1553:
478:
3608:
936:
45:
3596:
622:
879:) were subject to editing for various reasons, including to suit the verses to theatrical performance and due to the nature of the textual process of ancient China, involving writing lines of text on individual bamboo strips which were bound together, but when the bindings broke were subject to editorial decisions as to what their original order was.
1360:
The "Great
Summons" and the "Summons for the Soul" poetic form (the other kind of "7-plus") varies from this pattern by uniformly using a standard nonce word refrain throughout a given piece, and that alternating stressed and unstressed syllable finals to the lines has become the standard verse form.
1560:
Not only have the various poems or prose-poems influenced subsequent literature, but the contents of this material are a major primary source for historical information about the culture and religious beliefs in the territorial area of the former
Kingdom of Chu. Some sections of the
1938:. Background on the poems and their form; side by side columns of Chinese characters, pinyin pronunciation, and English translations for "The Lord of the Xiang River" (attrib. Qu Yuan), "The Lady of the Xiang River" (attrib. Qu Yuan), and "On Encountering Trouble" (Qu Yuan).
609:, another scholarly concern is in regard to the history of who and when these pieces were collected and anthologized into one work, and also what other editorial work was done. Besides the authorship of the actual content, much commentary has been written in regard to the
1471:
The scholar and translator David Hawkes divides the verses of what seem to be of the earlier (pre-Han era), into two types, each type being characterized by one of two characteristic metrical forms (with the exception of the mixed poetry and prose narratives of the
655:; however, his advice was not taken and he was slandered by other officials in court: seeing the corruption of his colleagues and the inability of his king to appreciate his true worth, Qu Yuan went into exile and then finally committed suicide by wading into the
527:
verses describe "spirit journeys". However, southern influence was extremely insignificant, only limited to the ideas of shamanism and burial objects which were from the south; other than that literature, poetry, clothing and architecture all remained northern.
1744:
material, or at least some of it, has been a major influence on
Classical Chinese poetry in multiple genres. It has also been translated into a number of other languages, including English, which has extended its influence even further.
1715:
are a major primary source for historical information about the culture and religious beliefs in the territorial area of the former
Kingdom of Chu. The beliefs reflected in these poems seem to be related to the beliefs of the preceding
531:
Other references to the exotic include encounters with various magical or fragrant plants and interaction with various spirits and deities, and travel to various exotic locations, such as the heavens, the ends of the earth,
663:
sacked the Chu capital, Ying, 278 BC, forcing the royal court to relocate with considerable loss of territory. It is also traditionally said that it is in remembrance of the circumstances of Qu Yuan's death that the annual
547:, as well as works by other Chu poets (or poets writing in the Chu style), represent a certain development of an older tradition which eventually achieved a period of popularity and imperial favor during the
515:, or "north", with other cultural influences, associated with the "south". Thus, north Chinese sometimes viewed the Chu as part of "the south", which had a reputation for various exotic features. The
1765:
poems, however popular, belonged to no canon, dealt in matters that were outlandish and unorthodox, and originated outside of the area of sanctified
Western Zhou tradition." However, part of the
1522:
remain as a major factor in the study of
Classical Chinese poetry, cultural, and linguistic history, and the various poems or prose-poems influenced subsequent literature, including other
1418:
Within the individual songs or poems of the "Nine Pieces", lines generally consist of various numbers of syllables, separated by the nonce word. In this case, the nonce word of choice is
1044:, which ended up consolidating China at the expense of the other former independent states: including Qu Yuan's home state. "Jiu Zhang" includes a total of nine pieces (Text in Chinese:
1518:, together with various rare characters, which together with some of the vocabulary and the characters themselves also vary from the typical northern literature; thus, the poems of the
1324:
The variant song style verse (one type of "7-plus") used seven stressed (or accented) syllables followed by an unstressed (or weakly accented) final syllable on alternate (even) lines:
1235:
This is sometimes varied by the use of a pronoun or nonce word in the fourth (or final) place, in alternate lines, thus weakening the stress of the fourth syllable of the even lines:
511:, which was located in what is now central China, but was then in the southern fringe of the Chinese cultural area. The territory of Chu was known for its blend of culture from the
871:
came to be collected into its present form; however, at least some outlines of this historical process have been presented in scholarly literature. Another important aspect of
1357:: four character lines, a predominant tendency toward rhyming quatrains, and occasional alternation by using weak (unstressed) line final syllables in alternate lines.
983:", a poem which assumes biographical material about Qu Yuan with his relationship with the person of King Huai, ruler of Chu. Critics historically often interpret the "
2928:
1769:
tradition includes a
Confucian outlook, glorifying the loyal minister who prefers death over compromising his integrity. Following its publication during the Han, the
1732:
verses. Both "Encountering Sorrow" and the "Nine Songs" share a floral symbolism together with flights through the air involving intimate meetings with divine beings.
