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939:. The Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS), a fitted elastic garment designed in the 1960s for astronauts, prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kilopascals (0.3 psi). Supplemental oxygen is needed at 8 km (5 mi) to provide enough oxygen for breathing and to prevent water loss, while above 20 km (12 mi) pressure suits are essential to prevent ebullism. Most space suits use around 30–39 kilopascals (4–6 psi) of pure oxygen, about the same as the partial pressure of oxygen at the Earth's surface. This pressure is high enough to prevent ebullism, but evaporation of nitrogen dissolved in the blood could still cause
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1943:
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1961:
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2011:
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1858:(WHIM). Although the plasma is very hot by terrestrial standards, 10 K is often called "warm" in astrophysics. Computer simulations and observations indicate that up to half of the atomic matter in the universe might exist in this warm–hot, rarefied state. When gas falls from the filamentary structures of the WHIM into the galaxy clusters at the intersections of the cosmic filaments, it can heat up even more, reaching temperatures of 10 K and above in the so-called
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1999:
912:—a rupture of the lungs, due to the large pressure differential between inside and outside the chest. Even if the subject's airway is fully open, the flow of air through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the rupture. Rapid decompression can rupture eardrums and sinuses, bruising and blood seep can occur in soft tissues, and shock can cause an increase in oxygen consumption that leads to
2615:
2074:
11672:
1850:(IGM). The density of these filaments of intergalactic medium is about one atom per cubic meter, which is 5–200 times the average density of the universe after including the cosmic voids. The IGM is inferred to be mostly primordial in composition, with 76% hydrogen by mass, and enriched with higher mass elements from high-velocity galactic outflows.
1341:, threatening any space activity in this region. Some of this debris re-enters Earth's atmosphere periodically. Although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density inside low-Earth orbital space, the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line, is still sufficient to produce significant
429:. When this happened, matter and energy became decoupled, allowing photons to travel freely through the continually expanding space. Matter that remained following the initial expansion has since undergone gravitational collapse to create stars, galaxies and other astronomical objects, leaving behind a deep
1148:
been argued for setting no specified singular altitude in international law, instead applying different limits depending on the case, in particular based on the craft and its purpose. Spacecraft have flown over foreign countries as low as 30 km (19 mi), as in the example of the Space
Shuttle.
2212:
speculated that the universe lacked a center and a circumference. He believed that the universe, while not infinite, could not be held as finite as it lacked any bounds within which it could be contained. These ideas led to speculations as to the infinite dimension of space by the
Italian philosopher
1853:
As gas falls into the intergalactic medium from the voids, it heats up to temperatures of 10 K to 10 K. Hence, collisions between atoms have enough energy to cause the bound electron to escape from the hydrogen nuclei; this is why the IGM is ionized. At these temperatures, it is called the
1616:
and the Earth that have their own magnetic fields. These are shaped by the influence of the solar wind into the approximation of a teardrop shape, with the long tail extending outward behind the planet. These magnetic fields can trap particles from the solar wind and other sources, creating belts of
475:
of the present day universe at the equivalent of 5.9 protons per cubic meter, including dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter (ordinary matter composed of atoms). The atoms account for only 4.6% of the total energy density, or a density of one proton per four cubic meters. The density of the
2634:
would require a large financial investment with little prospect of immediate return. An important factor in the total expense is the high cost of placing mass into Earth orbit: $ 9,000–$ 30,000 per kg, according to a 2006 estimate (allowing for inflation since then). The cost of access to space has
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arrived at a similar conclusion, arguing that the stars are visible to us only because they are surrounded by a thin aether or a void. This concept of an aether originated with ancient Greek philosophers, including
Aristotle, who conceived of it as the medium through which the heavenly bodies move.
1578:
where the influence of the galactic environment starts to dominate over the magnetic field and particle flux from the Sun. The distance and strength of the heliopause varies depending on the activity level of the solar wind. The heliopause in turn deflects away low-energy galactic cosmic rays, with
1055:
The transition between Earth's atmosphere and outer space lacks a well-defined physical boundary, with the air pressure steadily decreasing with altitude until it mixes with the solar wind. Various definitions for a practical boundary have been proposed, ranging from 30 km (19 mi) out to
1031:
mission lasting three years, a large fraction of the cells in an astronaut's body would be traversed and potentially damaged by high energy nuclei. The energy of such particles is significantly diminished by the shielding provided by the walls of a spacecraft and can be further diminished by water
1298:
below about 2,000 km (1,200 mi) are subject to drag from the Earth's atmosphere, which decreases the orbital altitude. The rate of orbital decay depends on the satellite's cross-sectional area and mass, as well as variations in the air density of the upper atmosphere. At altitudes above
1147:
There is no internationally recognized legal altitude limit on national airspace, although the Kármán line is the most frequently used for this purpose. Objections have been made to setting this limit too high, as it could inhibit space activities due to concerns about airspace violations. It has
2149:
became convinced that space must be infinite, extending well beyond the mechanism that supported the Sun and the stars. The surviving books of the Hsüan Yeh school said that the heavens were boundless, "empty and void of substance". Likewise, the "sun, moon, and the company of stars float in the
1511:
is defined by the United States government as all of outer space which lies further from Earth than a typical low-Earth-orbit, thus assigning the moon to deep-space. Other definitions vary the starting point of deep-space from, "That which lies beyond the orbit of the moon," to "That which lies
2402:
For most of human history, space was explored by observations made from the Earth's surface—initially with the unaided eye and then with the telescope. Before reliable rocket technology, the closest that humans had come to reaching outer space was through balloon flights. In 1935, the
American
1386:—the study of the Sun and its impact on the planets of the Solar System. The day-side magnetopause is compressed by solar-wind pressure—the subsolar distance from the center of the Earth is typically 10 Earth radii. On the night side, the solar wind stretches the magnetosphere to form a
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in 1963 and signed in 1967 by the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR), the United States of America (USA), and the United Kingdom (UK). As of 2017, 105 state parties have either ratified or acceded to the treaty. An additional 25 states signed the treaty, without ratifying it.
1318:
Space in proximity to the Earth is physically similar to the remainder of interplanetary space, but is home to a multitude of Earth–orbiting satellites and has been subject to extensive studies. For identification purposes, this volume is divided into overlapping regions of space.
1299:
800 km (500 mi), orbital lifetime is measured in centuries. Below about 300 km (190 mi), decay becomes more rapid with lifetimes measured in days. Once a satellite descends to 180 km (110 mi), it has only hours before it vaporizes in the atmosphere.
1701:
of stellar ejecta outward, distributing it throughout the interstellar medium, including the heavy elements previously formed within the star's core. The density of matter in the interstellar medium can vary considerably: the average is around 10 particles per m, but cold
1078:. The altitude of 118 km (73.3 mi) above Earth was the midpoint for charged particles transitioning from the gentle winds of the Earth's atmosphere to the more extreme flows of outer space. The latter can reach velocities well over 268 m/s (880 ft/s).
901:. At or above the Armstrong line, fluids in the throat and lungs boil away. More specifically, exposed bodily liquids such as saliva, tears, and liquids in the lungs boil away. Hence, at this altitude, human survival requires a pressure suit, or a pressurized capsule.
484:
that have much lower density, at least in terms of visible matter. Unlike matter and dark matter, dark energy seems not to be concentrated in galaxies: although dark energy may account for a majority of the mass-energy in the universe, dark energy's influence is 5
927:
gradient. Once the deoxygenated blood arrives at the brain, humans lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes. Blood and other body fluids boil when the pressure drops below 6.3 kilopascals (1 psi), and this condition is called
456:", meaning that photons on parallel paths at one point remain parallel as they travel through space to the limit of the observable universe, except for local gravity. The flat universe, combined with the measured mass density of the universe and the accelerating
1264:, this velocity is about 7,800 m/s (28,100 km/h; 17,400 mph); by contrast, the fastest piloted airplane speed ever achieved (excluding speeds achieved by deorbiting spacecraft) was 2,200 m/s (7,900 km/h; 4,900 mph) in 1967 by the
865:
hypothesis suggests that rocks ejected into outer space from life-harboring planets may successfully transport life forms to another habitable world. A conjecture is that just such a scenario occurred early in the history of the Solar System, with potentially
1725:
allow chemical reactions to occur, including the formation of organic polyatomic species. Much of this chemistry is driven by collisions. Energetic cosmic rays penetrate the cold, dense clouds and ionize hydrogen and helium, resulting, for example, in the
1765:
that surround these stars, with the volume of each sphere varying depending on the local density of the interstellar medium. The Local Bubble contains dozens of warm interstellar clouds with temperatures of up to 7,000 K and radii of 0.5–5 pc.
2662:
for a human crew remains at present only a theoretical possibility. The distances to the nearest stars mean it would require new technological developments and the ability to safely sustain crews for journeys lasting several decades. For example, the
1201:
Since 1958, outer space has been the subject of multiple United
Nations resolutions. Of these, more than 50 have been concerning the international co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space and preventing an arms race in space. Four additional
608:
by gravitational attraction. Atmospheres have no clearly delineated upper boundary: the density of atmospheric gas gradually decreases with distance from the object until it becomes indistinguishable from outer space. The Earth's atmospheric
2177:
mountain in central France and found that the column was shorter by three inches. This decrease in pressure was further demonstrated by carrying a half-full balloon up a mountain and watching it gradually expand, then contract upon descent.
2134:, who denied the possible existence of a void in space. Based on this idea that a vacuum could not exist, in the West it was widely held for many centuries that space could not be empty. As late as the 17th century, the French philosopher
1185:, the Moon, and other celestial bodies. The treaty states that outer space is free for all nation states to explore and is not subject to claims of national sovereignty, calling outer space the "province of all mankind". This status as a
1476:
model. In the case of Earth this includes all space from the Earth to a distance of roughly 1% of the mean distance from Earth to the Sun, or 1.5 million km (0.93 million mi). Beyond Earth's Hill sphere extends along
1032:
containers and other barriers. The impact of the cosmic rays upon the shielding produces additional radiation that can affect the crew. Further research is needed to assess the radiation hazards and determine suitable countermeasures.
932:. The steam may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Ebullism is slowed by the pressure containment of blood vessels, so some blood remains liquid.
8661:
Fichtner, Horst; Liu, W. William (2011), "Advances in
Coordinated Sun-Earth System Science Through Interdisciplinary Initiatives and International Programs", written at Sopron, Hungary, in Miralles, M.P.; Almeida, J. Sánchez (eds.),
8382:
One possibly alternative approach is passive radiative cooling—a sky-facing surface on the Earth spontaneously cools by radiating heat to the ultracold outer space through the atmosphere's longwave infrared (LWIR) transparency window
576:
per cubic meter. By comparison, the air humans breathe contains about 10 molecules per cubic meter. The low density of matter in outer space means that electromagnetic radiation can travel great distances without being scattered: the
1401:
can disturb two regions of geospace, the radiation belts and the ionosphere. These storms increase fluxes of energetic electrons that can permanently damage satellite electronics, interfering with shortwave radio communication and
2639:
have lowered access to space below 3500 dollars per kilogram. With these new rockets the cost to send materials into space remains prohibitively high for many industries. Proposed concepts for addressing this issue include, fully
8714:
Frisch, Priscilla C.; Müller, Hans R.; Zank, Gary P.; Lopate, C. (May 6–9, 2002), "Galactic environment of the Sun and stars: interstellar and interplanetary material", in Livio, Mario; Reid, I. Neill; Sparks, William B. (eds.),
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Wassmann, Marko; et al. (May 2012), "Survival of Spores of the UV-ResistantBacillus subtilis Strain MW01 After
Exposure to Low-Earth Orbit and Simulated Martian Conditions: Data from the Space Experiment ADAPT on EXPOSE-E",
1222:
In 1976, eight equatorial states (Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, The
Republic of the Congo, Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, and Indonesia) met in Bogotá, Colombia: with their "Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries", or the
884:
The lack of pressure in space is the most immediate dangerous characteristic of space to humans. Pressure decreases above Earth, reaching a level at an altitude of around 19.14 km (11.89 mi) that matches the
1218:
turned the jurisdiction of all heavenly bodies (including the orbits around such bodies) over to the international community. The treaty has not been ratified by any nation that currently practices human spaceflight.
2205:. He correctly noted that the atmosphere of the Earth surrounds the planet like a shell, with the density gradually declining with altitude. He concluded that there must be a vacuum between the Earth and the Moon.
2559:
of the Earth. The latter role serves a variety of purposes, including tracking soil moisture for agriculture, prediction of water outflow from seasonal snow packs, detection of diseases in plants and trees, and
5344:
1684:
Approximately 70% of the mass of the interstellar medium consists of lone hydrogen atoms; most of the remainder consists of helium atoms. This is enriched with trace amounts of heavier atoms formed through
984:, and overall malaise. The duration of space sickness varies, but it typically lasts for 1–3 days, after which the body adjusts to the new environment. Longer-term exposure to weightlessness results in
1189:
has been used, though not without opposition, to enforce the right to access and shared use of outer space for all nations equally, particularly non-spacefaring nations. It prohibits the deployment of
5643:
1390:
that sometimes extends out to more than 100–200 Earth radii. For roughly four days of each month, the lunar surface is shielded from the solar wind as the Moon passes through the magnetotail.
2795:
8292:
Daytime radiative cooling has attracted considerable attention recently due to its tremendous potential for passively exploiting the coldness of the universe as clean and renewable energy.
5435:
1516:, including with satellites, defines deep-space as, "distances from the Earth equal to, or greater than, 2 million km (1.2 million mi)," which is about five times the
659:
activity of the gas, as it is on Earth. The radiation of outer space has a different temperature than the kinetic temperature of the gas, meaning that the gas and radiation are not in
752:. The peak flux of cosmic rays occurs at energies of about 10 eV, with approximately 87% protons, 12% helium nuclei and 1% heavier nuclei. In the high energy range, the flux of
1761:. The actual distance to the border of this cavity varies from 60 to 250 pc or more. This volume contains about 10–10 stars and the local interstellar gas counterbalances the
417:
The size of the whole universe is unknown, and it might be infinite in extent. According to the Big Bang theory, the very early universe was an extremely hot and dense state about
5436:"ESIL Reflection – Clearing up the Space Junk – On the Flaws and Potential of International Space Law to Tackle the Space Debris Problem – European Society of International Law"
5072:
Sangalli, L.; et al. (2009), "Rocket-based measurements of ion velocity, neutral wind, and electric field in the collisional transition region of the auroral ionosphere",
2568:
influences. Satellites make use of the significantly reduced drag in space to stay in stable orbits, allowing them to efficiently span the whole globe, compared to for example
1071:
are now only awarded to spacecraft crew members that "demonstrated activities during flight that were essential to public safety, or contributed to human space flight safety."
1067:
have reached altitudes above Earth of up to 50 km. Up until 2021, the United States designated people who travel above an altitude of 50 mi (80 km) as astronauts.
6421:
Flynn, G. J.; et al. (2003), "The Origin of
Organic Matter in the Solar System: Evidence from the Interplanetary Dust Particles", in Norris, R.; Stootman, F. (eds.),
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knew that air had mass and so was subject to gravity. In 1640, he demonstrated that an established force resisted the formation of a vacuum. It would remain for his pupil
1207:
476:
universe is clearly not uniform; it ranges from relatively high density in galaxies—including very high density in structures within galaxies, such as planets, stars, and
1789:
bow wave defines the transition from the solar wind flow to the interstellar medium. A bow shock is a third boundary characteristic of an astrosphere, laying outside the
1128:
from the atmosphere to support itself, which he calculated to be at an altitude of about 83.8 km (52.1 mi). This distinguishes altitudes below as the region of
10946:
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839:
Despite the harsh environment, several life forms have been found that can withstand extreme space conditions for extended periods. Species of lichen carried on the ESA
8246:"Flexible Daytime Radiative Cooling Enhanced by Enabling Three-Phase Composites with Scattering Interfaces between Silica Microspheres and Hierarchical Porous Coatings"
4248:
1819:
Large-scale matter distribution in a cubic section of the universe. The blue fiber-like structures represent the matter, and the empty regions in between represent the
1741:
of the Sun, which is of interest both for its proximity and for its interaction with the Solar System. This volume nearly coincides with a region of space known as the
7911:
2587:, allowing light from more than 13 billion years ago—almost to the time of the Big Bang—to be observed. Not every location in space is ideal for a telescope. The
1827:
Intergalactic space is the physical space between galaxies. Studies of the large-scale distribution of galaxies show that the universe has a foam-like structure, with
1085:
with a perigee as low as 80 to 90 km (50 to 56 mi), surviving for multiple orbits. At an altitude of 120 km (75 mi), descending spacecraft such as
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10842:
679:
temperature of the background radiation is about 2.7 K (−455 °F). The gas temperatures in outer space can vary widely. For example, the temperature in the
5350:
2237:
retained support among some scientists until the early 20th century. This form of aether was viewed as the medium through which light could propagate. In 1887, the
1689:. These atoms are ejected into the interstellar medium by stellar winds or when evolved stars begin to shed their outer envelopes such as during the formation of a
1566:
where the solar wind remains active. The solar wind is a continuous stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun which creates a very tenuous atmosphere (the
778:
in low Earth orbit around the ISS, which clings to suits and equipment. Other regions of space could have very different smells, like that of different alcohols in
6634:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences – Origin and early evolution of solid matter in the Solar System
1617:
charged particles such as the Van Allen radiation belts. Planets without magnetic fields, such as Mars, have their atmospheres gradually eroded by the solar wind.
