4046:
3176:
3164:
45:
3190:
339:
615:
1556:
1523:
4910:
4210:
2930:
2893:
2856:
2819:
2682:
2577:
2540:
2503:
2466:
2365:
2328:
2291:
2254:
2154:
2117:
2080:
2043:
2006:
1937:
1900:
1863:
1826:
1789:
1617:
1253:(closer to the centre-right). Moreover, it was often the case that if the government was led by a centre-right Christian Democrat, the party was led by a left-winger and vice versa. This was what happened in the 1950s when Fanfani was party secretary and the government was led by centre-right figures such as Scelba and Segni, as well as in the late 1970s when
797:
680:
885:
and two years of mounting scandals (which included several Mafia investigations which notably touched
Andreotti), the party was disbanded in 1994. In the 1990s most of the politicians prosecuted during those investigations were acquitted, sometimes however on the basis of legal formalities or on the
777:
allegations against
Andreotti, it was said that he took the chance of getting rid of a dangerous political competitor by sabotaging all of the rescue options and ultimately leaving the captors with no option but killing him. During his captivity Moro wrote a series of letters, at times very critical
1485:
As the DC's role was reduced, the 1919 PPI strongholds and the DC's traditional heartlands would become the Lega Nord's power base. Meanwhile, the successor parties of the DC continued to be key political actors only in the South, where the clientelistic way of government practised by the
Christian
658:
Under De
Gasperi, major land reforms were carried out in the poorer rural regions in the early postwar years, with farms appropriated from the large landowners and parcelled out to the peasants. In addition, during its years in office, Christian Democrats passed a number of laws safeguarding
690:
1009:
1636:, DC members had ample opportunity to abuse their power, and some did. In the 1960s, scandals involved frauds such as huge illegal profits in the administration of banana import quotas and preferential allocation of purposely misprinted and therefore rare postage stamps.
958:, split off from the PPI and also entered in alliance with FI. In the following years, most Christian Democrats joined FI, which became the party with the most ex-DC members in absolute terms. In December 1999, Forza Italia gained full membership in the
655:, De Gasperi continued to govern at the head of the centrist coalition, which was successively abandoned by the Liberals, who hoped for more right-wing policies, in 1950 and the Democratic Socialists, who hoped for more leftist policies, in 1951.
1261:, deeply weakened DC-led governments, so that even with broad majorities they were unable to resolve differences between the several factions of the party, and ultimately turning the Italian political system into a de facto
598:
The
Christian Democracy party was opposed to both Fascism and Communism. In elections Italians were voting based on a way of life, not just a political party. Christian ideals were usually paired with the idea of freedom.
1490:
the League gained 7 out of 8 single-seat constituencies in the
Province of Bergamo and 5 out of 6 in the Province of Vicenza, winning well over 40%, while the combined score of the three main post-DC parties (the new
662:
De
Gasperi served as prime minister until 1953 and died a year later. No Christian Democrat would match his longevity in office and, despite the fact that DC's share of the vote was always between 38 and 43% from
1442:
From the late 1950s, the DC's support started to move South and by the 1980s it was stronger in the South than in the North, with the exception of Veneto, which remained one of the party's strongholds. In the
1288:
to preserve party unity. He became prime minister in 1988 but was replaced by
Forlani in 1989. Disagreements between de Mita and Forlani brought Andreotti back to the prime-ministership from 1989 to 1992.
757:, immediately took a hardline position stating that the "State must not bend" on terrorist demands. This was a very different position from the one taken in similar cases before and after (such as the
839:
coalition governed Italy almost continuously until 1993. While Italy experienced steady economic progress in the 1980s, the
Italian economy was being undermined by a constant devaluation of the
1284:
and the internal left), with
Andreotti holding the balance. De Mita, who led the party from 1982 to 1989, tried to transform the party into a mainstream "conservative party" in line with the
1447:
the party suffered a dramatic decrease in term of votes and its electoral geography was very different from 30 or even 10 years before, as the region where it obtained the best result was
4898:
810:
of the PRI was the first non-Christian Democrat to lead a government since 1944, at the head of a coalition comprising the DC, the PSI, the PSDI, the PRI and the PLI, the so-called
4198:
711:, supported by the influential left-wing factions. In the 1950s the party formed centrist or moderately centre-left coalitions, and even a short-lived government led by
4007:
1167:
elements was characterised by factionalism and by the double adherence of members to the party and to factions which were often identified with individual leaders.
820:, the DC suffered one of its largest declines in votes up to that point, receiving only 32.5% of the vote cast (a decline of -5.8% relative to 1981). Subsequently,
869:
scandals (endemic corruption practices at the highest levels), and causing numerous, often controversial, arrests and resignations. After the dismal result in the
4891:
4034:
1482:(with the League at 16.3%), 32.1% in western Lombardy (League at 25.2%), 31.7% in Veneto (League at 17.3%) and 28.0% in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (League at 17.0%).
4139:
4981:
4855:
4109:
4876:
4129:
4176:
3273:
4884:
4860:
4191:
3092:
5057:
3088:
3080:
2962:
4002:
778:
of Andreotti.. Later the memorial written by Moro during his imprisonment was subject to several plots, including the assassination of journalist
5052:
5022:
4976:
4850:
4012:
3763:
4971:
4184:
1514:
The electoral results of the DC in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections since 1946 are shown in the chart below.
563:
was ending, the Christian Democrats started organising post-Fascist Italy in coalition with all the other mainstream parties, including the
5042:
4778:
4273:
1577:
1128:
which aimed to represent both right-wing and left-wing Italian Catholics under the principle of the "political unity of Catholics" against
977:. The alliance, whose primary components were two legal successors to the two major political forces of pre-1990s Italy, won the election.
5047:
4027:
1693:
were perceived by many to belong to a grey zone between simple corruption and Mafia business, even if most of them were later acquitted.
276:
3316:
2698:
2661:
2629:
992:. DL would be formed as an official political party in 2002, succeeding the PPI and its three allies. In 2007, DL would merge with the
434:
scandals. Christian Democrats led the Italian government continuously from 1946 until 1981. The party was nicknamed the "White Whale" (
901:(PR). The DC suffered heavy defeats in the 1993 provincial and municipal elections. Subsequently, Segni's PR would be reformed as the
428:
for fifty years, and had been part of the government from soon after its inception until its final demise on 16 January 1994 amid the
5032:
5012:
1673:
and dishonest politicians tried to collaborate. The DC was the party most associated with Mafia among the public. Leaders such as
4555:
4485:
769:). It was however supported by all the mainstream parties, including the PCI, with the two notable exceptions of the PSI and the
3290:
3163:
5037:
4020:
624:
In May 1947 De Gasperi broke decisively with his Communist and Socialist coalition partners under pressure from U.S. President
5007:
4906:
4367:
4343:
4261:
3746:
3603:
3576:
3542:
3508:
3479:
3445:
3344:
3248:
3229:
1152:
659:
employees from exploitation, established a national health service, and initiated low-cost housing in Italy's major cities.
5067:
4772:
4731:
4679:
4620:
4526:
985:
20:
5017:
4450:
4206:
3175:
5027:
4986:
4966:
4933:
4865:
4845:
4644:
4385:
1304:
scandals, the heterogeneous nature of the party led it to its collapse. The bulk of the DC's membership joined the new
633:
464:
354:
168:
726:, formed a coalition with the PSI, which returned to ministerial roles after 16 years, the PSDI and the PRI. Similar "
4561:
4497:
4337:
3979:
3396:
1641:
1603:
1257:, a progressive, led the party and Andreotti the government. This custom, in clear contrast with the principles of a
1585:
923:, representing the right-wing faction of the party (previously led by Forlani) decided to launch a new party called
4614:
4602:
4590:
4491:
3224:. Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. pp. 105–131.