1361:
The nonce word used as a single-syllable refrain in various ancient
Chinese classical poems varies: (according to modern pronunciation), "Summons for the Soul" uses
721:, with the other half being ascribed to other poets associated with him or writing in his style. Modern scholars have devoted long studies to the question of the
1777:
are currently generally arranged was established through editorial re-arrangement during or following the tenth or eleventh century. However, this is not true of
1040:(eventually, Ying and Chu even became synonymous). However, both the city of Ying and the entire state of Chu itself experienced doom due to the expansion of the
987:" as political allegory, yet religious and mythological aspects arise, which derive from the culture of Chu. The second section, in standard modern order, the "
569:
style verses were written, including some which survive, but are not generally included in the standard anthology. Wang Yi made an extensive commentary on the
991:", despite its title translating to "Nine songs", actually includes eleven discrete parts. These seem to represent some shamanistic dramatic practices of the
875:
studies is the editorial history. One regard is the order in which the various titles appear. There are also reasons to believe that some of the sections (
2935:
2135:"Sao Poetry," Fusheng Wu pp. 36–58. In Zong-Qi Cai, ed., How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthology. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
3526:
601:, as well as some sections which may derive from some traditional source. Various scholarly sources propose solutions for who wrote what, in the
678:
The authorship, as in many a case of ancient literature, can be neither confirmed nor denied. Written in 373 verses containing 2490 characters,
2911:
1873:
1397:
between the first four syllables and the concluding three stressed syllables, with the addition of a weak nonsense refrain syllable final
2985:
1552:
3465:
372:
2681:
2469:. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp.
1773:
was subject to various editorial treatment, including various commentaries and editions. The order in which the sections of the
3281:
2623:
2587:
2555:
2529:
2499:
2140:
1957:
1935:
1898:
1881:
605:, with more doubt or questions about some sections than others. Besides the actual authorship of the diverse material of the
647:(r. 328–299 BC) who advocated forming an alliance with the other states against the increasingly dominant power of the
1593:
as one of a few surviving primary sources from ancient times: among which are references to the ambiguously horned dragon (
447:
contains 17 major sections, anthologized with its current contents by Wang Yi, a 2nd-century AD librarian who served under
3648:
3633:
3472:
3074:
2042:
995:
valley area involving the invocation of divine beings and seeking their blessings by means of a process of courtship. "
3493:
2637:
2605:
2478:
2447:
2359:
1943:
1920:
1856:
1009:(or "Heaven"), consists of series of questions, 172 in all, in verse format. The series of questions asked involves
477:
3013:
923:
is the body of commentary in this regard. Much of the initial surviving annotation of the standard editions of the
3558:
3551:
3437:
2978:
2796:
1295:. Thus, the standard building block of the Song style poetry is a quatrain with a heavy, thumping sound quality:
894:
apparently arranged and compiled the poems of Qu Yuan and Song Yu, likely working from an earlier compilation by
717:, which went largely unchallenged until the 20th century, was that Qu Yuan wrote about half of the pieces in the
3628:
3519:
733:
597:
of protagonist. There are various other authors which are also thought to have written various sections of the
278:
139:
1014:
3486:
3402:
1124:
330:
153:
1377:). Any one of these unstressed nonce words seem to find a similar role in the prosody. This two line combo:
2720:
2674:
485:(shipping transit pass) issued to Prince Qi. Gold inscriptions on bronze in the shape of bamboo, issued by
3643:
3221:
537:
205:
1251:
where "tum" stands for a stressed syllable and "ti" stands for the unstressed nonce syllable of choice.
3586:
3069:
3033:
2971:
1863:
1728:. Themes of flight or excursion are typical of shamanism and are frequently encountered throughout the
1639:
Torch Dragon. Also, information of the meaning of and in regard to the
Chinese characters used for the
973:
consists of seventeen main sections, in standard versions, with some accompanying commentary standard.
3572:
3544:
3324:
3048:
2431:
1848:
1100:
886:
has remained standard since its publication, towards the end of the Han dynasty. During the reign of
3444:
2817:
2704:
1805:
1527:
452:
3565:
3458:
3150:
3028:
2667:
2037:
964:
2352:
Chinese Poetry as Soul
Summoning: Shamanistic Religious Influences on Chinese Literary Tradition
1832:
In addition to the translations by David Hawkes cited above, translations into English include:
1171:
includes varying metrics, varying use of exclamatory particles, and the varying presence of the
3380:
3354:
3205:
3008:
2906:
1836:
2507:
2470:
1789:
generally fall in the category of exegesis or amplification upon the original "classic" text.
3349:
3053:
2709:
1690:
1678:
1623:
1128:
1112:
1108:
652:
643:
220). According to common tradition, Qu Yuan was an administrative official in the court of
565:
can generically refer to the type of verse in this formal style of this type of verse. Other
512:
436:
17:
2577:
2462:
2263:
2216:
1980:. SUNY Series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press.
1064:
1056:
1045:
3638:
2855:
2738:
887:
725:
pieces' authorship, but there is no consensus on which may actually be by Qu Yuan himself.
589:
is an anthology of poems by many poets, Qu Yuan was its central figure, both as author of
557:
noted 106 Chu poets with 1,318 compositions. Many established Han poets also wrote in the
8:
3479:
3334:
2810:
2020:
2005:
1891:
Three Elegies of Ch'u: an Introduction to the Traditional Interpretation of the Ch'u Tz'u
1682:
1635:
1629:
1460:
style features long line lengths optimized for poetic oral recitation, with a concluding
1260:
1116:
1021:
asks questions; but, the text does not include answers, except, in some cases, in hints.
548:
519:
verses characteristically strongly feature the presence of the exotic. A Chinese form of
448:
2438:
The Songs of the South: An Anthology of Ancient Chinese Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets
1569:". More general religious or philosophical questions such as regarding the existence of
3500:
3329:
3314:
2803:
2539:
2436:
1887:
1566:
1547:
1252:
996:
891:
786:
745:
314:
306:
3451:
3018:
2994:
2782:
2733:
2633:
2619:
2601:
2583:
2551:
2525:
2495:
2474:
2463:
2443:
2355:
2136:
2052:
1953:
1939:
1931:
1916:
1894:
1877:
1852:
1586:
1556:
Tomb Beast-Guard (Zhenmushou). 5th – 3rd century BCE, Kingdom of Chu, Southern China.