1441:
at 448,900 km (278,934 mi). This is located beyond the orbit of the Moon and therefore includes cislunar space. Translunar space is the region of lunar
4298:
Raggio, J.; et al. (May 2011), "Whole Lichen Thalli Survive Exposure to Space Conditions: Results of Lithopanspermia Experiment with Aspicilia fruticulosa",
2268:
in 1576. But the scale of the universe remained unknown until the first successful measurement of the distance to a nearby star in 1838 by the German astronomer
1291:
required to pull free of Earth's gravitational field altogether and move into interplanetary space is about 11,200 m/s (40,300 km/h; 25,100 mph).
7538:
5215:
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Magnetic fields have been detected in the space around just about every class of celestial object. Star formation in spiral galaxies can generate small-scale
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Outer space has become an important element of global society. It provides multiple applications that are beneficial to the economy and scientific research.
1966:
1527:
Near-Earth space showing the low-Earth (blue), medium Earth (green), and high Earth (red) orbits. The last extends beyond the radius of geosynchronous orbits
323:, as meaning 'the region beyond Earth's sky', predates the use of full term "outer space", with the earliest recorded use of this meaning in an epic poem by
11417:
7962:
Maccone, Claudio (August 2001), "Searching for bioastronomical signals from the farside of the Moon", in Ehrenfreund, P.; Angerer, O.; Battrick, B. (eds.),
1397:. These plasmas form a medium from which storm-like disturbances powered by the solar wind can drive electrical currents into the Earth's upper atmosphere.
1116:, is set at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi) as a working definition for the boundary between aeronautics and astronautics. This line is named after
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in spiral nebulae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than galactic novae, suggesting that the former are 100 times further away. The distance to the
1382:
The variable space-weather conditions of geospace are affected by the behavior of the Sun and the solar wind; the subject of geospace is interlinked with
10812:
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in 1896. Using the estimated radiation of the background stars, he concluded that space must be heated to a temperature of 5–6 K. British physicist
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10837:
1227:, they claimed control of the segment of the geosynchronous orbital path corresponding to each country. These claims are not internationally accepted.
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The deep vacuum of space could make it an attractive environment for certain industrial processes, such as those requiring ultraclean surfaces. Like
1181:
provides the basic framework for international space law. It covers the legal use of outer space by nation states, and includes in its definition of
621:
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Wielebinski, Richard; Beck, Rainer (2010), "Cosmic Magnetic Fields − An Overview", in Block, David L.; Freeman, Kenneth C.; Puerari, Ivânio (eds.),
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Fitzpatrick, E. L. (May 2004), "Interstellar Extinction in the Milky Way Galaxy", in Witt, Adolf N.; Clayton, Geoffrey C.; Draine, Bruce T. (eds.),
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The concept that the space between the Earth and the Moon must be a vacuum was first proposed in the 17th century after scientists discovered that
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Mathiesen, B. F.; Evrard, A. E. (2001), "Four Measures of the Intracluster Medium Temperature and Their Relation to a Cluster's Dynamical State",
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is the space between the eight planets, the space between the planets and the Sun, as well as that space beyond the orbit of the outermost planet
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Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
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that forms what is now called outer space. As light has a finite velocity, this theory constrains the size of the directly observable universe.
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2421:, achieving Earth orbit at an altitude of 215–939 kilometres (134–583 mi). This was followed by the first human spaceflight in 1961, when
972:, and exposure to weightlessness has been shown to have deleterious effects on human health. Initially, more than 50% of astronauts experience
364:
to name the space of altitudes above Earth where spacecrafts reach conditions sufficiently free from atmospheric drag, differentiating it from
7052:
Oppenheimer, Benjamin D.; Davé, Romeel (December 2006), "Cosmological simulations of intergalactic medium enrichment from galactic outflows",
1612:
Interplanetary space contains the magnetic field generated by the Sun. There are magnetospheres generated by planets such as Jupiter, Saturn,
1109:
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crewed balloon flight reached an altitude of 22 km (14 mi). This was greatly exceeded in 1942 when the third launch of the German
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becomes noticeable, thus beginning the process of switching from steering with thrusters to maneuvering with aerodynamic control surfaces.
425:. About 380,000 years later the universe had cooled sufficiently to allow protons and electrons to combine and form hydrogen—the so-called
8019:
Chapmann, Glenn (May 22–27, 1991), "Space: the Ideal Place to Manufacture Microchips", in Blackledge, R.; Radfield, C.; Seida, S. (eds.),
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in 1964. Since that time, uncrewed spacecraft have successfully examined each of the Solar System's planets, as well their moons and many
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and comets. They remain a fundamental tool for the exploration of outer space, as well as for observation of the Earth. In August 2012,
196:, is conventionally used as the start of outer space in space treaties and for aerospace records keeping. Certain portions of the upper
10154:
8067:
Forgan, Duncan H.; Elvis, Martin (October 2011), "Extrasolar asteroid mining as forensic evidence for extraterrestrial intelligence",
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Boulares, Ahmed; Cox, Donald P. (December 1990), "Galactic hydrostatic equilibrium with magnetic tension and cosmic-ray diffusion",
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predicted 5 K for the temperature of space in 1948, based on the gradual decrease in background energy following the then-new
8232:
Radiative cooling does not consume external energy but rather harvests coldness from outer space as a new renewable energy source.
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An alternative, third geoengineering approach would be enhanced cooling by thermal radiation from the Earth's surface into space.
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at the orbital distance of the Earth. This space is not completely empty, and is sparsely filled with cosmic rays, which include
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8719:, Space Telescope Science Institute symposium series, vol. 16, Baltimore, MD, US: Cambridge University Press, p. 21,
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New Horizons in Astronomy; Proceedings of the Conference Held 16–18 October 2005 at The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
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The placing of artificial satellites in Earth orbit has produced numerous benefits and has become the dominating sector of the
1934:
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5223:, United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs/ Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, March 23, 2017, archived from
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was first measured. Humans began the physical exploration of space later in the same century with the advent of high-altitude
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ITU-R Radio Regulations, Article 1, Terms and definitions, Section VIII, Technical terms relating to space, paragraph 1.177.
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Withbroe, George L. (February 1988), "The temperature structure, mass, and energy flow in the corona and inner solar wind",
3117:
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Yoder, Charles F. (1995), "Astrometric and Geodetic Properties of Earth and the Solar System", in Ahrens, Thomas J. (ed.),
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indicated something was wrong with the concept. The idea of the luminiferous aether was then abandoned. It was replaced by
2173:
proposed an experiment to test this hypothesis. In 1648, his brother-in-law, Florin Périer, repeated the experiment on the
992:. These effects can be minimized through a regimen of exercise. Other effects include fluid redistribution, slowing of the
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Harding, R. M.; Mills, F. J. (April 30, 1983), "Aviation medicine. Problems of altitude I: hypoxia and hyperventilation",
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emits a diffuse near-infrared radiation that can mask the emission of faint sources such as extrasolar planets. Moving an
2464:, although contact was lost before reaching Venus. The first successful planetary mission was the 1962 fly-by of Venus by
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as they collide with the interstellar medium. For decades it was assumed that the Sun had a bow shock. In 2012, data from
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Geospace is populated by electrically charged particles at very low densities, the motions of which are controlled by the
8020:
7152:
Wakker, B. P.; Savage, B. D. (2009), "The Relationship Between Intergalactic H I/O VI and Nearby (z<0.017) Galaxies",
2855:(n.) physical space independent of what occupies it. The region beyond the earth's atmosphere or beyond the solar system.
2043:
1574:/cm and is moving at a velocity of 350–400 km/s (780,000–890,000 mph). Interplanetary space extends out to the
1469:
9423:
9101:
Mendillo, Michael (November 8–10, 2000), "The atmosphere of the moon", in Barbieri, Cesare; Rampazzi, Francesca (eds.),
6999:
Fang, T.; et al. (2010), "Confirmation of X-Ray Absorption by Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in the Sculptor Wall",
1669:
originating from individual stars, or formed by solar wind emanating from the Sun. It is the space between the stars or
1337:
and is the site of most of humanity's space activity. The region has seen high levels of space debris, sometimes dubbed
11540:
9636:
6902:
Jafelice, Luiz C.; Opher, Reuven (July 1992), "The origin of intergalactic magnetic fields due to extragalactic jets",
4726:
2906:
1721:
is steadily increasing at the rate of about four new species per year. Large regions of higher density matter known as
1352:
A computer-generated map of objects orbiting Earth, as of 2005. About 95% are debris, not working artificial satellites
52:
Being essentially empty, outer space allows the earliest (redder) galaxies to be viewed without obstruction, as in the
5515:
3788:
3235:
740:
Outside a protective atmosphere and magnetic field, there are few obstacles to the passage through space of energetic
11440:
7532:
5617:
5224:
2745:
2711:
1855:
1802:
663:. All of the observable universe is filled with photons that were created during the Big Bang, which is known as the
625:
130:
5190:
1283:. The energy required to reach Earth orbital velocity at an altitude of 600 km (370 mi) is about 36
239:
decreased with altitude. The immense scale of outer space was grasped in the 20th century when the distance to the
2161:
to create an apparatus that would produce a partial vacuum in 1643. This experiment resulted in the first mercury
11565:
9243:
Porter, Roy; Park, Katharine; Daston, Lorraine (2006), "The Cambridge History of Science: Early modern science",
2445:, which achieved lunar orbit and reached a maximum distance of 377,349 km (234,474 mi) from the Earth.
2323:. This theory holds that the universe originated from a state of extreme energy density that has since undergone
2238:
1194:
4343:"Survival of Plant Seeds, Their UV Screens, and nptII DNA for 18 Months Outside the International Space Station"
9510:
8346:
Wang, Tong; et al. (2021), "A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling",
4889:
Curtis, S. B.; Letaw, J. W. (1989), "Galactic cosmic rays and cell-hit frequencies outside the magnetosphere",
4342:
2573:
2460:
became the first planetary probe. It revealed the presence of the solar wind and performed the first fly-by of
2257:, which holds that the speed of light in a vacuum is a fixed constant, independent of the observer's motion or
1778:
757:
76:
17:
4816:
Williams, David; et al. (June 23, 2009), "Acclimation during space flight: effects on human physiology",
2930:
Gupta, Anjali; et al. (May 2010), "Detection and Characterization of the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium",
11490:
7855:"Space Foundation Releases The Space Report 2023 Q2, Showing Annual Growth of Global Space Economy to $ 546B"
7306:
West, John B. (March 2013), "Torricelli and the Ocean of Air: The First Measurement of Barometric Pressure",
3198:
2524:
is an orbiting laboratory for space applications and habitability. Visible in the background is yellow-green
2499:
2312:. This established that the Andromeda galaxy, and by extension all galaxies, lay well outside the Milky Way.
1068:
1004:. Lesser symptoms include loss of body mass, nasal congestion, sleep disturbance, and puffiness of the face.
4578:
1230:
An increasing issue of international space law and regulation has been the dangers of the growing number of
11525:
9877:
7099:
Bykov, A. M.; et al. (February 2008), "Equilibration Processes in the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium",
4009:
2608:
2226:
1375:, which forms an interface between the Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind. The inner boundary is the
1024:
749:
405:, where visible space is represented by the circular sections. At left, a dramatic expansion occurs in the
39:
8305:
7645:
Assis, A. K. T.; et al. (July 1995), "History of the 2.7 K Temperature Prior to Penzias and Wilson",
2331:
1677:
of sparse matter and radiation. The boundary between an astrosphere and interstellar space is known as an
10721:
9751:
7925:
Landgraf, M.; et al. (February 2001), "IRSI/Darwin: peering through the interplanetary dust cloud",
3018:
2521:
1406:
location and timing. Magnetic storms can be a hazard to astronauts, even in low Earth orbit. They create
699:
259:
in 1961. The economic cost of putting objects, including humans, into space is very high, limiting human
170:
119:
7812:
6011:
11650:
10094:
9799:
7854:
5768:
5018:
2507:
2222:
1828:
1517:
1186:
1167:
879:
672:
511:
103:
53:
8820:
Much ado about nothing: theories of space and vacuum from the Middle Ages to the scientific revolution
8195:
5461:
5168:
4220:
1928:
648:
in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to
11480:
11475:
10656:
9756:
6394:
6202:
6152:"51 U.S.C 10101 -National and Commercial Space Programs, Subtitle I-General, Chapter 101-Definitions"
5414:
3705:
2588:
1403:
1394:
1019:
count. Over longer durations, symptoms include an increased risk of cancer, plus damage to the eyes,
730:
660:
516:
426:
422:
402:
95:
8396:
5491:
3346:
Planck Collaboration (2014), "Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results",
2264:
The first professional astronomer to support the concept of an infinite universe was the Englishman
11520:
9064:
8306:"Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach"
2760:
2649:
2580:
2544:
2181:
2165:
and created a scientific sensation in Europe. Torricelli suggested that since air has weight, then
1948:
1749:
of the Milky Way galaxy, with dense molecular clouds lying along the borders, such as those in the
1368:
1117:
1015:
can result in fatigue, nausea, vomiting, as well as damage to the immune system and changes to the
357:
6971:
6552:
6046:, AGU reference shelf Series, vol. 1, Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, p. 1,
3284:
11600:
10089:
9869:
9660:
9645:
8512:
A history of physics in its elementary branches: including the evolution of physical laboratories
4862:
2805:
2750:
2740:
2692:
2619:
2371:
1686:
1602:
1465:
1276:
1210:. Still, there remains no legal prohibition against deploying conventional weapons in space, and
886:
767:
715:
656:
341:
6806:
McComas, D. J.; et al. (2012), "The Heliosphere's Interstellar Interaction: No Bow Shock",
6339:
6271:
5543:
5372:
1582:
The volume of interplanetary space is a nearly total vacuum, with a mean free path of about one
1162:
11721:
11455:
10420:
10330:
10207:
10202:
10081:
9629:
9506:
9107:, Padova, Italy at the Accademia Galileiana Di Scienze Lettere Ed Arti: Springer, p. 275,
8459:
Billings, Charles E. (1973), "Barometric Pressure", in Parker, James F.; West, Vita R. (eds.),
5045:
3309:
2645:
2641:
2584:
2579:
The absence of air makes outer space an ideal location for astronomy at all wavelengths of the
2158:
2122:
1942:
1892:
1758:
1575:
1520:, but which distance is also far less than the distance between Earth and any adjacent planet.
989:
940:
890:
586:
349:
308:
9496:
9332:
9262:
9102:
9024:
8918:
8798:
8583:
8440:
6863:
861:
has survived 559 days when exposed to low Earth orbit or a simulated Martian environment. The
585:
in intergalactic space is about 10 km, or 10 billion light years. In spite of this,
11726:
11510:
11485:
11123:
10741:
10288:
9741:
9688:
9673:
9588:
9568:
9548:
9437:
9308:
9288:
9224:
9140:
9044:
9004:
8898:
8878:
8838:
8818:
8778:
8642:
8603:
8540:
5217:
Status of International Agreements relating to activities in outer space as of 1 January 2017
4068:
3039:
It turns out that roughly 68% of the Universe is dark energy. Dark matter makes up about 27%.
2727:
2569:
2186:
2065:
1537:
1287:/kg, which is six times the energy needed merely to climb to the corresponding altitude. The
1211:
1064:
993:
973:
756:
is only about 1% of that of protons. Cosmic rays can damage electronic components and pose a
628:. Above this altitude, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to
437:
225:
8520:
4753:
Webb, P. (1968), "The Space Activity Suit: An Elastic Leotard for Extravehicular Activity",
3369:
2988:
2873:
2338:
made a similar calculation to derive a temperature of 3.18 K in 1926. German physicist
1224:
1074:
In 2009, measurements of the direction and speed of ions in the atmosphere were made from a
710:. This has been used to show ordered magnetic fields that exist in several nearby galaxies.