1492:
1424:
1305:
1211:
1063:
914:
525:
484:
397:
281:
118:
104:
1478:, which was stronger precisely in the traditional Christian Democratic heartlands, the DC was reduced to 21.0% in
5062:
4807:
4373:
4226:
2909:
2872:
2835:
2798:
2766:
1508:
292:
4042:
1027:(in the right poster). Note the use of symbols, especially the crusader shield (representing the DC) protecting
843:
and the issuing of large amounts of high-interest treasury bonds, so that, between 1982 and 1992, the excessive
4596:
4503:
4438:
2174:
1581:
1144:. The party was, however, originally equidistant between the Communists and the hard right represented by the
4650:
4468:
4409:
4403:
4050:
3870:
3270:
2556:
2519:
2482:
2445:
2413:
2381:
2344:
2307:
2270:
2233:
2201:
2133:
2096:
2059:
2022:
1985:
1953:
1916:
1879:
1842:
1805:
1768:
1736:
1487:
1455:
1444:
1396:
989:
966:
906:
870:
832:
817:
668:
664:
640:
603:
541:
537:
235:
965:
The PPI would continue in a rump fashion, usually finding itself in left of centre political coalitions. In
4279:
1458:
the shift was even more evident as the party was over the 40% mark only in some Southern regions (41.1% in
940:
194:
3791:
3189:
4626:
4462:
4244:
3072:
1709:
1496:
1313:
924:
488:
124:
4784:
4685:
4632:
4426:
1500:
1321:
1285:
1175:
The DC's factions spanned the political spectrum from left to right and continually evolved over time.
959:
951:
783:
758:
508:
496:
492:
269:
4790:
4766:
4567:
4391:
4314:
4267:
1645:
1373:
944:
847:
built a significant proportion of the debt that would plague the country well into the 21st century.
844:
651:, and obtained 48.5% of the vote, its best result ever. Despite his party's absolute majority in the
1535:
1151:
As a catch-all party, the DC differed from other European Christian Democratic parties, such as the
824:(leader of the rising PSI) reclaimed for himself the post of prime minister, again at the head of a
4938:
4825:
4538:
4444:
4320:
3769:
1566:
1051:
997:
576:
504:
472:
389:
264:
806:
At the beginning of the 1980s, the DC had lost part of its support among Italian voters. In 1981,
4953:
4928:
4923:
4831:
4379:
4355:
4285:
4232:
4093:
4078:
4073:
1633:
1570:
1389:
1145:
1141:
743:
716:
592:
584:
568:
564:
480:
443:
393:
753:
The event was a shock for the party. When Moro was abducted, the government, at the time led by
4819:
4701:
4308:
1333:
1309:
974:
920:
887:
671:, the party was more and more fractured. As a result, Prime Ministers changed more frequently.
4119:
3734:
3593:
3566:
3469:
3433:
636:(PSLI), a centrist break-away from the PSI, as well as its usual allies, the PLI and the PRI.
4948:
4760:
4713:
4673:
4667:
4514:
4456:
4432:
4397:
4238:
4083:
3532:
3496:
3334:
1420:
1377:
1109:
993:
770:
572:
468:
3419:
4813:
4349:
4291:
4124:
4088:
3210:
Sources of Popular Support for the Italian Christian Democratic Party in the Postwar Decade
3065:
2966:
1625:
1183:
580:
460:
386:
3360:
Warner, Carolyn M. (2013). "SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research".
8:
4573:
4361:
2602:
1412:
1408:
1047:
935:(FI). The left-wing factions stayed within the new PPI, though a minority would form the
898:
739:
727:
500:
476:
247:
207:
202:
4719:
4638:
3939:
3925:
3706:
3679:
3644:
3636:
3377:
3108:
3041:
3002:
2864:
2653:
2474:
2437:
2051:
2014:
1470:), while it barely reached 20-25% of the vote in the North. As a result of the rise of
1404:
1258:
1254:
1020:
807:
708:
652:
450:
442:) due to its huge organisation and official colour. During its time in government, the
359:
217:
4165:
4114:
3975:
3742:
3648:
3599:
3572:
3538:
3504:
3475:
3441:
3381:
3340:
3310:
3294:
3244:
3225:
3136:
3025:
3018:
2974:
2954:
2262:
2225:
1834:
1797:
1760:
1669:
had become the party's stronghold in the 1970s and the 1980s, it was likely that the
1400:
1329:
1227:
1223:
1187:
1085:
1039:
955:
936:
928:
910:
712:
618:
588:
425:
349:
74:
68:
19:
This article is about the 1943–1994 party. For other parties with similar names, see
1427:
had its strongholds. In the Centre-South the DC gained more than 50% of the vote in
765:
DC member for whom a ransom was paid thanks to the local ties of the party with the
738:
From 1976 to 1979 the DC governed with the external support of the PCI, through the
499:. Former DC members are also spread among other parties, including the centre-right
4725:
3989:
3911:
3847:
3671:
3628:
3369:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3100:
3084:
3076:
3053:
3045:
3033:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2978:
2958:
2739:
2299:
1871:
1690:
1678:
1369:
1365:
1325:
1250:
1235:
1215:
1203:
1160:
800:
754:
700:
683:
629:
553:
435:
374:
241:
3944:
Il partito cristiano e l'apertura a sinistra: la DC di Fanfani e di Moro 1954–1962
3220:
Leonardi, Robert; Albert, Paolo (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.).
1531:
973:, the PPI would ally with the DPS and several smaller centre-left parties to form
4737:
4508:
4160:
3953:
3277:
3140:
3061:
3057:
3014:
3010:
2994:
2938:
2901:
2827:
2722:
2690:
2585:
2548:
2511:
2405:
2162:
2125:
2088:
1977:
1682:
1357:
1277:
1273:
1231:
644:
545:
533:
413:
138:
3697:
Murphy, Francis J. (1981). "Don Sturzo and the Triumph of Christian Democracy".
1241:
The party was often led by centrist figures unaffiliated to any faction such as
1015:
posters of the DC: they described to potential voters the party's commitment to
831:
DC re-gained the post of prime minister in 1987, after a modest recovery in the
4134:
3897:
3148:
3128:
1670:
1666:
1637:
1621:
1381:
1361:
1345:
1238:
and Fanfani himself. Most of them were social democrats by European standards.
1219:
1191:
1117:
1032:
1016:
882:
779:
774:
742:. Moro, who was the party main leader and who had inspired the Compromise, was
323:
3632:
988:(DL) after allying three other smaller, social liberal parties to contest the
5001:
4155:
3373:
2986:
2970:
2790:
2373:
1945:
1385:
1246:
1207:
1140:. It ultimately represented the majority of Italians who were opposed to the
1080:
1075:
1024:
970:
943:(DPS). Some right-wingers, feeling Casini was still too moderate, joined the
905:, and contemporary polling suggested heavy losses for the DC in the upcoming
821:
648:
981:, an independent former PPI member, led the list and became prime minister.