1543:
1539:
1268:
1092:
1010:
465:
241:
233:
103:
31:
1514:
would have been recited using distinctive linguistic features of the Chu version of
3266:
3261:
3167:
2952:
2242:
1647:
1641:
1515:
1498:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1120:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
956:
851:
are believed to have been composed by others. Similarly, Wang's attribution of the
644:
486:
184:
2524:(4th rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 246–247.
3276:
3079:
2519:
1653:
1029:
3430:
3155:
3140:
3094:
3023:
2690:
1694:
1036:
was the name of one of the traditional capital cities of Qu Yuan's homeland of
424:
351:
344:
219:
1987:
The Songs of Chu: An Anthology of Ancient Chinese Poetry by Qu Yuan and Others
1971:]. Library of Chinese Classics. Changsha: Hunan People's Publishing House.
935:
3622:
3600:
3423:
3344:
3309:
3187:
3160:
2515:
1717:
1607:
1506:
1148:
882:
Wang Yi's selections of certain specific verses to anthologize in the modern
856:
574:
44:
2568:, ed. Victor H. Mair (Columbia University Press), pp. 371–386, also in
1989:. Translations from the Asian Classics. New York: Columbia University Press.
3612:
3339:
3299:
3145:
3135:
2875:
2824:
2487:
1817:
1721:
1140:
1132:
1076:
992:
944:
698:
323:
191:
2548:
Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One
2065:(site of archeological finds, including bamboo strip texts related to the
3375:
3255:
3251:
3099:
2882:
2868:
2861:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2062:
2057:
1908:
1904:
1801:
1706:
1433:
1370:
1041:
1037:
769:
665:
656:
648:
636:
613:, some of which is traditionally incorporated into the printed editions.
553:
508:
498:
456:
440:
365:
2598:
Ancient China: Chinese Civilization from the Origins to the Tang Dynasty
3246:
3199:
3109:
2838:
2728:
1570:
1523:
1393:
tends to produce the effect of one, single seven character line with a
1190:
1033:
590:
257:
250:
1419:
948:
3512:
3409:
3177:
2072:
2025:
1725:
1025:
792:
728:
520:
490:
271:
2963:
3182:
3089:
2831:
2572:, ed. Victor H. Mair (Columbia University Press), pp. 192–208.
2546:楚辭 (Songs of Chu)". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.).
1601:
1292:
1084:
1052:
899:
835:
829:
819:
798:
751:
694:
543:
The collection of poems by Qu Yuan and Song Yu are included in the
292:
3416:
3236:
3084:
2659:
2015:
2010:
1978:
The Shaman and the Heresiarch: A New Interpretation of the Li sao
1926:
Fusheng Wu, "Sao Poetry," pp. 36–58, in Zong-Qi Cai, ed.,
1613:
1595:
1394:
1211:
824:
757:
630:
594:
533:
432:
428:
356:
77:
73:
3595:
2570:
The Shorter Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature
1670:
1565:
consist of especially dense mythological material, such as the "
3385:
3319:
3271:
3231:
3226:
3114:
3104:
2000:
1821:
1813:
1797:
1423:
988:
979:
903:
895:
780:
774:
739:
673:
30:"Songs of the South" redirects here. For the Disney movie, see
1219:
four syllable line, with its four equally stressed syllables:
3359:
3241:
3210:
3172:
3119:
3043:
2889:
2045:(mythological mountains, all or most of which feature in the
1809:
1618:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1353:"Heavenly Questions" shares the prosodic features typical of
1173:
1068:
1060:
847:
841:
810:
804:
671:
During his days of exile, Qu Yuan is thought to have written
660:
561:
style, producing their fair share of notable poems: the term
335:
2579:
Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent
1839:. Chapter 5 in J. Minford & J. S. M. Lau (Eds.) (2000).
3304:
3216:
3194:
3038:
1757:
never became a canonical work, not in the sense as did the
1674:
1028:") consists of nine pieces of poetry, one of which is the "
1005:
772:
dynasty, a total of 25 works can be attributed to Qu Yuan:
635:
The name "Qu Yuan" does not occur in any text prior to the
2929:
Sunflower Splendor: Three Thousand Years of Chinese Poetry
2650:
2190:
2188:
1841:
Classical Chinese Literature: An Anthology of Translations
621:
439:, as well as a large number of works composed during the
377:
311:
297:
283:
2566:
The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature
1869:
Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-198-81831-1.
507:
was named after a form of poetry that originated in the
443:
several centuries later. The traditional version of the
262:
2630:
Chinese Poetry: An Anthology of Major Modes and Genres
2185:
1685:
are among those importantly receiving treatment in the
1440:). This, as opposed to the four-character verse of the
2395:
1796:
projects itself through the works of poets, including
625:
A depiction of Qu Yuan from an early 17th-century book
3584:
1874:
Selected Poems of Chu Yuan (Chinese-English edition).
703:
The Nine Songs: A Study of Shamanism in Ancient China
238:
224:
210:
196:
53:
1865:
Elegies of Chu: An Anthology of Early Chinese Poetry
1724:
dynasties; but, yet to have retained indications of
1689:
material. Among these are materials relating to the
1444:, adds a different rhythmic latitude of expression.
