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complete tasks such as baling, cutting, moving the trees to a roadside pick-up, and loading the harvest. In addition, this work must be completed during a very short period in
November. Growers also harvest trees by digging and balling the root and selling the trees as nursery stock or as live, reusable Christmas trees. This last option allows trees to be harvested earlier than the usual six- to ten-year period required to grow a mature Christmas tree.
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529:, a major Christmas tree growing region, Douglas fir has always been the primary species grown. A full one-half of all trees produced in the Pacific Northwest are Douglas fir. Douglas firs typically take five to seven years before they are mature enough to sell as Christmas trees. Also common in the region are noble fir, a tree that commands a higher price than Douglas fir, and
225:, and by the 1950s, farmers were shearing and pruning trees to meet customer demands. The Christmas tree market burgeoned through the 1960s and 1970s, but from the late 1980s onward, prices and the market for natural Christmas trees declined. In the early 21st century, nearly 98% of all natural (not artificial) Christmas trees sold worldwide were grown on tree farms.
819:, who began planting Christmas trees in 1967, gave his trees away for free from his modest 1-acre (4,000 m) farm for ten years before establishing a tree farming business. Other farmers started growing Christmas trees as a supplemental income for retirement or college funds, or they worked farms that were not originally established as Christmas tree farms.
197:, is carried out in a number of ways; one of the more popular methods is the pick-your-own tree farm, where customers are allowed to roam the farm, select their tree, and cut it down themselves. Other farmers cultivate potted trees, with balled roots, which can be replanted after Christmas and used again the following year.
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1033:, and their products thus agricultural in nature, has evolved in the various government agencies responsible for such categorization. In both Canada, and the United States the governments take a regular Census of Agriculture, reporting in these censuses relies on the classifications. Beginning in 1996, the
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The 12 requirements a tree must possess for the "U.S. No. 2" grade are the same as U.S. Premium except for fairly clean, instead of clean, not less than light density, and in total two adjacent faces must not have more than three "minor defects", the other faces may have two "noticeable defects". The
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The 12 requirements a tree must possess for the "U.S. Premium" grade are: characteristics typical of the species, butt trimmed (except for trees graded "on the stump"), normal taper, fresh, clean, healthy, well-shaped, not less than heavy density, handle length cannot exceed 6 inches (15 cm), or
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visits and holiday crafts. Many tree farms actively encourage schools to sponsor field trips to the farms. One grower in Kansas contended that usual worries for businesses, such as a tight economy, do not affect
Christmas tree farms. The grower thought that obtaining a tree from a Christmas tree farm
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Section of the department. In OSU's
Department of Forest Science, Mike Bondi is conducting ongoing research into Christmas tree fertilization, productivity and genetics, as well as natural and artificial regeneration systems. During the mid-1990s, the trio's research was primarily focused on creating
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Christmas tree farms are best located on relatively level land that is free of obstructions. In the past, Christmas tree farmers established their plantations on less desirable agricultural plots or "wastelands of agriculture". However, emphasis in modern
Christmas tree farming has shifted toward the
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Larger farms began using helicopters to move tree harvests during the 1980s. One 1,200-acre (490 ha) farm in Oregon lacked road access, so it began using helicopters to move up to 200,000 Christmas trees per year. Helicopters reduce the amount of time between harvesting and market, cutting
749:(USDA) grading scheme, even if they are not entirely based upon them. The Department of Agriculture's United States Standards for Grades of Christmas Trees took effect on October 30, 1989, covering "sheared or unsheared trees of the coniferous species which are normally marketed as Christmas trees".
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and marketed in different ways. Some operations are known as "choose-and-cut" or pick-your-own farms, which allow customers to walk through the planted land, select their
Christmas tree and cut down themselves. Wholesale operations are more labor-intensive because they usually require the farmer to
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After the trees are in the ground, work on the crop continues. Animal pests (especially insects) and diseases must be monitored and controlled, and weed growth must also be minimized. Many species of pine and fir require pruning and shearing two to four years after planting to maintain the classic
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inches (3.8 cm) for each foot (.3 m) of height (except for trees graded "on the stump"), in total three faces must not have more than one "minor defect", the other face may have only one minor defect. The final two requirements have to do with size and a few exceptions for cases where entire
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The 12 requirements a tree must possess for the "U.S. No. 1" grade are the same as U.S. Premium except for fairly clean, instead of clean, not less than medium density, and in total three faces must not have more than two "minor defects", the other face may have only one "noticeable defect". The
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Christmas tree quality grades have been in place since 1965 in
Ontario, Canada, and were included under the provincial Farm Products Grades and Sales Act. While the grades in Ontario are law, in the United States the grading system is not mandated. In fact, it is common for U.S. growers to
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was established in 1901, but most consumers continued to obtain their trees from forests until the 1930s and 1940s. Christmas tree farming was once seen only as a viable alternative for low-quality farmland, but that perception has changed within the agriculture industry. For optimum yield and
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for people. Christmas tree farms have embraced this trend; at one
Minnesota tree farm it has become tradition for customers to pose for snapshots with their trees, when they return in subsequent years they can check the "wall of memories" for their photo. Other tree farms have served the same
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requirement for 18 people; with 500,000 acres (200,000 ha) in production in the U.S. alone, that amounts to oxygen for 9 million people per day. The NCTA also stated that the farms help to stabilize the soil, protect water supplies and provide wildlife habitat. In addition, the
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U.S. institutions in other
Christmas tree producing locales have also undertaken their own research programs. North Carolina State University has several full-time staff dedicated to all aspects of tree production. Specialties at N.C. State cross several academic departments and range from a
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The weather, as with other agricultural endeavors, plays a key outcome in the yield of a
Christmas tree farm. Severe cold in the winter and extreme hot and dry conditions during and after harvest can cause irreparable damage to the crop. Early snow can make both harvesting and shipping trees
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and increasing concerns regarding tree disposal as the chief elements in its prediction. Critics of tree farming have raised the concerns highlighted in the 1998 report, as well as other issues, such as the effect that large-scale tree farming operations have on
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In the United States, the
National Christmas Tree Association (NCTA) promotes the environmental benefits of live Christmas trees over the competing artificial alternative. The NCTA stated that every acre of Christmas trees in production produced the daily
795:, Canada, for example, most of the 900,000 trees harvested for use as Christmas trees came from native pine and fir stands. The British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Ranges allows any resident of the province to cut a Christmas tree for free from
895:. Pesticide use on Christmas tree farms is one of the main concerns of environmentalists; fir trees are vulnerable to a wide array of pests and diseases which requires the use of pesticides and other chemicals including the widely used herbicide
914:'s "Gardening" website called buying Christmas trees directly from the farm, "the most environmentally friendly way of getting a tree". Other positive environmental attributes have been given live Christmas trees as well. Researchers at the
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It is a tradition in my family to visit our local tree farm and harvest our family's Christmas tree. It is a wonderful event for the whole family and if you don't already do so, I encourage you to share this tradition with your family.
