Circumcision controversy in early Christianity

1446: 1599: 1911: 4748:"The Coptic Christians in Egypt and the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians— two of the oldest surviving forms of Christianity— retain many of the features of early Christianity, including male circumcision. Circumcision is not prescribed in other forms of Christianity... Some Christian churches in South Africa oppose the practice, viewing it as a pagan ritual, while others, including the Nomiya church in Kenya, require circumcision for membership and participants in focus group discussions in Zambia and Malawi mentioned similar beliefs that Christians should practice circumcision since Jesus was circumcised and the Bible teaches the practice." 4731:

mutilation. The second argument is that, because circumcision is not a strictly therapeutic procedure, parents are not justified in giving consent for it on behalf of their child. As ethicists for a large Catholic health system, we have encountered a third argument opposing the practice, particularly in Catholic hospitals. In short, this argument is that the practice of circumcising male neonates is a violation of the natural law as conceived within the Catholic moral tradition and Church teaching. ... We are unaware of the Catholic Church explicitly addressing the practice of circumcising male infants in any of its official teachings.

1953: 2068:, about half of Christian males worldwide are circumcised, with most of them being located in Africa, Anglosphere countries (with notable prevalence in the United States) and the Philippines. Many Christians have been circumcised for reasons such as family preferences, medical or cultural reasons. Circumcision is also part of a traditional practice among the adherents of certain Oriental Christian denominations, including those of Coptic Christianity, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Eritrean Orthodox Church. Circumcision is common among Christians in the 97: 1070: 740: 1739: 3029:(Yeb. 46b, 47b; Ker. 9a; 'Ab. Zarah 57a; Shab. 135a; Yer. Kid. iii. 14, 64d). Circumcision, however, was much more important, and, like baptism, was called a "seal" (Schlatter, "Die Kirche Jerusalems," 1898, p. 70). But as circumcision was discarded by Christianity, and the sacrifices had ceased, Baptism remained the sole condition for initiation into religious life. The next ceremony, adopted shortly after the others, was the 24: 4065:, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws." 4276:) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr. 1179: 4060:

in his work Contra Faustum, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning,

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Michael Benatar and David Benatar (2003) identify and insightfully refute two arguments that opponents of neonatal male circumcision use in an attempt to demonstrate the moral illicitness of the practice. The first argument they consider is that circumcision is tantamount to an unjustifiable form of

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In his cultural accounts of circumcision, Boyarin clearly presupposes an alienated attitude to circumcision in Western countries. They show that the Christian memory of Jesus' circumcision is significantly weaker than the growing awareness of his Jewishness. In contemporary political debates – as in

4657:

advises that "all persons served by Catholic healthcare have the right and duty to protect and preserve their bodily and functional integrity" (United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2001). Accordingly, neonatal circumcision performed for other than medical reasons is viewed as a prohibited

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McGrath, page 174: "Paul notes the emergence of a Judaizing party in the region — that is, a group within the church which insisted that Gentile believers should obey every aspect of the law of Moses, including the need to be circumcised. According to Paul , the leading force behind this party was

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In summary, circumcision has played a surprisingly important role in Western history. The circumcision debate forged a Gentile identity to the early Christian church which allowed it to survive the Jewish Diaspora and become the dominant religion of Western Europe. Circumcision continued to have a

2004:

in the world to extensively practice circumcision. Some Christian churches in South Africa oppose circumcision, viewing it as a pagan ritual, while others, including the Nomiya church in Kenya, require circumcision for membership, despite St. Paul's warnings against those who required circumcision

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and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, Pope Gregory the Third 731 forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed

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forbade the practice of circumcision among Christians; Roman Catholic scholars, including John J. Dietzen, David Lang, and Edwin F. Healy, argue that "elective male infant circumcision not only violates the proper application of the time-honored principle of totality, but even fits the ethical

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Simon Peter, considered the first Catholic Pope, condemned the practice of circumcision for converts (Acts 15). The Catholic Church formally denounced religious circumcision in its 1442 Cantate Domino, composed during the eleventh council of Florence (Eugenius IV, Pople, 1990 ). Some Catholic

2056:. It may be significant that Jewish applicants to American medical schools comprised 60% of all applications in the 1930s, at a time when circumcision was becoming popular in the US. The prevalence of circumcision in the United States is approximately 80%. According to studies, American 4948:

It is obligatory among Jews, Muslims, and Coptic Christians. Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians do not require circumcision. Starting in the last half of the 19th century, however, circumcision also became common among Christians in Europe and especially in North

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provides in pertinent part: 'Except when performed for strictly therapeutic medical reasons, directly intended amputations, mutilations, and sterilizations performed on innocent persons are against moral law. (United States Catholic Conference, 1997)' Directive 29 of the

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hospitals today continue to oppose the practice based on the belief that it violates natural law within the Catholic moral tradition and Church teaching (Slosar & O'Brien, 2003). Various writings of the Church have been referenced in support of this position. The

1326:, as the author of Acts relates, but other important matters arose as well, as the Apostolic Decree indicates. The dispute was between those, such as the followers of the "Pillars of the Church", led by James, who believed, following his interpretation of the 3221:

Christian theology generally interprets male circumcision to be an Old Testament rule that is no longer an obligation ... though in many countries (especially the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa, but not so much in Europe) it is widely practiced among

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celebrate it on Gregorian 14 January. The Orthodox Church considers it one of the twelve "Great Feasts". In the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican churches, the commemoration of the circumcision of Christ has been replaced by other commemorations, such as the

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condemned required circumcision of converts. When the various passages from the New Testament regarding circumcision are gathered together, a strongly negative view of circumcision emerges, according to Michael Glass. Some Biblical scholars think that the

3493:. Page 174: "In effect, they seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief — that Jesus was the Messiah. Unless males were circumcised, they could not be saved (Acts 15:1)." 909:

During the 1st century BC there was a controversy in Judaism relating to whether or not a proselyte who was already circumcised needed to be ritually re-circumcised. This is done via a pinprick creating a drop of blood and is still practiced to this day.

1334:, i.e. the rules of traditional Judaism, and Paul the Apostle, who called himself "Apostle to the Gentiles", who believed there was no such necessity. The main concern for the Apostle Paul, which he subsequently expressed in greater detail with 4342:("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of 3877:("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of 2412:

major cultural presence throughout Christendom even after the practice had all but vanished.... the circumcision of Jesus... celebrated as a religious holiday... examined by many of the greatest scholars and artists of the Western tradition.