947:, showing the poem "The Lament", with the character
2936:
The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature
2173:
2089:
1504:(the "Luanci", 亂辭), and in anthologies such as the
1275:) all have metrical characteristics typical of the
939:Two pages of "The Lament", from a 1645 copy of the
867:There are questions or uncertainties as to how the
427:including works traditionally attributed mainly to
2435:
2241:This text is available in Chinese at Wikisource:
927:was provided by Wang Yi, the Han royal librarian.
3527:Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations
2262:This text is available in Chinese at Wikisource
2215:This text is available in Chinese at Wikisource:
3620:
2521:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
2112:Songs of the South, an Ancient Chinese Anthology
1913:Chu ci Xuan Selected Elegies of the State of Chu
523:was prominent in Chu, and a large number of the
2228:
2226:
2224:
2117:
1456:style, based on imitation of "The Lament". The
2632:. (Durham and London: Duke University Press).
1928:How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthology
2979:
2675:
2309:
2307:
1930:. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008
1492:
907:
158:
144:
89:
58:
2465:Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide
2221:
1876:Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press,
1585:Information on mythological beings in early
1915:. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2001.
1827:
1181:compare and contrast with the poems of the
689:works sometimes attributed to Qu Yuan, the
2986:
2972:
2682:
2668:
2304:
898:, as well as those of Han poets including
827:; most modern scholars, however, consider
2564:Mair, Victor H. "Heavenly Questions", in
2538:
2194:
1533:
955:), appended as a status reference to the
580:
577:", as the seventeenth and final section.
2494:. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
2349:
1781:. In the Wang Yi edition, it is titled "
1589:is often based upon references from the
1551:
1167:anthology vary, in formal poetic style.
934:
620:
476:
1893:. University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.
833:to be Qu Yuan's original work, whereas
14:
3621:
2492:Classical Chinese Poetry: An Anthology
2456:
2430:
2179:
2114:. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959), 28.
2095:
1051:Also included are "Far-off Journey" ("
313:
240:
2993:
2967:
2663:
2618:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2575:
2401:
2106:
2104:
1984:
1975:
1573:receive some poetic treatment in the
1189:, or "Song" style), with the typical
2505:
2123:
1962:
1580:
1193:styles, and with Qu Yuan's style in
919:One of the important aspects of the
823:to another contemporary of Qu Yuan,
659:with a heavy rock, when Qin general
3473:Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio
1413:
1158:
24:
3075:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
2689:
2582:. Harvard University Asia Center.
2550:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 124–56.
2350:Williams, Nicholas Morrow (2022).
2155:
2101:
2043:List of mythical Chinese mountains
1862:Williams, Nicholas Morrow (2022).
1845:From Antiquity to the Tang Dynasty
1497:) style of prosody as seen in the
737:mentions five of Qu Yuan's works:
25:
3660:
3494:What the Master Would Not Discuss
2644:
2419:The Penguin Book of Chinese Verse
2069:and fragments of the work itself)
1510:. Furthermore, the verses of the
1291:) groups these lines into rhymed
1015:ancient Chinese religious beliefs
912:) and Liu Xiang himself into the
3606:
3594:
1735:
1657:also has been derived using the
1617:of later Daoist fame, the giant
1405:tum tum tum tum tum tum tum ti.
1385:tum tum tum tum; tum tum tum ti
1135:", consisting of nine sections (
916:anthology as it is known today.
639:(202 BC – AD
573:, as well as appending his own "
43:
3559:The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl
3552:Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy
2797:New Songs from the Jade Terrace
2457:——— (1993). "
2386:
2377:
2368:
2354:. Amhert, N.Y.: Cambria Press.
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2256:
2247:
2235:
2209:
2200:
1872:Sun Dayu (translator). (2007).
1761:. As David Hawkes puts it, "he
378:
357:
336:
312:
298:
284:
263:
3520:Records of the Grand Historian
2461:楚辭". In Loewe, Michael (ed.).
2410:
2164:
2146:
2129:
1693:and the legendary tale of how
1428:
1017:. In general, the text of the
999:" ("Tian Wen"), also known as
734:Records of the Grand Historian
239:
225:
211:
197:
159:
145:
13:
1:
3487:In Search of the Supernatural
3403:Classic of Mountains and Seas
2907:Chinese poems (category list)
2616:Handbook of Chinese Mythology
2078:
1748:
1452:Some verses tend towards the
1365:and the "Great Summons" uses
1200:
1125:Alas That My Lot Was Not Cast
787:Heavenly Questions (Tian Wen)
708:
472:
459:is largely known through the
423:, is an ancient anthology of
2600:. Vercelli: VMB Publishers.
2083:
1948:Xu, Yuanchong (translator).
1700:
1447:
1163:The poems and pieces of the
862:
768:According to Wang Yi of the
743:(or "Encountering Sorrow"),
713:The traditional view of the
7:
2655:at the Chinese Text Project
2596:Scarpari, Maurizio (2006).
2421:. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
2031:
1177:(envoi). The styles of the
1083:), "Summons of the Soul" "(
930:
817:Wang Yi chose to attribute
784:(consisting of 11 pieces),
755:("Summoning of the Soul"),
54:
27:Anthology of Chinese poetry
10:
3665:
3649:Chinese poetry anthologies
3634:Chinese poetry collections
2417:Davis, A. R., ed. (1970).