568:, Scots pine has always dominated both the domestic and export markets. Other regions of the world also have different favorites of natural Christmas trees, and Christmas tree farms reflect these; In Europe, Norway spruce is popular.
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state Agriculture Commissioner Patrick H. Brennan, supported the virtues of purchasing Christmas trees from local Christmas tree farms. In a statement released to support New York Christmas tree growers he stated,
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4,000, are not essential but a work-saving luxury for farmers. Farmers can purchase seedlings, the lifeblood of a Christmas tree farm, from nurseries. One farmer in Oregon purchased seedlings for
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200–300 per 1,000 plants. The farmer, a wholesaler, sold his final products for about $ 20 each; after the cost of the trees and other expenses, a profit of $ 2–3 per tree.
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Like all crops and plants, Christmas trees require a specific set of nutrients to thrive. Some 16 elements are crucial for growth; of those, three are obtained through air and water:
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1018:(FSA) does not provide federal crop insurance for Christmas tree crops, however, there is an alternative program, through the FSA, which provides assistance for non-insured crops. The
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946:, fertilization and disease management, while Chad Landgren is concentrating his emphasis on Christmas tree genetics and disease management. Both men are doing their research in the
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to sell. Despite these pioneering efforts, most people still obtained wild-grown Christmas trees from forests into the 1930s and 1940s. More trees were grown in plantations after
942:'s (OSU) College of Forestry have researched various aspects of Christmas tree cultivation. In the Department of Forest Resources, Rick Fletcher is researching Christmas tree
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predicted increasing environmental concerns about tree production and use as one possible reason people may favor artificial trees in the future. The report cited the use of
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Some tree farms offer more than just a chance to cut down a live Christmas tree. Outdoor and holiday themed activities are not uncommon and include wagon rides, offering
1022:, responsible for the Agriculture Census until 1997, excluded Christmas tree farms as farms from its reports. When the Census of Agriculture authority was shifted to the
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are obtained from the soil. If the necessary elements are not available in the local soil, nutritious fertilizers are used. Other important soil considerations include
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and clay loam soils. Some trees grow well in all types of soil, but in any case, the land must be well-drained for a Christmas tree farm to have a chance of thriving.
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The table lists only a portion of the requirements for each grade. Each grade consists of 12 requirements. See United States Standards for Grades of Christmas Trees.
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better Christmas tree seed stock, resulting in a higher percentage of quality mature trees, through genetic improvements. Similar research has been conducted by the
846:. Most recently, a new trade group was formed that focuses on the critical role Christmas tree distributors or "Brokers" play in the supply of Christmas trees.
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Christmas tree shape. Late or omitted pruning can result in trees that are unmarketable due to large gaps in needle coverage. Some species of pine, such as the
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In the United Kingdom, Christmas trees do not fall into the category of enterprises included in farm profits. Instead, Christmas tree farms are classified as "
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are also threats to Christmas tree crops, due to the damage they cause to roots and buds. Certain species of birds are also considered pests, including the
255:, are unable to grow on low-quality, marginal farmland. Flat or gently rolling land is preferred to that with steep slopes and inclines, which is prone to
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may need to be undertaken prior to planting, to remove obstacles such as large trees or rocks. If the volume of undergrowth requires it, the soil may be
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533:, which accounts for about 10% of the annual harvest in the Northwest. Other species collectively account for only 3–5% of the total Northwest harvest.
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A wide variety of pine and fir species are grown as Christmas trees, although a handful of varieties stand out in popularity. In the United States,
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Christmas trees, A study ends the debate over which Christmas tree, natural or artificial, is most ecological
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affects only Douglas fir trees. The pathogen often makes Douglas fir trees unsaleable as Christmas trees and heavily affects the
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2758:, (authors from North Carolina State University and Washington State University), October 13, 2001. Retrieved September 4, 2007.
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868:(LCA) study, conducted by a firm of experts in sustainable development, states that a natural tree will generate 3.1 kg of
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and fluctuations in fertility. Noticeable obstructions, such as rocks, fences, or significant underbrush, are also undesirable.
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develop their own grading systems. The grading systems established by individual jurisdictions are often in the spirit of the
618:, also threaten Christmas tree crops. Christmas trees are also vulnerable to fungal pathogens, resulting in such illnesses as
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1056:". Market gardens are defined separately from farming and are nurseries or gardens used for the sale of produce other than
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barriers, among the benefits of live tree use. Other positive reuses included fish habitat in private ponds and backyard
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production of higher-quality trees, and increasing land quality expectations. Indeed, some species of trees, such as the
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is a popular species, largely due to its needle-retention qualities. Other popular trees in Britain are Norway spruce,
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in 1997 the differences in definition were resolved and the Census of Agriculture included Christmas tree farms.
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The practice of cultivating evergreens specifically to sell as Christmas trees dates back to 1901, when a 25,000-tree
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2576:(Northern Ireland), United Kingdom Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
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in homes and tree industry workers' urine samples. The average Christmas tree receives roughly a half of an
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1688:(British Columbia), Parks, Recreation & Community Development: Parks Division. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
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Vukina, Tomislav, et al. (2001). A Hotelling-Faustmann Explanation of the Structure of Christmas Tree Prices.
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file), Agricultural Marketing Service, October 30, 1989, reprinted January 1997. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
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The people who operate Christmas tree farms range from full-time growers to part-time farmers. One farmer in
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was something that almost nothing could stop; an activity that transcended the economy and the weather.