796:
44:
4707:
4532:
3963:
3930:
Il partito cristiano al potere: la DC di De Gasperi e di Dossetti 1945–1954
3144:
3037:
1674:
1317:
1199:
1156:
1121:
1090:
1059:
1055:
978:
932:
840:
812:
747:
625:
560:
529:
455:
430:
417:
338:
253:
60:
3735:"The European Centre-Right and European Integration: The Formative Yearss"
679:
1661:
1293:
1281:
1195:
1105:
1101:
894:
857:
421:
3710:
3683:
3243:. Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945. Routledge. pp. 88–102.
1632:
Having ruled Italy for over 40 years with no alternative other than the
483:. The party was succeeded by a string of smaller parties, including the
4520:
3817:
3640:
3209:
3029:
1686:
1463:
1262:
1164:
1070:
1012:
902:
163:
1530:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
1276:(supported also by the party's right wing) and the centre-left led by
1093:, offered a further basis for the DC's social and political doctrine.
614:
4743:
3675:
3104:
3096:
3049:
2982:
2336:
1908:
1473:
1368:
establishment that had governed Italy for decades before the rise of
1272:
From the 1980s the party was divided between the centre-right led by
1242:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1097:
1036:
876:
723:
704:
699:
From 1954 the DC was led by progressive Christian Democrats, such as
693:
689:
1555:
1159:
political groupings. The DC, which included conservative as well as
3947:
3933:
1504:
1479:
1459:
1436:
1416:
1349:
1297:
1179:
1125:
1000:, which is today the largest centre-left political party in Italy.
909:. In hopes of changing the party's image, the DC's last secretary,
762:
409:
405:
222:
1616:
643:
the DC went on to win a decisive victory, with the support of the
3891:
3835:
3467:
1432:
1113:
766:
1210:. The party's left wing, with its roots in the left of the late
1008:
3761:
1467:
1448:
1353:
1067:
3332:
4909:
4209:
4054:
3919:
3239:
Masala, Carlo (2004). Michael Gehler; Wolfram Kaiser (eds.).
1428:
1028:
862:
309:
1308:(PPI), but immediately several centre-right elements led by
730:" governments became usual through the 1960s and the 1970s.
3971:
3905:
3595:
A Fatal Attraction: Public Television and Politics in Italy
1324:(CDU), joined Forza Italia and the CCD in the centre-right
142:
449:
From 1946 until 1994, the DC was the largest party in the
1050:
doctrines developed from the 19th century referred to as
424:
political factions, the DC played a dominant role in the
3503:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 72.
1407:. The party won 66.8% in eastern Lombardy (73.6% in the
3848:
Ministero dell'Interno. Archivio Storico delle Elezioni
3723:
Italy: Library of Nations: Italy, Time-Life Books, 1985
3619:
Einaudi, Mario (1947). "Christian Democracy in Italy".
3431:
3741:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 180.
3732:
3241:
Born for Government: The Democrazia Cristiana in Italy
939:
in 1993 and would join forces with the post-communist
396:(Nazi-occupied Italy) as the nominal successor of the
3662:
Ivella, Vittorio (1948). "Favorable Omens in Italy".
3534:
The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country
3222:
From Dominance to Doom? Christian Democracy in Italy
1206:
were in charge, though opposed by right wing led by
453:, governing in successive coalitions, including the
1486:Democrats and their allies had left a mark. In the
3328:
3326:
1399:the party had its best result ever (48.5%) and an
548:dictatorship in 1926 despite the presence of some
3434:"National Parties and the Contestation of Europe"
1120:. The party thus advocated collaboration between
1042:symbol being used as a weapon in the left poster.
984:Faced with flagging poll numbers, the PPI formed
913:decided to change the name of the party into the
536:priest. The PPI won over 20% of the votes in the
4999:
3690:
3612:
400:, which had the same symbol, a crusader shield (
392:. The DC was founded on 15 December 1943 in the
3792:"La Magliana, uno schizzo di fango su Vitalone"
3591:
3530:
3323:
1511:the combined score of those parties was 26.4%.
1202:led the party. After them, progressives led by
3739:Reforming Europe: The Role of the Centre-Right
3655:
3271:Movimento femminile della Democrazia cristiana
3219:
1344:In its early years, the party was stronger in
1062:, and ultimately the tradition of the defunct
4892:
4192:
4028:
3564:
3461:
1471:
874:
4982:Early 20th-century Italian political parties
4856:Early 20th-century Italian political parties
4779:Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity
4274:Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity
3850:. Elezionistorico. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
3830:Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti,
3585:
3571:. University of Chicago Press. p. 144.
3494:
3468:J. Denis Derbyshire; Ian Derbyshire (1989).
3436:. In T. Banchoff; Mitchell P. Smith (eds.).
850:
528:(PPI), a political party created in 1919 by
524:The party was founded as the revival of the
3768:(in Italian). KAOS Edizioni. Archived from
3497:"Democrazia Cristiana: party of government"
1584:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
587:(PDL). In December 1945 Christian Democrat
4899:
4885:
4199:
4185:
4035:
4021:
3537:. Cambridge University Press. p. 27.
3524:
3425:
1332:), while the PPI was a founding member of
715:relying on parliamentary support from the
674:
609:
4914:1946–1994 main political parties in Italy
3598:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 259.
3558:
3333:Maurizio Cotta; Luca Verzichelli (2007).
1604:Learn how and when to remove this message
1372:still had grip on voters, as well as the
1360:roots of those areas, than it was in the
1300:ideological conflict, and ultimately the
1226:), was reinforced by new leaders such as
5058:Political parties disestablished in 1994
3280:, istituto Don Luigi Sturzo, 9 June 2014
1615:
1007:
996:, the successor of the DPS, to form the
795:
722:In 1963 the party, under Prime Minister
688:
678:
613:
4556:Movement for the Independence of Sicily
4331:Social-democratic and liberal-socialist
3841:
3762:Francesco Pecorelli; Sommella Roberto.
3737:. In Constantine Arvanitopoulos (ed.).
3726:
3618:
3488:
3339:. Oxford University Press. p. 38.
3169:The Crusader Shield, DC's official logo
5000:
3696:
3661:
3359:
3315:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3238:
2594:
1655:coalition, the DC was invested in the
733:
5053:Political parties established in 1943
5023:Christian democratic parties in Italy
4977:19th-century Italian political groups
4880:
4861:1950s–1990s Italian political parties
4851:19th-century Italian political groups
4262:Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party
4214:Historical political parties in Italy
4180:
4016:
3440:. Taylor & Francis. p. 126.
2731:
1701:
1249:(both closer to the centre-left) and
1153:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
463:governments, along with the moderate
4972:Historical Italian political parties
4621:Christian Democrats for the Republic
3214:Midwest Journal of Political Science
1582:adding citations to reliable sources
1549:
1516:
1316:(CCD), while others directly joined
21:Christian democracy (disambiguation)
5043:Defunct Christian political parties
4451:Republican Democratic Concentration
3832:Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia
1696:
13:
5048:Defunct political parties in Italy
4967:List of political parties in Italy
4934:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
4846:List of political parties in Italy
4645:Christian Democracy for Autonomies
4386:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
3958:La proposta politica di De Gasperi
3568:Place and Politics in Modern Italy
3474:. Allied Publishers. p. 117.
3432:Gary Marks; Carole Wilson (1999).
3394:
3202:
1392:was the dominant political force.
1339:
544:, but was declared illegal by the
507:. It was a founding member of the
465:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
446:was the largest opposition party.