11716:
11571:
11555:
11180:
10551:
10522:
10403:
10227:
9746:
9380:
8964:
8930:
8720:
8667:
8464:
8317:
8207:
8176:
8129:
8086:
7967:
7944:
7705:
7583:
7504:
7495:
Curtis, Heber D. (January 1988), "Novae in Spiral Nebulae and the Island Universe Theory",
7224:
7171:
7118:
7071:
7018:
6913:
6815:
6788:
6727:
6680:
6637:
6598:
6494:
6449:
6426:
6369:
6310:
6125:
6047:
5894:
5760:
5133:
5081:
4898:
4454:
4415:
4357:
4307:
4133:
4074:
4041:
3975:
3928:
3866:
3826:
3757:
3648:
3581:
3534:
3411:
3365:
3081:
2984:
2939:
2600:
2548:
2395:
2088:
1847:
1835:
that are mostly empty of galaxies. Typically, a void spans a distance of 7–30 megaparsecs.
1790:
1785:
probes showed that the Sun's bow shock does not exist. Instead, these authors argue that a
1434:
1417:
1334:
909:
905:
845:
711:
707:
453:
213:
9178:
8959:
Kanas, Nick; Manzey, Dietrich (2008), "Basic Issues of Human Adaptation to Space Flight",
8120:
Burton, Rodney; et al. (May 2005), "Low-Cost Launch of Payloads to Low Earth Orbit",
1438:
8:
11700:
11515:
11495:
11308:
10998:
10486:
10350:
10325:
10293:
10212:
10063:
9904:
9678:
9474:
6529:
6106:
Granvik, Mikael; et al. (March 2012), "The population of natural Earth satellites",
2659:
2631:
2413:
climbed to an altitude of about 80 km (50 mi). In 1957, the uncrewed satellite
2330:
The earliest known estimate of the temperature of outer space was by the Swiss physicist
2234:
2094:
1978:
1952:
1859:
1806:
1770:
1762:
1681:. For the Sun, the astrosphere and astropause are called the heliosphere and heliopause.
1674:
1626:
1547:
1498:
1330:
1265:
1041:
1008:
827:
561:
418:
272:
174:
146:
72:
68:
9384:
8968:
8934:
8724:
8671:
8468:
8321:
8211:
8180:
8133:
8090:
7971:
7948:
7709:
7587:
7571:
7508:
7228:
7175:
7122:
7075:
7022:
6917:
6819:
6792:
6731:
6684:
6641:
6602:
6498:
6453:
6430:
6373:
6129:
6051:
5898:
5764:
5688:
5137:
5085:
4902:
4458:
4419:
4361:
4311:
4137:
4078:
4045:
3979:
3932:
3870:
3830:
3761:
3652:
3585:
3538:
3415:
3259:
2996:
2943:
2320:
1960:
1831:
lying along filaments that occupy about a tenth of the total space. The remainder forms
489:
smaller than the influence of gravity from matter and dark matter within the Milky Way.
11688:
11613:
11535:
11505:
11450:
11327:
11303:
10802:
10736:
10601:
10561:
10412:
10375:
10335:
10314:
10257:
10232:
10136:
10076:
10015:
9899:
9821:
8416:
8368:
8283:
8257:
8223:
8102:
8076:
7934:
7721:
7673:
7601:
7328:
7240:
7214:
7187:
7161:
7134:
7108:
7061:
7034:
7030:
7008:
6841:
6778:
6750:
6653:
6614:
6588:
6510:
6115:
5910:
5589:, Astromaterials Research & Exploration Science: NASA Orbital Debris Program Office
5275:
5123:
5114:
McDowell, Jonathan C. (October 2018), "The edge of space: Revisiting the Karman Line",
4953:
4838:
4681:
4626:
4149:
4123:
3991:
3965:
3747:
3597:
3571:
3381:
3355:
3155:
3000:
2775:
2755:
2715:
2700:
2592:
2483:
2316:
2289:
2258:
2254:
2061:
1898:
1810:
1727:
1632:
1407:
1178:
898:
741:
629:
486:
406:
244:
209:
31:
This article is about the space between celestial bodies. For the general concept, see
8245:
7183:
6632:
Witt, Adolf N. (October 2001), "The Chemical Composition of the Interstellar Medium",
5906:
5370:
4689:
4114:
Letessier-Selvon, Antoine; Stanev, Todor (July 2011), "Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays",
3987:
3423:
3138:
Brady, Maura (October 2007), "Space and the Persistence of Place in "Paradise Lost"",
379:" denotes existing in outer space, especially if carried by a spacecraft; similarly, "
11560:
11143:
11043:
11013:
10931:
10671:
10556:
10512:
10460:
10267:
10262:
10194:
10103:
10002:
9951:
9926:
9882:
9864:
9808:
9736:
9622:
9596:
9574:
9554:
9534:
9482:
9461:
9443:
9406:
9388:
9359:
9338:
9314:
9294:
9268:
9248:
9230:
9210:
9204:
9184:
9164:
9146:
9126:
9108:
9088:
9070:
9050:
9030:
9010:
8980:
8946:
8904:
8884:
8864:
8844:
8824:
8804:
8784:
8764:
8746:
8728:
8701:
8683:
8648:
8628:
8609:
8589:
8568:
8550:
8544:
8526:
8483:
8446:
8420:
8373:
8287:
8275:
8227:
8106:
8047:
7975:
7725:
7696:
Pfotzer, G. (June 1972), "History of the Use of Balloons in Scientific Experiments",
7333:
7191:
7084:
6845:
6833:
6755:
6514:
6465:
6055:
5988:"To infinity and beyond: New Space Force unit to monitor 'xGEO' beyond Earth's orbit"
4958:
4914:
4910:
4843:
4762:
4673:
4631:
4522:
4479:
4431:
4373:
4323:
4153:
4090:
3995:
3956:
Fixsen, D. J. (December 2009), "The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background",
3601:
3427:
3385:
3151:
3004:
2879:
2719:
2596:
2552:
2503:
2385:
2367:
2309:
2241:
tried to detect the Earth's motion through this medium by looking for changes in the
2194:
1902:
1869:
1598:
1583:
1486:
1454:
1398:
1308:
1257:
1253:
1094:
977:
913:
857:
851:
722:
718:
498:
217:
80:
10146:
8717:
Astrophysics of life. Proceedings of the Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium
8666:, IAGA Special Sopron Book Series, vol. 4, Berlin: Springer, pp. 341–345,
8500:, Addison-Wesley series in physics (2nd ed.), Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
7619:
7244:
7138:
7038:
6657:
6618:
5792:
5254:
5145:
4685:
4191:
3498:
2706:
From the Earth's surface, the ultracold temperature of outer space can be used as a
2346:
to estimate an intergalactic temperature of 2.8 K in 1933. American physicists
2284:(compared to the modern value of 0.287″). This corresponds to a distance of over 10
2135:
1214:
have been successfully tested by the USA, USSR, China, and in 2019, India. The 1979
687:
reaches temperatures over 1,200,000–2,600,000 K (2,200,000–4,700,000 °F).
11664:
11637:
11625:
11545:
11445:
11350:
11298:
10731:
10606:
10571:
10492:
10480:
10440:
10345:
10278:
10042:
9993:
9846:
9726:
9693:
9521:
9516:
8972:
8938:
8675:
8408:
8363:
8355:
8325:
8267:
8215:
8167:
Crawford, I. A. (September 1990), "Interstellar Travel: A Review for Astronomers",
8137:
8094:
7713:
7605:
7591:
7574:(May 1931), "The Beginning of the World from the Point of View of Quantum Theory",
7512:
7323:
7315:
7232:
7179:
7126:
7079:
7026:
6921:
6823:
6745:
6735:
6688:
6645:
6606:
6502:
6457:
6133:
5902:
5141:
5089:
4948:
4940:
4906:
4833:
4825:
4665:
4621:
4613:
4423:
4365:
4315:
4274:
4141:
4082:
4049:
3983:
3936:
3874:
3834:
3666:
3589:
3542:
3457:
3419:
3373:
3147:
2992:
2790:
2707:
2664:
2511:
2335:
2305:
2297:
2277:
2269:
2221:
cosmology to the concept of an infinite universe filled with a substance he called
2209:
1988:
1745:, which is characterized by a lack of dense, cold clouds. It forms a cavity in the
1703:
1690:
1661:
Interstellar space is the physical space outside of the bubbles of plasma known as
1613:
1478:
1468:
remains dominant against gravitational potentials from other bodies, is the body's
1430:
1411:
1360:
1243:
1125:
1105:
1098:
1016:
924:
822:
680:
637:
506:
481:
449:
240:
229:
212:, which entered into force on 10 October 1967. This treaty precludes any claims of
189:
91:
9889:
5951:
3377:
1570:) for billions of kilometers into space. This wind has a particle density of 5–10
380:
11731:
11233:
11208:
10746:
10686:
10470:
10370:
10355:
10340:
10247:
10237:
10108:
10068:
10058:
10030:
9973:
9909:
9778:
8858:
8679:
8477:
8329:
8219:
6942:
6137:
4983:"Why defining the boundary of space may be crucial for the future of spaceflight"
3111:
2723:
2653:
2627:
2604:
2324:
2250:
2154:
1984:
1843:
1782:
1734:
to produce ionized carbon, which in turn can lead to organic chemical reactions.
1731:
1722:
1718:
1670:
1502:
1490:
1338:
1288:
1261:
1075:
965:
818:
804:
779:
764:
597:
of photons by dust and gas, is an important factor in galactic and intergalactic
457:
264:
134:
8976:
6461:
5253:, United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, January 1, 2008, archived from
4516:
4086:
3639:
Tadokoro, M. (1968), "A Study of the Local Group by Use of the Virial Theorem",
1605:. A cloud of interplanetary dust is visible at night as a faint band called the
376:
11470:
11435:
11218:
11108:
11073:
11058:
10993:
10988:
10887:
10787:
10706:
10681:
10646:
10591:
10566:
10435:
10283:
9983:
9946:
9710:
9683:
8522:
Theory of planetary atmospheres: an introduction to their physics and chemistry
8359:
7319:
6720:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6610:
5816:
5717:
5428:
4547:
2970:
2688:
2680:
2668:
2565:
2556:
2438:
2242:
2214:
1884:
1713:
exist in interstellar space, which can form dust particles as tiny as 0.1
1606:
1590:
1458:
1442:
1342:
1190:
1113:
1082:
1020:
997:
985:
956:
894:
800:
744:
known as cosmic rays. These particles have energies ranging from about 10
578:
573:
541:
520:
472:
304:
138:
107:
9430:
All Earth in madness moved,—o'erthrown, / To outer space—driven—racked—undone!
9026:
Astrophysical formulae: Radiation, gas processes, and high energy astrophysics
8098:
8029:
7130:
6926:
4617:
4473:
4449:
Nicholson, W. L. (April 2010), "Towards a General Theory of Lithopanspermia",
4145:
3614:
3593:
2831:
2174:
1120:, who argued for an altitude where a vehicle would have to travel faster than
706:
to align themselves with a galaxy's magnetic field, resulting in weak optical
11710:
11500:
11355:
11238:
11213:
11194:
11138:
11018:
10976:
10971:
10711:
10701:
10661:
10536:
10430:
10385:
10360:
10242:
10222:
10020:
9978:
9968:
9841:
9836:
9816:
9328:
8397:"Heat-shedding with photonic structures: radiative cooling and its potential"
6423:
Bioastronomy 2002: Life Among the Stars, Proceedings of IAU Symposium No. 213
4944:
3854:
2785:
2561:
2540:
2495:
2351:
2339:
2265:
2170:
2142:
2037:
1750:
1646:
1364:
1247:
1121:
1090:
1001:
936:
867:
649:
617:
502:
461:
329:
248:
221:
188:
Outer space does not begin at a definite altitude above Earth's surface. The
142:
6828:
6777:, Frank N. Bash Symposium ASP Conference Series, vol. 352, p. 79,
6740:
6485:
Johnson, R. E. (August 1994), "Plasma-Induced Sputtering of an Atmosphere",
6224:
4732:
4669:
3941:
3562:
Peebles, P.; Ratra, B. (2003), "The cosmological constant and dark energy",
2900:
2010:
1815:
515:
A wide field view of outer space as seen from Earth's surface at night. The
48:
11676:
11576:
11430:
11283:
11223:
11203:
11175:
11103:
10983:
10966:
10921:
10872:
10777:
10497:
10450:
10298:
10113:
10037:
9963:
9921:
9894:
9826:
9768:
9705:
9372:
8377:
8279:
8271:
7440:
7337:
6837:
6759:
6649:
5584:
5521:
5371:
Representatives of the States traversed by the Equator (December 3, 1976),
4962:
4918:
4847:
4677:
4526:
4483:
4435:
4377:
4327:
3796:
3431:
2473:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2377:
2347:
2301:
2218:
2166:
1970:
1916:
1742:
1666:
1654:
1559:
1494:
1383:
1372:
1231:
1171:
1137:
1129:
960:
944:
810:
745:
695:
684:
645:
296:
280:
256:
252:
236:
204:
are sometimes referred to as "near space". The framework for international
197:
9731:
5611:
4766:
4635:
4427:
4369:
4319:
3919:
Chiaki, Yanagisawa (June 2014), "Looking for Cosmic Neutrino Background",
3525:
Krumm, N.; Brosch, N. (October 1984), "Neutral hydrogen in cosmic voids",
2225:, which did not resist the motion of heavenly bodies. English philosopher
2055:
397:
11460:
11425:
11392:
11318:
11293:
11133:
11038:
11008:
10892:
10807:
10797:
10527:
10455:
9941:
9914:
9831:
9783:
9501:, Washington D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, p. 536
9351:
9334:
Heliophysics: Evolving Solar Activity and the Climates of Space and Earth
7966:, vol. 496, Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, pp. 277–280,
7939:
7768:
7219:
7066:
6783:
6593:
6579:
Ferrière, Katia M. (2001), "The interstellar environment of our galaxy",
6399:
6081:
5316:"India Enters the Elite Club: Successfully Shot Down Low Orbit Satellite"
5094:
3839:
3752:
3662:
3576:
2595:
out past the dust increases its effectiveness. Likewise, a site like the
2405:
2381:
2246:
2198:
2047:
1910:
1839:
1832:
1820:
1786:
1698:
1662:
1567:
1542:
1514:
International Telecommunication Union responsible for radio communication
1473:
1450:
1387:
1215:
1012:
969:
814:
771:
703:
620:
at 100 kilometres (62 miles) of altitude, compared to 100,000 Pa for the
529:
465:
353:
324:
284:
260:
182:
178:
166:
115:
111:
5914:
4829:
3159:
2564:
of military activities. They facilitate the discovery and monitoring of
1638:
11465:
11407:
11370:
11345:
11243:
11053:
10916:
10025:
9931:
8823:, The Cambridge history of science series, Cambridge University Press,
8625:
The dawn of fluid dynamics: a discipline between science and technology
8412:
7717:
7416:
6506:
4785:
4580:
A prospective look at medical problems from hazards of space operations
2950:
2780:
2765:
2696:
2684:
2529:
2434:
2410:
2343:
2285:
2146:
2131:
1920:
1714:
1678:
1482:
1376:
1280:
1272:
1047:
862:
832:
831:
Because of the hazards of a vacuum, astronauts must wear a pressurized
726:
676:
641:
605:
594:
477:
300:
201:
99:
8942:
8919:"Physics, the human adventure: from Copernicus to Einstein and beyond"
6865:
NASA – IBEX Reveals a Missing Boundary at the Edge of the Solar System
6395:"What scientists found after sifting through dust in the solar system"
5667:
5665:
2025:
1593:
and various subatomic particles. There is gas, plasma and dust, small
1051:
Illustration of Earth's atmosphere gradual transition into outer space
11397:
11262:
11098:
10902:
10782:
10636:
10611:
9936:
9226:
The Biology of Human Survival: Life and Death in Extreme Environments
8498:
Essentials of physics: a text for students of science and engineering
7596:
5616:, Commonwealth of Australia Bureau of Weather, Space Weather Branch,
4070:
Galaxies and their Masks: A Conference in Honour of K.C. Freeman, FRS
2796:
Timeline of knowledge about the interstellar and intergalactic medium
2770:
2672:
2482:
became the first man-made object to leave the Solar System and enter
2478:
2469:
2465:
2414:
2281:
2162:
2113:
2017:
1774:
1754:
1746:
1694:
1642:
1422:
1284:
1203:
1157:
923:
dissolved in the blood empties into the lungs to try to equalize the
598:
534:
369:
292:
205:
193:
8840:
Epic Rivalry: The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race
8141:
7881:"In a world of drones and satellites, why use a spy balloon anyway?"