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offer permits for individual tree cutting on government land, mostly within the National Forest system.
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The outlay of money on equipment varies greatly. Some items commonly found on Christmas tree farms are
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Various national growers' associations have been founded in Christmas tree producing nations. In the
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1014:, Christmas tree planting, tending and cutting are specifically not "farming operations". The U.S.
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industry points to the reduction of carbon dioxide through Christmas tree farming. An independent
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families for multiple generations, becoming a part of each group's holiday traditions. In 2006,
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lots are required to meet the grade. See United States Standards for Grades of Christmas Trees.
1665:, November/December 2006, Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved September 4, 2007.
1006:) skills and fall into different specialty categories. Under the terms of Title 29 of the
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quality, land should be flat or gently rolling and relatively free of debris and undergrowth.
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must be controlled prior to planting; this is most often done by application of a chemical
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Christmas tree farming is a labor-intensive process. Depending on the quality of the land,
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must be introduced into the soil prior to planting. The work done before planting tree
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Activities related to the cultivation of Christmas trees require cross-disciplinary (
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448:) is a popular species of Christmas tree in both the United States and Great Britain.
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file), College of Natural Resources, November 20, 2006. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2710:), Alternative Agricultural Enterprises, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
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Bulletin 670: Plantation Establishment and Management: Preplanting Land Preparation
2334:, News and Communications Services, December 9, 1996. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
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included Christmas tree farms in its Census of Agriculture concerning the issue of
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explains the pruning and shearing process of cultivation to a government employee.
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Florida-Grown Christmas Trees Presented To Governor Bush And Commissioner Bronson
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2950:, Michigan State University Extension, 1997–1998. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
2927:, June 28, 2002, via Washington State University. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2873:, Forestry Area Of Expertise (AOE) Team, Michigan State University Extension,
2384:, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, accessed April 16, 2007.
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Customers, armed with a saw, at a typical "choose-and-cut" Christmas tree farm
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final two requirements are also the same as those for the U.S. Premium grade.
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final two requirements are also the same as those for the U.S. Premium grade.
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How To Identify and Control Rhabdocline and Swiss Needlecasts of Douglas-Fir
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Tree Crops for Marginal Farmland: Christmas Trees With a Financial Analysis
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Tree Crops for Marginal Farmland: Christmas Trees With a Financial Analysis
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1064:, some Christmas trees are cultivated and harvested by the Forest Service.
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A Christmas Tree Grower's Guide to Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum)
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Christmas Tree Nutrient Management Guide for Western Oregon and Washington
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Christmas Tree Nutrient Management Guide for Western Oregon and Washington
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plays an important role in the overall success of a Christmas tree crop.
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2068:, Northwestern University, August 17, 1999. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
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Fresh, fairly clean, healthy, medium density, two minor defects allowed
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2503:, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
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Not all natural Christmas trees harvested are grown on plantations. In
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species cultivated face infestations and death from such pests as the
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The best-selling species in the North American market are Scots pine,
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2431:, Title 29, Chapter 5, Section 780.208, Code of Federal Regulations,
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Preston, For a Very Merry Christmas, Invest in Trees for the Season.
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Plantation Establishment and Management: Preplanting Land Preparation
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30:"Christmas tree farm" redirects here. For the Taylor Swift song, see
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Frequently Asked Questions about Christmas Tree Farms and Pesticides
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Frequently Asked Questions about Christmas Tree Farms and Pesticides
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was formed in 2022 and as of July 2024, has close to 3,000 members.
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open to membership from Christmas tree farmers in Great Britain and
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Customers haul their own purchases off-site at choose-and-cut farms.
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is located on flat ground and has well-mowed rows between the trees.
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2085:, December 8, 2006, via FindArticles. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
1473:, December 16, 2003; January 23, 2006. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
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In the United States, visits to Christmas tree farms have become a
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program to providing material support for growers in areas such as
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2132:"Ever wonder what happens to unsold Christmas trees? We found out"
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and farm cash receipts. The changes also included the addition of
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2671:), 2 December 2002, via FindArticles. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
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Brown, et al., Bulletin 670: Choice of Lands for Christmas Trees.
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2934:, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research & Extension Center,
1937:, Information on cutting free Christmas Trees for Personal Use,
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are usually better adapted to a sandy or sandy loam soil, while
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2725:, via Washington State University. Retrieved September 4, 2007.
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whereas the artificial tree will produce 8.1 kg per year.
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Fresh, clean, healthy, heavy density, one minor defect allowed
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2779:, Insect Identification Laboratory, Department of Entomology,
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4224:
2888:, March 26, 1999; July 31, 2003. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2772:, Department of Plant Pathology. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
1115:
1030:
1029:
The status of Christmas tree farms as actual, by definition,
919:
904:
603:
564:, and Fraser fir are commonly cultivated. In the province of
421:, and shaper sheers. Mechanized planters, at a cost of about
311:
52:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2607:
Commissioner urges consumers to buy New York Christmas trees
476:, although other types of trees are also grown and sold. In
4283:
4258:
3932:
3486:
2317:
OSU Extension helps growers improve Christmas tree genetics
1057:
682:
658:
387:
359:
335:
331:
267:
132:
2903:
For a Very Merry Christmas, Invest in Trees for the Season
2634:
Go to a Christmas tree farm to relive, make, keep memories
2162:, "Real Christmas Trees are a Benefit to the Environment".
1795:, "United States Standards for Grades of Christmas Trees".
500:
are among the 20,000 grown in the state each year.
2982:
2961:
2707:
2699:(London), November 28, 2006. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2587:
N.H. family's donation preserves Christmas tree tradition
2492:
2200:", December 16, 2008; accessed online September 22, 2009.
1425:
911:
788:
it from up to two weeks down to as little as three days.
140:
1304:
Fraser Fir for Christmas Trees and Landscape Transplants
556:, Virginia pine is a popular Christmas tree species. In
2886:
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
2752:
The Christmas Tree: Traditions, Production and Diseases
1523:
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
1261:
The Christmas Tree: Traditions, Production and Diseases
1223:, December 2, 1990, p. 17. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
339:
182:, the latter being popular throughout Europe. Like all
2396:"Can Science Produce a Longer Lasting Christmas Tree?"