178:Christian Democracy Women Movement
169:Christian Democracy Youth Movement
14:
5079:
4987:Current Italian political parties
4866:Current Italian political parties
4562:Federalists and Liberal Democrats
4498:Democratic Union for the Republic
4338:Italian Reformist Socialist Party
3996:
3818:"Democrazia Cristiana - Correnti"
3438:Legitimacy and the European Union
1642:President of the Italian Republic
1411:), 60.5% in Veneto (71.9% in the
1046:The party's ideology drew on the
873:(29.7%), also due to the rise of
4908:
4591:Italian Catholic Electoral Union
4527:Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy
4492:Italian Democratic Liberal Party
4208:
4044:
3188:
3174:
3162:
2929:
2928:
2892:
2891:
2855:
2854:
2818:
2817:
2681:
2680:
2576:
2575:
2539:
2538:
2502:
2501:
2465:
2464:
2364:
2363:
2327:
2326:
2290:
2289:
2253:
2252:
2153:
2152:
2116:
2115:
2079:
2078:
2042:
2041:
2005:
2004:
1936:
1935:
1899:
1898:
1862:
1861:
1825:
1824:
1788:
1787:
1554:
1545:
1521:
1423:, that is to say where the late
986:Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy
634:Italian Workers' Socialist Party
459:system. It originally supported
337:
293:Christian Democrat International
43:
5033:History of the Italian Republic
5013:1994 disestablishments in Italy
4808:Italian Nationalist Association
4486:Constitutional Democratic Party
3863:
3824:
3810:
3784:
3755:
3733:Konstantina E. Botsiou (2010).
3717:
3336:Political Institutions in Italy
1659:scandals and in the subsequent
1509:1996 Sicilian regional election
1336:centre-left coalition in 1996.
897:led a breakaway faction called
789:
719:(MSI), the post-fascist party.
4008:Archive of DC posters – part 2
4003:Archive of DC posters – part 1
3471:Political Systems Of The World
3413:
3407:
3388:
3353:
3283:
3264:
1651:Like the other parties of the
1328:coalition (later becoming the
606:the DC won 35.2% of the vote.
519:
16:Political party (1943 to 1994)
1:
5038:History of the Sicilian Mafia
4651:Union of Democrats for Europe
4479:Centrist and centrist liberal
4404:Italian Democratic Socialists
4051:National Liberation Committee
3986:La DC da De Gasperi a Fanfani
3871:2022 Italian general election
3501:Christian Democracy in Europe
3258:
2947:
861:investigation was started in
236:National Liberation Committee
5008:1943 establishments in Italy
4732:Conservatives and Reformists
4680:National Democratic Alliance
4280:Democratic Party of the Left
4120:Justice and Liberty Brigades
3902:De Gasperi, il ricostruttore
3397:"Il referendum sul divorzio"
1320:. A split from the PPI, the
1023:(in the centre poster), and
941:Democratic Party of the Left
628:. This opened the way for a
475:, before moving towards the
7:
5068:Social conservative parties
4627:Christian Democratic Centre
4245:Party of Italian Communists
1314:Christian Democratic Centre
1280:(whose supporters included
1170:
1054:, the political thought of
1003:
925:Christian Democratic Centre
865:, uncovering the so-called
489:Christian Democratic Centre
125:Christian Democratic Centre
107:(pre-Fascist-era precursor)
10:
5084:
5018:Catholic political parties
4633:United Christian Democrats
4549:Regionalist and federalist
4420:Radical and social-liberal
3880:
3155:
1648:. He was later acquitted.
1380:. The DC was very weak in
1322:United Christian Democrats
952:United Christian Democrats
950:In 1995, the centre-right
927:and form an alliance with
784:Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa
759:kidnapping of Ciro Cirillo
514:
493:United Christian Democrats
18:
5028:Centrist parties in Italy
4962:
4919:
4841:
4800:
4773:People's Monarchist Party
4767:Monarchist National Party
4753:
4694:
4660:
4583:
4568:Federalist Italian League
4548:
4478:
4419:
4330:
4315:Federation of Green Lists
4301:
4254:
4219:
4148:
4102:
4061:
3960:, Il Mulino, Bologna 1977
3916:De Gasperi e il suo tempo
3633:10.1017/S003467050003792X
3499:. In David Hanley (ed.).
3208:Edelman, Murray (1958). "
2760:
2748:
2745:
2738:
2623:
2611:
2608:
2601:
2195:
2183:
2180:
2173:
1730:
1718:
1715:
1708:
1646:Lockheed bribery scandals
1472:
1374:Monarchist National Party
1296:and the end of the great
1108:, supported the model of
875:
851:Dissolution and aftermath
345:
336:
331:
318:
299:
288:International affiliation
287:
277:European Parliament group
275:
263:
228:
216:
193:
182:
174:
162:
148:
134:
111:
100:
92:
84:
59:
51:
42:
30:
4939:Italian Republican Party
4826:Republican Fascist Party
4539:Liberal Popular Alliance
4321:Federation of the Greens
3856:
3592:Cinzia Padovani (2007).
3531:James L. Newell (2010).
3374:10.1177/1354068812462934
2757:
2754:
2751:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2192:
2189:
2186:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1640:was forced to resign as
1052:Catholic social teaching
577:Italian Republican Party
473:Italian Republican Party
390:political party in Italy
4954:Italian Social Movement
4929:Italian Socialist Party
4924:Italian Communist Party
4832:Italian Social Movement
4380:Italian Socialist Party
4374:Unified Socialist Party
4368:Unitary Socialist Party
4356:Labour Democratic Party
4344:Unitary Socialist Party
4233:Italian Communist Party
4227:Proletarian Unity Party
4094:Labour Democratic Party
4079:Italian Communist Party
4074:Italian Socialist Party
3422:, Enciclopedia Treccani
1634:Italian Communist Party
1620:DC election poster for
1390:Italian Communist Party
1348:(especially in eastern
1286:European People's Party
1146:Italian Social Movement
1142:Italian Communist Party
960:European People's Party
717:Italian Social Movement
675:Centre-left governments
610:De Gasperi and centrism
593:Prime Minister of Italy
585:Labour Democratic Party
569:Italian Socialist Party
565:Italian Communist Party
509:European People's Party
495:, and the still active
481:Italian Socialist Party
444:Italian Communist Party
394:Italian Social Republic
282:European People's Party
270:European People's Party
218:Political position
5063:Anti-communist parties
4820:National Fascist Party
4615:Italian People's Party
4603:Italian People's Party
4597:Conservative Catholics
4504:Union for the Republic
4268:Italian Workers' Party
3886:Massimo L. Salvadori,
3621:The Review of Politics
3565:John A. Agnew (2002).
3276:12 August 2014 at the
2175:Senate of the Republic
1629:
1425:Italian People's Party
1310:Pier Ferdinando Casini
1306:Italian People's Party
1212:Italian People's Party
1064:Italian People's Party
1043:
1019:(in the left poster),
921:Pier Ferdinando Casini
915:Italian People's Party
803:
696:
686:
621:
542:1921 general elections
526:Italian People's Party
485:Italian People's Party
439:
398:Italian People's Party
378:
119:Italian People's Party
105:Italian People's Party
4949:Italian Liberal Party
4754:National-conservative
4714:The People of Freedom
4674:Italian Liberal Party
4433:Italian Radical Party
4398:Democrats of the Left
4239:Proletarian Democracy
4084:Italian Liberal Party
3495:Mark Donovan (1998).