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Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere

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8:17: "in every city and province wherever the ordinance was published: wherever the proclamation took place, the Jews had joy and gladness, feasting and mirth: and many of the Gentiles were circumcised, and became Jews, for fear of the

1987:

practice circumcision as a rite of passage, and they circumcise their sons "anywhere from the first week of life to the first few year". Male circumcision is also widely practiced among Christian communities in Africa, certain

3573:: "Then we lose sight of James till St. Paul, three years after his conversion (A.D. 37), went up to Jerusalem. ... On the same occasion, the "pillars" of the Church, James, Peter, and John "gave to me (Paul) and Barnabas the 1641:. He added: "Is any called in uncircumcision? let him not be circumcised", and went on to argue that circumcision did not matter: "Circumcision is nothing and uncircumcision is nothing. Keeping God's commands is what counts" ( 1820:

notes: "Jesus, however, does not appear to have taken into account the fact that the Halakha was at this period just becoming crystallized, and that much variation existed as to its definite form; the disputes of the

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However, the practice is still common among Christians in the United States, Oceania, South Korea, the Philippines, the Middle East and Africa. Some Middle Eastern Christians actually view the procedure as a rite of

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for Christianity contained in his appendix to "Seder 'Olam" (pp. 32b-34b, Hamburg, 1752), gives it as his opinion that the original intention of Jesus, and especially of Paul, was to convert only the Gentiles to the

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Vana, Liliane (May 2013). Trigano, Shmuel (ed.). "Les lois noaẖides: Une mini-Torah pré-sinaïtique pour l'humanité et pour Israël" [The Noahid Laws: A Pre-Sinaitic Mini-Torah for Humanity and for Israel].

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For most part, Christianity does not require circumcision of its followers. Yet, some Orthodox and African Christian groups do require circumcision. These circumcisions take place at any point between birth and

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Canada or in North-European countries and especially in Germany – circumcision is typically described as an "archaic" rite, with those practicing it presented as forced to do so by some "ancient" law or custom.

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definition of mutilation, which is gravely sinful." Roman Catholicism generally is silent today with respect to its permissibility, though elective circumcision continues to be debated amongst theologians.

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Mattson CL, Bailey RC, Muga R, Poulussen R, Onyango T (2005) Acceptability of male circumcision and predictors of circumcision preference among men and women in Nyanza province Kenya. AIDS Care 17:182–194.

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Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena , made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by

3872:

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Coptic Christians, Ethiopian Orthodox, and Eritrean Orthodox churches on the other hand, do observe the ordainment, and circumcise their sons anywhere from the first week of life to the first few years.

2283: 4988:

Pfuntner A., Wier L.M., Stocks C. Most Frequent Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2011. HCUP Statistical Brief #165. October 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.

1773:, may state that circumcision should be discouraged among Christians, though others believe this is merely a reference to Jews. Circumcision was so closely associated with Jewish men that 4822:

Although it is mostly common and required in male newborns with Moslem or Jewish backgrounds, certain Christian-dominant countries such as the United States also practice it commonly.

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portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as

1409:, and thus be a commonality rather than a differential. However, modern scholars dispute the connection between Acts 15 and the seven Noahide laws. In roughly the same time period, 1481:

as the motivating force behind the movement. Paul considered it a great threat to his doctrine of salvation through faith and addressed the issue with great detail in Galatians 3.

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prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.

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prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.

5222:

Richters J, Smith AM, de Visser RO, Grulich AE, Rissel CE; Smith; De Visser; Grulich; Rissel (August 2006). "Circumcision in Australia: prevalence and effects on sexual health".

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were occurring about the time of his maturity." This controversy was fought largely between opposing groups of Christians who were themselves ethnically Jewish, see section

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Although it is stated that circumcision is not a sacrament necessary for salvation, this rite is accepted for the Ethiopian Jacobites and other Middle Eastern Christians.

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notes: "We further see that, at the time of the Synod of Gangra, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the

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In the last resort, even Jewish men otherwise well equipped to pretend to be Christians could be spotted, since circumcision was rare among Eastern European Christians.

4056:, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by 5201:

Circumcision is not usually performed by public sector health care providers in Mexico and we estimate the prevalence to be 10% to 31%, depending on the population.

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in the area that advocated strict adherence to traditional Jewish laws and customs, including circumcision for male converts. According to McGrath, Paul identified

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above. According to this interpretation, those who felt that conversion to Judaism was a prerequisite for Church membership were eventually condemned by Paul as "

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Although many Christian denominations maintain a neutral stance with respect to infant male circumcision, there continues to be a debate regarding the practice.

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Although many Christian denominations maintain a neutral stance with respect to infant male circumcision, there continues to be a debate regarding the practice.

3602:"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme" 3037:

with oil, which at first also accompanied the act of Baptism, and was analogous to the anointment of priests among the Jews, was not a necessary condition."

4863:

The Lutheran Church on the Coast of Tanzania 1887-1914: With Special Reference to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania, Synod of Uzaramo-Uluguru

2044:, while it is not observed in other Christian countries and communities. Both religious and non-religious circumcision is common in some predominantly 1860:

still practice circumcision while not considering it a part of conversion to Judaism, nor do they consider themselves to be Jews or Jewish Christians.

5344:

This practice is old and widespread among African Christians with very close links to their beliefs. It can be executed traditionally or in hospital.

5032:"Prevalence of Circumcision Among Men and Boys Aged 14 to 59 Years in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005–2010" 3255:

male circumcision is still observed among Ethiopian and Coptic Christians, and circumcision rates are also high today in the Philippines and the US.

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have the highest rates of infant male circumcision among Christian denominations in the United States. According to Scholar Heather L. Armstrong of

5265: 4388:: "Yet we see him in the case before us, circumcising Timothy with his own hand, and this 'on account of certain Jews who were in those quarters.'" 2183: 870:

neither require it for religious observance nor forbid it for medical or cultural reasons, it is practiced among some Christian communities. Some

2622:

Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29".

4137:

Bockmuehl, Markus (January 1995). "The Noachide Commandments and New Testament Ethics: with Special Reference to Acts 15 and Pauline Halakhah".

1540:, who called himself "Apostle to the Gentiles", attacked the practice but not consistently; for example, in one case he personally circumcised 5313: 2391:

Bolnick, David; Koyle, Martin; Yosha, Assaf (2012). "Circumcision in the Early Christian Church: The Controversy That Shaped a Continent".

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are neutral about male circumcision, not requiring it for religious observance, but neither forbidding it for medical or cultural reasons.

