243:
subsequently reacts with another chemical, the dye coupler, which is present throughout the emulsion. Different dye couplers are used in each of the three layers, so the reaction forms a different colored dye in each layer. Responding to both exposure and development, a blue-light-sensitive layer forms yellow dye, a green-light-sensitive layer forms magenta dye, and a red-light-sensitive layer forms cyan dye. The remaining silver and silver compounds are then bleached out, leaving a color image composed of dyes in three layers. The exposure of a chromogenic print may be accomplished with a traditional
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Chromogenic processes are characterized by a reaction between two chemicals to create the color dyes that make up a print. After exposure, the silver image is developed (or reduced) by a color developer. In its reaction to the print, the color developer is oxidized in the areas of exposed silver, and
203:
In 1955, Kodak introduced a chromogenic paper named "Type C", which was the first color negative paper Kodak sold to other labs and individual photographers. Although the paper's name was changed to "Kodak
Ektacolor Paper" in 1958, the terminology "Type-C Print" persisted, and has become a popular
133:
and negatives using indoxyl, and thio-indoxyl-based color developers as dye couplers in a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion. The following year he filed a patent listing various color developers and dye couplers, which have historically been used in
196:, the first published chromogenic color print film that could be developed from a negative. It became the cheaper and simpler to develop counterpart to the alternatives at the time, and could be used in the simplest of cameras.
199:
Due to their simple development process and their cheap price, chromogenic printing became wildly popular in amateur photography, and by the 1960s it overtook black and white printing in the amateur photofinishing market.
181:
that could be developed using a transparency. Agfa developed a chromogenic negative film by 1939, which could be developed directly on a companion paper to the film, although this film was never commercialized.
724:, Wilmanns, Gustav; Bitterfeld, Kreis & Schneider, Wilhelm et al., "Color photography", published April 10, 1935, issued November 5, 1939, assigned to Agfa Ansco Corp.
173:
which can easily be scattered in the gelatin while loosely tethering to it. Agfa patented both the developer for this print and its photographic process, and promptly developed and released in 1936
506:
705:, Wilmanns, Gustav; Schneider, Wilhelm & Wendt, Bruno, "Photographic developer", published May 27, 1936, issued June 20, 1939, assigned to Agfa Ansco Corp.
192:
carbon chains which were shorter than Agfa's for their dye couplers, which were suspended within droplets of water in the gelatin layers of the print. In 1942, Kodak released
126:
852:
Contemporary Analog and
Digital Color Photographic Prints: Dye and Pigment Print Process Descriptors, Naming Conventions, Dating, and Permanence Characteristics
850:
219:
in its first exhibition of color photography in 1962. Other pioneering fine-art color photographers who printed their photographs on chromogenic prints include
311:
process for making Type-R prints. As of 2008, all of these companies have ceased to produce Type R paper, although
Fujifilm still has some stocks remaining.
150:. In spite of this, Fischer never created a successful color print due to his inability to prevent the dye couplers from moving between the emulsion layers.
426:
157:
workers Gustav
Wilmanns and Wilhelm Schneider, who created a print made of three layers of gelatin containing subtractive color dye couplers made of long
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211:
up to the 1970s. The pioneers in the use of chromogenic prints and in the use of color photography as a whole in fine-art were photographers such as
535:
103:
110:
Developing color by using oxidized developers was first suggested by German chemist Benno
Homolka who, in 1907, successfully developed insoluble
351:
858:. American Institution for Conservation 2014 annual conference – via American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works.
227:. Their works, and those of many others, caused chromogenic prints to become the preferred medium for contemporary photography by the 1990s.
373:
to achieve color and density accuracy and also to correct paper sensitivity errors. The same technology can also be used to produce digital
666:
821:
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204:
term for chromogenic prints made from negatives still in use today, with the name "Type-R Print" becoming its reversal film counterpart.
106:, issued by Kodak, describing a photographic color process using color-coupling substances, such as the ones used in a chromogenic print.