2110:Hawkes, David. Ch'u Tz'u:
1994:
1837:Hawkes, David (translator)
1785:". The other works of the
1704:
1537:
1487:verses can be seen in the
962:
697:literature in China. (See
628:
616:
496:
405:, variously translated as
63:), by Chen Hongshou (1616)
50:Qu Yuan Sang while Walking
29:
3573:Mulian Rescues His Mother
3545:Legend of the White Snake
3536:
3394:
3368:
3292:
3128:
3062:
3001:
2945:
2920:
2899:
2848:
2772:
2718:
2697:
1849:Columbia University Press
1493:
1483:Direct influences of the
1101:Sorrow for Troth Betrayed
908:
693:("Nine Songs") exemplify
538:Mount Kunlun of mythology
393:
389:
371:
364:
350:
343:
329:
322:
305:
291:
277:
270:
256:
249:
232:
218:
204:
190:
183:
178:
174:
166:
152:
138:
133:
129:
125:
117:
109:
99:
90:
83:
68:
59:
42:
3445:The Peach Blossom Spring
2818:Three Hundred Tang Poems
2705:Classical Chinese poetry
1828:Translation into English
1677:, the ancient sovereign
1664:
1528:Classical Chinese poetry
682:is a long Chinese poem.
453:Classical Chinese poetry
140:Traditional Chinese
3566:The Magic Lotus Lantern
3459:Investiture of the Gods
2912:List of poems (article)
2576:Murck, Alfreda (2000).
2038:List of Chu Ci contents
1963:Zhuo, Zhenying (2006).
1633:flying dragon, and the
1599:), crocodilian dragon (
965:List of Chu Ci contents
154:Simplified Chinese
3381:Peaches of Immortality
3206:Chinese guardian lions
3129:Mythological creatures
2628:Yip, Wai-lim (1997).
2518:; et al. (eds.).
2392:Hawkes (1985 ), 31–32
1557:
1534:Mythology and religion
1209:poems use the typical
960:
685:Also, among the other
626:
581:Authorship and editing
494:
3629:Chinese classic texts
3466:The Sorcerer's Revolt
3054:Chinese folk religion
2900:Individual poems list
2710:Modern Chinese poetry
2651:Full Chinese text of
1985:Sukhu, Gopal (2017).
1976:Sukhu, Gopal (2012).
1792:The influence of the
1726:shamanistic practices
1691:Xiang River goddesses
1661:as a primary source.
1555:
1109:Summons for a Recluse
938:
761:("Lament for Ying"),
653:Warring States period
624:
497:Further information:
480:
437:Warring States period
3014:Godly world concepts
2856:Antithetical couplet
2739:Six Dynasties poetry
1950:Elegies of the South
1711:The contents of the
1627:rainbow dragon, the
1067:), "The Fisherman" "
888:Emperor Cheng of Han
651:kingdom, during the
373:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
3480:Journey to the West
2921:Modern compilations
2811:Complete Tang Poems
2540:Knechtges, David R.
2021:Wang Yi (librarian)
2006:Liu Xiang (scholar)
1888:Waters, Geoffrey R.
1261:Summons of the Soul
1117:Seven Remonstrances
1001:Questions to Heaven
593:section and in the
549:Western Han dynasty
449:Emperor Shun of Han
84:Original title
39:
3644:Zhou dynasty texts
3501:Heavenly Questions
3315:Gate of the Ghosts
3070:Gods and immortals
3034:Gods and immortals
2804:Nineteen Old Poems
2383:Hawkes (1985 ), 31
2374:Hawkes (1985 ), 26
2292:Baxter-Sagart 1.00
2170:Hawkes (1985 ), 30
1567:Heavenly Questions
1558:
1548:Chinese philosophy
1253:Heavenly Questions
1019:Heavenly Questions
997:Heavenly Questions
961:
627:
495:
37:
3582:
3581:
3452:The Four Journeys
2995:Chinese mythology
2961:
2960:
2783:Classic of Poetry
2624:978-0-19-533263-6
2589:978-0-674-00782-6
2557:978-90-04-19127-3
2531:978-0-691-15491-6
2506:Kern, M. (2012).
2500:978-0-374-10536-5
2442:. Penguin Books.
2404:, pp. 11–27.
2161:Hawkes (1959), 19
2141:978-0-231-13940-3
2053:List of wu shaman
1958:978-7-5001-2022-3
1936:978-0-231-13940-3
1899:978-0-299-10030-8
1882:978-7-5446-0459-8
1587:Chinese mythology
1581:Beasts and beings
1544:Religion in China
1540:Chinese mythology
1526:, and subsequent
1279:. Generally, the
1269:The Great Summons
1093:The Great Summons
1059:), "Divination" "
1011:Chinese mythology
943:, illustrated by
466:Classic of Poetry
397:
396:
385:
384:
379:*s.r̥aʔ sə.lə
279:Yale Romanization
185:Standard Mandarin
118:Publication place
104:Classical Chinese
32:Song of the South
16:(Redirected from
3656:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3537:Other folk tales
3267:Nine-headed Bird
3262:Peng (mythology)
3168:Four Holy Beasts
3063:Major personages
2988:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2953:Cantonese poetry
2684:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2593:
2561:
2535:
2484:
2468:
2453:
2441:
2427:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2195:Knechtges (2010)
2192:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2093:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1969:The Verse of Chu
1605:), the immortal
1516:Chinese language
1499:"Epilog" of the
1496:
1495:
1430:
1414:Han-style lyrics
1340:tum tum tum tum
1332:tum tum tum tum
1311:tum tum tum tum
1303:tum tum tum tum
1159:Poetic qualities
1024:"Nine Pieces" ("
957:Chinese Classics
911:
910:
796:(all 9 pieces),
668:races are held.