401: 4915:

For example, "The Calendar of the Church Year" in The (Online) Book of Common Prayer (Episcopal Church in the United States of America),

4875: 1146:. Those in the Christian community who insisted that biblical law, including laws on circumcision, continued to apply to Christians were 448: 5339: 1777:

were referred to as "those of the circumcision" or conversely Christians who were circumcised were referred to as Jewish Christians or

4991: 5547: 5008: 3443: 1975:

Churches, and also some other African churches, and males are generally required to be circumcised shortly after birth as part of a

1668:); he also wrote: "Listen! I, Paul, am telling you that if you let yourselves be circumcised, Christ will be of no benefit to you" ( 5527: 5212:

Pang MG, Kim DS. Extraordinarily high rates of male circumcision in South Korea: history and underlying causes. BJU Int. 2002; p.89

1497: 844: 768: 564: 470: 4446:: "To this epispastic operation performed on the athletes to conceal the marks of circumcision St. Paul alludes, me epispastho ( 4894: 1567:

Paul, on the other hand, not only did not object to the observance of the Mosaic Law, as long as it did not interfere with the

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says that if a proselyte is immersed but not circumcised this is valid. Because our mothers were immersed but not circumcised.

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fiercely criticized the Judaizers that demanded circumcision for Gentile converts, and opposed them; he stressed instead that

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On Faith, Rationality, and the Other in the Late Middle Ages:: A Study of Nicholas of Cusa's Manuductive Approach to Islam

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On the Coptic Christian practice of male circumcision in Egypt, and on its practice by other Christians in western Asia.

4268:, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name ( 1664:), and wrote: "Are you so foolish, that, whereas you began in the Spirit, you would now be made perfect by the flesh?" ( 45: 3741: 3574: 1980: 1770: 274: 269: 1142:. As such, they tended to be of the view that circumcision and other requirements of the Mosaic Law were required for 5522: 5420: 5392: 5118: 5088: 4970: 4941: 4815: 4784: 4756: 4209: 4014: 3967: 3490: 3453: 3383:

Any uncircumcised male, who has not been circumcised in the flesh, will be cut off from his people; he has broken my

3347: 3306: 3248: 3214: 3113: 2837: 2404: 2375: 1445: 1283:, this meeting (among other things) confirmed the legitimacy of the Evangelizing mission of Barnabas and Paul to the 417: 282: 63: 1043:

Rabbi Eliezer says only circumcision is required the same as in B. Yevamot 46a. Rabbi Joshua says both are required.

5552: 4745:

Customary in some Coptic and other churches, indicating that it has been regionally normative since ancient times:

3750: 3018: 2396: 2367: 2093: 2030: 1236:

likely held leadership positions in the surrounding area after the destruction of the city until its rebuilding as

693: 174: 1905: 1629:: "Is any man called being circumcised? let him not become uncircumcised"—probably a reference to the practice of 4514: 1721: 1513: 1119: 1105: 733: 603: 365: 3618: 2909: 2451: 2442: 442: 5221: 4273: 4249: 3021:: "According to rabbinical teachings, which dominated even during the existence of the Temple (Pes. viii. 8), 859:

as fulfilling the Jewish practice of circumcision, as both serve as signs and seals of the covenant of grace.

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to the obligation for circumcision and the uncircumcised are to be cut off from the people in Genesis 17:14.

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as fulfilling the Israelite practice of circumcision, both being signs and seals of the covenant of grace.

1910: 1642: 1626: 1598: 1576: 1572: 1473:

about the issue, which had become a serious controversy in their region. There was a burgeoning movement of

5517: 5175:

Lajous, M; et al. (2006). "Human papillomavirus link to circumcision is misleading (author's reply)".

1888: 1592: 1440: 1379: 1291:, especially from the circumcision of males, a practice that was considered execrable and repulsive in the 4357: 2905: 2901: 2885: 1717: 1677: 1673: 1634: 1028:

says the opposite. Because such was found regarding our fathers. However the sages say both are required.

891: 761: 608: 4373: 4052:

also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third

2933: 2897: 1701: 465: 4369: 4361: 4245: 2929: 2893: 2889: 2227: 2214: 2053: 1518: 1173: 832: 4755:; there was never, however, a prohibition of circumcision, and it is practiced by Coptic Christians." 4237: 2913: 1804:

was, that it was over the issue of whether Gentiles could enter the Church directly or ought to first

1622: 4696:

Slosar, J.P.; D. O'Brien (2003). "The Ethics of Neonatal Male Circumcision: A Catholic Perspective".

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Slosar, J.P.; D. O'Brien (2003). "The Ethics of Neonatal Male Circumcision: A Catholic Perspective".

4253: 3578: 2937: 2921: 2917: 2065: 1705: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1394: 1355: 1323: 1197: 1186: 1169: 813: 688: 5030:

Introcaso, Camille E.; Xu, Fujie; Kilmarx, Peter H.; Zaidi, Akbar; Markowitz, Lauri E. (July 2013).

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Neonatal circumcision is the general practice among Jews, Christians, and many, but not all Muslims.

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and Liberal parties regarding the circumcision of proselytes remained an open one in tannaitic times

96: 4315: 3850: 2877: 2173: 1657: 1545: 1470: 633: 454: 412: 256: 1580: 1544:"because of the Jews" that were in town (Timothy had a Jewish Christian mother but a Greek father 4257: 3536: 3339: 3025:, next to circumcision and sacrifice, was an absolutely necessary condition to be fulfilled by a 2776: 2715: 2579: 2524: 2433: 2231: 2052:, but outside of the Jewish and Muslim communities, not for reasons of religious observance; see 2001: 1922: 1849: 1610: 1478: 1386: 1229: 1205: 1182: 956: 867: 805: 658: 643: 593: 428: 228: 216: 197: 5317: 3448:. Library of Congress Cataloging. Manufactured in the United States of America. pp. 32–38. 1952: 1579:), and he was in the very act of observing the Mosaic ritual when he was arrested at Jerusalem ( 5136:"Chlamydia trachomatis infection in female partners of circumcised and uncircumcised adult men" 4752: 4197: 4053: 3944:"Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity" 2512: 2026: 1845: 1733: 1713: 1509: 1304: 1127: 897: 836: 754: 717: 709: 653: 623: 460: 433: 161: 5081:

Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice

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do not require the practice and maintain a neutral position on it, it is practiced in certain

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article on Gentile: Gentiles May Not Be Taught the Torah notes the following reconciliation:

1805: 1685: 1653: 1559: 1300: 1074: 1064: 793: 648: 638: 537: 5492: 4989: 4492: 4041: 3415: 1992:, Oceania, South Korea, the Philippines and the Middle East. While Christian communities in 5297:"Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability" 3544: 3366: 2532: 2037: 1660:, Paul warned Gentile Christians that the advocates of circumcision were "false brothers" ( 1493: 1485: 1465:

While the issue was theoretically resolved, it continued to be a recurring issue among the

1436: 1280: 1276: 1163: 1025: 871: 840: 825: 588: 574: 489: 396: 323: 5316:. The Non-European Components of European Patrimony (NECEP) Database. 2006. Archived from 4481: 3378: 8: 5016: 4933: 4459: 4343: 4325: 4320: 4193: 3878: 3860: 3855: 3474: 3384: 2784: 1941: 1864: 1817: 1697: 1527: 1375: 1021: 923: 618: 613: 598: 579: 514: 509: 302: 1834: 926:; the latter declaring it to be unnecessary. The rigorous Shammaite view, voiced in the 5467: 5440: 5247: 5061: 5048: 5031: 4721: 4675: 4598: 4527: 4164: 4152: 4097: 4062: 4057: 3736: 3638: 3030: 2998: 2665: 2649: 2471: 2275: 2251: 2141: 1983:

calls for circumcision, with near-universal prevalence among Orthodox men in Ethiopia.