2322:
342:
print, is a chromogenic print made from a digital file rather than a negative, and exposed using digital exposure systems such as the
1192:
17:
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Notwithstanding the success of chromogenic prints in the amateur and professional market, it wasn't considered a medium for
125:
The potential of oxidized developers in a color photographic process however, was first realized by another German chemist,
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The print's name is derived from the chromogenic reaction between the dye coupler and the oxidized color developer.
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318:, formerly Cibachrome, in use until 2012. This is sometimes also referred to as a Type-R process. Ilfochrome was a
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and thio-indoxyl respectively. He additionally noted these developers could create beautiful photographic effects.
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600:"I. Printing and imaging technologies - Chapter 3: Dyes used in photography, 2. Conventional photographic dyes"
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193:
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2562:
874:
Read, Shirley (2013). "Chapter 17: Printing for
Exhibition by Mike Crawford - Print types: C type print".
740:
Hirsch, Robert (2014). "Chapter two - A concise history of color photography: Chromogenic negative film".
2572:
1844:
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1986:
1889:
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563:, Fischer, Rudolf, "Process of making photographs in natural colors.", issued March 4, 1913
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too worked to solve the issue of the dye couplers movement, and found a different solution. They used
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1914:
1864:
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668:
The Focal
Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science
343:
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2003:
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that is then developed using conventional silver-based photographic chemicals. The
Chromira uses
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632:
Colour: The
Professional's Guide: Understanding and Mastering Colour in Art, Design and Culture
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910:"Stephen Shore's MoMA Retrospective Takes You on a Trip Through Photography's Recent History"
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582:, Fischer, Rudolf, "Process of making colored photographs.", issued June 30, 1914
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486:. L’Atelier de Restauration et de Conservation des Photographies de la Ville de Paris. 2013
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process, with materials, processing, and results quite different from the R-3 process.
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Chromogenic prints made from negatives became obsolete with the release of chromogenic
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process. As of 2017, the major lines of professional chromogenic print paper are
258:
Chromogenic prints, like most color photographic prints, are developed using the
162:
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print, is a positive-to-positive photographic print made on reversal-type color
189:
129:, who, in 1912, filed a patent describing a chromogenic process to develop both
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440:. American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works: 67–78.
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1981:
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have historically manufactured paper and chemicals for the R-3 process, a
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process. They are composed of three layers of gelatin, each containing an
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536:"Experiments on the Nature of the Latent Image and of the Negative Image"
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2018:
2008:
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366:(LEDs) instead of lasers. All of the aforementioned printers utilize
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507:"From C-Print to Silver Gelatin: The Ultimate Guide to Photo Prints"
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Exhibiting
Photography: A Practical Guide to Displaying Your Work
427:"Chromogenic Characterization: A Study of Kodak Prints 1942-2008"
170:
119:
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143:
139:
82:, which is used as a light-sensitive material, and a different
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using color filters to adjust the color balance of the print.
234:, which have become the most common photographic print today.
2364:
1784:
1244:
263:
185:
270:
Crystal Archive. Plastic chromogenic "papers" such as Kodak
746:(6, illustrated, revised ed.). CRC Press. p. 31.
304:
822:"A Quick History of Color Photography (for Photographers)"
598:
Waller, David; Hinz, Zbigniew J.; Filosa, Michael (2000).
355:
90:
which together, when developed, form a full-color image.
358:
lasers to expose light-sensitive material to produce a
288:
Photographic developer § Reversal film development
880:(2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
701:
608:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 61–64.
869:
867:
865:
459:"Definitions of Print Processes - Chromogenic Print"
292:A reversal film chromogenic print, also known as a
27:
Photographic print made using a chromogenic process
862:
153:This first solution to this problem was found by
2665:
743:Exploring Color Photography: From Film to Pixels
597:
330:A digital chromogenic print, sometimes known as
815:
813:
1044:
420:
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325:
810:
778:: 17. January 1945 – via Google Books.