1010:, which defines federal regulations pertaining to the
2958:
United States Standards for Grades of Christmas Trees
2921:
Fungal disease of true firs attacking Christmas trees
2896:
Real Christmas Trees are a Benefit to the Environment
2840:), BIM62601, 2003–2007. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
2422:
29 CFR 780.208 - Forest and Christmas tree activities
1866:, Ohio State University. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
1105:–NY Agriculture Commissioner Patrick H. Brennan, 2006
2826:(UK), December 6, 2005. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
1317:(Ontario), May 1, 2005. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
1130:
2747:, Ohio State University. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
2736:, Ohio State University. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
2183:
1049:with net cash farm income rising just 0.1 percent.
630:trees are especially vulnerable to infections from
2866:), November 18, 2006. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
2306:College of Forestry. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
2290:College of Forestry. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
2051:), December 12, 2003. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
2030:), December 16, 2004. Retrieved September 4, 2007.
1923:British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Lands
978:The Christmas Tree Research Center in Bible Hill,
2916:, December 23, 2000. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2730:Bulletin 670: Choice of Lands for Christmas Trees
1997:), December 8, 2004. Retrieved September 4, 2007.
1980:For 37 years, tree farm has built tradition in FL
1964:, December 3, 2000. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
918:included the reuse of natural Christmas trees as
4557:
2938:, October 30, 2006. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2263:, West Central Research & Extension Center,
2180:Hickman, "Is it OK ... to get a Christmas tree?"
2079:Tradition grows at 'perfect' Christmas tree farm
1880:New Hampshire-Vermont Christmas Tree Association
1860:Bulletin 670: Harvesting the Christmas tree crop
1533:
1531:
1525:, December 5, 2006. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
848:The Association of Real Christmas Tree Merchants
2647:, 13 November 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
2013:Family traditions abound at Christmas tree farm
1939:British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Ranges
1315:Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
1234:From Seed to Santa – A Tale of a Christmas Tree
186:, Christmas trees are vulnerable to a range of
2624:, 7 December 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
2267:, 4 December 2000. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
1150:Christmas tree production in the United States
510:is a popular Christmas tree species in Europe.
3502:
3078:
2815:, February 2004. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2750:Chastagner, Gary A., and Benson, D. Michael.
2721:, Oregon State University Extension Service,
2593:, 23 August 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
2224:, July 28, 1998. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2120:, official site. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
2097:, official site. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
1675:Sudden Oak Death (SOD) - Phytophthora ramorum
1528:
1432:, December 1992. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
1403:
1401:
1399:
907:(14 g) of pesticide over its lifetime.
590:, a major pest in the Christmas tree industry
50:The examples and perspective in this article
2783:, January 2002. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2601:
2599:
1890:
1888:
1882:, official site. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
1255:
1253:
736:Fresh, fairly clean, healthy, light density,
27:Cultivation of trees used as Christmas trees
3403:Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association
3324:Norwegian Christmas Tree (Washington, D.C.)
3029:Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association
2627:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2471:, 1997, p. 4. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
2344:Christmas Tree Research and Forest Genetics
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
571:
3509:
3495:
3398:British Christmas Tree Growers Association
3085:
3071:
3046:British Christmas Tree Growers Association
2851:, March 1997. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2719:An Introduction to Growing Christmas Trees
2365:
2363:
2095:British Christmas Tree Growers Association
1719:, North Central Forest Experiment Station
1696:
1694:
1652:Division of Communications: Untitled story
1634:
1632:
1630:
1606:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
1593:An Introduction to Growing Christmas Trees
1442:
1440:
1438:
1396:
1296:
989:
828:British Christmas Tree Growers Association
3413:Danish Christmas Tree Growers Association
2869:Koelling, Melvin and Dornbush, Laurie J.
2834:Nurseries and Market Gardens - definition
2714:, June 1995. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2704:Christmas trees is this the crop for you?
2655:
2653:
2596:
2551:Nurseries and Market Gardens - definition
2007:
2005:
2003:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1944:
1885:
1852:
1788:
1786:
1749:
1726:
1493:, College of Agriculture - Horticulture,
1391:Christmas trees is this the crop for you?
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1250:
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
3058:CNN: Growers tag 'green' Christmas trees
2622:New York State Department of Agriculture
2542:
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2165:
2155:
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2151:
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1361:
1359:
1071:
1067:
778:
762:
581:
560:, white pine, white spruce, Scots pine,
502:
436:
261:
237:
99:
2954:United States Department of Agriculture
2942:United States Department of Agriculture
2532:, May 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
2469:United States Department of Agriculture
2360:
2293:
2248:
2246:
2232:
2230:
2054:
1793:United States Department of Agriculture
1691:
1627:
1476:
1471:National Resources Conservation Service
1435:
922:and, in larger quantities, piled up as
853:
246:is situated in a gently rolling valley.
14:
4558:
2777:Insect Pests of Christmas Trees slides
2756:Plant Management Network International
2650:
2033:
2000:
1967:
1842:
1832:
1807:
1798:
1783:
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1428:file), Cooperative Extension Service,
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1325:
1323:
1271:
1269:
681:, as well as spruce trees. Herbaceous
369:
3490:
3066:
3019:Attack of the Mutant Artificial Trees
2820:Is it OK ... to get a Christmas tree?