1968: 1956: 1880: 1853: 1638: 1549: 1496:

rejected circumcision as a requirement for Gentile converts, possibly the first act of

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were fully faithful religious Jews, only differing in their acceptance of Jesus as the

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Paul argued that circumcision no longer meant the physical, but a spiritual practice (

1526:, therefore Jewish men did not want to be seen in public deprived of their foreskins. 1201: 862:

While circumcision is not observed by the majority of Christians in most parts of the

5472: 5416: 5388: 5363: 5239: 5192: 5157: 5114: 5084: 5053: 4966: 4937: 4811: 4780: 4713: 4636: 4590: 4550: 4205: 4156: 4115: 4105: 4049: 4020: 4010: 3998: 3963: 3918: 3814: 3762: 3758: 3701: 3697: 3680: 3630: 3548: 3486: 3449: 3343: 3302: 3244: 3210: 3179: 3147: 3109: 3078: 3002: 2990: 2980: 2833: 2788: 2762:"Metaphor in Religious Transformation: 'Circumcision of the Heart' in Paul of Tarsus" 2761: 2719: 2657: 2624: 2599: 2536: 2463: 2400: 2371: 2342: 2319:"Circumcision in the Early Christian Church: The Controversy That Shaped a Continent" 2279: 2267: 2259: 2243: 1984: 1972: 1926: 1774: 1750: 1672:). He accused circumcision advocates of wanting to make a good showing in the flesh ( 1568: 1292: 1135: 848: 555: 494: 261: 5251: 5065: 4725: 4602: 4401: 3642: 5462: 5452: 5231: 5184: 5147: 5043: 4705: 4582: 4385: 4233: 4089: 4006: 3796: 3754: 3693: 3622: 3540: 3276: 3241:

Spirituality and Religion Within the Culture of Medicine: From Evidence to Practice

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have low circumcision rates. The United States and the Philippines are the largest

1964: 1892: 1884: 1822: 1813: 1766: 1681: 1614: 1553: 1537: 1489: 1430: 1426: 1410: 1335: 1327: 1272: 1264: 1238: 1217: 1006: 927: 809: 406: 384: 313: 233: 187: 5188: 5111:

Encyclopedia of Sex and Sexuality: Understanding Biology, Psychology, and Culture

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McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing (2006).

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Fayre Milo, Marilyn; C. Denniston, George; Hodges, Frederick Mansfield (2007).

4709: 4586: 4303: 4236:, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. p. 316-320. Harris cites 4139: 4045: 3838: 3601: 2968: 1887:—which explains the apparent contradictions in the New Testament regarding the 1746: 1308: 1139: 1114:, but disputes within Christianity extended also to the place of Mosaic Law or 1081: 965: 628: 504: 318: 109: 80: 39: 34: 4280:), that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul." 3735:

Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998).

3398: 3033:, which, it is known, was the usage of the Jews at the ordination of a rabbi. 2994: 2645: 2239: 5511: 5497: 4671: 4503: 4470: 4443: 4307: 4160: 4119: 4101: 4024: 3995:

Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme

3951: 3896: 3842: 3567: 3144:

Jesus the Jew in Christian Memory: Theological and Philosophical Explorations

2772: 2711: 2661: 2653: 2467: 2271: 2247: 2157: 2049: 1997: 1840:

The source of this interpretation is unknown; however, it appears related to

1801: 1541: 1531: 1406: 1371: 1296: 1001:

The disagreement centers on the correctness of contradictory passages in the

969: 943: 931: 152: 147: 4963:

Essential Case Studies in Public Health: Putting Public Health Into Practice

4751:"The decision that Christians need not practice circumcision is recorded in 4190:

The Acts of the Apostles: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary

3901:

Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies

3313:

Christians in Africa, for instance, often practise infant male circumcision.

2206: 1797:

or Judaizers) and others such as Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Arabs who were.

1781:. These terms (circumcised/uncircumcised) are generally interpreted to mean 1267:

went to Jerusalem to meet with the "Pillars of the Church": James the Just,

5476: 5457: 5243: 5196: 5161: 5057: 4717: 4594: 4093: 3634: 2976: 2595: 2440:(ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". 2149: 2045: 1789:, who were predominate, however it is an oversimplification as 1st century 1693: 1367: 1347: 1312: 1221: 1115: 1097: 903: 821: 744: 360: 355: 344: 166: 121: 5359:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations

3766: 3705: 3626: 1648:

Later he more explicitly denounced the practice, rejecting and condemning

5152: 5135: 3914: 3516: 2964: 2504: 2073: 2069: 2041: 1989: 1875: 1871: 1761: 1461:). Most scholars think Paul actually dictated his letters to a secretary. 1268: 1085: 863: 4168: 4048:, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. 3577:; that we should go unto the Gentiles, and they unto the circumcision" ( 2669: 2591: 1232:

was leader of the early Christian community in Jerusalem, and his other

1069: 4265: 4123: 3906: 3676:"Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications" 2590:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 185. 2475: 2255: 2121: 1794: 1709: 1414: 1385:

The decision of the Council did retain the prohibitions against eating

1343: 1288: 1178: 1147: 1084:, Jesus was circumcised eight days after his birth, in accordance with 1052: 1048: 961: 887: 683: 333: 131: 2016:

do not advocate circumcision among their adherents, but celebrate the

1738: 3959: 3034: 2955:

Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) .