1619:
1488:1996 general election
1456:1992 general election
1445:1983 general election
1421:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1397:1948 general election
1356:), due to the strong
1292:With the fall of the
1184:liberal-conservatives
1110:social market economy
1011:
994:Democrats of the Left
907:1994 general election
871:1992 general election
833:1987 general election
818:1983 general election
799:
744:abducted and murdered
692:
682:
641:1948 general election
617:
604:1946 general election
573:Italian Liberal Party
556:'s first government.
469:Italian Liberal Party
4695:Liberal-conservative
4661:Conservative-liberal
4584:Christian-democratic
4292:Left Ecology Freedom
4255:Democratic socialist
3888:Enciclopedia storica
3420:Democrazia Cristiana
3071:Party Leader in the
3066:Rosa Russo Iervolino
2967:Paolo Emilio Taviani
1626:Giuseppe Genco Russo
1578:improve this section
1178:In the early years,
1124:and was basically a
1048:Christian democratic
954:, which were led by
888:statutory time limit
816:. In the successive
503:and the centre-left
461:liberal-conservative
387:Christian democratic
379:Democrazia Cristiana
265:European affiliation
229:National affiliation
36:Democrazia Cristiana
4944:Christian Democracy
4686:Union of the Centre
4609:Christian Democracy
4463:Democratic Alliance
4362:Union of Socialists
4125:Green Flame Brigade
4110:Autonomous Brigades
4069:Christian Democracy
3297:on 10 November 2013
3073:Chamber of Deputies
2603:European Parliament
2595:European Parliament
1710:Chamber of Deputies
1413:Province of Vicenza
1409:Province of Bergamo
1155:, that were mainly
1112:, and rejected the
1100:, the DC preferred
899:Populars for Reform
773:. In the trial for
740:Historic Compromise
734:Historic Compromise
728:Organic Centre-left
497:Union of the Centre
477:Organic Centre-left
371:Christian Democracy
208:Social conservatism
203:Christian democracy
33:Christian Democracy
4785:National Democracy
4761:Common Man's Front
4720:Future and Freedom
4639:European Democracy
4130:Matteotti Brigades
4115:Garibaldi Brigades
3940:Gianni Baget Bozzo
3926:Gianni Baget Bozzo
3109:Benigno Zaccagnini
3042:Benigno Zaccagnini
3003:Benigno Zaccagnini
2865:Benigno Zaccagnini
2732:Regional elections
2654:Benigno Zaccagnini
2475:Benigno Zaccagnini
2438:Benigno Zaccagnini
2052:Benigno Zaccagnini
2015:Benigno Zaccagnini
1702:Italian Parliament
1644:in 1978 after the
1630:
1405:Italian Parliament
1378:Common Man's Front
1259:Westminster system
1255:Benigno Zaccagnini
1222:and controversial
1044:
808:Giovanni Spadolini
804:
709:Benigno Zaccagnini
697:
687:
653:Italian Parliament
632:that included the
630:centrist coalition
622:
451:Italian Parliament
327:("O White Flower")
4995:
4994:
4874:
4873:
4814:Combatants' Party
4791:National Alliance
4392:Labour Federation
4174:
4173:
4166:Alcide De Gasperi
4140:People's Brigades
3968:Il segno della DC
3748:978-3-642-00560-2
3699:Italian Americana
3605:978-0-7425-1950-3
3578:978-0-226-01051-9
3544:978-0-521-84070-5
3510:978-1-85567-382-3
3481:978-81-7023-307-7
3447:978-0-415-18188-4
3346:978-0-19-928470-2
3250:978-0-7146-5662-5
3231:978-90-5867-377-0
3137:Mino Martinazzoli
3026:Alcide De Gasperi
3019:Mino Martinazzoli
2975:Alcide De Gasperi
2955:Alcide De Gasperi
2945:
2944:
2914:10,651,675 (1st)
2877:11,223,284 (1st)
2840:11,153,439 (1st)
2803:10,699,576 (1st)
2771:10,303,236 (1st)
2729:
2728:
2703:11,451,053 (1st)
2666:11,583,767 (2nd)
2634:12,774,320 (1st)
2592:
2591:
2524:10,897,036 (1st)
2487:10,081,819 (1st)
2450:12,018,077 (1st)
2418:12,226,768 (1st)
2386:11,466,701 (1st)
2349:10,965,790 (1st)
2312:10,032,458 (1st)
2275:12,520,207 (1st)
2263:Alcide De Gasperi
2238:10,862,073 (1st)
2226:Alcide De Gasperi
2206:10,899,640 (1st)
2169:
2168:
2138:11,637,569 (1st)
2101:13,241,188 (1st)
2064:12,153,081 (1st)
2027:14,046,290 (1st)
1990:14,218,298 (1st)
1958:12,919,270 (1st)
1921:12,441,553 (1st)
1884:11,773,182 (1st)
1847:12,520,207 (1st)
1835:Alcide De Gasperi
1810:10,862,073 (1st)
1798:Alcide De Gasperi
1773:12,740,042 (1st)
1761:Alcide De Gasperi
1614:
1613:
1606:
1543:
1542:
1503:) was highest in
1401:absolute majority
1330:Pole for Freedoms
1228:Giuseppe Dossetti
1224:Fernando Tambroni
1188:Alcide De Gasperi
1161:social-democratic
1086:Quadragesimo anno
1040:hammer and sickle
956:Rocco Buttiglione
945:National Alliance
937:Social Christians
929:Silvio Berlusconi
911:Mino Martinazzoli
835:(34.2%), and the
713:Fernando Tambroni
619:Alcide De Gasperi
589:Alcide De Gasperi
426:politics of Italy
368:
367:
355:Political parties
350:Politics of Italy
121:(legal successor)
112:Succeeded by
75:Mino Martinazzoli
69:Alcide De Gasperi
5075:
4913:
4912:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4878:
4877:
4726:New Centre-Right
4445:Social Democracy
4439:Democratic Party
4213:
4212:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4178:
4177:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4014:
4013:
3990:Soveria Mannelli
3912:Giulio Andreotti
3874:
3867:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3676:10.2307/20030148
3659:
3653:
3652:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3293:. Archived from
3287:
3281:
3268:
3254:
3235:
3192:
3178:
3166:
3133:Virginio Rognoni
3125:Giovanni Galloni
3121:Flaminio Piccoli
3117:Giulio Andreotti
3113:Fiorentino Sullo
3101:Attilio Piccioni
3093:Giuseppe Bettiol
3085:Giuseppe Spataro
3077:Giovanni Gronchi
3054:Flaminio Piccoli
3046:Amintore Fanfani
3034:Attilio Piccioni
3007:Flaminio Piccoli
2999:Amintore Fanfani
2991:Flaminio Piccoli
2979:Amintore Fanfani
2959:Attilio Piccioni
2932:
2931:
2923:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2780:
2740:Regions of Italy
2736:
2735:
2712:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2643:
2599:
2598:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2561:9,088,494 (1st)
2542:
2541:
2533:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2427:
2395:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2300:Amintore Fanfani
2293:
2292:
2284:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2215:
2171:
2170:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1967:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1872:Amintore Fanfani
1865:
1864:
1856:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1750:
1741:8,101,004 (1st)
1706:
1705:
1697:Election results
1691:Giulio Andreotti
1679:Calogero Mannino
1609:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1558:
1550:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1507:(22.3%). In the
1477:
1476:
1370:Benito Mussolini
1326:Pole of Freedoms
1251:Giulio Andreotti
1236:Giuseppe Lazzati
1216:Giovanni Gronchi
1204:Amintore Fanfani
1031:(represented by
998:Democratic Party
880:
879:
801:Giulio Andreotti
755:Giulio Andreotti
701:Amintore Fanfani
684:Amintore Fanfani
554:Benito Mussolini
505:Democratic Party
416:comprising both
341:
308:
295:
186:
101:Preceded by
88:15 December 1943
47:
28:
27:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5072:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4958:
4915:
4907:
4905:
4875:
4870:
4837:
4796:
4749:
4738:Direction Italy
4690:
4656:
4579:
4544:
4509:Italian Renewal
4474:
4415:
4326:
4297:
4286:Democratic Left
4250:
4215:
4207:
4205:
4175:
4170:
4161:Ferruccio Parri
4149:Prime Ministers
4144:
4135:Osoppo Brigades
4098:
4057:
4045:
4043:
4041:
3999:
3954:Pietro Scoppola
3904:, Cinque Lune,
3883:
3878:
3877:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3829:
3825:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3772:on 18 June 2009
3760:
3756:
3749:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3695:
3691:
3664:Foreign Affairs
3660:
3656:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3393:
3389:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3331:
3324:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3291:"Archived copy"
3289:
3288:
3284:
3278:Wayback Machine
3269:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3232:
3205:
3203:Further reading
3198:
3196:
3195:Electoral logo
3193:
3184:
3182:
3181:Electoral logo
3179:
3170:
3167:
3158:
3141:Vincenzo Scotti
3062:Ciriaco De Mita
3058:Arnaldo Forlani
3015:Arnaldo Forlani
3011:Ciriaco De Mita
2995:Arnaldo Forlani
2950:
2941:
2939:Arnaldo Forlani
2934:
2924:
2921:
2904:
2902:Arnaldo Forlani
2897:
2887:
2884:
2867:
2860:
2850:
2847:
2830:
2828:Arnaldo Forlani
2823:
2813:
2810:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2734:
2725:
2723:Arnaldo Forlani
2718:
2713:
2710:
2693:
2691:Ciriaco De Mita
2686:
2676:
2673:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2597:
2588:
2586:Arnaldo Forlani
2581:
2571:
2568:
2551:
2549:Ciriaco De Mita
2544:
2534:
2531:
2514:
2512:Ciriaco De Mita
2507:
2497:
2494:
2477:
2470:
2460:
2457:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2408:
2406:Arnaldo Forlani
2401:
2396:
2393:
2376:
2369:
2359:
2356:
2339:
2332:
2322:
2319:
2302:
2295:
2285:
2282:
2265:
2258:
2248:
2245:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2165:
2163:Arnaldo Forlani
2158:
2148:
2145:
2128:
2126:Ciriaco De Mita
2121:
2111:
2108:
2091:
2089:Ciriaco De Mita
2084:
2074:
2071:
2054:
2047:
2037:
2034:
2017:
2010:
2000:
1997:
1980:
1978:Arnaldo Forlani
1973:
1968:
1965:
1948:
1941:
1931:
1928:
1911:
1904:
1894:
1891:
1874:
1867:
1857:
1854:
1837:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1800:
1793:
1783:
1780:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1704:
1699:
1689:and especially
1683:Vito Ciancimino
1665:. Moreover, as
1610:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1575:
1559:
1548:
1539:
1526:
1522:
1342:
1340:Popular support
1282:trade unionists
1278:Ciriaco De Mita
1274:Arnaldo Forlani
1232:Giorgio La Pira
1173:
1126:catch-all party
1006:
853:
794:
736:
677:
645:Catholic Church
612:
583:(Pd'A) and the
522:
517:
414:catch-all party
364:
314:
306:
291:
259:
212:
184:
155:
139:Piazza del Gesù
130:
96:16 January 1994
80:
38:
37:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5081:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4904:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4702:Economic Party
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4309:Rainbow Greens
4305:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3998:
3997:External links
3995:
3994:
3993:
3988:, Rubbettino,
3984:Luciano Radi,
3982:
3961:
3951:
3937:
3923:
3909:
3898:Igino Giordani
3895:
3890:, Zanichelli,
3882:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3840:
3834:, Zanichelli,
3823:
3809:
3783:
3765:I veleni di OP
3754:
3747:
3725:
3716:
3689:
3670:(4): 701–708.
3654:
3611:
3604:
3584:
3577:
3557:
3543:
3523:
3509:
3487:
3480:
3460:
3446:
3424:
3412:
3406:
3387:
3368:(2): 256–276.
3362:Party Politics
3352:
3345:
3322:
3282:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3236:
3230:
3217:
3216:2(2): 143–159.
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:Gerardo Bianco
3129:Gerardo Bianco
3089:Giuseppe Cappi
3081:Giuseppe Cappi
3069:
3022:
2963:Giuseppe Cappi
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:Election year
2743:
2742:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2609:Election year
2606:
2605:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:Election year
2178:
2177:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:Election year
1713:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1671:Sicilian Mafia
1667:Southern Italy
1638:Giovanni Leone
1612:
1611:
1562:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1527:
1520:
1382:Emilia-Romagna
1346:Northern Italy
1341:
1338:
1334:The Olive Tree
1220:Achille Grandi
1192:Giuseppe Pella
1172:
1169:
1122:social classes
1118:class struggle
1033:Italia Turrita
1021:traditionalism
1017:anti-communism
1005:
1002:
975:The Olive Tree
931:'s new party,
883:northern Italy
852:
849:
845:budget deficit
793:
788:
780:Mino Pecorelli
735:
732:
676:
673:
611:
608:
591:was appointed
521:
518:
516:
513:
479:involving the
402:scudo crociato
366:
365:
363:
362:
357:
352:
346:
343:
342:
334:
333:
329:
328:
324:O bianco fiore
320:
316:
315:
313:
312:
303:
301:
297:
296:
289:
285:
284:
279:
273:
272:
267:
261:
260:
258:
257:
251:
245:
239:
232:
230:
226:
225:
220:
214:
213:
211:
210:
205:
199:
197:
191:
190:
187:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
166:
160:
159:
157:La Discussione
150:
146:
145:
136:
132:
131:
129:
128:
122:
115:
113:
109:
108:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
79:
78:
72:
65:
63:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5080:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4911:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4890:
4888:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4668:Liberal Union
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4515:The Democrats
4513:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4457:Radical Party
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:Ivanoe Bonomi
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3980:88-220-6253-1
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:, Vallecchi,
3945:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:, Vallecchi,
3931:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:, Mondadori,
3917:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3849:
3844:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3819:
3813:
3797:
3796:La Repubblica
3793:
3787:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3395:Storia, Rai.