2535:
2482:Farm Numbers: Largest Growing Fastest
2474:
2393:
2371:Christmas Tree Research and Extension
2357:, 2006. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
2270:
2211:Christmas Tree Production in Michigan
2148:
2071:
1905:
1645:
1611:
1576:
1356:
1289:
1287:
1285:
242:This Christmas tree farm in southern
2745:Ohio Christmas Tree Producers Manual
2734:Ohio Christmas Tree Producers Manual
2579:
2556:
2415:
2337:
2309:
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2227:
2100:
2088:
1928:
1864:Ohio Christmas Tree Producers Manual
1723:, 1983. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
1710:
1668:
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1226:
1217:Off to the farm for a Christmas tree
1209:
36:
4434:
3418:National Christmas Tree Association
3393:American Christmas Tree Association
3092:
3052:National Christmas Tree Association
2892:National Christmas Tree Association
2871:Growing Christmas Trees in Michigan
2528:, Agriculture Economic Statistics,
2438:
2353:, Agricultural Experiment Station,
2254:Keep Christmas Trees Fresh and Safe
2220:, Agricultural Experiment Station,
2203:
2160:National Christmas Tree Association
2118:National Christmas Tree Association
1548:
1500:
1369:Growing Christmas Trees in Michigan
1320:
1266:
938:Since 2004, several researchers at
840:National Christmas Tree Association
233:
24:
2968:University of California, Berkeley
2847:, Virginia Cooperative Extension,
2480:Hoppe. Robert A. and Korb, Penni.
2286:, Department of Forest Resources,
1869:
1282:
131:occupation which involves growing
25:
4577:
3783:Global Forest Information Service
3012:
2702:Barney, D.L., and Finnerty, T.L.
2686:Tree shortage threatens Christmas
2433:United States Department of Labor
2394:Barth, Brian (19 December 2016).
2129:
2062:Christmas trees help hog business
1543:Tree shortage threatens Christmas
1482:Fischman, Bernice and Tilt, Ken.
1422:Christmas tree production in Iowa
1012:United States Department of Labor
842:serves a similar function in the
354:trees and fir trees, such as the
4539:
4530:
4529:
4517:
4503:
4489:
4475:
4461:
4447:
4433:
1935:Okanagan Shuswap Forest District
1133:
1045:to the census. The results were
747:U.S. Department of Agriculture's
193:The final stage of cultivation,
41:
4540:
2936:North Carolina State University
2898:". Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2435:. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
2387:
2382:North Carolina State University
2123:
1941:. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
957:Agricultural Experiment Station
880:Agricultural Experiment Station
104:A Christmas tree farmer in the
3408:Christmas Tree Promotion Board
3115:Christmas tree pests and weeds
3007:. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
3003:, Christmas Trees & More,
2992:, Christmas Trees & More,
2877:. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
2800:. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
2661:Tradition clashes with economy
1925:. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
1780:. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
1746:. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
1566:. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
1024:U.S. Department of Agriculture
578:Christmas tree pests and weeds
228:
143:trees specifically for use as
13:
1:
2677:
1484:History of the Christmas Tree
1407:Brown, et al., Bulletin 670:
394:. In addition, some types of
3516:
3372:White House (Washington D.C)
2996:. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
2914:International Herald Tribune
2563:Forest Fresh Christmas Trees
2467:, Office of Communications,
2209:Koelling, Melvin R., et al.
1962:United States Forest Service
1902:), "Christmas tree harvest".
1721:United States Forest Service
1448:International Herald Tribune
1245:Oregon Employment Department
738:three minor defects allowed
266:This Christmas tree farm in
7:
2568:September 15, 2007, at the
2524:September 25, 2007, at the
2499:, October 2002, pp. 24–27,
2457:Agricultural Fact Book 1997
2427:September 27, 2007, at the
2355:New Mexico State University
2322:September 14, 2006, at the
1703:, Rhabodocline Needlecast (
1657:September 26, 2007, at the
1469:, Plant Materials Program,
1126:
1090:Christmas holiday tradition
961:New Mexico State University
933:
64:, discuss the issue on the
10:
4582:
3894:Growth and yield modelling
3110:Christmas tree cultivation
2947:Christmas Tree Pest Manual
2836:, Business Income Manual (
2811:), OSU Extension Service,
2665:The Topeka Capital Journal
2450:February 27, 2008, at the
2216:November 14, 2006, at the
1956:November 14, 2007, at the
1756:Christmas Tree Pest Manual
1733:Christmas Tree Pest Manual
1570:December 13, 2007, at the
1497:. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
810:
756:
752:
703:USDA Christmas Tree Grades
696:
575:
200:
117:Christmas tree cultivation
29:
4566:Christmas tree production
4468:Earth sciences portal
4454:Climate change portal
4429:
4306:
4138:
4035:Great Green Wall (Africa)
3980:
3671:
3581:
3524:
3426:
3385:
3354:Trafalgar Square (London)
3256:
3190:
3167:Artificial Christmas tree
3159:
3123:
3102:
2882:Christmas tree production
2875:Michigan State University
2843:Johnson, James E. et al.
2766:Rhabodocline Needlecast (
2501:Economic Research Service
2463:October 17, 2007, at the
2222:Michigan State University
2196:December 1, 2012, at the
1985:October 20, 2006, at the
1640:Christmas tree production
877:Michigan State University
805:Bureau of Land Management
759:Christmas tree production
446:cone and foliage pictured
366:difficult or impossible.
4040:Great Green Wall (China)
3613:Close to nature forestry
3223:Pleated Christmas hearts
2901:Preston, Holly Hubbard.
2830:HM Revenue & Customs
2739:Brown, James H., et al.
2728:Brown, James H., et al.
2547:HM Revenue & Customs
2300:Current Research of 2004
2277:Silviculture and Ecology
1921:, BC Farm Products A–Z,
1858:Brown, James H., et al.
1203:
986:for Canadian producers.
572:Pests, disease and weeds
432:
4074:Million Tree Initiative
3289:Downing Street (London)
3172:Aluminum Christmas tree
3036:Christmas Tree Magazine
2813:Oregon State University
2723:Oregon State University
2605:Chittenden, Jessica A.
2332:Oregon State University
2304:Oregon State University
2288:Oregon State University
1420:Lane, Pirjetta, et al.