2364:

Christ Circumcised: A Study in Early Christian History and Difference

2223: 2077: 1930: 1793:

also had some Jews who were not circumcised, and some Greeks (called

1778: 1742: 1649: 1602: 1474: 1233: 1225: 1151: 1143: 1047:

During tannaitic times uncircumcised semi-converts also existed, see

982: 852: 2459: 1322:

The primary issue which was addressed related to the requirement of

1196:: "we should write to them to abstain only from things polluted by 5441:"Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting" 4776: 4339: 3923: 3874: 3689: 3207:

The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective

2097: 2089: 1630: 1316: 1284: 1260: 1154:

by their opponents and criticized as being elitist and legalistic.

951: 947: 939: 919: 817: 338: 4655:

Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services

1548:). The 19th-century American Catholic priest and biblical scholar 1512:

because it was the custom to spend an hour a day or so exercising

3991:"'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument" 3022: 2133: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2081: 2061: 1934: 1826: 1809: 1523: 1454: 1398: 1390: 1012: 986: 856: 829: 550: 350: 136: 5340:"The Ritual of Circumcision in Africa: The Case of South Africa" 4400: 2263: 1571:, but he conformed to its prescriptions when occasion required ( 1118:

in general in Christianity. This is particularly notable in the

4148: 4002: 3955: 3806: 3532: 3511: 3509: 2633: 2520: 2326: 2207:"The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West" 2153: 2145: 2137: 2085: 2080:. Circumcision is near universal in the Christian countries of 1993: 1800:

A common interpretation of the circumcision controversy of the

1786: 1689: 1002: 994: 545: 328: 3737:"Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration" 922:: the former demanding the spilling of a drop of blood of the 5413:

A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East

4085: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2105: 1914: 1712:, a New Covenant that did not require circumcision (see also 1458: 1331: 828:(c. 50) declared that circumcision was not necessary for new 126: 88: 5078: 4916: 3506: 2832:(Revised and expanded ed.). Doubleday. pp. 19–21. 2321:. In Bolnick, David A.; Koyle, Martin; Yosha, Assaf (eds.). 812:

asserted that physical circumcision was unnecessary for the

5083:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 173–177. 4264:

writes: "At this point the apostle takes the pen from his

1782: 1757: 1498:

differentiation of Early Christianity from its Jewish roots

1209: 5356:

Thomas Riggs (2006). "Christianity: Coptic Christianity".

3734: 3299:

Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery: Solution to What Problem?

3052:"Baptism and Circumcision According to Colossians 2:11–12" 2950: 2948: 2946: 2482: 1224:, The apostles lived and taught there for some time after 4298: 4218: 3833: 3410: 3408: 2088:, being common among Christians in countries such as the 3234: 3232: 3230: 2005:

for salvation, in his epistle to the church of Galatia.

1963:

The practice, on the other hand, is customary among the

1508:). The rite of circumcision was especially execrable in 1185:, whose judgment was adopted in the Apostolic Decree of 847:

and eventually became Christians predominant position.

5029: 4316:"Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature" 3851:"Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature" 2943: 3405: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 2152:. Circumcision is less common among the Christians of 1122:, when the circumcision controversy came to the fore. 981:

Jewish sources vary on whether or not circumcision of

5438: 3441: 3227: 1650:

those who promoted circumcision to Gentile Christians

1633:. Paul was already circumcised ("on the eighth day", 1389:, or meat of animals not properly slain, and against 916:

controversy between the Shammaites and the Hillelites

5168: 4801: 4799: 4759:, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-05. 4695: 4572: 3200: 3198: 3099: 3097: 2020:

on 1 January, while Orthodox churches following the

960:, xiii. 9, § 1; 11, § 3). According to Esther 8:17, 5439:Abdul W, Lubna S, Sundus I, Naila B (17 Jan 2017). 4965:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 23–24. 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3369:

says: on the eighth day a boy is to be circumcised.