6964:
5277:
Index of Online General Assembly Resolutions Relating to Outer Space
1260:
acceleration due to the horizontal component of its velocity. For a
11365:
11277:
11078:
10941:
10926:
10897:
10766:
10541:
10365:
10309:
10303:
10272:
10217:
10185:
9573:, Contemporary military, strategic, and security issues, ABC-CLIO,
8647:, Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences, Springer,
8262:
7517:
7236:
6692:
5662:
5128:
4931:
Setlow, Richard B. (November 2003), "The hazards of space travel",
4053:
3878:
3547:
2676:
2636:
2516:
2456:
2442:
2426:
2355:
2273:
2127:
2098:
1737:
The local interstellar medium is a region of space within 100
1551:
1523:
1437:(GEO) at approximately 35,786 km (22,236 mi), out to the
1133:
1060:
981:
929:
855:
germinated after being exposed to space for 1.5 years. A strain of
753:
734:
694:, creating turbulent magnetic field strengths of around 5–10 μ
668:
610:
545:
392:
365:
162:
123:
84:
9553:, History and Management of Technology Series, vol. 33, IET,
9161:
Beyond the mechanical universe: from electricity to modern physics
9159:
Olenick, Richard P.; Apostol, Tom M.; Goodstein, David L. (1986),
8081:
8022:
Proceedings of the 10th International Space Development Conference
7552:
7166:
7113:
7013:
6302:
6120:
4128:
3970:
3793:
Thermal Protection Systems Expert and Material Properties Database
3478:
3360:
3044:
2189:(left) used to demonstrate Otto von Guericke's vacuum pump (right)
904:
Out in space, sudden exposure of an unprotected human to very low
11530:
11360:
11313:
11272:
11228:
11170:
11165:
11128:
11118:
11113:
11068:
11063:
11003:
10936:
10827:
10822:
10772:
10651:
10641:
10394:
9029:, Astronomy and astrophysics library (3rd ed.), Birkhäuser,
9006:
Physics of Space Storms: From the Surface of the Sun to the Earth
8880:
Space enterprise: living and working offworld in the 21st century
8525:, International geophysics series, vol. 22, Academic Press,
6292:
6290:
5818:
Report of the Living With a Star Geospace Mission Definition Team
2583:. This is evidenced by the spectacular pictures sent back by the
2525:
1563:
1348:
549:
150:
9512:
Cosmos: a survey of the general physical history of the Universe
9264:
An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution
7907:
NASA's Hubble Provides First Census of Galaxies Near Cosmic Dawn
6773:
Redfield, S. (September 2006), "The Local Interstellar Medium",
6718:
Klemperer, William (August 15, 2006), "Interstellar chemistry",
6158:, Office of Law Revision Council, U. S. House of Representatives
1170:
remain legal under space law, even though they create hazardous
667:(CMB). (There is quite likely a correspondingly large number of
11581:
11402:
11384:
10847:
10817:
10319:
9761:
9614:
7732:
7344:
7263:
6245:: Space at distances from the Earth equal to, or greater than,
5854:
5842:
5814:
5349:, European Science Foundation, November 5, 2007, archived from
3402:
Turner, Michael S. (September 2009), "Origin of the Universe",
2683:
system. Other proposed interstellar propulsion systems include
2450:
2390:
1878:
1738:
1594:
1571:
1371:
lie within the geospace. The outer boundary of geospace is the
920:
870:-bearing rocks being exchanged between Venus, Earth, and Mars.
840:
775:
691:
582:
569:
430:
288:
276:
158:
88:
8883:, Springer Praxis Books / Space Exploration Series, Springer,
7964:
Exo-/astro-biology. Proceedings of the First European Workshop
7287:
6287:
5885:
Hones, Edward W. Jr. (March 1986), "The Earth's Magnetotail",
5517:
100 lbs to Low Earth Orbit (LEO): Small-Payload Launch Options
4297:
4172:
3890:
3888:
1329:
is the region of space extending from low Earth orbits out to
352:. The term was eventually popularized through the writings of
169:
consist almost entirely of empty space. Most of the remaining
10616:
10546:
7380:
4496:
4011:
ALMA reveals ghostly shape of 'coldest place in the universe'
3857:(January 1948), "The Temperature of Interstellar Matter. I",
3166:
2710:
cooling technology for various applications on Earth through
2461:
2448:
The first spacecraft to reach escape velocity was the Soviet
1513:
1512:
beyond the farthest reaches of the Solar System itself." The
1295:
557:
553:
32:
8196:"Enhanced radiative cooling paint with broken glass bubbles"
7995:
Hughes, Amanda Jane; Soldini, Stefania (November 26, 2020),
5961:, CENTRA Technology, Inc., pp. 1–69, January 14, 2011,
4797:
2635:
declined since 2013. Partially reusable rockets such as the
2614:
1998:
1730:. An ionized helium atom can then split relatively abundant
1429:
xGeo space is a concept used by the US to refer to space of
368:, identifying a legal space above territories free from the
7847:
7792:
7452:
6805:
6699:
6362:"A Shifting Shield Provides Protection Against Cosmic Rays"
5866:
4999:
4514:
4404:
3885:
3817:
Forbes, Jeffrey M. (2007), "Dynamics of the thermosphere",
3061:
3059:
2832:"Applicable definitions of outer space, space, and expanse"
2293:
2073:
1421:
Earth and the Moon as seen from cislunar space on the 2022
1086:
1028:
655:
The temperature of outer space is measured in terms of the
268:
154:
11671:
9085:
To infinity and beyond: a cultural history of the infinite
8963:, Space Technology Library, vol. 22, pp. 15–48,
8582:
Davis, Jeffrey R.; Johnson, Robert; Stepanek, Jan (2008),
7744:
6998:
6940:
6080:. This work lists a Hill sphere radius of 234.9 times the
5815:
Kintner, Paul; GMDT Committee and Staff (September 2002),
5513:
5373:"Declaration of the first meeting of equatorial countries"
5295:
4815:
3676:
3178:
1673:
within a nebula or galaxy. Interstellar space contains an
1485:
space. This space is co-populated by groups of co-orbital
843:
facility survived exposure for ten days in 2007. Seeds of
7924:
7657:
6553:"Interstellar space: What is it and where does it begin?"
6530:"How do we know when Voyager reaches interstellar space?"
6420:
6182:
6084:
of Earth, or 234.9 × 6,371 km = 1.5 million km.
5071:
4073:, Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 67–82,
3277:
2454:, which performed a fly-by of the Moon in 1959. In 1961,
1587:
1546:
The sparse plasma (blue) and dust (white) in the tail of
1256:
acceleration due to gravity is less than or equal to the
1007:
During long-duration space travel, radiation can pose an
935:
Swelling and ebullism can be reduced by containment in a
633:
344:
called "The Maiden of Moscow", but in astronomy the term
161:. Intergalactic space takes up most of the volume of the
9531:
Measuring the universe: the cosmological distance ladder
9142:
Handbook of space engineering, archaeology, and heritage
9139:
O'Leary, Beth Laura (2009), Darrin, Ann Garrison (ed.),
7835:
7404:
7392:
7368:
7356:
6267:, which is 19.2% of two million km, or about one-fifth.
6105:
6087:
5920:
5638:
5636:
5634:
4706:
4546:
Krebs, Matthew B.; Pilmanis, Andrew A. (November 1996),
4014:, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, October 24, 2013
3900:
3768:
3056:
2169:
should decrease with altitude. The French mathematician
1838:
Surrounding and stretching between galaxies, there is a
1631:"Interstellar space" redirects here. For the album, see
9247:, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 27,
9158:
8837:
Hardesty, Von; Eisman, Gene; Krushchev, Sergei (2008),
8836:
8148:
7903:
7774:
7497:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
7446:
7428:
7422:
5932:
5280:, United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, 2011,
3438:
2245:
depending on the direction of the planet's motion. The
283:. Outer space represents a challenging environment for
9428:, How and Parsons, Canto X, section XIV, lines 14–15,
8713:
7897:
7780:
7476:
7045:
6883:
6521:
6170:
5565:
5520:, The Mitre Corporation, pp. 1–39, archived from
4113:
2850:(n.) space immediately outside the earth's atmosphere.
2201:: a device that would further refute the principle of
1206:
treaties have been negotiated and drafted by the UN's
11648:
10176:
8700:(7th ed.), New York: W. H. Freeman and Company,
7098:
6444:
Leinert, C.; Grun, E. (1990), "Interplanetary Dust",
6040:
Global earth physics a handbook of physical constants
5631:
4398:
4334:
4291:
2971:"Existence and nature of dark matter in the universe"
1579:
this modulation effect peaking during solar maximum.
790:
770:
have a burned/metallic odor, similar to the scent of
737:
sources, indicating the presence of magnetic fields.
383:" means based in outer space or on a planet or moon.
340:
existed in a poem from 1842 by the English poet Lady
153:. Local concentrations of matter have condensed into
8581:
8028:, San Antonio, Texas, pp. 25–33, archived from
7464:
7275:
7251:
4791:
4773:
4472:
Tarver, William J.; et al. (October 24, 2022),
3746:, ASP Conference Series, vol. 309, p. 33,
3723:
3345:
3327:
3252:
540:
Outer space is the closest known approximation to a
348:
found its application for the first time in 1845 by
9591:, in Arp, H. C.; Keys, C. R.; Rudnicki, K. (eds.),
9479:
Origins: fourteen billion years of cosmic evolution
8929:(10) (3rd ed.), Rutgers University Press: 69,
8588:(4th ed.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
8169:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
7904:Harrington, J. D.; et al. (12 December 2012),
7756:
7564:
7534:
Cepheid Variable Stars & Distance Determination
6895:
6099:
5737:
4508:
4160:
4060:
2929:
6941:Wadsley, James W.; et al. (August 20, 2002),
6437:
5959:OECD/IFP Futures Project on "Future Global Shocks"
4549:Human pulmonary tolerance to dynamic over-pressure
4539:
4515:Battisti, Amanda S.; et al. (June 27, 2022),
4471:
2667:study, which proposed a spacecraft powered by the
2429:. The first humans to escape low Earth orbit were
2319:, first proposed in 1931 by the Belgian physicist
2315:The modern concept of outer space is based on the
2138:argued that the entirety of space must be filled.
2031:The Sun within the structure of the Milky Way
1410:seen at high latitudes in an oval surrounding the
908:, such as during a rapid decompression, can cause
8696:Freedman, Roger A.; Kaufmann, William J. (2005),
8297:
8119:
7872:
7640:
7638:
7054:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
6905:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
6711:
5609:
4465:
3641:Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
2726:into outer space, lowering ambient temperatures.
1081:Spacecraft have entered into a highly elliptical
622:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
251:and, then, crewed Earth orbit, first achieved by
11708:
9593:Progress in New Cosmologies: Beyond the Big Bang
9481:, W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 114–115,
9242:
8917:Holton, Gerald James; Brush, Stephen G. (2001),
8695:
7663:
7269:
6994:
6992:
6574:
6572:
5797:, ARES | NASA Orbital Debris Program Office
5109:
5107:
5105:
5037:
5026:, Federal Aviation Administration, July 20, 2021
4882:
4867:, National Space Biological Research Institute,
4555:, United States Air Force Armstrong Laboratory,
4340:
4218:
3397:
3395:
3050:
2956:
2217:in the 16th century. He extended the Copernican
1166:Conventional anti-satellite weapons such as the
192:, an altitude of 100 km (62 mi) above
126:, is 2.7 kelvins (−270 °C; −455 °F).
9371:
9326:
8303:
7644:
7525:
7204:
7051:
6368:, American Astronomical Society, p. 2992,
5848:
5682:
5680:
5671:
4854:
4809:
4066:
3735:
3484:
2679:, would require 36 years to reach the "nearby"
950:
733:have been detected even among the most distant
9567:Wong, Wilson; Fergusson, James Gordon (2010),
9515:, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers,
9473:
9439:A concise history of solar and stellar physics
9436:Tassoul, Jean Louis; Tassoul, Monique (2004),
9435:
9418:
9310:Information Communication and Space Technology
9180:Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference
8495:
8187:
7635:
7558:
7386:
6257:
5979:
5483:
4718:
4478:, Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing,
3819:Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan
3682:
3555:
3172:
3076:
3074:
3011:
2824:
2308:in that galaxy, a new technique discovered by
2300:was determined in 1923 by American astronomer
10162:
9630:
9566:
9494:
9403:Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium
9123:The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China
8843:, National Geographic Books, pp. 89–90,
8394:
8160:
7994:
7145:
7092:
6989:
6901:
6766:
6664:
6569:
6325:
5743:
5507:
5301:
5152:
5102:
5005:
4642:
4545:
4442:
3392:
2932:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
2695:. More advanced propulsion systems could use
1208:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
1193:in outer space. The treaty was passed by the
440:has been determined from measurements of the
9505:
9498:United States Code 2006 Edition Supplement V
9379:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
9120:
8664:The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere
8304:Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018),
8193:
8113:
8012:
7955:
7689:
7293:
7151:
6934:
6799:
6527:
6478:
6386:
5878:
5677:
5535:
5020:FAA Commercial Space Astronaut Wings Program
4924:
4603:
4586:, Clinical Space Medicine, NASA, NASA-CR-856
3949:
3847:
3810:
3561:
3184:
2925:
2923:
2532:and the interstellar field of the Milky Way.
2126:. This concept built upon a 5th-century BCE
1717:. The tally of molecules discovered through
1333:. This region includes the major orbits for
1000:, balance disorders, and a weakening of the
133:is thought to account for about half of the
9570:Military space power: a guide to the issues
9202:
9138:
9125:, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press,
9009:, Environmental Sciences Series, Springer,
8958:
8916:
8660:
8518:
8345:
8066:
7738:
7488:
7350:
7198:
7154:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
6670:
6443:
6353:
6308:
6296:
6263:The semi-major axis of the Moon's orbit is
5860:
5514:Dimotakis, P.; et al. (October 1999),
5394:
5337:
5307:
4888:
4803:
4212:
4107:
3774:
3741:
3524:
3339:
3190:
3071:
3065:
2976:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
2962:
1769:When stars are moving at sufficiently high
1472:or gravity well, mostly described with the
1449:is a region outside of Earth that includes
1359:is a region of space that includes Earth's
533:(center), which is visually crossed by the
10169:
10155:
9637:
9623:
9546:
9293:, Translated by T. N. Mitchell, Springer,
9222:
8339:
8060:
8052:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7804:
7299:
6188:
6144:
6030:
6004:
5715:
5711:
5709:
5610:Kennewell, John; McDonald, Andrew (2011),
5364:
5346:Columbus launch puts space law to the test
4570:
4502:
4025:
3780:
3632:
3103:
2860:(n.) great extent of something spread out.
9595:, Springer Science & Business Media,
9520:
9377:Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction
9290:Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life
9286:
8856:
8803:, Springer Science & Business Media,
8608:, New Series in NASA History, JHU Press,
8496:Borowitz, Sidney; Beiser, Arthur (1971),
8388:
8367:
8261:
8080:
7988:
7938:
7612:
7595:
7516:
7434:
7327:
7218:
7165:
7112:
7083:
7065:
7012:
6925:
6827:
6782:
6749:
6739:
6717:
6705:
6625:
6592:
6119:
5808:
5127:
5093:
4952:
4837:
4648:
4625:
4448:
4127:
3969:
3940:
3838:
3751:
3698:The Kinetic Atmosphere: Molecular Numbers
3575:
3546:
3518:
3490:
3359:
3131:
2920:
1868:Overview of different scales of space as
1313:
919:As a consequence of rapid decompression,
9260:
9100:
9002:
8998:, Amsterdam: Menno Hertzberger & Co.
8896:
8546:After Sputnik: 50 years of the Space Age
8475:
8458:
8438:
8237:
8166:
8154:
8018:
7750:
7664:Woods, W. David; O'Brien, Frank (2006),
7570:
6772:
6578:
6540:from the original on September 15, 2013.