645:King Huai of Chu
642:
487:King Huai of Chu
381:
380:
360:
359:
339:
338:
318:
317:
316:
301:
300:
287:
286:
266:
265:
245:
244:
243:
228:
227:
214:
213:
200:
199:
176:
175:
162:
161:
148:
147:
94:
93:
92:
62:
61:
57:
47:
40:
36:
21:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3593:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3532:
3390:
3364:
3330:Kunlun Mountain
3288:
3277:Nine-tailed fox
3124:
3080:Eight Immortals
3058:
3002:Overview topics
2997:
2992:
2962:
2957:
2946:Regional styles
2941:
2916:
2895:
2844:
2775:and collections
2774:
2768:
2714:
2693:
2688:
2647:
2642:
2590:
2558:
2532:
2481:
2450:
2422:
2413:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:Davis, xlv–xlvi
2205:
2201:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2034:
1997:
1830:
1751:
1738:
1709:
1703:
1697:got its spots.
1667:
1583:
1550:
1536:
1450:
1416:
1314:tum tum tum tum
1306:tum tum tum tum
1283:style (both in
1227:tum tum tum tum
1203:
1161:
1032:" ("Ai Ying").
1030:Lament for Ying
1003:, addressed to
967:
933:
865:
711:
640:
633:
619:
583:
501:
475:
206:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
167:Literal meaning
88:
64:
55:Quzi xingyin tu
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3662:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3431:Shenxian Zhuan
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3395:Literary works
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3256:Four Evildoers
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3156:Vermilion Bird
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:Black Tortoise
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:Yellow Emperor
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3029:Shenmo fiction
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Jian'an poetry
2731:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2691:Chinese poetry
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2645:External links
2643:
2641:
2640:
2626:
2608:
2594:
2588:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2536:
2530:
2516:Greene, Roland
2503:
2485:
2479:
2454:
2448:
2428:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2255:
2246:
2234:
2220:
2208:
2199:
2197:, p. 127.
2184:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2128:
2116:
2100:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1960:
1946:
1924:
1902:
1885:
1870:
1860:
1829:
1826:
1750:
1747:
1737:
1734:
1702:
1699:
1695:spotted bamboo
1666:
1663:
1582:
1579:
1535:
1532:
1449:
1446:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:tum tum tum ti
1338:
1337:
1336:
1335:tum tum tum ti
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:tum tum tum ti
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1202:
1199:
1160:
1157:
963:Main article:
932:
929:
864:
861:
710:
707:
629:Main article:
618:
615:
582:
579:
474:
471:
425:Chinese poetry
420:Elegies of Chu
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
375:
369:
368:
362:
361:
354:
352:Middle Chinese
348:
347:
345:Middle Chinese
341:
340:
333:
327:
326:
320:
319:
309:
303:
302:
295:
289:
288:
281:
275:
274:
272:Yue: Cantonese
268:
267:
260:
254:
253:
247:
246:
236:
230:
229:
222:
216:
215:
208:
202:
201:
194:
188:
187:
181:
180:
179:Transcriptions
172:
171:
170:"Words of Chu"
168:
164:
163:
156:
150:
149:
142:
136:
135:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
85:
81:
80:
70:
66:
65:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3661:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3424:Liexian Zhuan
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Jade Mountain
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:Eight Pillars
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3188:Spirit turtle
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3161:Yellow Dragon
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Creation myth
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2639:
2638:0-8223-1946-2
2635:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:Yang, Lihui,
2609:
2607:
2606:88-540-0509-6
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2488:Hinton, David
2486:
2482:
2480:1-55729-043-1
2476:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2449:0-14-044375-4
2445:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2432:Hawkes, David
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2363:
2361:9781621966234
2357:
2353:
2346:
2340:Davis, xlviii
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2301:Hawkes, 38–39
2298:
2289:
2280:
2274:Hawkes, 39–40
2271:
2265:
2259:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2182:, p. 51.
2181:
2180:Hawkes (1993)
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2098:, p. 28.
2097:
2096:Hawkes (1985)
2092:
2088:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:9780231511889
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:7-119-02890-1
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1857:0-231-09676-3
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1743:
1736:Later history
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:The myths of
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1621:serpent, the
1620:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1507:Guwen Guanzhi
1503:
1502:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1478:The Fisherman
1475:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1212:Book of Songs
1208:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Book of Songs
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1149:Nine Longings
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:
977:begins with "
976:
972:
966:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
928:
926:
922:
917:
915:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
860:
858:
857:Dongfang Shuo
854:
850:
849:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
822:
821:
815:
813:
812:
807:
806:
801:
800:
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
782:
777:
776:
771:
766:
764:
760:
759:
754:
753:
748:
747:
742:
741:
736:
735:
730:
726:
724:
720:
716:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
675:
669:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
638:
632:
623:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
578:
576:
575:Nine Longings
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
529:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:Central Plain
510:
506:
500:
493:, in 323 BCE.