3391:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3312:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3191:
3186:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3150:
3147:(1990–1992),
3146:
3143:(1989–1990),
3142:
3139:(1986–1989),
3138:
3135:(1983–1986),
3134:
3131:(1979–1983),
3130:
3127:(1978–1979),
3126:
3123:(1972–1978),
3122:
3119:(1968–1972),
3118:
3114:
3111:(1962–1968),
3110:
3107:(1958–1962),
3106:
3103:(1956–1958),
3102:
3099:(1953–1956),
3098:
3095:(1950–1953),
3094:
3090:
3086:
3083:(1948–1949),
3082:
3079:(1946–1948),
3078:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3064:(1989–1992),
3063:
3060:(1980–1989),
3059:
3056:(1978–1980),
3055:
3052:(1976–1978),
3051:
3047:
3044:(1969–1975),
3043:
3040:(1966–1969),
3039:
3036:(1960–1966),
3035:
3032:(1954–1960),
3031:
3028:(1946–1954),
3027:
3023:
3020:
3017:(1989–1992),
3016:
3013:(1982–1989),
3012:
3009:(1980–1982),
3008:
3005:(1975–1980),
3004:
3001:(1973–1975),
3000:
2997:(1969–1973),
2996:
2992:
2989:(1964–1969),
2988:
2987:Mariano Rumor
2985:(1959–1964),
2984:
2981:(1954–1959),
2980:
2977:(1953–1954),
2976:
2973:(1950–1953),
2972:
2971:Guido Gonella
2969:(1949–1950),
2968:
2964:
2961:(1946–1949),
2960:
2957:(1944–1946),
2956:
2952:
2951:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2791:Mariano Rumor
2788:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2374:Mariano Rumor
2371:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:Mariano Rumor
1943:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1608:
1605:
1597:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1563:This section
1561:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1546:Controversies
1537:
1536:MediaWiki.org
1533:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1466:and 41.2% in
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:and 57.8% in
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:Central Italy
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:. There, the
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1267:partitocrazia
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:Mariano Rumor
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:Antonio Segni
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1081:Pope Leo XIII
1078:
1077:
1076:Rerum novarum
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:family values
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
990:2001 election
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
971:Franco Marini
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
884:
878:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
822:Bettino Craxi
819:
815:
814:
809:
802:
798:
792:
787:
785:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
731:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
691:
685:
681:
672:
670:
666:
660:
656:
654:
650:
649:United States
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
620:
616:
607:
605:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
452:
447:
445:
441:
440:Balena bianca
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
344:
340:
335:
330:
326:
325:
321:
317:
311:
305:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
280:
278:
274:
271:
268:
266:
262:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
231:
227:
224:
221:
219:
215:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
198:
196:
192:
188:
181:
177:
173:
170:
167:
165:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
29:
26:
22:
4943:
4708:Forza Italia
4608:
4533:Civic Choice
4427:Action Party
4350:Action Party
4103:Armed forces
4089:Action Party
4068:
3985:
3967:
3964:Nico Perrone
3957:
3943:
3929:
3915:
3901:
3887:
3865:
3843:
3831:
3826:
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3798:(in Italian)
3795:
3786:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:the original
3764:
3757:
3738:
3728:
3719:
3705:(1): 89–98.
3702:
3698:
3692:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3627:(1): 16–33.
3624:
3620:
3614:
3594:
3587:
3567:
3560:
3548:. Retrieved
3533:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3500:
3490:
3470:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3437:
3427:
3415:
3409:
3400:
3390:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3335:
3299:. Retrieved
3295:the original
3285:
3266:
3240:
3221:
3213:
3145:Antonio Gava
3038:Mario Scelba
1675:Antonio Gava
1660:
1657:Tangentopoli
1656:
1653:Pentapartito
1652:
1650:
1631:
1600:
1591:
1576:Please help
1564:
1513:
1484:
1453:
1441:
1435:(53.7%) and
1415:), 69.6% in
1394:
1388:, where the
1343:
1318:Forza Italia
1302:Tangentopoli
1301:
1291:
1271:
1266:
1240:
1200:Mario Scelba
1177:
1174:
1157:conservative
1150:
1095:
1091:Pope Pius XI
1084:
1074:
1060:Luigi Sturzo
1056:Romolo Murri
1045:
983:
979:Romano Prodi
964:
949:
933:Forza Italia
919:
892:
867:Tangentopoli
866:
856:
855:In 1992 the
854:
841:Italian lira
837:Pentapartito
836:
830:
828:government.
826:Pentapartito
825:
813:Pentapartito
811:
805:
791:Pentapartito
790:
782:and general
752:
748:Red Brigades
737:
721:
698:
661:
657:
638:
626:Harry Truman
623:
601:
597:
581:Action Party
561:World War II
558:
549:
530:Luigi Sturzo
523:
501:Forza Italia
456:Pentapartito
454:
448:
431:Tangentopoli
429:
418:centre-right
401:
382:
370:
369:
322:
254:Pentapartito
175:Women's wing
156:
152:
135:Headquarters
52:Abbreviation
25:
4834:(1946–1995)
4828:(1943–1945)
4822:(1921–1943)
4816:(1919–1923)
4810:(1910–1923)
4801:Nationalist
4793:(1995–2009)
4787:(1977–1979)
4781:(1959–1972)
4775:(1954–1959)
4769:(1946–1959)
4763:(1946–1949)
4746:(2019–2022)
4740:(2017–2019)
4734:(2015–2017)
4728:(2013–2017)
4722:(2010–2014)
4716:(2009–2013)
4710:(1994–2009)
4704:(1919–1924)
4682:(1953–1954)
4676:(1922–1994)
4670:(1913–1922)
4653:(1999–2013)
4647:(2005–2009)
4641:(2001–2002)
4635:(1995–2002)
4629:(1994–2002)
4617:(1994–2002)
4611:(1943–1994)
4605:(1919–1926)
4599:(1913–1919)
4593:(1906–1919)
4576:(2011–2013)
4574:Great South
4570:(1995–1996)
4564:(1994–1996)
4558:(1943–1951)
4541:(2015–2018)
4535:(2013–2019)
4529:(2002–2007)
4523:(1993–2003)
4517:(1999–2002)
4511:(1996–2002)
4500:(1998–1999)
4494:(1919–1926)
4488:(1913–1919)
4471:(1991–1999)
4469:The Network
4465:(1993–1997)
4459:(1955–1989)
4447:(1922–1926)
4441:(1913–1919)
4435:(1904–1922)
4429:(1853–1867)
4412:(2017–2023)
4410:Article One
4406:(1998–2007)
4400:(1998–2007)
4394:(1994–1998)
4388:(1947–1998)
4382:(1892–1994)
4376:(1966–1969)
4370:(1949–1951)
4364:(1948–1949)
4358:(1943–1948)
4352:(1929–1947)
4346:(1922–1930)
4340:(1912–1926)
4323:(1990–2021)
4317:(1986–1990)
4311:(1989–1990)
4294:(2010-2016)
4288:(2007–2010)
4282:(1991–1998)
4276:(1964–1972)
4270:(1882–1892)
4264:(1881–1893)
4247:(1998–2014)
4241:(1978–1991)
4235:(1921–1991)
4229:(1972–1984)
3301:10 November
3197:(1992–1993)
3183:(1946–1991)
3151:(1992–1994)
3068:(1992–1994)
3024:President:
3021:(1992–1994)
2953:Secretary:
1662:Mani pulite
1532:Phabricator
1312:joined the
1294:Berlin Wall
1196:Ezio Vanoni
1106:cooperation
1102:competition
1071:encyclicals
1035:) from the
895:Mario Segni
858:Mani pulite
579:(PRI), the
575:(PLI), the
571:(PSI), the
567:(PCI), the
520:Early years
422:centre-left
408:-inspired,
256:(1980–1991)
250:(1961–1976)
248:Centre-left
244:(1947–1959)
238:(1943–1947)
183:Membership
5002:Categories
4521:Segni Pact
3970:, Dedalo,
3869:As of the
3802:19 October
3776:19 October
3401:Rai Storia
3259:References
3030:Adone Zoli
2948:Leadership
1687:Salvo Lima
1464:Basilicata
1462:, 44.5 in
1263:particracy
1089:(1931) of
1079:(1891) of
1013:Propaganda
903:Segni Pact
471:, and the
332:Party flag
164:Youth wing
4744:Cambiamo!