6414:
6331:
6270:Williams, David R. (December 20, 2021),
6269:
6194:
6093:
5985:
5926:
5872:
5577:
5542:Williams, David R. (November 17, 2010),
5541:
5453:
5113:
5043:
5011:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4746:
4731:, www.geoffreylandis.com, archived from
4712:
4031:
4002:
3894:
3638:
3607:
2865:
2613:
2515:
2389:
2233:The concept of a universe filled with a
2180:
2150:empty space, moving or standing still".
1814:
1637:
1541:
1522:
1416:
1347:
1161:
1046:
826:
565:
510:
396:
47:
9586:
9455:
9400:
8796:
8761:Nothingness: the science of empty space
8601:
8578:Note: a light year is about 10 km.
8538:
8423:– via Royal Society of Chemistry.
8395:Heo, Se-Yeon; et al. (June 2022),
7961:
7918:
7786:
7695:
7458:
6889:
6857:
6855:
6484:
6232:, International Telecommunication Union
6176:
5938:
5744:Portree, David; Loftus, Joseph (1999),
5716:Strickland, John K. (October 1, 2012),
5706:
5605:
5603:
5400:
5313:
5208:
5188:
5182:
4658:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
4341:Tepfer, David; et al. (May 2012),
3906:
3853:
3688:
3673:, for roughly 40 atoms per cubic meter.
3496:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
2968:
2730:can be used to suppress solar heating.
2611:that hampers Earth-based observations.
2208:In the 15th century, German theologian
2120:, a principle that became known as the
2107:
1846:structure. This material is called the
1531:
1040:For the furthest reaches of space, see
797:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
604:Stars, planets, and moons retain their
448:. These observations indicate that the
14:
11709:
9699:Psychological and sociological effects
9550:Spacecraft Technology: The Early Years
9306:
9176:
9145:, Advances in engineering, CRC Press,
9121:Needham, Joseph; Ronan, Colin (1985),
9042:
8876:
8800:Space Weather & Telecommunications
8743:Giordano Bruno and Renaissance science
8640:
8622:
8562:
8509:
8250:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
8194:Yu, Xinxian; et al. (July 2022),
7998:The solar discs that could power Earth
7878:
7841:
7823:from the original on 14 September 2013
7798:
7762:
7666:"Day 1: The Green Team and Separation"
7494:
7362:
7281:
6550:
6359:
5686:
5613:Satellite Lifetimes and Solar Activity
5489:
5383:from the original on November 24, 2011
5379:, Bogota, Republic of Colombia: JAXA,
5268:
5241:
5065:
4930:
4779:
4725:Landis, Geoffrey A. (August 7, 2007),
4724:
4597:
4272:
4229:from the original on February 24, 2014
4200:from the original on February 28, 2014
4184:
3955:
3918:
3912:
3816:
3786:
3729:
3401:
3333:
3109:
2892:
2722:heat transfer through the amosphere's
2004:Orion-Cygnus Arm and neighbouring arms
1796:
1110:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
988:and deterioration of the skeleton, or
976:. This can cause nausea and vomiting,
683:is 1 K (−458 °F), while the
460:, indicates that space has a non-zero
386:
224:for the peaceful uses of outer space,
177:is made up of an unknown form, dubbed
10150:
9618:
9420:Stuart Wortley, Emmeline Charlotte E.
9066:CRC handbook of chemistry and physics
8993:
8816:
8776:
8740:
8332:– via Elsevier Science Direct,
8230:– via Elsevier Science Direct,
8069:International Journal of Astrobiology
7775:Hardesty, Eisman & Krushchev 2008
7537:, CSIRO Australia, October 25, 2004,
7447:Olenick, Apostol & Goodstein 1986
7423:Olenick, Apostol & Goodstein 1986
7410:
7398:
7257:
6036:
5944:
5884:
5785:
5726:from the original on February 7, 2016
5571:
5554:from the original on October 30, 2010
5440:European Society of International Law
5159:Petty, John Ira (February 13, 2003),
5158:
4980:
4969:
4576:
4453:, vol. 1538, pp. 5272–528,
3694:
3302:
3236:"The Kármán Line: Where space begins"
3137:
2898:
1779:Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX)
1620:
1056:1,600,000 km (990,000 mi).
665:cosmic microwave background radiation
519:is visible as the horizontal band of
413:. Neither time nor size are to scale.
9528:
9350:
9082:
9062:
9022:
8758:
7810:
7541:from the original on August 30, 2011
7482:
7470:
7374:
7305:
6852:
6631:
6392:
6360:Kohler, Susanna (December 1, 2017),
6321:from the original on March 19, 2015.
6217:
5687:Howell, Elizabeth (April 24, 2015),
5600:
5459:
4818:Canadian Medical Association Journal
4752:
4451:Astrobiology Science Conference 2010
4266:
4249:"Interesting Fact of the Month 2021"
4241:
4178:
4166:
3497:Wollack, Edward J. (June 24, 2011),
3450:
3444:
3233:
3220:
2905:, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
2871:
2801:Timeline of Solar System exploration
2547:like television, provide a means of
1011:. Exposure to high-energy, ionizing
893:. This pressure level is called the
446:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
67:) is the expanse that exists beyond
9046:An Introduction to Modern Cosmology
8780:Atmospheric Science and Environment
8502:Note: this source gives a value of
7914:from the original on 22 March 2015.
6861:
6528:Jia-Rui Cook (September 12, 2013),
5968:from the original on March 14, 2012
5650:(in Kinyarwanda), December 15, 2022
5403:"Who Owns the Geostationary Orbit?"
4860:
3657:This source estimates a density of
3285:"Spaceborne definition and meaning"
3116:, The Online Etymology Dictionary,
2997:10.1146/annurev.aa.25.090187.002233
2622:system to beam energy down to Earth
2044:Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way
1969:and interstellar medium map of the
1497:, with some NEOs at times becoming
1252:A spacecraft enters orbit when its
1097:(termed the Entry Interface), when
409:, and at the center, the expansion
24:
11541:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
8903:, University of California Press,
8585:Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine
8567:, University of California Press,
8479:Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight
8243:
6446:Physics of the Inner Heliosphere I
5490:Shiner, Linda (November 1, 2007),
5054:from the original on July 14, 2009
5044:Thompson, Andrea (April 9, 2009),
4792:Davis, Johnson & Stepanek 2008
4219:Lizzie Schiffman (July 17, 2013),
3787:Squire, Tom (September 27, 2000),
3507:from the original on July 26, 2016
3196:
2551:, and permit direct monitoring of
2468:. The first fly-by of Mars was by
2342:used the total measured energy of
2130:argument by the Greek philosopher
1773:, their astrospheres can generate
1550:are being shaped by pressure from
1112:, and used internationally by the
791:Effect on biology and human bodies
25:
11743:
11441:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
10178:Molecules detected in outer space
9610:
9206:Space Physics and Space Astronomy
8644:An introduction to space robotics
8519:Chamberlain, Joseph Wyan (1978),
8514:, New York: The Macmillan Company
8463:, vol. 3006 (2nd ed.),
8122:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
7813:"Voyager 1 Has Left Solar System"
7811:Wall, Mike (September 12, 2013),
6953:from the original on June 9, 2009
6872:from the original on May 12, 2012
5907:10.1038/scientificamerican0386-40
5753:NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N
5719:The cislunar gateway with no gate
5689:"What Is a Geosynchronous Orbit?"
3466:from the original on June 1, 2012
3424:10.1038/scientificamerican0909-36
3110:Harper, Douglas (November 2001),
3029:from the original on June 2, 2013
2899:Chuss, David T. (June 26, 2008),
2746:List of government space agencies
2712:passive daytime radiative cooling
2272:. He showed that the star system
2081:Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex
1693:. The cataclysmic explosion of a
1653:(center) as it collides with the
1554:and the solar wind, respectively.
1455:Moon's orbital space around Earth
897:, named after American physician
556:to move freely along their ideal
216:and permits all states to freely
11694:
11682:
11670:
11658:
11631:
11619:
11607:
11596:
11595:
10402:
10393:
10384:
10130:
9798:
9644:
9203:Papagiannis, Michael D. (1972),
8900:Spacefaring: The Human Dimension
8863:(2nd ed.), Academic Press,
8401:Journal of Materials Chemistry C
7085:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10989.x
6544:
5986:Hitchens, Theresa (2022-04-21),
5460:Hill, James V. H. (April 1999),
4103:from the original on 2017-09-20.
3789:"U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976"
3152:10.1111/j.1094-348X.2007.00164.x
2909:from the original on May 9, 2013
2699:as a fuel, potentially reaching
2087:
2072:
2054:
2036:
2024:
2009:
1997:
1977:
1959:
1941:
1927:
1909:
1891:
1877:
1601:molecules discovered to date by
1558:Interplanetary space within the
1445:, between the Moon and Earth.
11566:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
8961:Space Psychology and Psychiatry
7879:Bisset, Victoria (2023-02-04),
6636:, vol. 359, p. 1949,
5831:from the original on 2012-11-02
5620:from the original on 2011-12-28
5472:from the original on 2012-03-19
5284:from the original on 2010-01-15
5189:Durrani, Haris (19 July 2019),
5146:10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.07.003
5074:Journal of Geophysical Research
4871:from the original on 2012-01-03
4649:Hodkinson, P. D. (March 2011),
4559:from the original on 2012-11-30
4387:from the original on 2014-12-13
4196:, Live Science, July 20, 2012,
3695:Tyson, Patrick (January 2012),
3209:from the original on 2010-03-12
3120:from the original on 2009-02-24
3092:from the original on 2015-11-17
2574:high-altitude platform stations
2398:taken by a person. South is up.
2304:by measuring the brightness of
1829:groups and clusters of galaxies
1195:United Nations General Assembly
1151:
835:while outside their spacecraft.
785:
763:Smells produced returning from
748:up to an extreme 10 eV of
452:of the observable universe is "
299:has a negative effect on human
9460:, Princeton University Press,
9442:, Princeton University Press,
9337:, Cambridge University Press,
9267:, Cambridge University Press,
9223:Piantadosi, Claude A. (2003),
9163:, Cambridge University Press,
8996:The de muno of William Gilbert
8877:Harris, Philip Robert (2008),
8290:– via ACS Publications,
7270:Porter, Park & Daston 2006
6862:Fox, Karen C. (May 10, 2012),
6425:, vol. 213, p. 275,
6335:Cosmic Rays Hit Space Age High
6201:"Definition of 'deep space'",
5746:"Orbital Debris: A Chronology"
2489:
2441:in 1968 on board the American
2361:
2112:In 350 BCE, Greek philosopher
1842:plasma that is organized in a
1237:
492:
314:
275:have reached all of the known
247:. This was followed by crewed
118:of outer space, as set by the
13:
1:
11491:Extraterrestrial liquid water
9375:; Gallagher, John S. (2007),
8605:A Dictionary of the Space Age
8565:The physics of time asymmetry
6673:Astrophysical Journal, Part 1
6332:Phillips, Tony (2009-09-29),
5548:Lunar & Planetary Science
5314:Solanki, Lalit (2019-03-27),
5191:"Is Spaceflight Colonialism?"
4521:, StatPearls Publishing LLC,
4275:"What does space smell like?"
4034:Astrophysical Journal, Part 1
3500:What is the Universe Made Of?
2812:
2576:, which have other benefits.
2500:Benefits of space exploration
2145:, the 2nd-century astronomer
1856:warm–hot intergalactic medium
1803:Warm–hot intergalactic medium
1597:, and several dozen types of
891:temperature of the human body
750:ultra-high-energy cosmic rays
721:produce their characteristic
319:The use of the short version
27:Void between celestial bodies
9477:; Goldsmith, Donald (2004),
9425:The maiden of Moscow, a poem
9069:(74th ed.), CRC Press,
8897:Harrison, Albert A. (2002),
8745:, Cornell University Press,
8680:10.1007/978-90-481-9787-3_24
8476:Bolonkin, Alexander (2010),
8330:10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.084
8220:10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.094
7031:10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1715
6947:Astronomy Picture of the Day
6551:Cooper, Keith (2023-01-17).
6309:Abby Cessna (July 5, 2009),
6138:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.12.003
5462:"Getting to Low Earth Orbit"
4911:10.1016/0273-1177(89)90452-3
4651:"Acute exposure to altitude"
4273:Cooper, Keith (2024-01-08).
3459:WMAP – Shape of the universe
3348:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3051:Freedman & Kaufmann 2005
2957:Freedman & Kaufmann 2005
2817:
2609:radio frequency interference
2589:interplanetary zodiacal dust
2016:Orion-Cygnus Arm inside the
1439:L2 Earth-Moon Lagrange point
1136:, and above as the space of
951:Weightlessness and radiation
77:levels of particle densities
40:Outer space (disambiguation)
7:
10722:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
9589:"Is there Matter in Voids?"
9401:Spitzer, Lyman Jr. (1978),
9358:(3rd ed.), Macmillan,
9229:, Oxford University Press,
9177:Orloff, Richard W. (2001),
8977:10.1007/978-1-4020-6770-9_2
8539:Collins, Martin J. (2007),
7184:10.1088/0067-0049/182/1/378
6462:10.1007/978-3-642-75361-9_5
5849:Schrijver & Siscoe 2010
5672:Schrijver & Siscoe 2010
5644:"42 USC 18302: Definitions"
5407:Annals of Air and Space Law
4981:Grush, Loren (2018-12-13).
4193:What Does Space Smell Like?
4087:10.1007/978-1-4419-7317-7_5
3988:10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/916
3485:Sparke & Gallagher 2007
3462:, NASA, December 21, 2012,
3378:10.1051/0004-6361/201321529
3203:Online Etymology Dictionary
2733:
2522:International Space Station
2239:Michelson–Morley experiment
1823:of the intergalactic medium
1294:Orbiting spacecraft with a
1035:
442:cosmic microwave background
419:13.8 billion years ago
372:jurisdiction of countries.
10:
11748:
9405:, Wiley Classics Library,
8506:molecules per cubic meter.
8445:, CRC Press, p. 253,
8431:
8360:10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7
7559:Tyson & Goldsmith 2004
7387:Tassoul & Tassoul 2004
7320:10.1152/physiol.00053.2012
6611:10.1103/RevModPhys.73.1031
6204:Collins English Dictionary
5586:Frequently Asked Questions
5496:, Air & Space Magazine
4891:Advances in Space Research
4577:Busby, D. E. (July 1967),
4475:Aerospace Pressure Effects
4222:What Does Space Smell Like
3683:Borowitz & Beiser 1971
3289:Collins English Dictionary
3260:"Definition of SPACEBORNE"
3019:"Dark Energy, Dark Matter"
2902:Cosmic Background Explorer
2836:Merriam-Webster dictionary
2508:Commercialization of space
2493:
2417:was launched by a Russian
2375:
2365:
2193:In 1650, German scientist
1987:around the Sun inside the
1800:
1630:
1624:
1535:
1464:The region where a body's
1306:
1302:
1275:must travel faster than a
1241:
1187:common heritage of mankind
1155:
1039:
996:, decreased production of
954:
880:Uncontrolled decompression
877:
808:
794:
673:cosmic neutrino background
564:stage. The deep vacuum of
496:
471:Estimates put the average
444:using satellites like the
390:
287:because of the hazards of
220:. Despite the drafting of
137:in the universe, having a
135:baryonic (ordinary) matter
29:
11590:
11481:Earliest known life forms
11476:Diffuse interstellar band
11416:
11336:
11261:
11152:
11087:
11027:
10955:
10947:Protonated cyanoacetylene
10861:
10755:
10717:Protonated carbon dioxide
10677:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
10625:
10411:
10382:
10193:
10184:
10126:
10051:
10001:
9992:
9857:
9807:
9796:
9719:
9659:
9652:
9547:Williamson, Mark (2006),
9307:Razani, Mohammad (2012),
9287:Rauchfuss, Horst (2008),
9023:Lang, Kenneth R. (1999),
8797:Goodman, John M. (2006),
8563:Davies, P. C. W. (1977),
8461:Bioastronautics Data Book
8442:Fundamentals of Astronomy
8099:10.1017/S1473550411000127
7207:The Astrophysical Journal
7131:10.1007/s11214-008-9309-4
7001:The Astrophysical Journal
6976:Harvard & Smithsonian
6943:"The Universe in Hot Gas"
6581:Reviews of Modern Physics
5302:Wong & Fergusson 2010
5006:Wong & Fergusson 2010
4618:10.1136/bmj.286.6375.1408
4146:10.1103/RevModPhys.83.907
4116:Reviews of Modern Physics
3958:The Astrophysical Journal
3594:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.559
3564:Reviews of Modern Physics
3234:Betz, Eric (2023-11-27).
3082:"Where does space begin?"