1367:Koelling and Dornbush,
1259:Chastagner and Benson,
990:Industry classification
973:sustainable agriculture
940:Oregon State University
875:A 1998 report from the
771:Christmas trees can be
608:Invasive insect species
4496:Environment portal
3928:Sustainable management
3823:Trillion Tree Campaign
3471:Singing Christmas Tree
3284:Grand Place (Brussels)
3177:Feather Christmas tree
3005:University of Illinois
2994:University of Illinois
2856:Christmas tree harvest
2282:June 30, 2007, at the
2265:University of Nebraska
2259:June 27, 2006, at the
1995:Forest Lake, Minnesota
1951:Christmas tree permits
1108:
1085:
916:University of Nebraska
901:agricultural chemicals
784:
768:
652:Christmas tree farming
602:, other adelgids, and
591:
554:Southern United States
527:U.S. Pacific Northwest
511:
449:
358:, prefer fine-texture
271:
247:
113:
4421:Wood process engineer
4125:Urban forest inequity
3228:Shiny Brite ornaments
2376:May 17, 2008, at the
1430:Iowa State University
1389:Barney and Finnerty,
1309:July 6, 2011, at the
1100:
1075:
1068:Cultural significance
975:and pest management.
866:Life Cycle Assessment
782:
766:
600:balsam woolly adelgid
588:balsam woolly adelgid
585:
546:Appalachian Mountains
506:
440:
265:
241:
103:
4084:Shifting cultivation
4025:Forest fragmentation
3995:Carbon sequestration
3865:Woodland Carbon Code
3830:Forest certification
3738:Even-aged management
3653:Sustainable forestry
3439:Christmas tree stand
3319:Mount Ingino (Italy)
2990:Christmas Tree Facts
2930:Sidebottom, Jill R.
2860:KVAL News Channel 13
2497:Agricultural Outlook
2045:The Austin Chronicle
1896:KVAL News Channel 13
1460:Christmas Tree Facts
1277:Christmas Tree Facts
1247:, November 28, 2005.
1080:, at a tree farm in
854:Environmental effect
150:The first Christmas
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
3889:Formally designated
3733:Ecological thinning
3643:Plantation forestry
3551:Research institutes
3131:Canadian production
3025:game, from the NCTA
2854:Kalkstein, Meghan.
2803:Hart, John, et al.
2712:University of Idaho
2445:Farm Service Agency
2066:Medill News Service
2028:Farragut, Tennessee
1760:Shoot/Branch Injury
1506:McEleroy, Terance.
1035:Canadian government
1016:Farm Service Agency
801:U.S. Forest Service
705:
370:Labor and equipment
217:brought trees into
211:Trenton, New Jersey
209:farm was sown near
32:Christmas Tree Farm
18:Christmas tree farm
4482:Ecology portal
4015:Forest degradation
4010:Ecosystem services
3618:Community forestry
3339:Rockefeller Center
3334:U.S. National Tree
3274:California Capitol
3203:Christmas ornament
3146:Mexican production
2977:2008-02-27 at the
2908:2011-05-20 at the
2792:2007-12-13 at the
2768:Rhabdocline weirii
2762:Cornell University
2691:2007-09-29 at the
2639:2007-09-29 at the
2612:2012-02-16 at the
2487:2008-02-27 at the
2349:2008-05-11 at the
2112:2007-09-28 at the
2060:Zigmond, Jessica.
2039:McLeod, Gerald E.
2018:2007-09-28 at the
1917:2007-06-20 at the
1776:2007-08-09 at the
1765:2007-01-03 at the
1742:2007-08-09 at the
1705:Rhabdocline weirii
1701:Cornell University
1680:2007-12-14 at the
1513:2010-12-02 at the
1489:2007-06-29 at the
1465:2006-09-22 at the
1239:2011-07-23 at the
1221:The New York Times
1141:Agriculture portal
1086:
1020:U.S. Census Bureau
1008:United States Code
785:
769:
701:
693:use, and tilling.
675:eastern white pine
643:Rhabdocline weirii
592:
514:In Great Britain,
512:
474:eastern white pine
450:
272:
248:
215:Catskill Mountains
114:
4553:
4552:
4510:Plants portal
4296:green woodworking
3484:
3483:
3377:Wisconsin Capitol
3349:Toledo (Ohio) Zoo
3304:Lisbon (Portugal)
3233:Spider and/or web
3141:Global production
3136:Danish production
3041:trade publication
2925:The Capital Press
2530:Statistics Canada
1991:Forest Lake Times
1978:Foster, Jessica.
1771:Table of Contents
1495:Auburn University
1349:Johnson, et al.,
982:does research on
832:trade association
742:
741:
612:pine shoot beetle
178:sell well in the
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
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4543:
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4532:
4524:Trees portal
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4158:Forest gardening
4115:Timber recycling
4062:Invasive species
3950:Tree measurement
3511:
3504:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3309:Macy's (Atlanta)
3257:Individual trees
3208:Christmas lights
3096:
3087:
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2594:
2591:The Boston Globe
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2009:
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1976:
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1686:City of Victoria
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1608:83 (3): 513-525.
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1106:
1062:Northern Ireland
870:greenhouse gases
836:Northern Ireland
793:British Columbia
706:
700:
667:ground squirrels
657:Mammals such as
624:sudden oak death
388:herbaceous weeds
234:Land and climate
93:
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4279:spruce-pine-fir
4252:Christmas trees
4134:
4050:Illegal logging
3982:
3976:
3691:Controlled burn
3676:
3667:
3648:Social forestry
3628:Energy forestry
3608:Bamboo forestry
3603:Analog forestry
3577:
3520:
3515:
3485:
3480:
3444:Festive ecology
3422:
3381:
3252:
3186:
3155:
3151:U.S. production
3119:
3098:
3095:Christmas trees
3094:
3091:
3054:, United States
3048:, Great Britain
3015:
3010:
2979:Wayback Machine
2919:Schmitz, John.
2910:Wayback Machine
2794:Wayback Machine
2693:Wayback Machine
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2641:Wayback Machine
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2570:Wayback Machine
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2526:Wayback Machine
2519:Net Farm Income
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2189:Ellipsos Inc. "
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2010:
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1987:Wayback Machine
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1912:Christmas Trees
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1673:
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1663:Outdoor Indiana
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1241:Wayback Machine
1232:Summers, Will.
1231:
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1206:
1201:
1160:Festive ecology
1155:Energy forestry
1139:
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1070:
1039:net farm income
992:
967:Christmas tree
936:
856:
813:
761:
755:
737:
699:
637:R. pseudotsugae
632:plant pathogens
580:
574:
544:, grown in the
486:Arizona cypress
482:Leyland cypress
435:
372:
236:
231:
203:
170:all sell well.