3318: 3267: 3265: 3263: 2584:"'Neither circumcision nor uncircumcision, but...'" 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 1534:both found circumcision to be cruel and repulsive. 1287:and the Gentile converts' freedom from most of the 1091: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 2755: 1959:Children wearing traditional circumcision costumes 1917:Children wearing traditional circumcision costumes 4796: 3399:Brenton's translation of Esther in the Septuagint 3195: 3094: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2390: 1816:was still under development at this time, as the 976: 5509: 4876:Greek Orthodox Archdiocese calendar of Holy Days 4633:Case Studies in Society, Religion, and Bioethics 4547:Case Studies in Society, Religion, and Bioethics 4180: 4178: 3719: 3515: 3292: 3290: 3260: 3209:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 61. 3075:Case Studies in Society, Religion, and Bioethics 2954: 2503: 2301: 2184:Relations between early Christianity and Judaism 1656:of turning from the Spirit to the flesh. In the 1110:Similar differences and disputes existed within 5272: 5133: 3981: 3979: 3891: 3889: 3802:When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation 3780: 3176:Captivity, Flight, and Survival in World War II 2767:. In Chilton, Paul; Kopytowska, Monika (eds.). 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2617: 2615: 1453:, 16th century (Blaffer Foundation Collection, 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 3895: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2732: 1575:). Thus he shortly after circumcised Timothy ( 1249:, when all Jews were banished from Jerusalem. 1204:and from whatever has been strangled and from 783:circumcision controversy in early Christianity 5215: 4175: 3937: 3935: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3529:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3296: 3287: 3169: 3167: 3014: 3012: 2588:The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays 2517:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 1906:Religion and circumcision § Christianity 1676:), and of glorying or boasting of the flesh ( 762: 5355: 5264:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5127: 5108: 5104: 5102: 5100: 4741: 4739: 4609: 3976: 3886: 3243:. Oxford University Press. pp. 97–101. 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3103: 3045: 3043: 2676: 2612: 2574: 2572: 2195: 918:is given (Shab. 137a) regarding a proselyte 35:texts from within a religion or faith system 4415: 3336:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World 3178:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 174. 3146:. Cambridge University Press. p. 117. 2825: 2808: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 1852:). In addition, modern Christians, such as 1346:, was the inclusion of Gentiles into God's 5415:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. 5410: 5387:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 228. 5349: 4927: 4689: 4398: 4262:Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians 3932: 3795: 3656: 3584: 3333: 3301:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. 3273:"Circumcision protest brought to Florence" 3164: 3009: 2316: 1708:for Gentiles from the harsh edicts of the 769: 755: 5466: 5456: 5174: 5151: 5097: 5047: 4736: 4663: 4136: 3909:, along with any others who revealed the 3238: 3204: 3126: 3040: 2759: 1899: 1718:Pauline passages supporting antinomianism 64:Learn how and when to remove this message 4805: 4624: 4615: 4184: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3297:Creighton, Sarah; Liao, Lih-Mei (2019). 2873: 2871: 2869: 2829:A Concise History of the Catholic Church 2701: 2621: 2549: 2417: 2317:Adams, Gregory; Adams, Kristina (2012). 2201: 1951: 1909: 1769:, generally attributed to Paul, but see 1737: 1597: 1587:He also appeared to praise its value in 1444: 1415:circumcision requirement for Jewish boys 1177: 1073:Circumcision of Jesus, sculpture in the 1068: 1058: 4960: 4770: 4672:"Circumcision: An Acceptable Practice?" 3985: 3416:"CIRCUMCISION - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 1157: 1039:(3:14, 64d) is summarized as follows: 845:split of early Christianity and Judaism 5510: 4895:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 4860: 4810:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 101. 4566: 3599: 3173: 2361: 1216:Jerusalem was the first center of the 930:(l.c.), prevailed in the time of King 5382: 5134:Castellsagué, X; et al. (2005). 4669: 3941: 3673: 3426: 3141: 3050:Clark, R. Scott (17 September 2012). 3049: 2769:Language, Religion and the Human Mind 2289:from the original on 24 December 2021 2162:Christians in the Indian subcontinent 2120:, and is also widely practiced among 902:There are numerous references in the 4630: 4544: 4411:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4074: 3545:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001 3072: 2846: 2578: 2533:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001 2432: 1506:List of events in early Christianity 1420: 1397:. The resulting Apostolic Decree in 874:retained the practice, as part of a 17: 5498:Catholic Encyclopedia: Circumcision 5337: 4930:The Encyclopedia of World Religions 4444:Catholic Encyclopedia: Circumcision 3950:. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). 3610:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 3503:James ... the brother of Jesus ..." 3142:Meyer, Barbara U. (12 March 2020). 2042:Christian countries and communities 2018:Feast of the Circumcision of Christ 1492:leaders of the early Church at the 1330:, that the church must observe the 1102:Christian views on the Old Covenant 13: 5302:. World Health Organization. 2007. 5049:10.1097/01.OLQ.0000430797.56499.0d 4528:"GENTILE - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 4471:The New Testament and Circumcision 4292: 4194:The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries 3742:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3106:Cultural Encyclopedia of the Body 2785:10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012 2704:"Gentile Sons and Seed of Abraham" 2038:mainstream Christian denominations 1771:Authorship of the Pauline epistles 1469:. After the Council of Jerusalem, 972:, "became Jews," were circumcised. 14: 5564: 5493:Jewish Encyclopedia: Circumcision 5486: 5338:Nga, Armelle (30 December 2019). 4670:Marie, André (26 December 2016). 4399:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 3751:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2760:Bisschops, Ralph (January 2017). 2384: 2355: 2029:in the Lutheran Churches and the 1652:. He accused those Judaizers who 1411:rabbinic Jewish legal authorities 1303:, and was especially adversed in 968:who, from fear of the Jews after 5548:Mosaic law in Christian theology 5314:"Circumcision amongst the Dogon" 5177:Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4650:Catechism of the Catholic Church 4078:Pardés: Études et culture juives 4042:Commentary on canon II of Gangra 3759:10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037 2368:University of Pennsylvania Press 2094:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2031:Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God 1230:James the Just, brother of Jesus 1092:Mosaic Law in Early Christianity 872:Oriental Christian denominations 738: 95: 22: 5528:Ancient Christian controversies 5432: 5404: 5376: 5331: 5306: 5206: 5072: 5023: 5001: 4982: 4954: 4921: 4909: 4880: 4869: 4854: 4845: 4836: 4827: 4764: 4635:. Springer Nature. p. 42. 