504:
478:
476:
2596:Conservation and restoration of photographs
602:. In Freeman, H. S.; Peters, A. T. (eds.).
177:, the first chromogenic print, which was a
2323:Comparison of digital and film photography
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2548:Photographs considered the most important
549:: 136–138 – via Barbara Flueckiger.
529:
527:
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461:. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Photo-Eye Gallery
314:Another positive-to-positive process was
674:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
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354:. The LightJet and the Lambda both use
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14:
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605:Colorants for non-textile applications
524:
1032:
907:
664:
649:
505:Fenstermaker, Will (April 27, 2017).
274:and Duraclear are used for producing
873:
169:. This turned the dye couplers into
2543:Museums devoted to one photographer
908:Dafoe, Taylor (November 22, 2017).
635:. London: Ilex Press. p. 144.
434:Topics in Photographic Preservation
425:Gawain, Weaver; Long, Zach (2009).
24:
2085:Timeline of photography technology
543:The British Journal of Photography
25:
2685:
961:"What is a digital C Type print?"
2646:
2636:
2635:
820:Touchetter, Amy (June 8, 2017).
534:Homolka, Benno (February 1907).
396:
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1000:
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768:"For Better Kodacolor Pictures"
760:
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849:Wilhelm, Henry (Spring 2014).
591:
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138:and are still in use today in
13:
1:
2135:Painted photography backdrops
2067:Golden triangle (composition)
1347:35 mm equivalent focal length
383:
983:"Digital Chromogenic Prints"
215:, which was profiled by the
7:
1845:Intentional camera movement
797:Hamburg Kennedy Photographs
10:
2690:
2538:Most expensive photographs
1890:Multi-exposure HDR capture
326:Digital chromogenic prints
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2027:
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1539:
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897:– via Google Books.
756:– via Google Books.
645:– via Google Books.
618:– via Google Books.
2472:Digital image processing
629:Triedman, Karen (2015).
494:– via Paris Photo.
380:black and white prints.
114:-blue and red dyes on a
2580:Photography periodicals
2140:Photography and the law
665:Peres, Michael (2007).
254:Chromogenic print today
18:Chromogenic color print
2674:Photographic processes
2492:Gelatin silver process
1516:Science of photography
1501:Photographic processes
1479:Perspective distortion
722:US patent 2179239A
703:US patent 2163166A
580:US patent 1102028A
561:US patent 1055155A
107:
1945:Schlieren photography
1489:Photographic printing
1412:Exposure compensation
364:light-emitting diodes
303:Fujifilm, Kodak, and
286:Further information:
278:advertising and art.
245:photographic enlarger
238:Development of prints
101:
1734:Straight photography
1372:Chromatic aberration
691:– via The Eye.
484:"Chromogenic prints"
399:"C-print – Art Term"
282:Reversal film prints
217:Museum of Modern Art
209:fine-art photography
2606:photographic plates
2281:Digital photography
1464:Hyperfocal distance
1377:Circle of confusion
772:Popular Photography
102:Figure from patent
44:silver halide print
2100:Autochrome Lumière
2095:Analog photography
1920:Pigeon photography
1714:Social documentary
1193:discontinued films
963:. January 24, 2017
298:photographic paper
108:
52:photographic print
34:, also known as a
2661:
2660:
2452:Collodion process
2388:Chromogenic print
2375:Color photography
1885:Multiple exposure
1860:Lo-fi photography
1392:Color temperature
793:"Types of Prints"
221:William Eggleston
