
2614:. Retrieved
2610:the original
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
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2432:the original
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2401:. Retrieved
2397:the original
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2284:16 September
2282:. Retrieved
2278:the original
2253:. Retrieved
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2223:the original
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2165:the original
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2070:. Retrieved
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2009:. Retrieved
2005:the original
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
1951:
1943:
1928:
1904:
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1886:. Retrieved
1882:the original
1846:
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1792:the original
1787:
1761:Eastern Cape
1733:Recognitions
1720:
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1450:Bloemfontein
1442:
1438:George Bizos
1431:
1427:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1369:Janusz Waluś
1357:assassinated
1354:
1332:
1320:
1291:Soviet Union
1288:
1265:
1249:
1230:
1217:Conservative
1213:Janusz Waluś
1209:assassinated
1155:
1151:
1150:
991:District Six
953:Desmond Tutu
943:Oliver Tambo
933:Helen Suzman
842:
833:Bram Fischer
449:Battles/wars
382:Soviet Union
270:affiliations
236:(1993-04-10)
225:South Africa
218:28 June 1942
184:Succeeded by
150:Oliver Tambo
133:
113:Succeeded by
90:
29:
2706:1993 deaths
2701:1942 births
2504:23 February
2351:23 December
2329:23 December
2306:23 December
2145:4 September
2119:23 December
1980:4 September
1727:Khayelitsha
1586:Merit Medal
1389:P. W. Botha
893:Thabo Mbeki
888:Govan Mbeki
878:D. F. Malan
873:Mac Maharaj
808:P. W. Botha
735:Broederbond
291:Limpho Hani
165:Preceded by
101:Preceded by
2680:Categories
2616:3 November
2590:31 January
2569:3 November
2564:Times LIVE
2438:3 November
2403:3 November
2377:7 December
2255:3 November
2229:3 November
2199:3 November
2171:3 November
2072:3 November
2011:3 November
1888:3 November
1856:1919910131
1847:Chris Hani
1823:4 February
1798:3 November
1767:References
1752:Mpumalanga
1716:Mpumalanga
1708:Lady Frere
1700:Queenstown
1498:dedicated
1316:Joe Modise
1312:Joe Modise
1227:Early life
1152:Chris Hani
1001:Sophiatown
968:Jacob Zuma
853:Joel Joffe
843:Chris Hani
828:Ruth First
813:Steve Biko
670:Black Sash
370:Allegiance
329:politician
318:Occupation
214:1942-06-28
36:Chris Hani
2650:Joe Slovo
2097:. Struik.
1997:"My Life"
1704:Cofimvaba
1474:Influence
1407:country:
1401:apartheid
1361:Dawn Park
1335:Joe Slovo
1233:Cofimvaba
1205:apartheid
1022:Vlakplaas
986:Bantustan
923:Joe Slovo
519:Apartheid
434:Commander
422:1962–1992
221:Cofimvaba
172:Joe Slovo
143:President
138:1987–1992
134:In office
106:Joe Slovo
95:1991–1993
91:In office
81:11th
2662:1991–93
2477:Archived
2194:BBC News
2093:(1994).
2067:BBC News
1936:Archived
1908:. 22:04.
1683:and the
1365:Boksburg
1241:Lovedale
1237:Transkei
1113:Category
1017:Sun City
511:a series
509:Part of
357:Nickname
336:activist
310:Children
241:Boksburg
1946:, 2009.
1483:Honours
1379:MP and
1308:Rivonia
1284:Lesotho
304:
296:
2460:
2219:News24
2042:
1853:
1743:Soweto
1710:. The
1653:poll.
1639:Bronze
1624:Silver
1590:Silver
1537:Silver
1328:Zambia
1324:Lusaka
1012:Soweto
980:Places
797:People
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