145:Christmas trees
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3014:
3013:External links
3011:
3009:
3008:
2999:Wolford, Ron.
2997:
2988:Wolford, Ron.
2986:
2965:
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2939:
2928:
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2889:
2878:
2867:
2864:Eugene, Oregon
2852:
2841:
2827:
2818:Hickman, Leo.
2816:
2801:
2787:Christmas tree
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2773:
2759:
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2681:
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2669:Topeka, Kansas
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2574:Forest Service
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2130:Powel, James.
2122:
2099:
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2077:Scott, Julia.
2070:
2053:
2032:
2024:Farragut Press
2011:Briody, Judy.
1999:
1966:
1943:
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1900:Eugene, Oregon
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1373:
1355:
1335:
1329:Hart, et al.,
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1215:Faber Harold.
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1060:. However, in
1054:market gardens
1043:egg hatcheries
991:
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824:United Kingdom
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576:Main article:
573:
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550:North Carolina
520:Serbian spruce
434:
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180:United Kingdom
96:
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56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
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3981:Environmental
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3686:Arboriculture
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3638:Permaforestry
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3465:Rouse Simmons
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3459:Festivus pole
3457:
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3449:Hanukkah bush
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2880:Leuty, Todd.
2879:
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2849:Virginia Tech
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2796:, Gardening,
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2781:Virginia Tech
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2717:Bondi, Mike.
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2645:Tennessee.gov
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2618:Press release
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2401:Modern Farmer
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2328:Press release
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2252:Wilson, Jon.
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2049:Austin, Texas
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1562:, Gardening,
1561:
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1520:
1519:press release
1516:
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1299:
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1212:
1208:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1186:Rouse Simmons
1183:
1181:
1180:New Year tree
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:Hanukkah bush
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
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873:
871:
867:
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851:
849:
845:
844:United States
841:
837:
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829:
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820:
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808:
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802:
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789:
781:
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750:
748:
735:
732:
731:
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724:
723:
719:
717:U.S. Premium
716:
715:
712:Requirements
711:
708:
707:
704:
694:
692:
688:
685:, as well as
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:pine grosbeak
668:
664:
660:
655:
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649:
645:
644:
639:
638:
633:
629:
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621:
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569:
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559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:North America
534:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
509:
508:Norway spruce
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:Virginia pine
467:
463:
459:
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219:New York City
216:
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207:Norway spruce
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177:
176:Norway spruce
173:
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134:
130:
129:horticultural
126:
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92:
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78:December 2010
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4515:
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4487:
4473:
4459:
4445:
4438:
4416:Tree planter
4396:Resin tapper
4376:Truck driver
4371:River driver
4251:
4120:Tree hugging
4105:
4088:
4055:timber mafia
4045:High grading
4030:Ghost forest
4000:Clearcutting
3923:Silviculture
3899:Horticulture
3743:Fire ecology
3658:Urban forest
3633:Mycoforestry
3593:
3589:Agroforestry
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3537:Forest areas
3535:
3528:
3463:
3454:Podłaźniczka
3427:Other topics
3386:Trade groups
3359:
3329:U.S. Capitol
3294:Grove (L.A.)
3182:Pre-lit tree
3109:
3034:
3004:
2993:
2967:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2924:
2913:
2891:
2885:
2874:
2859:
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2829:
2823:
2812:
2797:
2780:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2744:
2733:
2722:
2711:
2696:
2664:
2659:Krug, Nick.
2644:
2629:
2621:
2590:
2581:
2573:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2529:
2500:
2496:
2476:
2468:
2455:
2440:
2432:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2399:
2389:
2381:
2354:
2339:
2331:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2272:
2264:
2237:
2236:Sidebottom,
2221:
2205:
2185:
2159:
2139:. Retrieved
2135:
2125:
2117:
2102:
2090:
2082:
2073:
2065:
2056:
2044:
2035:
2023:
1990:
1961:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1907:
1895:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1809:
1800:
1792:
1755:
1751:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1685:
1670:
1662:
1647:
1639:
1621:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1563:
1542:
1538:
1522:
1502:
1494:
1478:
1470:
1455:
1447:
1429:
1416:
1408:
1390:
1368:
1350:
1330:
1314:
1298:
1276:
1260:
1244:
1228:
1220:
1211:
1192:Silviculture
1184:
1175:Holiday tree
1109:
1101:
1087:
1051:
1028:
1000:horticulture
993:
977:
965:
948:Silviculture
937:
928:bird feeders
924:soil erosion
909:
893:biodiversity
874:
857:
821:
814:
790:
786:
770:
743:
702:
687:woody plants
656:
647:
641:
635:
594:Many of the
593:
535:
524:
516:Nordmann fir
513:
451:
445:
412:
404:
384:woody plants
373:
364:
352:white spruce
273:
249:
223:World War II
204:
192:
172:Nordmann fir
157:
149:
121:agricultural
116:
115:
84:
75:
51:
4440:WikiProject
4364:smokejumper
4344:Firefighter
4307:Occupations
4291:Woodworking
3872:Forestation
3803:restoration
3758:informatics
3623:Ecoforestry
3248:Tree-topper
3238:Szaloncukor
3191:Decorations
3103:Cultivation
2775:Day, Eric.
2684:Anonymous.
2585:Long, Tom.
2407:25 December
2315:Rost, Bob.
1894:Kalkstein,
1537:Anonymous,
1120:Santa Claus
1004:agriculture
984:Balsam firs
980:Nova Scotia
884:fertilizers
797:Crown Lands
733:U.S. No. 2
725:U.S. No. 1
628:Douglas-fir
562:blue spruce
498:spruce pine
454:Douglas Fir
415:insecticide
396:fertilizers
356:Douglas fir
229:Cultivation
160:Douglas-fir
4386:Lumberjack
4381:Log scaler
4264:engineered
4215:non-timber
4188:sawmilling
4140:Industries
4107:svedjebruk
3818:transition
3798:protection
3788:old-growth
3773:governance
3728:Dendrology
3678:management
3544:Ministries
3476:Tree baler
3434:Chichilaki
3198:Candy cane
3160:Artificial
3124:Production
3001:Tree Types
2678:References
2141:2024-08-08
1814:more than
1622:Tree Types
1541:(London),
897:glyphosate
888:pesticides
757:See also:
654:industry.