140:Fujichrome Velvia
88:subtractive color
48:dye coupler print
32:chromogenic print
16:(Redirected from
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2639:
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2512:Print permanence
2457:Cross processing
2415:CMYK color model
2400:Color management
2353:Foveon X3 sensor
2348:Three-CCD camera
1992:Miniature faking
1950:Sabattier effect
1567:Astrophotography
1422:Zebra patterning
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375:silver gelatin
371:color profiles
332:digital Type-C
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232:digital prints
127:Rudolf Fischer
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56:color negative
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2553:Photographers
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2442:Bleach bypass
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2410:primary color
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2395:Reversal film
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1965:Stopping down
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1930:Rephotography
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1865:Long-exposure
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1299:Manufacturers
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978:
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936:"Pikto Paper"
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887:9781136102530
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753:9781317911159
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681:9780240807409
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642:9781781573624
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615:9780444828880
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225:Stephen Shore
222:
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210:
205:
201:
197:
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191:
187:
183:
180:
176:
175:Agfacolor Neu
172:
168:
167:sulfonic acid
164:
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156:
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145:
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137:
132:
128:
123:
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118:by oxidizing
117:
113:
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80:silver halide
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:digital image
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2618:Polaroid art
2507:K-14 process
2502:Instant film
2497:Gum printing
2447:C-41 process
2432:Photographic
2387:
2333:Image sensor
2328:Film scanner
1982:Sun printing
1915:Print toning
1707:space selfie
1677:Pictorialism
1607:Ethnographic
1587:Conservation
1459:Guide number
1454:Focal length
1015:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
986:
977:
965:. Retrieved
955:
943:. Retrieved
939:
930:
918:. Retrieved
913:
903:
893:November 15,
891:. Retrieved
876:
851:
829:. Retrieved
826:envato tuts+
825:
800:. Retrieved
796:
775:
771:
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742:
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697:
685:. Retrieved
667:
631:
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604:
593:
574:
555:
546:
542:
516:November 13,
514:. Retrieved
510:
500:
490:November 12,
488:. Retrieved
463:. Retrieved
437:
433:
406:. Retrieved
402:
392:
360:latent image
352:ZBE Chromira
348:Océ LightJet
344:Durst Lambda
339:
335:
331:
329:
313:
302:
293:
291:
257:
249:
241:
229:
206:
202:
198:
184:
161:chains, and
152:
124:
116:latent image
109:
60:transparency
54:made from a
47:
43:
40:C-type print
39:
35:
31:
29:
2623:Stereoscopy
2482:E-6 process
2477:Dye coupler
2405:color space
2318:Digiscoping
2311:camera back
2226:Philippines
2155:Visual arts
2145:Glass plate
2130:Heliography
2029:Composition
2004:Ultraviolet
1960:Stereoscopy
1955:Slow motion