492:
488:
484:
479:
470:
468:
467:
462:
458:
455:prior to the
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:
416:
415:
410:
409:
408:Verses of Chu
404:
403:
392:
388:
376:
374:
370:
367:
363:
355:
353:
349:
346:
342:
334:
332:
328:
325:
321:
315:
310:
308:
304:
296:
294:
290:
282:
280:
276:
273:
269:
261:
259:
255:
252:
248:
242:
237:
235:
231:
223:
221:
217:
209:
207:
203:
195:
193:
189:
186:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
157:
155:
151:
143:
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
56:
51:
46:
41:
33:
19:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3340:Moving Sands
3282:
3202:(Fox spirit)
3146:Azure Dragon
3136:Four Symbols
2934:
2927:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2837:
2830:
2825:Wangchuan ji
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2773:Poetry works
2652:
2629:
2615:
2611:
2597:
2578:
2569:
2565:
2547:
2543:
2520:
2509:
2491:
2464:
2458:
2437:
2423:
2418:
2402:Murck (2000)
2397:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2351:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2258:
2249:
2237:
2232:Davis, xlvii
2211:
2202:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2152:Scarpari, 37
2148:
2131:
2119:
2111:
2091:
2066:
2046:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1949:
1927:
1912:
1890:
1864:
1847:. New York:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1818:Liu Zongyuan
1793:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1712:
1710:
1686:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1574:
1562:
1559:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1417:
1392:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1323:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1234:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1141:Nine Laments
1133:Nine Regrets
1077:Nine Changes
1050:
1042:state of Qin
1023:
1018:
1004:
1000:
993:Yangzi River
984:
978:
974:
970:
968:
952:
945:Xiao Yuncong
940:
924:
920:
918:
913:
883:
881:
876:
872:
868:
866:
859:is suspect.
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
818:
816:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
727:
722:
718:
714:
712:
702:
699:Arthur Waley
690:
686:
684:
679:
672:
670:
634:
610:
606:
602:
598:
586:
584:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
544:
542:
530:
524:
516:
509:State of Chu
504:
502:
482:
464:
460:
444:
419:
418:
414:Songs of Chu
413:
412:
407:
406:
401:
400:
398:
324:Southern Min
192:Hanyu Pinyin
134:Chinese name
87:
49:
3639:Chu (state)
3438:Shenyi Jing
3252:Four Perils
3151:White Tiger
3100:Yan Emperor
2849:Major forms
2764:Qing poetry
2759:Ming poetry
2754:Yuan poetry
2749:Song poetry
2744:Tang poetry
2411:Works cited
2322:Hinton, 55.
2063:Shuanggudui
2058:Moon rabbit
1909:Xianyi Yang
1905:Gladys Yang
1802:Shen Quanqi
1707:Wu (shaman)
1683:Great Flood
1434:Old Chinese
1371:Nine Pieces
1185:anthology (
770:Eastern Han
666:Dragon boat
657:Miluo River
637:Han dynasty
554:Book of Han
499:Chu (state)
481:Detail of
457:Qin dynasty
441:Han dynasty
366:Old Chinese
3623:Categories
3355:Weak River
3247:Fox spirit
2839:Zhuying ji
2729:Han poetry
2719:Poetry by
2698:Major eras
2313:Yang, 8–10
2283:Hawkes, 40
2079:References
1843:, Vol. I:
1779:The Lament
1749:Prominence
1705:See also:
1681:, and the
1538:See also:
1524:Han poetry
1501:Cantong qi
1476:" and of "
1474:Divination
1369:(and the "
1201:Song style
1195:The Lament
1191:Han poetry
906:, Yan Ji (
775:The Lament
740:The Lament
709:Authorship
680:The Lament
674:The Lament
591:The Lament
536:, and the
491:state of E
473:Background
258:Suzhounese
220:Wade–Giles
3513:Huainanzi
3410:Shi Yi Ji
3350:Red River
3200:Huli jing
3178:Fenghuang
3019:Astrology
2542:(2010). "
2459:Ch'u tz'u
2124:Kern 2012
2084:Footnotes
2073:Zhuang Ji
2026:Zhuang Ji
1952:. 2008.
1806:Zhang Yue
1783:Lisaojing
1701:Shamanism
1563:Chu songs
1448:Sao style
1293:quatrains
1026:Jiu Zhang
892:Liu Xiang
863:Anthology
793:Jiu Zhang
729:Sima Qian
585:Although
521:shamanism
435:from the
226:Ch'u tz'ŭ
212:Chuu tsyr
3183:Yinglong
3090:Shennong
2832:Wen Xuan
2614:(2005).
2490:(2008).
2434:(1985).
2032:See also
1759:Shi Jing
1720:and the
1602:jiaolong
1442:Shi Jing
1265:Zhao hun
1257:Tian wen
1217:Shijing)
1183:Shi Jing
1147:), and "
1085:Zhao Hun
1053:Yuan You
931:Contents
900:Wang Bao
836:Yuan You
830:Zhao Hun
820:Zhao Hun
799:Yuan You
763:Huai Sha
752:Zhao Hun
746:Tian Wen
695:shamanic
483:shou jie
463:and the
337:Tshóo sû
293:Jyutping
285:Chó chìh
264:Tshòu zý
100:Language
72:(trad.)
3587:Portals
3417:Bowuzhi
3345:Penglai
3335:Longmen
3283:more...
3237:Wuzhiqi
3213:(Bixie)
3110:Chang'e
3085:Youchao
3024:Dragons
2721:dynasty
2331:Yip, 55
2253:Yang, 9
2016:Song Yu
2011:Qu Yuan
1995:Authors
1636:zhulong
1630:feilong
1614:zhenren
1596:qiulong
1395:caesura
1373:" uses
1355:Shijing
1287:and in
1285:Shijing
1281:Shijing
1277:Shijing
1273:Da Zhao
1267:), and
825:Song Yu
758:Ai Ying
631:Qu Yuan
617:Qu Yuan
595:persona
534:Bactria
489:to the
433:Song Yu
429:Qu Yuan
358:tʂjó zi
78:Song Yu
74:Qu Yuan
38:Chu Ci
3601:Poetry
3505:Chu Ci
3386:Xirang
3320:Fusang
3300:Buzhou
3293:Places
3272:Tianma
3232:Xiezhi
3227:Hundun
3222:Horses
3115:Hou Yi
3105:Chiyou
3049:Ghosts
2790:Chu Ci
2653:Chu ci
2636:
2622:
2612:et al.