4220:Communist
3649:144078864
3516:17 August
3453:26 August
3382:145534789
3105:Luigi Gui
3097:Aldo Moro
3050:Aldo Moro
2983:Aldo Moro
2922:272 / 720
2885:276 / 720
2848:290 / 720
2811:277 / 720
2779:287 / 720
2569:107 / 315
2532:125 / 315
2495:120 / 315
2458:138 / 315
2426:135 / 315
2394:135 / 315
2357:135 / 315
2337:Aldo Moro
2320:132 / 315
2283:123 / 246
2246:116 / 237
2214:131 / 237
2146:206 / 630
2109:234 / 630
2072:225 / 630
2035:262 / 630
1998:263 / 630
1966:266 / 630
1929:266 / 630
1909:Aldo Moro
1892:260 / 630
1855:273 / 596
1818:263 / 590
1781:305 / 574
1749:207 / 556
1594:June 2017
1565:does not
1474:Lega Nord
1451:(46.0%).
1439:(50.5%).
1431:(51.9%),
1243:Aldo Moro
1180:centrists
1138:anarchism
1134:communism
1130:socialism
1098:economics
1037:communist
917:(PPI).
893:In 1992,
886:basis of
877:Lega Nord
763:Campanian
724:Aldo Moro
705:Aldo Moro
694:Aldo Moro
511:in 1976.
360:Elections
189:2,109,670
153:Il Popolo
149:Newspaper
93:Dissolved
3948:Florence
3934:Florence
3711:29776027
3684:20030148
3311:cite web
3274:Archived
3115:(1968),
3091:(1950),
3087:(1949),
3048:(1976),
2993:(1969),
2965:(1949),
1505:Campania
1499:and the
1480:Piedmont
1460:Campania
1437:Campania
1417:Trentino
1376:and the
1358:Catholic
1350:Lombardy
1298:Cold War
1186:such as
1171:Factions
1116:idea of
1004:Ideology
969:, under
771:Radicals
647:and the
550:Popolari
534:Catholic
410:centrist
406:Catholic
404:). As a
385:) was a
242:Centrism
195:Ideology
4062:Parties
3892:Bologna
3881:Sources
3836:Bologna
3641:1404299
3550:24 July
3156:Symbols
2761:Leader
2711:26 / 81
2674:26 / 81
2642:29 / 81
2624:Leader
2196:Leader
1731:Leader
1586:removed
1571:sources
1534:and on
1454:In the
1433:Abruzzo
1403:in the
1395:In the
1366:Liberal
1165:liberal
1114:Marxist
890:rules.
767:Camorra
746:by the
639:In the
602:In the
546:Fascist
515:History
436:Italian
375:Italian
127:(split)
85:Founded
71:(first)
4623:(1998)
4453:(1946)
3978:
3745:
3709:
3682:
3647:
3639:
3602:
3575:
3541:
3507:
3478:
3444:
3380:
3343:
3247:
3228:
2755:Seats
2749:Votes
2618:Seats
2612:Votes
2190:Seats
2184:Votes
1725:Seats
1719:Votes
1495:, the
1468:Sicily
1449:Apulia
1354:Veneto
1083:, and
1066:. Two
491:, the
487:, the
467:, the
319:Anthem
307:
300:Colors
223:Centre
185:(1990)
77:(last)
61:Leader
4302:Green
4055:Italy
3974:2002
3920:Milan
3857:Notes
3707:JSTOR
3680:JSTOR
3645:S2CID
3637:JSTOR
3378:S2CID
2917:33.4
2880:35.0
2843:36.8
2806:35.3
2774:37.8
2706:32.9
2669:33.0
2637:36.5
2564:27.3
2527:33.6
2490:32.4
2453:38.3
2421:38.9
2389:38.1
2352:38.3
2315:36.6
2278:41.2
2241:40.7
2209:48.1
2141:29.7
2104:34.3
2067:32.9
2030:38.3
1993:38.7
1961:38.7
1924:39.1
1887:38.3
1850:42.4
1813:40.1
1776:48.5
1744:35.2
1624:boss
1622:Mafia
1429:Lazio
1362:South
1068:Papal
1029:Italy
863:Milan
775:Mafia
310:White
3992:2005
3976:ISBN
3972:Bari
3950:1977
3936:1974
3922:1956
3908:1955
3906:Rome
3894:2000
3838:2009
3804:2010
3778:2010
3743:ISBN
3600:ISBN
3573:ISBN
3552:2013
3539:ISBN
3518:2012
3505:ISBN
3476:ISBN
3455:2012
3442:ISBN
3341:ISBN
3317:link
3303:2013
3245:ISBN
3226:ISBN
2910:1990
2873:1985
2836:1980
2799:1975
2767:1970
2758:+/−
2699:1989
2662:1984
2630:1979
2621:+/−
2557:1992
2520:1987
2483:1983
2446:1979
2414:1976
2382:1972
2345:1968
2308:1963
2271:1958
2234:1953
2202:1948
2193:+/−
2134:1992
2097:1987
2060:1983
2023:1979
1986:1976
1954:1972
1917:1968
1880:1963
1843:1958
1806:1953
1769:1948
1737:1946
1728:+/−
1569:any
1567:cite
1384:and
1352:and
1198:and
1182:and
1163:and
1136:and
1058:and
967:1996
761:, a
707:and
669:1979
665:1953
540:and
538:1919
532:, a
420:and
143:Rome
4053:of
3672:doi
3629:doi
3370:doi
3212:".
1580:by
1501:CDU
1497:CCD
1493:PPI
1269:).
1104:to
1096:In
947:.
881:in
667:to
559:As
552:in
5004::
3966:,
3956:,
3942:,
3928:,
3914:,
3900:,
3794:.
3701:.
3678:.
3668:26
3666:.
3643:.
3635:.
3623:.
3399:.
3376:.
3366:19
3364:.
3325:^
3313:}}
3309:{{
3075::
2896:14
2859:13
2822:10
2752:%
2615:%
2580:18
2506:18
2257:15
2187:%
2157:28
2083:37
1903:13
1866:10
1829:42
1792:98
1722:%
1685:,
1681:,
1677:,
1245:,
1234:,
1230:,
1218:,
1194:,
1190:,
1148:.
1132:,
1073:,
962:.
786:.
750:.
703:,
595:.
438::
412:,
383:DC
381:,
377::
141:,
55:DC
4900:e
4893:t
4886:v
4200:e
4193:t
4186:v
4036:e
4029:t
4022:v
3873:.
3820:.
3806:.
3780:.
3751:.
3713:.
3703:7
3686:.
3674::
3651:.
3631::
3625:9
3608:.
3581:.
3554:.
3520:.
3484:.
3457:.
3403:.
3384:.
3372::
3349:.
3319:)
3305:.
3253:.
3234:.
2933:4
2785:–
2717:–
2685:3
2648:–
2543:5
2469:3
2432:–
2400:–
2368:3
2331:9
2294:7
2220:–
2120:9
2046:1
2009:3
1972:–
1940:6
1755:–
1628:.
1607:)
1601:(
1596:)
1592:(
1588:.
1574:.
1538:.
1265:(
1214:(
373:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg){kind=logo}