2650:momentum exchange tethers
2545:long-range communications
1369:Van Allen radiation belts
873:
661:thermodynamic equilibrium
517:interplanetary dust cloud
458:expansion of the universe
403:expansion of the universe
96:electromagnetic radiation
11526:Iron–sulfur world theory
11521:Photodissociation region
11224:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
9587:Wszolek, Bogdan (2013),
9209:, Taylor & Francis,
9104:Earth-Moon Relationships
9087:, Princeton paperbacks,
9003:Koskinen, Hannu (2010),
8623:Eckert, Michael (2006),
8510:Cajori, Florian (1917),
7294:Needham & Ronan 1985
5401:Gangale, Thomas (2006),
4945:10.1038/sj.embor.7400016
4728:Human Exposure to Vacuum
2959:, pp. 573, 599–601.
2761:Outline of space science
2581:electromagnetic spectrum
1949:Local Interstellar Cloud
544:. It has effectively no
165:, but even galaxies and
75:. It contains ultra-low
11601:Category:Astrochemistry
11191:, fullerene, buckyball)
10878:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
10853:Silicon-carbide cluster
10843:Protonated formaldehyde
9522:2027/nyp.33433071596906
9507:Von Humboldt, Alexander
9327:Schrijver, Carolus J.;
9261:Prialnik, Dina (2000),
9063:Lide, David R. (1993),
9043:Liddle, Andrew (2015),
8994:Kelly, Suzanne (1965),
7670:Apollo 8 Flight Journal
7351:Holton & Brush 2001
6927:10.1093/mnras/257.1.135
6829:10.1126/science.1221054
6741:10.1073/pnas.0605352103
6393:NASA (March 12, 2019),
5861:Fichtner & Liu 2011
4804:Kanas & Manzey 2008
4670:10.1136/jramc-157-01-15
4606:British Medical Journal
3942:10.3389/fphy.2014.00030
3370:2014A&A...571A...1P
2989:1987ARA&A..25..425T
2878:, Elsevier, p. 6,
2806:Timeline of spaceflight
2751:List of topics in space
2741:Absolute space and time
2701:relativistic velocities
2693:beam-powered propulsion
2642:reusable launch systems
2620:space-based solar power
2425:was sent into orbit on
2372:Human presence in space
1687:stellar nucleosynthesis
1518:Moon's orbital distance
1466:gravitational potential
1277:sub-orbital spaceflight
1271:To achieve an orbit, a
887:vapor pressure of water
768:extravehicular activity
700:Davis–Greenstein effect
572:, as it contains a few
480:—to conditions in vast
342:Emmeline Stuart-Wortley
208:was established by the
131:plasma between galaxies
54:Webb's First Deep Field
11614:Outer space portal
11456:Circumstellar envelope
10421:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
10331:Phosphorus mononitride
10208:Aluminium monofluoride
10203:Aluminium monochloride
10137:Outer space portal
9529:Webb, Stephen (1999),
9495:United States (2016),
9458:Conceptual revolutions
9456:Thagard, Paul (1992),
8860:Optical interferometry
8857:Hariharan, P. (2003),
8817:Grant, Edward (1981),
8759:Genz, Henning (2001),
8741:Gatti, Hilary (2002),
8602:Dickson, Paul (2010),
8272:10.1021/acsami.1c02145
7672:, NASA, archived from
6972:"Intergalactic medium"
6650:10.1098/rsta.2001.0889
6338:, NASA, archived from
6311:"Interplanetary space"
5167:, NASA, archived from
3795:, NASA, archived from
2728:Photonic metamaterials
2646:non-rocket spacelaunch
2623:
2585:Hubble Space Telescope
2570:stratospheric balloons
2543:. They allow relay of
2533:
2399:
2197:constructed the first
2190:
2159:Evangelista Torricelli
2153:The Italian scientist
2118:nature abhors a vacuum
1824:
1706:can hold 10–10 per m.
1658:
1603:microwave spectroscopy
1555:
1528:
1433:, ranging from beyond
1426:
1395:Earth's magnetic field
1353:
1314:Regions near the Earth
1212:anti-satellite weapons
1174:
1065:high-altitude balloons
1052:
1025:gastrointestinal tract
990:spaceflight osteopenia
941:decompression sickness
836:
774:fumes, resulting from
624:(IUPAC) definition of
537:
414:
350:Alexander von Humboldt
226:anti-satellite weapons
145:per cubic metre and a
57:
11511:Interplanetary medium
11486:Extraterrestrial life
11124:Octatetraynyl radical
10742:Tricarbon monosulfide
10289:Magnesium monohydride
9769:Extraterrestrial life
8783:, Allied Publishers,
8777:Ghosh, S. N. (2000),
8641:Ellery, Alex (2000),
8439:Barbieri, C. (2006),
8348:Nature Communications
8244:Ma, Hongchen (2021),
7698:Space Science Reviews
7676:on September 23, 2008
7308:Physiology (Bethesda)
7101:Space Science Reviews
6487:Space Science Reviews
4428:10.1089/ast.2011.0772
4370:10.1089/ast.2011.0744
4320:10.1089/ast.2010.0588
4181:, p. 11-217.
3859:Astrophysical Journal
3086:Aerospace Engineering
2617:
2519:
2393:
2187:Magdeburg hemispheres
2184:
1818:
1641:
1545:
1538:Interplanetary medium
1526:
1481:path its orbital and
1420:
1351:
1335:artificial satellites
1165:
1124:to derive sufficient
1108:, established by the
1050:
994:cardiovascular system
974:space motion sickness
830:
514:
438:shape of the universe
400:
333:, published in 1667.
271:. On the other hand,
51:
11638:Chemistry portal
11626:Astronomy portal
11572:RNA world hypothesis
11556:PAH world hypothesis
11249:Heptatrienyl radical
11181:Buckminsterfullerene
11069:Methylcyanoacetylene
10577:Silicon carbonitride
10552:Methylidynephosphane
10518:Magnesium isocyanide
10426:Aluminium isocyanide
10228:Carbon monophosphide
9475:Tyson, Neil deGrasse
9245:Early Modern Science
7801:, pp. 7, 68–69.
5952:"Geomagnetic Storms"
5722:, The Space Review,
5353:on December 15, 2008
5095:10.1029/2008JA013757
3921:Frontiers in Physics
3840:10.2151/jmsj.85b.193
3744:Astrophysics of Dust
3527:Astronomical Journal
3314:Cambridge Dictionary
2969:Trimble, V. (1987),
2601:far side of the Moon
2396:first image of Earth
2332:Charles É. Guillaume
2325:continuous expansion
2317:"Big Bang" cosmology
2108:History of discovery
1870:regions around Earth
1848:intergalactic medium
1844:galactic filamentary
1793:and the astropause.
1532:Interplanetary space
1499:temporary satellites
1435:geosynchronous orbit
1331:geostationary orbits
910:pulmonary barotrauma
846:Arabidopsis thaliana
760:to space travelers.
712:Magneto-hydrodynamic
228:have been tested in
214:national sovereignty
120:background radiation
38:For other uses, see
11516:Interstellar medium
11496:Forbidden mechanism
11309:Hydrogen isocyanide
10999:Hexatriynyl radical
10582:c-Silicon dicarbide
10487:Hydrogen isocyanide
10351:Silicon monosulfide
10326:Phosphorus monoxide
10294:Methylidyne radical
10253:Fluoromethylidynium
10213:Aluminium(II) oxide
9385:2007gitu.book.....S
8969:2008spp..book.....K
8935:2001PhT....54j..69H
8725:2005asli.symp...21F
8672:2011sswh.book..341F
8541:"Mariner 2 Mock-up"
8469:1973NASSP3006.....P
8322:2018Ene...152...27Z
8256:(16): 19282–19290,
8212:2022REne..194..129Y
8181:1990QJRAS..31..377C
8134:2006JSpRo..43..696B
8091:2011IJAsB..10..307F
7972:2001ESASP.496..277M
7949:2001ESABu.105...60L
7741:, pp. 209–224.
7710:1972SSRv...13..199P
7588:1931Natur.127..706L
7561:, pp. 114–115.
7509:1988PASP..100....6C
7461:, pp. 206–209.
7449:, pp. 357–365.
7377:, pp. 127–128.
7353:, pp. 267–268.
7229:2001ApJ...546..100M
7176:2009ApJS..182..378W
7123:2008SSRv..134..141B
7076:2006MNRAS.373.1265O
7023:2010ApJ...714.1715F
6918:1992MNRAS.257..135J
6820:2012Sci...336.1291M
6793:2006ASPC..352...79R
6732:2006PNAS..10312232K
6726:(33): 12232–12234,
6685:1990ApJ...365..544B
6642:2001RSPTA.359.1949W
6603:2001RvMP...73.1031F
6499:1994SSRv...69..215J
6454:1990pihl.book..207L
6431:2004IAUS..213..275F
6374:2017nova.pres.2992K
6130:2012Icar..218..262G
6052:1995geph.conf....1Y
5899:1986SciAm.254c..40H
5887:Scientific American
5863:, pp. 341–345.
5765:1999STIN...9941786P
5674:, p. 363, 379.
5171:on October 27, 2011
5138:2018AcAau.151..668M
5086:2009JGRA..114.4306S
5047:Edge of Space Found
4933:Science and Society
4903:1989AdSpR...9c.293C
4830:10.1503/cmaj.090628
4794:, pp. 270–271.
4612:(6375): 1408–1410,
4505:, pp. 188–189.
4459:2010LPICo1538.5272N
4420:2012AsBio..12..498W
4362:2012AsBio..12..517T
4312:2011AsBio..11..281R
4225:, Popular Science,
4138:2011RvMP...83..907L
4079:2010gama.conf...67W
4046:1988ApJ...325..442W
3980:2009ApJ...707..916F
3933:2014FrP.....2...30Y
3897:, pp. 195–196.
3871:1948ApJ...107....6S
3831:2007JMeSJ..85B.193F
3799:on October 15, 2011
3762:2004ASPC..309...33F
3653:1968PASJ...20..230T
3586:2003RvMP...75..559P
3539:1984AJ.....89.1461K
3487:, pp. 329–330.
3447:, pp. 105–308.
3416:2009SciAm.301c..36T
3404:Scientific American
3173:Stuart Wortley 1841
3053:, pp. 650–653.
2944:2010AAS...21631808G
2660:Interstellar travel
2632:space manufacturing
2235:luminiferous aether
2095:Observable Universe
1953:interstellar medium
1860:intracluster medium
1807:Intracluster medium
1797:Intergalactic space
1771:peculiar velocities
1711:number of molecules
1675:interstellar medium
1627:Interstellar medium
1491:horseshoe librators
1470:sphere of influence
1266:North American X-15
1118:Theodore von Kármán
1042:observable universe
1009:acute health hazard
742:subatomic particles
719:elliptical galaxies
566:intergalactic space
487:orders of magnitude
427:recombination epoch
387:Formation and state
358:Theodore von Kármán
273:uncrewed spacecraft
218:explore outer space
175:observable universe
147:kinetic temperature
81:near-perfect vacuum
11536:Molecules in stars
11506:Intergalactic dust
11451:Circumstellar dust
11393:Naphthalene cation
11328:Trihydrogen cation
11304:Hydrogen deuteride
11229:Methyltriacetylene
11064:Hexapentaenylidene
10883:E-Cyanomethanimine
10803:Cyclopropenylidene
10737:Tricarbon monoxide
10727:Silicon tricarbide
10697:Methylene amidogen
10687:Isothiocyanic acid
10602:Thioxoethenylidene
10562:Trihydrogen cation
10376:Titanium(II) oxide
10336:Potassium chloride
10315:Sulfur mononitride
10258:Helium hydride ion
10233:Carbon monosulfide
10052:Other technologies
9083:Maor, Eli (1991),
8413:10.1039/D2TC00318J
7718:10.1007/BF00175313
7686:TIMETAG 003:42:55.
7621:Big Bang Cosmology
7413:, pp. 97–107.
7401:, pp. 99–104.
6507:10.1007/BF02101697
6299:, pp. 12–149.
6156:United States Code
5875:, pp. 32, 42.
5544:"Earth Fact Sheet"
4755:Aerospace Medicine
3855:Spitzer, Lyman Jr.
3711:on 7 December 2013
3240:Astronomy Magazine
2776:Space and survival
2624:
2593:infrared telescope
2553:weather conditions
2549:precise navigation
2534:
2484:interstellar space
2400:
2280:of just 0.31
2259:frame of reference
2255:special relativity
2191:
1903:Near-Earth objects
1899:Inner Solar System
1825:
1811:Intergalactic dust
1728:trihydrogen cation
1659:
1649:of the young star
1633:Interstellar Space
1621:Interstellar space
1556:
1529:
1487:Near-Earth Objects
1427:
1399:Geomagnetic storms
1354:
1225:Bogotá Declaration
1179:Outer Space Treaty
1175:
1053:
1027:. On a round-trip
968:for life in Earth
899:Harry G. Armstrong
837:
630:radiation pressure
548:, allowing stars,
538:
464:, which is called
415:
407:inflationary epoch
210:Outer Space Treaty
69:Earth's atmosphere
58:
11646:
11645:
11561:Pseudo-panspermia
11257:
11256:
11204:Cyanodecapentayne
11144:N-Methylformamide
11119:Methyldiacetylene
11044:Aminoacetonitrile
11014:Methyl isocyanate
10932:Methyl isocyanide
10813:Isocyanoacetylene
10793:Cyanoformaldehyde
10672:Hydrogen peroxide
10557:Potassium cyanide
10513:Magnesium cyanide
10466:Disilicon carbide
10461:Dicarbon monoxide
10268:Hydrogen fluoride
10263:Hydrogen chloride
10144:
10143:
10122:
10121:
10031:Carbonated drinks
10003:Human spaceflight
9883:of items in space
9794:
9793:
9602:978-1-4899-1225-1
9580:978-0-313-35680-3
9560:978-0-86341-553-1
9540:978-1-85233-106-1
9488:978-0-393-05992-2
9467:978-0-691-02490-5
9449:978-0-691-11711-9
9412:978-0-471-29335-4
9394:978-0-521-85593-8
9365:978-0-8050-7256-3
9344:978-0-521-11294-9
9329:Siscoe, George L.
9320:978-1-4398-4163-1
9300:978-3-540-78822-5
9274:978-0-521-65937-6
9254:978-0-521-57244-6
9236:978-0-19-974807-5
9216:978-0-677-04000-4
9190:978-0-16-050631-4
9170:978-0-521-30430-6
9152:978-1-4200-8431-3
9132:978-0-521-31536-4
9114:978-0-7923-7089-5
9094:978-0-691-02511-7
9076:978-0-8493-0595-5
9056:978-1-118-50214-3
9036:978-3-540-29692-8
9016:978-3-642-00310-3
8986:978-1-4020-6769-3
8952:978-0-8135-2908-0
8943:10.1063/1.1420555
8910:978-0-520-23677-6
8890:978-0-387-77639-2
8870:978-0-12-311630-7
8850:978-1-4262-0321-3
8830:978-0-521-22983-8
8810:978-0-387-23671-1
8790:978-81-7764-043-4
8770:978-0-7382-0610-3
8763:, Da Capo Press,
8752:978-0-8014-8785-9
8734:978-0-521-82490-3
8707:978-0-7167-8694-8
8689:978-90-481-9786-6
8654:978-1-85233-164-1
8634:978-3-527-40513-8
8615:978-0-8018-9504-3
8595:978-0-7817-7466-6
8574:978-0-520-03247-7
8556:978-0-06-089781-9
8549:, HarperCollins,
8532:978-0-12-167250-8
8489:978-0-08-045875-5
8452:978-0-7503-0886-1
8407:(27): 9915–9937,
7981:978-92-9092-806-5
7844:, pp. 97–99.
7777:, pp. 89–90.
7753:, pp. 60–63.
7485:, pp. 71–73.
7365:, pp. 64–66.
7296:, pp. 82–87.
6708:, pp. 72–81.
6471:978-3-642-75363-3
6071:on April 26, 2012
6061:978-0-87590-851-9
5574:, pp. 47–48.
5257:on April 27, 2011
5230:on March 22, 2018
5165:Human Spaceflight
5116:Acta Astronautica
4939:(11): 1013–1016,
4864:Radiation Effects
4861:Kennedy, Ann R.,
4824:(13): 1317–1323,
4806:, pp. 15–48.