616:gypsy moth
542:Fraser fir
466:Fraser fir
462:balsam fir
442:Fraser fir
417:sprayers,
408:Scots pine
376:bulldozing
348:Pine trees
328:molybdenum
292:phosphorus
253:Fraser fir
195:harvesting
168:Fraser fir
164:Scots pine
106:U.S. state
4334:Ecologist
4247:Tree farm
4148:Coppicing
4090:chitemene
3990:Acid rain
3938:allometry
3860:SmartWood
3808:secondary
3793:pathology
3768:inventory
3706:driftwood
3572:Arbor Day
3344:Sri Lanka
3314:Milwaukee
2136:USA TODAY
2041:Day Trips
1876:Wholesale
1620:Wolford,
1275:Wolford,
1197:Tree farm
1112:hot cocoa
817:Minnesota
773:harvested
691:herbicide
648:R. weirii
586:An adult
531:grand fir
494:sand pine
458:Noble Fir
400:seedlings
392:herbicide
324:manganese
304:magnesium
296:potassium
152:tree farm
66:talk page
4560:Category
4535:Category
4349:handcrew
4319:Arborist
4314:Forester
4274:mahogany
4220:palm oil
4210:charcoal
4195:Products
4130:Wildfire
3943:breeding
3904:GM trees
3753:dynamics
3565:Journals
3558:Colleges
3518:Forestry
3031:, Canada
2975:Archived
2906:Archived
2838:Contents
2824:Guardian
2790:Archived
2689:Archived
2637:Archived
2610:Archived
2566:Archived
2522:Archived
2485:Archived
2461:Archived
2448:Archived
2425:Archived
2374:Archived
2347:Archived
2320:Archived
2280:Archived
2257:Archived
2214:Archived
2194:Archived
2110:Archived
2107:About Us
2016:Archived
1983:Archived
1954:Archived
1915:Archived
1774:Archived
1763:Archived
1740:Archived
1678:Archived
1655:Archived
1568:Archived
1511:Archived
1487:Archived
1463:Archived
1307:Archived
1237:Archived
1165:Forestry
1127:See also
1095:New York
1078:reindeer
1047:marginal
996:forestry
969:genetics
944:genetics
934:Research
803:and the
679:red pine
634:such as
620:root rot
614:and the
419:tractors
344:drainage
320:chlorine
288:Nitrogen
276:hydrogen
244:Virginia
184:conifers
125:forestry
60:You may
4545:Outline
4359:lookout
4354:hotshot
4235:tanbark
4205:biomass
4200:biochar
4178:plywood
4163:Logging
4067:wilding
3716:log jam
3673:Ecology
3367:Vatican
3362:(Paris)
3279:Chicago
3213:Garland
2495:file),
1823:⁄
1737:Index A
1638:Leuty,
1591:Bondi,
1082:Seattle
952:Ecology
811:Farmers
753:Harvest
697:Quality
663:gophers
596:conifer
566:Ontario
525:In the
490:Florida
478:Alabama
300:calcium
257:erosion
201:History
110:Florida
4391:Ranger
4339:Feller
4324:Bucker
4230:rubber
4173:lumber
3983:topics
3970:volume
3965:height
3911:i-Tree
3748:Forest
3701:coarse
3696:Debris
3595:dehesa
3269:Boston
3264:Anthem
3243:Tinsel
3218:Pickle
1002:, and
861:oxygen
838:. The
826:, the
709:Grade
665:, and
604:aphids
558:Canada
492:, the
484:, and
472:, and
380:tilled
334:, and
316:copper
308:sulfur
284:oxygen
282:, and
280:carbon
139:, and
137:spruce
127:, and
119:is an
4225:rayon
3960:girth
3955:crown
3916:urban
3813:stand
3721:slash
3711:large
3582:Types
3530:Index
3023:Flash
2697:Metro
1539:Metro
1204:Notes
1116:cider
1076:This
1031:farms
920:mulch
905:ounce
830:is a
683:weeds
488:. In
433:Trees
360:loams
312:boron
188:pests
68:, or
4284:teak
4269:fuel
4259:Wood
4079:REDD
3933:Tree
3850:PEFC
3835:ATFS
3360:Tree
2409:2016
1058:hops
950:and
910:The
886:and
677:and
659:deer
640:and
496:and
427:US$
423:US$
386:and
342:and
336:zinc
332:iron
268:Iowa
174:and
166:and
133:pine
3855:SFI
3845:FSC
3840:CFS
3778:law
3763:IPM
3675:and
2983:PDF
2981:, (
2962:PDF
2960:, (
2809:PDF
2807:, (
2798:BBC
2708:PDF
2706:, (
2620:),
2616:, (
2493:PDF
2491:, (
2380:",
2330:),
2326:, (
1564:BBC
1521:),
1517:, (
1426:PDF
1424:, (
1114:or
959:at
912:BBC
548:of
536:In
141:fir
108:of
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3039:,
3021:,
2970:,
2956:,
2944:,
2923:,
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2894:,
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2167:^
2150:^
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2022:,
2002:^
1989:,
1969:^
1960:,
1887:^
1878:,
1862:,
1785:^
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1693:^
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1530:^
1437:^
1398:^
1376:^
1358:^
1338:^
1322:^
1313:,
1284:^
1268:^
1252:^
1243:,
1219:,
1118:,
998:,
963:.
930:.
661:,
646:;
626:.
606:.
540:,
468:,
464:,
460:,
456:,
340:pH
330:,
326:,
322:,
318:,
314:,
310:,
306:,
302:,
298:,
294:,
290:,
286:.
278:,
190:.
162:,
147:.
135:,
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2770:)
2667:(
2553:.
2517:"
2411:.
2369:"
2240:.
2144:.
2047:(
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1993:(
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1825:2
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1816:1
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1595:.
1545:.
1450:.
1411:.
1393:.
1371:.
1353:.
1333:.
1279:.
1263:.
444:(
91:)
85:(
80:)
76:(
58:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