2604:
2586:
2554:
2544:Chu ci
2528:
2498:
2477:
2446:
2424:Chu Ci
2358:
2139:
2067:Chu ci
2047:Chu ci
2001:Liu An
1956:
1942:
1934:
1919:
1897:
1880:
1855:
1822:Su Shi
1820:, and
1814:Han Yu
1798:Jia Yi
1794:Chu Ci
1787:Chu Ci
1775:Chu ci
1771:Chu Ci
1767:Chu Ci
1763:Chu Ci
1755:Chu Ci
1730:Chu Ci
1713:Chu Ci
1687:Chu Ci
1659:Chu Ci
1645:, the
1591:Chu Ci
1575:Chu Ci
1571:spirit
1546:, and
1520:Chu Ci
1512:Chu Ci
1485:Chu Ci
1426::
1424:pinyin
1179:Chu Ci
1169:Chu ci
1165:Chu ci
989:Jiu Ge
985:Li Sao
980:Li Sao
975:Chu Ci
971:Chu Ci
941:Chu Ci
925:Chu Ci
921:Chu Ci
914:Chu Ci
904:Jia Yi
896:Liu An
884:Chu Ci
873:Chu Ci
869:Chu Ci
853:Qijian
845:, and
808:, and
781:Jiu Ge
723:Chu Ci
719:Chu Ci
715:Chu Ci
691:Jiu Ge
687:Chu Ci
641:
611:Chu Ci
607:Chu Ci
603:Chu Ci
599:Chu Ci
587:Chu ci
571:Chu Ci
567:Chu Ci
563:Chu Ci
559:Chu Ci
551:. The
545:Chu Ci
525:Chu Ci
517:Chu Ci
505:Chu Ci
461:Chu Ci
445:Chu Ci
402:Chu Ci
331:Tâi-lô
198:Chǔ cí
113:Poetry
69:Author
3613:China
3369:Items
3360:Youdu
3242:Yeren
3211:Pixiu
3173:Qilin
3120:Kuafu
3044:Pangu
2890:yuefu
2514:. In
2510:Chuci
2473:–55.
1967:[
1810:Du Fu
1742:Chuci
1718:Shang
1665:Myths
1619:bashe
1489:saoti
1466:envoi
1464:(or,
1289:Chuci
1207:Chuci
1205:Some
1069:Yu Fu
1061:Bu Ju
848:Yu Fu
842:Pu Ju
811:Yu Fu
805:Pu Ju
661:Bo Qi
417:, or
299:Co ci
121:China
110:Genre
60:屈子行吟圖
18:Chuci
3305:Diyu
3217:Nian
3195:Bixi
3039:Tian
2634:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2602:ISBN
2584:ISBN
2552:ISBN
2526:ISBN
2496:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2137:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1907:and
1895:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1753:The
1740:The
1722:Zhou
1679:Shun
1675:Tian
1671:Nüwa
1651:and
1642:teng
1624:hong
1611:and
1608:xian
1480:").
1462:luan
1438:*gˤe
1174:luan
1139:), "
1131:), "
1123:), "
1115:), "
1107:), "
1099:), "
1091:), "
1087:)" (
1075:), "
1055:") (
1034:Ying
1013:and
1006:Tian
969:The
953:jing
877:juan
503:The
431:and
399:The
2876:shi
1654:chi
1648:shi
1468:).
1458:sao
1454:sao
1367:zhi
1363:xie
1259:),
1155:).
1151:" (
1143:" (
1129:哀時命
1127:" (
1119:" (
1113:招隱士
1111:" (
1103:" (
1095:" (
1079:" (
1071:" (
1063:" (
1048:).
1038:Chu
855:to
731:'s
705:.)
649:Qin
307:IPA
234:IPA
3625::
3376:Gu
2883:qu
2869:fu
2862:ci
2471:48
2306:^
2264:天問
2243:九歌
2223:^
2217:離騷
2187:^
2103:^
1965:楚辞
1911:,
1851:,
1824:.
1816:,
1812:,
1808:,
1804:,
1800:,
1673:,
1577:.
1542:,
1530:.
1494:騷體
1436::
1432:,
1429:xī
1375:xi
1197:.
1153:九思
1145:九歎
1137:九懷
1121:七諫
1105:惜誓
1097:大招
1089:招魂
1081:九辯
1073:漁父
1065:卜居
1057:遠遊
1046:九章
909:嚴忌
902:,
890:,
839:,
814:.
802:,
790:,
778:,
765:.
749:,
701:,
540:.
469:.
451:.
411:,
251:Wu
160:楚辞
146:楚辭
91:楚辭
76:,
3589::
3507:)
3503:(
3258:)
3254:(
2987:e
2980:t
2973:v
2683:e
2676:t
2669:v
2592:.
2560:.
2534:.
2512:"
2508:"
2502:.
2483:.
2452:.
2426:.
2364:.
2143:.
2126:.
2049:)
1923:.
1901:.
1884:.
1867:.
1859:.
1491:(
1472:"
1422:(
1420:兮
1271:(
1263:(
1255:(
1215:(
959:.
951:(
949:經
676:.
52:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