1940:Scanography
1855:Kite aerial
1800:Contre-jour
1692:Post-mortem
1682:Pornography
1662:Neues Sehen
1597:Documentary
1531:Zone System
1506:Reciprocity
1432:Film format
1362:Backscatter
1340:Terminology
1210:beauty dish
1114:rangefinder
1079:light-field
1060:Photography
1017:October 28,
992:October 28,
967:October 28,
945:October 28,
914:Artnet news
802:November 3,
465:October 28,
309:chromogenic
266:Endura and
159:hydrocarbon
84:dye coupler
72:chromogenic
2613:Lomography
2434:processing
2383:Print film
2299:comparison
2266:Uzbekistan
2216:Luxembourg
2176:Bangladesh
2125:Dufaycolor
2105:Box camera
2062:Simplicity
2019:Zoom burst
2014:Xerography
2009:Vignetting
1999:Time-lapse
1987:Tilt–shift
1880:Mordançage
1870:Luminogram
1835:Holography
1830:High-speed
1810:Fill flash
1795:Burst mode
1773:Techniques
1754:Vernacular
1749:Underwater
1744:Toy camera
1724:Still life
1652:Monochrome
1642:High-speed
1592:Cloudscape
1582:Conceptual
1484:Photograph
1469:Lens flare
1449:Film speed
1331:Zone plate
1277:wide-angle
1262:long-focus
1008:"Chromira"
408:2020-08-16
384:References
316:Ilfochrome
213:Ernst Haas
163:carboxylic
148:Ektachrome
136:Agfachrome
104:US2113329A
2558:Norwegian
2522:Stop bath
2467:Developer
2462:Cyanotype
2090:Ambrotype
2052:Lead room
1975:Slit-scan
1910:Photogram
1905:Panoramic
1815:Fireworks
1647:Landscape
1292:telephoto
1240:reflector
1235:monolight
1230:lens hood
1215:cucoloris
1156:safelight
1067:Equipment
831:April 15,
687:April 15,
338:print or
272:Duratrans
194:Kodacolor
131:positives
68:developed
2668:Category
2642:Category
2338:CMOS APS
2236:Slovenia
2164:Regional
2110:Calotype
2047:Headroom
1925:Redscale
1840:Infrared
1790:Brenizer
1764:Wildlife
1687:Portrait
1632:Forensic
1622:Fine-art
1557:Aircraft
1547:Abstract
1427:F-number
1407:Exposure
1382:Clipping
1357:Aperture
1225:hot shoe
1151:enlarger
1146:Darkroom
920:April 7,
916:. Artnet
511:Artspace
340:LightJet
268:Fujifilm
171:micelles
76:emulsion
70:using a
2653:Outline
2589:Related
2271:Vietnam
2256:Ukraine
2191:Denmark
2171:Albania
2150:Tintype
2077:History
2042:Framing
1935:Rollout
1900:Panning
1850:Kirlian
1759:Wedding
1637:Glamour
1617:Fashion
1602:Eclipse
1572:Banquet
1494:Albumen
1304:Monopod
1282:fisheye
1250:softbox
1104:pinhole
1094:instant
1084:digital
378:bromide
334:print,
276:backlit
120:indoxyl
94:History
50:, is a
46:, or a
36:C-print
2651:
2640:
2568:street
2563:Polish
2251:Turkey
2246:Taiwan
2231:Serbia
2221:Norway
2196:Greece
2181:Canada
1780:Afocal
1739:Street
1719:Sports
1702:Selfie
1657:Nature
1612:Erotic
1577:Candid
1552:Aerial
1540:Genres
1442:medium
1319:Tripod
1287:swivel
1200:Filter
1178:holder
1173:format
1074:Camera
884:
750:
728:
709:
678:
639:
612:
586:
567:
397:Tate.
336:Lambda
294:Type-R
146:, and
144:Provia
112:indigo
66:, and
2573:women
2531:Lists
2487:Fixer
2365:Pixel
2294:D-SLR
2241:Sudan
2211:Korea
2206:Japan
2201:India
2186:China
1970:Strip
1895:Night
1875:Macro
1785:Bokeh
1729:Stock
1697:Ruins
1437:large
1267:prime
1245:snoot
1205:Flash
1183:stock
1124:still
1109:press
1099:phone
1089:field
940:PIKTO
856:(PDF)
672:(PDF)
539:(PDF)
430:(PDF)
264:Kodak
186:Kodak
2601:film
2306:MILC
1805:ETTR
1667:Nude
1627:Fire
1526:Sync
1324:head
1272:zoom
1257:Lens
1220:gobo
1168:base
1163:Film
1139:view
1019:2017
994:2017
969:2017
947:2017
922:2019
895:2017
882:ISBN
833:2019
804:2017
748:ISBN
689:2019
676:ISBN
637:ISBN
610:ISBN
518:2017
492:2017
467:2017
403:Tate
350:and
305:Agfa
260:RA-4
223:and
155:Agfa
142:and
42:, a
2343:CCD
1134:toy
1129:TLR
1119:SLR
1012:zbe
368:ICC
356:RGB
165:or
86:of
78:of
62:or
38:or
2670::
1010:.
985:.
938:.
912:.
864:^
841:^
824:.
812:^
795:.
784:^
776:16
774:.
770:.
651:^
547:54
545:.
541:.
526:^
509:.
475:^
446:^
438:13
436:.
432:.
417:^
401:.
346:,
300:.
58:,
30:A
1052:e
1045:t
1038:v
1021:.
996:.
971:.
949:.
924:.
835:.
806:.
520:.
469:.
411:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