4549:. Springer Nature. p. 42. 4538: 4520: 4508: 4497: 4486: 4475: 4464: 4453: 4437: 4391: 4379: 4351: 4283: 4227: 4130: 4068: 4031: 3927:, that was aimed at elongation. 3903:. Scholars Press. p. 149. 3827: 3561: 3496: 3479: 3468: 3392: 3372: 3360: 3104:Pitts-Taylor, Victoria (2008). 3077:. Springer Nature. p. 42. 3066: 2957:"Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles" 2160:. It is practiced amongst some 1883:and to let the Jews follow the 1830: 1722:Abrogation of Old Covenant laws 1700:which essentially provides the 1625:). And in that sense, he wrote 1451:Saint Paul Writing His Epistles 1106:Abrogation of Old Covenant laws 734:Outline of Bible-related topics 5109:L. Armstrong, Heather (2021). 4773:Encyclopedia of Body Adornment 4088:: Éditions in Press: 211–236. 3999:Novum Testamentum, Supplements 3619:Johns Hopkins University Press 3442:Lawrence H. Schiffman (1985). 2452:Society of Biblical Literature 2443:Journal of Biblical Literature 2393:Surgical Guide to Circumcision 2323:Surgical Guide to Circumcision 2084:, and among the Christians of 1727: 977:1st and 2nd century AD Judaism 443:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia 1: 5445:BioMed Research International 5383:Bakos, Gergely Tibor (2011). 5189:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0818 5113:. ABC-CLIO. p. 115-117. 5036:Sexually Transmitted Diseases 4698:American Journal of Bioethics 4575:American Journal of Bioethics 4434:Fredriksen 2018, pp. 157-160. 4009:. pp. 210–211, 246–247. 3946:. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). 3600:Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). 2189: 1253: 1243: 1190: 881: 808:, while the teachings of the 570:Historical-grammatical method 42:that critically analyze them. 5543:Judaism in the New Testament 5411:J. Sharkey, Heather (2017). 4861:Sicard, Sigvard von (1970). 3698:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4 3674:Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). 3019:Jewish Encyclopedia: Baptism 2961:Anatomy of the New Testament 2826:Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). 2708:Paul and the Gentile Problem 2339:10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_26 2002:majority Christian countries 1929:largely views the Christian 1593:Paul the Apostle and Judaism 1563:entry on Judaizers (1910): 1441:Paul the Apostle and Judaism 1380:Paul the Apostle and Judaism 1009:and which passage is older. 985:was a universal practice in 851:largely views the Christian 820:and their membership in the 785:played an important role in 7: 5533:Bible-related controversies 4961:Hunting, Katherine (2012). 4928:S. Ellwood, Robert (2008). 4658:amputation of the foreskin. 4631:Loue, Sana (29 June 2020). 4616:Crowther, Jonathan (1815). 4545:Loue, Sana (29 June 2020). 3073:Loue, Sana (29 June 2020). 2167: 1471:Paul wrote to the Galatians 1467:early Christian communities 1350:, sending the message that 1340:early Christian communities 1315:, which instead valued the 1017:is summarized as follows: 892:Religious male circumcision 10: 5569: 5236:10.1258/095646206778145730 5009:"March 30: Jewish Doctors" 4918:retrieved 11 October 2006. 4710:10.1162/152651603766436306 4618:A Portraiture of Methodism 4587:10.1162/152651603766436306 4289:McGrath (2006). Pp 174-175 3913:, were the butt of ribald 3334:N. Stearns, Peter (2008). 2702:Thiessen, Matthew (2016). 2228:Cambridge University Press 2215:Harvard Theological Review 2054:circumcision controversies 1903: 1731: 1434: 1424: 1174:Early bishops of Jerusalem 1167: 1161: 1134:, claims that many of the 1095: 1062: 895: 885: 826:first Council of Jerusalem 565:Allegorical interpretation 5503:Gentiles and Circumcision 4851:Bible: Galatians ch 6 v15 4224:"peri'ah", (Shab. xxx. 6) 3948:The Early Christian World 3575:right hands of fellowship 3205:Gruenbaum, Ellen (2015). 3108:. ABC-CLIO. p. 394. 2646:10.1163/15685365-12341488 2240:10.1017/S0017816000024779 2066:University of Southampton 1981:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 1170:Jerusalem in Christianity 5523:1st-century Christianity 4842:Bible: Galatians ch 5 v2 4806:R. Wylie, Kevan (2015). 3531:(3rd Revised ed.). 3239:R. Peteet, John (2017). 3174:Levine, Alan J. (2000). 2519:(3rd Revised ed.). 2174:Christianity and Judaism 2033:in the Catholic Church. 1881:seven moral laws of Noah 1658:Epistle to the Galatians 1401:may simply parallel the 843:was instrumental in the 455:Novum Testamentum Graece 257:Composition of the Torah 5553:Schisms in Christianity 4865:. Gleerup. p. 157. 4771:DeMello, Margo (2007). 4258:Joseph Barber Lightfoot 3537:Oxford University Press 3340:Oxford University Press 2777:Oxford University Press 2716:Oxford University Press 2525:Oxford University Press 2362:Jacobs, Andrew (2012). 2232:Harvard Divinity School 1923:Christian denominations 1850:New Perspective on Paul 1611:National Gallery of Art 1569:liberty of the Gentiles 957:Antiquities of the Jews 868:Christian denominations 806:Christian denominations 4532:jewishencyclopedia.com 4517:Jesus article on Jesus 4310:; Friedenwald, Aaron; 4198:New Haven, Connecticut 4094:10.3917/parde.052.0211 3845:; Friedenwald, Aaron; 3420:jewishencyclopedia.com 2977:10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17 2048:countries such as the 2027:Feast of the Holy Name 1960: 1918: 1900:Contemporary practices 1897: 1846:Hyperdispensationalism 1753: 1734:Primacy of Simon Peter 1714:Justification by faith 1654:advocated circumcision 1618: 1585: 1510:Classical civilization 1462: 1305:Classical civilization 1213: 1128:intellectual historian 1077: 999: 993:The issue between the 974: 950:undergo circumcision ( 942:, and in that of King 898:Covenant of the pieces 718:Criticism of the Bible 461:Documentary hypothesis 4408:Catholic Encyclopedia 4397:Bechtel, Florentine. 4204:. p. Chapter V. 4202:Yale University Press 4038:Karl Josef von Hefele 3942:Klutz, Todd (2002) . 3811:Yale University Press 3627:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 3571:Catholic Encyclopedia 2910:1 Corinthians 7:17–21 2179:Expounding of the Law 2010:Greek Orthodox Church 1990:Anglosphere countries 1955: 1946:Roman Catholic Church 1913: 1869: 1741: 1601: 1591:, hence the topic of 1565: 1560:Catholic Encyclopedia 1448: 1435:Further information: 1387:meat containing blood 1301:Eastern Mediterranean 1295:during the period of 1181: 1075:Cathedral of Chartres 1072: 1065:Circumcision of Jesus 1059:Circumcision of Jesus 991: 912: 794:circumcision of Jesus 471:NT textual categories 38:without referring to 5458:10.1155/2017/4957348 4808:ABC of Sexual Health 4274:2 Thessalonians 3:17 4250:2 Thessalonians 3:17 3962:. pp. 178–190. 3027:proselyte to Judaism 2971:. pp. 187–226. 2718:. pp. 105–115. 2598:. pp. 314–330. 2527:. pp. 1243–45. 2399:. pp. 290–298. 2333:. pp. 291–298. 