4096:978-1-4419-7317-7
3197:Harper, Douglas,
3185:Von Humboldt 1845
2885:978-0-444-59874-5
2875:Vacuum Technology
2872:Roth, A. (2012),
2720:thermal radiation
2716:longwave infrared
2504:Earth observation
2386:Human spaceflight
2368:Space exploration
2310:Henrietta Leavitt
2306:cepheid variables
2195:Otto von Guericke
1967:Star associations
1951:and neighbouring
1917:Solar System
1885:Earth-Moon System
1791:termination shock
1584:astronomical unit
1431:high Earth orbits
1412:geomagnetic poles
1309:Location of Earth
1095:atmospheric entry
858:Bacillus subtilis
852:Nicotiana tabacum
702:causes elongated
626:standard pressure
568:is not devoid of
562:initial formation
499:Space environment
360:used the term of
303:that causes both
285:human exploration
141:of less than one
83:of predominantly
79:, constituting a
16:(Redirected from
11739:
11699:
11698:
11697:
11687:
11686:
11685:
11675:
11674:
11663:
11662:
11661:
11654:
11636:
11635:
11634:
11624:
11623:
11622:
11612:
11611:
11610:
11599:
11598:
11546:Organic compound
11446:Chemical formula
11351:Dihydroxyacetone
11299:Hydrogen cyanide
10984:Cyanodiacetylene
10838:Propadienylidene
10732:Thioformaldehyde
10607:Titanium dioxide
10572:Sodium hydroxide
10493:Hydrogen sulfide
10481:Hydrogen cyanide
10441:Carbonyl sulfide
10406:
10397:
10388:
10346:Silicon monoxide
10279:Hydroxyl radical
10191:
10190:
10171:
10164:
10157:
10148:
10147:
10135:
10134:
10133:
9999:
9998:
9802:
9657:
9656:
9639:
9632:
9625:
9616:
9615:
9605:
9583:
9563:
9543:
9525:
9524:
9502:
9491:
9470:
9452:
9432:
9415:
9397:
9373:Sparke, Linda S.
9368:
9347:
9323:
9303:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9257:
9239:
9219:
9199:
9198:
9197:
9173:
9155:
9135:
9117:
9097:
9079:
9059:
9039:
9019:
8999:
8990:
8955:
8913:
8893:
8873:
8853:
8833:
8813:
8793:
8773:
8755:
8737:
8710:
8692:
8657:
8637:
8619:
8598:
8577:
8559:
8535:
8515:
8505:
8501:
8492:
8472:
8455:
8425:
8424:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8371:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8265:
8241:
8235:
8234:
8200:Renewable Energy
8191:
8185:
8184:
8164:
8158:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8084:
8064:
8058:
8057:
8051:
8043:
8041:
8040:
8034:
8027:
8016:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7942:
7940:astro-ph/0103288
7922:
7916:
7915:
7910:, NASA, 12-428,
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7859:Space Foundation
7851:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7808:
7802:
7796:
7790:
7784:
7778:
7772:
7766:
7760:
7754:
7748:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7693:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7642:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7599:
7597:10.1038/127706b0
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7529:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7492:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7468:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7426:
7420:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7384:
7378:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7354:
7348:
7342:
7341:
7331:
7303:
7297:
7291:
7285:
7279:
7273:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7222:
7220:astro-ph/0004309
7202:
7196:
7195:
7169:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7116:
7107:(1–4): 141–153,
7096:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7069:
7067:astro-ph/0605651
7060:(4): 1265–1292,
7049:
7043:
7042:
7016:
6996:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6859:
6850:
6849:
6831:
6814:(6086): 1291–3,
6803:
6797:
6796:
6786:
6784:astro-ph/0601117
6770:
6764:
6763:
6753:
6743:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6596:
6594:astro-ph/0106359
6587:(4): 1031–1066,
6576:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6493:(3–4): 215–253,
6482:
6476:
6475:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6306:
6300:
6297:Papagiannis 1972
6294:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6238:
6237:
6231:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6123:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6070:
6064:, archived from
6045:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6012:"Why We Explore"
6008:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5992:Breaking Defense
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5967:
5956:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5917:
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5852:
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5839:
5837:
5836:
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5823:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5773:
5767:, archived from
5750:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5713:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5684:
5675:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5648:uscode.house.gov
5640:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
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5597:
5595:
5594:
5581:
5575:
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5562:
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5533:
5532:
5530:
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5504:
5502:
5501:
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5480:
5478:
5477:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5413:, archived from
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5322:, archived from
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
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5236:
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5179:
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5009:
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4994:
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4956:
4928:
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4921:
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4879:
4877:
4876:
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4852:
4851:
4841:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:on July 21, 2009
4722:
4716:
4715:, pp. 1–34.
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4694:
4688:, archived from
4655:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4629:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4585:
4574:
4568:
4567:
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4564:
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4543:
4537:
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4534:
4533:
4512:
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4462:
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4440:
4439:
4402:
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4393:
4392:
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4332:
4331:
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4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4270:
4264:
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4260:
4245:
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4238:
4236:
4234:
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4210:
4209:
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4205:
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4182:
4176:
4170:
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4157:
4131:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3973:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3916:
3910:
3909:, p. 28–30.
3904:
3898:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3784:
3778:
3775:Chamberlain 1978
3772:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3753:astro-ph/0401344
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3704:, archived from
3703:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3667:atomic mass unit
3660:
3656:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3579:
3577:astro-ph/0207347
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3363:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3231:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3140:Milton Quarterly
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3078:
3069:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2843:
2842:
2828:
2791:Space technology
2714:. This enhances
2665:Daedalus Project
2512:Space habitation
2336:Arthur Eddington
2321:Georges Lemaître
2298:Andromeda Galaxy
2270:Friedrich Bessel
2210:Nicolaus Cusanus
2091:
2079:Laniakea SCl in
2076:
2058:
2040:
2028:
2013:
2001:
1989:Orion-Cygnus Arm
1985:Molecular clouds
1981:
1963:
1945:
1931:
1913:
1895:
1881:
1723:molecular clouds
1704:molecular clouds
1691:planetary nebula
1489:(NEOs), such as
1361:upper atmosphere
1327:
1326:
1325:Near-Earth space
1279:along an arcing
1244:Geocentric orbit
1126:aerodynamic lift
1122:orbital velocity
1099:atmospheric drag
1023:, lungs and the
1017:white blood cell
947:if not managed.
925:partial pressure
823:Animals in space
780:molecular clouds
681:Boomerang Nebula
638:dynamic pressure
616:
560:, following the
523:, including the
507:Space weathering
450:spatial geometry
436:The present day
401:Timeline of the
241:Andromeda galaxy
73:celestial bodies
43:
36:
21:
11747:
11746:
11742:
11741:
11740:
11738:
11737:
11736:
11707:
11706:
11705:
11695:
11693:
11683:
11681:
11669:
11659:
11657:
11649:
11647:
11642:
11632:
11630:
11620:
11618:
11608:
11606:
11586:
11412:
11388:
11379:
11332:
11322:
11265:
11253:
11234:Propionaldehyde
11209:Ethylene glycol
11198:
11190:
11186:
11157:
11155:
11148:
11104:Cyanohexatriyne
11090:
11083:
11030:
11023:
10958:
10951:
10911:
10864:
10857:
10828:Methoxy radical
10758:
10751:
10747:Thiocyanic acid
10628:
10621:
10531:
10471:Ethynyl radical
10407:
10401:
10400:
10399:
10398:
10392:
10391:
10390:
10389:
10380:
10371:Sulfur monoxide
10356:Sodium chloride
10341:Silicon carbide
10248:Diatomic carbon
10238:Carbon monoxide
10180:
10175:
10145:
10140:
10131:
10129:
10118:
10047:
9988:
9853:
9803:
9790:
9715:
9648:
9643:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9581:
9561:
9541:
9489:
9468:
9450:
9413:
9395:
9366:
9345:
9321:
9301:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9255:
9237:
9217:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9171:
9153:
9133:
9115:
9095:
9077:
9057:
9037:
9017:
8987:
8953:
8911:
8891:
8871:
8851:
8831:
8811:
8791:
8771:
8753:
8735:
8708:
8690:
8655:
8635:
8616:
8596:
8575:
8557:
8533:
8503:
8490:
8453:
8434:
8429:
8428:
8393:
8389:
8344:
8340:
8302:
8298:
8242:
8238:
8192:
8188:
8165:
8161:
8153:
8149:
8142:10.2514/1.16244
8118:
8114:
8065:
8061:
8045:
8044:
8038:
8036:
8032:
8025:
8017:
8013:
8004:
8002:
7993:
7989:
7982:
7960:
7956:
7923:
7919:
7902:
7898:
7889:
7887:
7885:Washington Post
7877:
7873:
7864:
7862:
7853:
7852:
7848:
7840:
7836:
7826:
7824:
7809:
7805:
7797:
7793:
7785:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7761:
7757:
7749:
7745:
7737:
7733:
7694:
7690:
7679:
7677:
7662:
7658:
7643:
7636:
7627:
7625:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7569:
7565:
7557:
7553:
7544:
7542:
7531:
7530:
7526:
7493:
7489:
7481:
7477:
7469:
7465:
7457:
7453:
7445:
7441:
7433:
7429:
7421:
7417:
7409:
7405:
7397:
7393:
7385:
7381:
7373:
7369:
7361:
7357:
7349:
7345:
7304:
7300:
7292:
7288:
7280:
7276:
7268:
7264:
7256:
7252:
7203:
7199:
7150:
7146:
7097:
7093:
7050:
7046:
6997:
6990:
6981:
6979:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6956:
6954:
6939:
6935:
6900:
6896:
6888:
6884:
6875:
6873:
6860:
6853:
6804:
6800:
6771:
6767:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6669:
6665:
6630:
6626:
6577:
6570:
6561:
6559:
6549:
6545:
6526:
6522:
6483:
6479:
6472:
6448:, p. 207,
6442:
6438:
6419:
6415:
6405:
6403:
6391:
6387:
6378:
6376:
6358:
6354:
6345:
6343:
6330:
6326:
6307:
6303:
6295:
6288:
6279:
6277:
6273:Moon Fact Sheet
6268:
6265:384,400 km
6264:
6262:
6258:
6248:
6246:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6209:
6207:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6189:Williamson 2006
6187:
6183:
6175:
6171:
6161:
6159:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6104:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6021:
6019:
6018:, June 13, 2013
6010:
6009:
6005:
5996:
5994:
5984:
5980:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5937:
5933:
5925:
5921:
5883:
5879:
5871:
5867:
5859:
5855:
5847:
5843:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5800:
5798:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5748:
5742:
5738:
5729:
5727:
5714:
5707:
5697:
5695:
5685:
5678:
5670:
5663:
5653:
5651:
5642:
5641:
5632:
5623:
5621:
5608:
5601:
5592:
5590:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5557:
5555:
5540:
5536:
5527:
5525:
5512:
5508:
5499:
5497:
5493:X-15 Walkaround
5488:
5484:
5475:
5473:
5458:
5454:
5445:
5443:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5420:
5418:
5399:
5395:
5386:
5384:
5369:
5365:
5356:
5354:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5329:
5327:
5312:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5287:
5285:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5260:
5258:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5187:
5183:
5174:
5172:
5157:
5153:
5112:
5103:
5070:
5066:
5057:
5055:
5042:
5038:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4991:
4989:
4979:
4970:
4929:
4925:
4897:(10): 293–298,
4887:
4883:
4874:
4872:
4859:
4855:
4814:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4778:
4774:
4751:
4747:
4738:
4736:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4653:
4647:
4643:
4602:
4598:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4562:
4560:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4531:
4529:
4513:
4509:
4503:Piantadosi 2003
4501:
4497:
4488:
4486:
4470:
4466:
4447:
4443:
4403:
4399:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4296:
4292:
4283:
4281:
4271:
4267:
4258:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4112:
4108:
4097:
4065:
4061:
4030:
4026:
4017:
4015:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3954:
3950:
3917:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3886:
3852:
3848:
3815:
3811:
3802:
3800:
3785:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3740:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3658:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3560:
3556:
3523:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3400:
3393:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3267:
3264:Merriam-Webster
3258:
3257:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3108:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3032:
3030:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2928:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2756:Olbers' paradox
2736:
2724:infrared window
2654:space elevators
2628:asteroid mining
2605:radio telescope
2603:could shield a
2597:Daedalus crater
2514:
2492:
2388:
2374:
2366:Main articles:
2364:
2251:Albert Einstein
2227:William Gilbert
2155:Galileo Galilei
2116:suggested that
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1813:
1801:Main articles:
1799:
1732:carbon monoxide
1719:radio astronomy
1671:stellar systems
1636:
1629:
1623:
1552:solar radiation
1548:comet Hale–Bopp
1540:
1534:
1479:Earth's orbital
1459:Lagrange points
1443:transfer orbits
1345:on satellites.
1339:space pollution
1324:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1289:escape velocity
1262:low Earth orbit
1250:
1242:Main articles:
1240:
1191:nuclear weapons
1160:
1154:
1076:sounding rocket
1069:Astronaut wings
1045:
1038:
998:red blood cells
963:
955:Main articles:
953:
882:
876:
863:lithopanspermia
825:
819:Plants in space
807:
805:Bioastronautics
795:Main articles:
793:
788:
765:low Earth orbit
675:.) The current
614:
613:drops to about
589:, which is the
509:
497:Main articles:
495:
395:
389:
317:
265:low Earth orbit
245:balloon flights
149:of millions of
114:. The baseline
108:magnetic fields
94:, permeated by
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11745:
11735:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11704:
11703:
11691:
11679:
11667:
11644:
11643:
11641:
11640:
11628:
11616:
11604:
11591:
11588:
11587:
11585:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11471:Cosmochemistry
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11436:Astrochemistry
11433:
11428:
11422:
11420:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11386:
11382:
11377:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11342:
11340:
11334:
11333:
11331:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11289:Formyl radical
11286:
11281:
11275:
11269:
11267:
11259:
11258:
11255:
11254:
11252:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11219:Methyl acetate
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11192:
11188:
11184:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11162:
11160:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11109:Dimethyl ether
11106:
11101:
11095:
11093:
11085:
11084:
11082:
11081:
11076:
11074:Methyl formate
11071:
11066:
11061:
11059:Glycolaldehyde
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11035:
11033:
11025:
11024:
11022:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10994:Glycolonitrile
10991:
10989:Ethylene oxide
10986:
10981:
10980:
10979:
10969:
10963:
10961:
10953:
10952:
10950:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10888:Cyclopropenone
10885:
10880:
10875:
10869:
10867:
10859:
10858:
10856:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10788:Cyanoacetylene
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10763:
10761:
10753:
10752:
10750:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10707:Methyl radical
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10682:Isocyanic acid
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10647:Isocyanic acid
10644:
10639:
10633:
10631:
10623:
10622:
10620:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10592:Sulfur dioxide
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10567:Sodium cyanide
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10484:
10478:
10476:Formyl radical
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10436:Carbon dioxide
10433:
10428:
10423:
10417:
10415:
10409:
10408:
10383:
10381:
10379:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10284:Iron(II) oxide
10281:
10276:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10199:
10197:
10188:
10182:
10181:
10174:
10173:
10166:
10159:
10151:
10142:
10141:
10127:
10124:
10123:
10120:
10119:
10117:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10100:
10099:
10098:
10097:
10095:for spacecraft
10092:
10084:
10079:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10055:
10053:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10007:
10005:
9996:
9990:
9989:
9987:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9960:
9959:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9918:
9917:
9912:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9886:
9885:
9880:
9872:
9867:
9861:
9859:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9851:
9850:
9849:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9813:
9811:
9805:
9804:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9791:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9786:
9776:
9774:Microorganisms
9771:
9766:
9765:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9723:
9721:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9702:
9701:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9669:The human body
9665:
9663:
9654:
9650:
9649:
9642:
9641:
9634:
9627:
9619:
9612:
9611:External links
9609:
9607:
9606:
9601:
9584:
9579:
9564:
9559:
9544:
9539:
9526:
9503:
9492:
9487:
9471:
9466:
9453:
9448:
9433:
9416:
9411:
9398:
9393:
9369:
9364:
9348:
9343:
9324:
9319:
9304:
9299:
9284:
9273:
9258:
9253:
9240:
9235:
9220:
9215:
9200:
9189:
9174:
9169:
9156:
9151:
9136:
9131:
9118:
9113:
9098:
9093:
9080:
9075:
9060:
9055:
9049:, John Wiley,
9040:
9035:
9020:
9015:
9000:
8991:
8985:
8956:
8951:
8914:
8909:
8894:
8889:
8874:
8869:
8854:
8849:
8834:
8829:
8814:
8809:
8794:
8789:
8774:
8769:
8756:
8751:
8738:
8733:
8711:
8706:
8693:
8688:
8658:
8653:
8638:
8633:
8620:
8614:
8599:
8594:
8579:
8573:
8560:
8555:
8536:
8531:
8516:
8507:
8493:
8488:
8473:
8471:, NASA SP-3006
8456:
8451:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8387:
8383:(λ ~ 8–13 μm).