1494:Council of Jerusalem 1486:Acts of the Apostles 1449:Artist depiction of 1437:Pauline Christianity 1277:Council of Jerusalem 1164:Council of Jerusalem 1158:Council of Jerusalem 841:Pauline Christianity 418:Internal consistency 324:Samaritan Pentateuch 46:improve this article 5518:Circumcision debate 4934:Infobase Publishing 4386:McGarvey on Acts 16 4344:Antiochus Epiphanes 4326:Kopelman Foundation 4321:Jewish Encyclopedia 4270:2 Thessalonians 2:2 4186:Fitzmyer, Joseph A. 3879:Antiochus Epiphanes 3861:Kopelman Foundation 3856:Jewish Encyclopedia 3031:imposition of hands 1942:Council of Florence 1865:Jewish Encyclopedia 1818:Jewish Encyclopedia 1376:Hellenistic Judaism 1275:. Later called the 802:liturgical calendar 252:New Testament canon 247:Old Testament canon 175:Chapters and verses 5153:10.1093/aje/kwi284 5013:jewishcurrents.org 4994:2013-10-24 at the 4888:"Year A 2019/2020" 4676:The Catholic Thing 4278:pelikois grammasin 4234:Harris, Stephen L. 4153:Peeters Publishers 3813:. pp. 10–11. 3568:St. James the Less 3521:Livingstone, E. A. 3279:. March 30, 2008. 2513:"Paul the Apostle" 2509:Livingstone, E. A. 2395:. United Kingdom: 1961: 1957:Ethiopian Orthodox 1919: 1874:, in a remarkable 1854:Ethiopian Orthodox 1835:Judaizing teachers 1806:convert to Judaism 1754: 1619: 1595:is still debated. 1573:1 Corinthians 9:20 1550:Florentine Bechtel 1488:, chapter 15, the 1463: 1403:seven Noahide laws 1354:is sufficient for 1281:Pauline Christians 1214: 1112:early Christianity 1078: 787:Christian theology 723:Biblical authority 604:Capital punishment 480:Biblical criticism 449:Rahlfs' Septuagint 153:New Testament (NT) 148:Old Testament (OT) 5369:978-0-7876-6612-5 4642:978-3-030-44150-0 4556:978-3-030-44150-0 4402:"Judaizers" 4358:Galatians 1:15–16 4111:978-2-84835-260-2 4063:Ecumenical Synods 3820:978-0-300-19051-9 3797:Fredriksen, Paula 3554:978-0-19-280290-3 3185:978-0-275-96955-4 3153:978-1-108-49889-0 3084:978-3-030-44150-0 2986:978-1-5064-5711-6 2906:Philippians 3:2–3 2886:Galatians 1:15–16 2794:978-0-19-063664-7 2779:. pp. 1–30. 2725:978-0-19-027175-6 2625:Novum Testamentum 2605:978-3-16-149518-2 2580:Dunn, James D. G. 2542:978-0-19-280290-3 2434:Dunn, James D. G. 2366:. United States: 2348:978-1-4471-2857-1 2230:on behalf of the 2203:Stendahl, Krister 1985:Eritrean Orthodox 1973:Eritrean Orthodox 1927:Covenant theology 1831:Jewish background 1775:Jewish Christians 1484:According to the 1421:Teachings of Paul 1293:Greco-Roman world 1220:according to the 1136:Jewish Christians 1130:and proponent of 1080:According to the 1003:Babylonian Talmud 934:, who forced the 866:, and mainstream 849:Covenant theology 796:is celebrated as 779: 778: 594:Conspiracy theory 523: 522: 262:Mosaic authorship 74: 73: 66: 40:secondary sources 5560: 5481: 5480: 5470: 5460: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5362:. Thomson Gale. 5353: 5347: 5346: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5270: 5269: 5263: 5255: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5155: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5106: 5095: 5094: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5051: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5015:. 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(2005). 3514: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3440: 3427: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3397: 3393: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3350: 3342:. p. 179. 3332: 3319: 3309: 3295: 3288: 3271: 3270: 3261: 3251: 3237: 3228: 3217: 3203: 3196: 3186: 3172: 3165: 3154: 3140: 3127: 3116: 3102: 3095: 3085: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3048: 3041: 3017: 3010: 2987: 2953: 2944: 2894:Galatians 5:2–3 2876: 2847: 2840: 2824: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2764: 2758: 2733: 2726: 2700: 2677: 2620: 2613: 2606: 2577: 2550: 2543: 2511:, eds. (2005). 2502: 2483: 2460:10.2307/3267745 2436:(Autumn 1993). 2431: 2418: 2407: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2331:Springer-Verlag 2315: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2209: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2170: 2022:Julian calendar 2014:Lutheran Church 1977:rite of passage 1908: 1902: 1858:Coptic Orthodox 1842:Supersessionism 1808:. However, the 1791:Iudaea Province 1736: 1730: 1680:). Paul in his 1552: 1443: 1433: 1425:Main articles: 1423: 1417:even stricter. 1364:Supersessionism 1352:faith in Christ 1279:, according to 1257: 48–50 AD 1256: 1246: 1193: 1176: 1166: 1160: 1132:paleo-orthodoxy 1124:Alister McGrath 1120:mid-1st century 1108: 1096:Main articles: 1094: 1067: 1061: 987:tannaitic times 979: 946:, who made the 900: 894: 886:Main articles: 884: 876:rite of passage 864:Christian world 775: 739: 737: 736: 728: 727: 714: 700: 678: 670: 669: 668: 584: 560: 533: 525: 524: 519: 438: 422: 411: 387: 377: 376: 375: 308: 307: 288: 287: 283:Johannine works 279: 243: 223: 222: 219:and development 206: 205: 204: 171: 157: 143: 116: 115: 70: 59: 53: 50: 43: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 5566: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5488: 5487:External links 5485: 5483: 5482: 5431: 5421: 5403: 5393: 5375: 5368: 5348: 5342:. Africanews. 5330: 5305: 5271: 5224:Int J STD AIDS 5214: 5205: 5167: 5146:(9): 907–916. 5140:Am J Epidemiol 5126: 5119: 5096: 5089: 5071: 5042:(7): 521–525. 5022: 5019:on 2012-05-21. 5000: 4981: 4971: 4953: 4942: 4936:. p. 95. 4920: 4908: 4879: 4868: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4816: 4795: 4785: 4779:. p. 66. 4763: 4761: 4760: 4757:"circumcision" 4749: 4735: 4688: 4662: 4641: 4623: 4620:. p. 224. 4608: 4565: 4555: 4537: 4519: 4507: 4496: 4485: 4474: 4463: 4452: 4436: 4414: 4390: 4378: 4374:2 Timothy 1:11 4350: 4308:Jacobs, Joseph 4291: 4282: 4238:Galatians 6:11 4226: 4217: 4210: 4174: 4140:Revue Biblique 4129: 4110: 4067: 4030: 4015: 3975: 3968: 3931: 3897:Neusner, Jacob 3885: 3843:Jacobs, Joseph 3826: 3819: 3779: 3718: 3655: 3583: 3560: 3553: 3505: 3495: 3478: 3467: 3454: 3445:Who was a Jew? 3425: 3404: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3371: 3367:Leviticus 12:3 3359: 3348: 3317: 3307: 3286: 3259: 3249: 3226: 3215: 3194: 3184: 3163: 3152: 3125: 3114: 3093: 3083: 3065: 3039: 3008: 2985: 2969:Fortress Press 2942: 2934:2 Timothy 1:11 2914:Romans 2:17–29 2845: 2838: 2807: 2793: 2731: 2724: 2675: 2611: 2604: 2582:, ed. (2007). 2548: 2541: 2481: 2416: 2405: 2383: 2376: 2354: 2347: 2300: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2166: 1904:Main article: 1901: 1898: 1747:Keys of Heaven 1729: 1726: 1692:constituted a 1637:) when he was 1609:, circa 1657 ( 1577:Acts 16:1–16:3 1479:James the Just 1422: 1419: 1395:"idol worship" 1309:ancient Greeks 1183:James the Just 1162:Main article: 1159: 1156: 1140:Jewish Messiah 1093: 1090: 1082:Gospel of Luke 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1045: 1044: 1030: 1029: 978: 975: 970:Haman's defeat 936:Abrahamic rite 883: 880: 777: 776: 774: 773: 766: 759: 751: 748: 747: 730: 729: 726: 725: 720: 713: 712: 707: 701: 699: 698: 697: 696: 686: 680: 679: 676: 675: 672: 671: 667: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 585: 583: 582: 577: 572: 567: 561: 559: 558: 553: 548: 542: 541: 540: 534: 532:Interpretation 531: 530: 527: 526: 521: 520: 518: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 486: 483: 482: 476: 475: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 451: 446: 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Circumcision controversy in early Christianity

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