8338:
8296:
8236:
8186:
8159:
8147:
8128:(3): 696–698,
8112:
8075:(4): 307–313,
8059:
8011:
7987:
7980:
7954:
7933:(105): 60–63,
7917:
7896:
7871:
7846:
7834:
7803:
7791:
7779:
7767:
7755:
7743:
7731:
7704:(2): 199–242,
7688:
7656:
7634:
7611:
7563:
7551:
7524:
7518:10.1086/132128
7487:
7475:
7473:, p. 195.
7463:
7451:
7439:
7435:Hariharan 2003
7427:
7425:, p. 356.
7415:
7403:
7391:
7379:
7367:
7355:
7343:
7298:
7286:
7274:
7262:
7250:
7237:10.1086/318249
7197:
7144:
7091:
7044:
6988:
6963:
6933:
6912:(1): 135–151,
6894:
6882:
6851:
6798:
6765:
6710:
6706:Rauchfuss 2008
6698:
6693:10.1086/169509
6663:
6624:
6568:
6543:
6520:
6477:
6470:
6436:
6413:
6385:
6352:
6324:
6315:Universe Today
6301:
6286:
6256:
6216:
6193:
6181:
6169:
6143:
6114:(1): 262–277,
6098:
6096:, p. 253.
6086:
6060:
6029:
6003:
5978:
5943:
5941:, p. 244.
5931:
5929:, p. 275.
5919:
5877:
5865:
5853:
5851:, p. 379.
5841:
5807:
5784:
5736:
5705:
5676:
5661:
5630:
5599:
5576:
5564:
5534:
5506:
5482:
5452:
5427:
5393:
5363:
5336:
5306:
5294:
5267:
5240:
5207:
5181:
5151:
5101:
5080:(A4): A04306,
5064:
5036:
5010:
4998:
4968:
4923:
4881:
4853:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4761:(4): 376–383,
4745:
4717:
4705:
4641:
4596:
4569:
4538:
4507:
4495:
4464:
4441:
4414:(5): 498–507,
4397:
4356:(5): 517–528,
4333:
4306:(4): 281–292,
4290:
4265:
4240:
4211:
4183:
4171:
4169:, p. 462.
4159:
4122:(3): 907–942,
4106:
4095:
4059:
4054:10.1086/166015
4024:
4001:
3964:(2): 916–920,
3948:
3911:
3899:
3884:
3879:10.1086/144984
3846:
3809:
3779:
3767:
3734:
3722:
3687:
3675:
3631:
3606:
3570:(2): 559–606,
3554:
3548:10.1086/113647
3517:
3489:
3477:
3449:
3437:
3391:
3338:
3336:, pp. 33.
3326:
3301:
3276:
3251:
3219:
3189:
3177:
3175:, p. 410.
3165:
3146:(3): 167–182,
3130:
3102:
3070:
3055:
3043:
3010:
2961:
2949:
2919:
2891:
2884:
2864:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2681:Alpha Centauri
2618:Concept for a
2566:climate change
2557:remote sensing
2491:
2488:
2439:William Anders
2363:
2360:
2243:speed of light
2215:Giordano Bruno
2136:René Descartes
2109:
2106:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2018:Milky Way
2015:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1798:
1795:
1751:constellations
1645:formed by the
1625:Main article:
1622:
1619:
1607:zodiacal light
1536:Main article:
1533:
1530:
1447:Cislunar space
1315:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1239:
1236:
1156:Main article:
1153:
1150:
1114:United Nations
1059:High-altitude
1037:
1034:
1021:nervous system
986:muscle atrophy
966:Humans evolved
957:Weightlessness
952:
949:
895:Armstrong line
878:Main article:
875:
872:
801:Space medicine
792:
789:
787:
784:
729:. Non-thermal
579:mean free path
574:hydrogen atoms
542:perfect vacuum
521:zodiacal light
494:
491:
473:energy density
421:which rapidly
391:Main article:
388:
385:
316:
313:
305:muscle atrophy
249:rocket flights
222:UN resolutions
139:number density
26:
18:Cislunar space
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11744:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11722:Space plasmas
11720:
11718:
11715:
11714:
11712:
11702:
11692:
11690:
11680:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11666:
11656:
11655:
11652:
11639:
11629:
11627:
11617:
11615:
11605:
11603:
11602:
11593:
11592:
11589:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11501:Homochirality
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11423:
11421:
11419:
11415:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11383:
11381:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11356:Methoxyethane
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11343:
11341:
11339:
11335:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11264:
11260:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11239:Butyronitrile
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11214:Ethyl formate
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11193:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11163:
11161:
11159:
11151:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11139:Propionitrile
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11096:
11094:
11092:
11086:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11032:
11026:
11020:
11019:Vinyl alcohol
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10978:
10977:Vinyl cyanide
10975:
10974:
10973:
10972:Acrylonitrile
10970:
10968:
10965:
10964:
10962:
10960:
10954:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10937:Pentynylidyne
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10870:
10868:
10866:
10860:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10833:Methylenimine
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10768:
10765:
10764:
10762:
10760:
10754:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10712:Propynylidyne
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10702:Methyl cation
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10662:Fulminic acid
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10624:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10537:Nitrous oxide
10535:
10533:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10488:
10485:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10431:Amino radical
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10418:
10416:
10414:
10410:
10405:
10396:
10387:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10361:Sodium iodide
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10243:Cyano radical
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10223:Carbon cation
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10200:
10198:
10196:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10172:
10167:
10165:
10160:
10158:
10153:
10152:
10149:
10139:
10138:
10125:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10087:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10064:Manufacturing
10062:
10060:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10050:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10032:
10029:
10028:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10006:
10004:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9991:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9958:
9955:
9954:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9907:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9875:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9856:
9848:
9845:
9844:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9837:Magnetosphere
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9814:
9812:
9810:
9806:
9801:
9785:
9782:
9781:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9729:
9728:
9725:
9724:
9722:
9718:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9658:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9640:
9635:
9633:
9628:
9626:
9621:
9620:
9617:
9604:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9585:
9582:
9576:
9572:
9571:
9565:
9562:
9556:
9552:
9551:
9545:
9542:
9536:
9532:
9527:
9523:
9518:
9514:
9513:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9499:
9493:
9490:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9469:
9463:
9459:
9454:
9451:
9445:
9441:
9440:
9434:
9431:
9427:
9426:
9421:
9417:
9414:
9408:
9404:
9399:
9396:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9367:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9346:
9340:
9336:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9322:
9316:
9313:, CRC Press,
9312:
9311:
9305:
9302:
9296:
9292:
9291:
9285:
9276:
9270:
9266:
9265:
9259:
9256:
9250:
9246:
9241:
9238:
9232:
9228:
9227:
9221:
9218:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9201:
9192:
9186:
9182:
9181:
9175:
9172:
9166:
9162:
9157:
9154:
9148:
9144:
9143:
9137:
9134:
9128:
9124:
9119:
9116:
9110:
9106:
9105:
9099:
9096:
9090:
9086:
9081:
9078:
9072:
9068:
9067:
9061:
9058:
9052:
9048:
9047:
9041:
9038:
9032:
9028:
9027:
9021:
9018:
9012:
9008:
9007:
9001:
8997:
8992:
8988:
8982:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8957:
8954:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8923:Physics Today
8920:
8915:
8912:
8906:
8902:
8901:
8895:
8892:
8886:
8882:
8881:
8875:
8872:
8866:
8862:
8861:
8855:
8852:
8846:
8842:
8841:
8835:
8832:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8815:
8812:
8806:
8802:
8801:
8795:
8792:
8786:
8782:
8781:
8775:
8772:
8766:
8762:
8757:
8754:
8748:
8744:
8739:
8736:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8712:
8709:
8703:
8699:
8694:
8691:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8659:
8656:
8650:
8646:
8645:
8639:
8636:
8630:
8627:, Wiley-VCH,
8626:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8607:
8606:
8600:
8597:
8591:
8587:
8586:
8580:
8576:
8570:
8566:
8561:
8558:
8552:
8548:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8534:
8528:
8524:
8523:
8517:
8513:
8508:
8499:
8494:
8491:
8485:
8481:
8480:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8457:
8454:
8448:
8444:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8391:
8384:
8379:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8342:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8300:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8190:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8163:
8157:, p. xv.
8156:
8155:Bolonkin 2010
8151:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8116:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8063:
8055:
8049:
8035:on 2011-07-06
8031:
8024:
8023:
8015:
8000:
7999:
7991:
7983:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7958:
7950:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7921:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7900:
7886:
7882:
7875:
7860:
7856:
7850:
7843:
7838:
7822:
7819:, Space.com,
7818:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7795:
7789:, p. 86.
7788:
7783:
7776:
7771:
7764:
7759:
7752:
7751:Harrison 2002
7747:
7740:
7735:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7692:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7660:
7652:
7648:
7641:
7639:
7623:
7622:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7582:(3210): 706,
7581:
7577:
7573:
7567:
7560:
7555:
7540:
7536:
7535:
7528:
7519:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7479:
7472:
7467:
7460:
7455:
7448:
7443:
7436:
7431:
7424:
7419:
7412:
7407:
7400:
7395:
7389:, p. 22.
7388:
7383:
7376:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7352:
7347:
7339:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7290:
7283:
7278:
7272:, p. 27.
7271:
7266:
7260:, p. 10.
7259:
7254:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7148:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7086:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7048:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6993:
6977:
6973:
6967:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6937:
6928:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6906:
6898:
6892:, p. 67.
6891:
6886:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6858:
6856:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6776:
6769:
6761:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6702:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6667:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6575:
6573:
6558:
6554:
6547:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6473:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6417:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6389:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6356:
6342:on 2009-10-14
6341:
6337:
6336:
6328:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6293:
6291:
6275:
6274:
6260:
6253:
6244:
6228:
6227:
6220:
6206:
6205:
6197:
6191:, p. 97.
6190:
6185:
6179:, p. 57.
6178:
6173:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6094:Barbieri 2006
6090:
6083:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6041:
6033:
6017:
6013:
6007:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5947:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5927:Mendillo 2000
5923:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5873:Koskinen 2010
5869:
5862:
5857:
5850:
5845:
5827:
5820:
5819:
5811:
5796:
5795:
5794:Photo Gallery
5788:
5774:on 2000-09-01
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5712:
5710:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5681:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5606:
5604:
5588:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5568:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5538:
5524:on 2017-08-29
5523:
5519:
5518:
5510:
5495:
5494:
5486:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5417:on 2011-09-27
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5340:
5326:on 2019-03-28
5325:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5298:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5271:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5226:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5053:
5050:, space.com,
5049:
5048:
5040:
5022:
5021:
5014:
5008:, p. 16.
5007:
5002:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4788:
4782:, p. 68.
4781:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4721:
4714:
4713:Billings 1973
4709:
4695:on 2012-04-26
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4582:
4581:
4573:
4558:
4551:
4550:
4542:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4215:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3895:Prialnik 2000
3891:
3889:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3821:, Series II,
3820:
3813:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3732:, p. 93.
3731:
3726:
3707:
3700:
3699:
3691:
3684:
3679:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:: 1461–1463,
3532:
3528:
3521:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3330:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3187:, p. 39.
3186:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3106:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3068:, p. 84.
3067:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Space station
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:space economy
2537:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:Space science
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:minor planets
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:Robert Herman
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:Erich Regener
2337:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2266:Thomas Digges
2262:
2260:
2256:
2253:'s theory of
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2185:The original
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2171:Blaise Pascal
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2143:ancient China
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2000:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1935:Nearest stars
1930:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:stellar winds
1664:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:magnetosphere
1644:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:atomic nuclei
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:Earth trojans
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:magnetosphere
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1248:Orbital decay
1245:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Space Shuttle
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1002:immune system
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
980:, headaches,
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
958:
948:
946:
945:gas embolisms
942:
938:
937:pressure suit
933:
931:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
871:
869:
868:microorganism
864:
860:
859:
854:
853:
848:
847:
842:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
806:
802:
798:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:
761:
759:
758:health threat
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
731:radio sources
728:
724:
720:
717:
714:processes in
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
650:space weather
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
536:
532:
531:
526:
522:
518:
513:
508:
504:
503:Space weather
500:
490:
488:
483:
479:
474:
469:
467:
463:
462:vacuum energy
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
408:
404:
399:
394:
384:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:outward space
334:
332:
331:
330:Paradise Lost
326:
322:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:hydrogen atom
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
55:
50:
46:
41:
34:
19:
11727:Environments
11701:Solar System
11594:
11577:Spectroscopy
11550:
11431:Astrobiology
11284:Formaldehyde
11176:Benzonitrile
10967:Acetaldehyde
10922:Methanethiol
10873:Acetonitrile
10778:Carbodiimide
10657:Formaldehyde
10652:Cyanoethynyl
10503:Iron cyanide
10498:Hydroperoxyl
10299:Nitric oxide
10128:
10016:Architecture
9900:Colonization
9874:Archaeology
9689:Neuroscience
9646:... in space
9592:
9569:
9549:
9533:, Springer,
9530:
9511:
9497:
9478:
9457:
9438:
9429:
9424:
9402:
9376:
9356:The Big Bang
9355:
9352:Silk, Joseph
9333:
9309:
9289:
9278:, retrieved
9263:
9244:
9225:
9205:
9194:, retrieved
9179:
9160:
9141:
9122:
9103:
9084:
9065:
9045:
9025:
9005:
8995:
8960:
8926:
8922:
8899:
8879:
8859:
8839:
8819:
8799:
8779:
8760:
8742:
8716:
8697:
8663:
8643:
8624:
8604:
8584:
8564:
8545:
8521:
8511:
8497:
8482:, Elsevier,
8478:
8460:
8441:
8404:
8400:
8390:
8381:
8354:(365): 365,
8351:
8347:
8341:
8333:
8313:
8309:
8299:
8291:
8253:
8249:
8239:
8231:
8203:
8199:
8189:
8172:
8168:
8162:
8150:
8125:
8121:
8115:
8072:
8068:
8062:
8037:, retrieved
8030:the original
8021:
8014:
8003:, retrieved
7997:
7990:
7963:
7957:
7930:
7927:ESA Bulletin
7926:
7920:
7906:
7899:
7888:, retrieved
7884:
7874:
7863:, retrieved
7861:, 2023-07-25
7858:
7849:
7837:
7827:13 September
7825:, retrieved
7816:
7806:
7794:
7787:Collins 2007
7782:
7770:
7758:
7746:
7739:O'Leary 2009
7734:
7701:
7697:
7691:
7678:, retrieved
7674:the original
7669:
7659:
7650:
7646:
7626:, retrieved
7620:
7614:
7579:
7575:
7572:Lemaître, G.
7566:
7554:
7543:, retrieved
7533:
7527:
7500:
7496:
7490:
7478:
7466:
7459:Thagard 1992
7454:
7442:
7437:, p. 2.
7430:
7418:
7406:
7394:
7382:
7370:
7358:
7346:
7314:(2): 66–73,
7311:
7307:
7301:
7289:
7284:, p. 5.
7277:
7265:
7253:
7210:
7206:
7200:
7157:
7153:
7147:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7057:
7053:
7047:
7004:
7000:
6980:, retrieved
6978:, 2022-06-16
6975:
6966:
6955:, retrieved
6946:
6936:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6890:Wszolek 2013
6885:
6874:, retrieved
6864:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6774:
6768:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6701:
6676:
6672:
6666:
6633:
6627:
6584:
6580:
6560:. Retrieved
6556:
6546:
6536:, 2013-278,
6533:
6523:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6445:
6439:
6422:
6416:
6404:, retrieved
6398:
6388:
6377:, retrieved
6365:
6355:
6344:, retrieved
6340:the original
6334:
6327:
6314:
6304:
6278:, retrieved
6272:
6259:
6242:
6240:
6234:, retrieved
6225:
6219:
6208:, retrieved
6203:
6196:
6184:
6177:Dickson 2010
6172:
6160:, retrieved
6155:
6146:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6089:
6073:, retrieved
6066:the original
6039:
6032:
6022:December 17,
6020:, retrieved
6015:
6006:
5995:, retrieved
5991:
5981:
5970:, retrieved
5958:
5946:
5939:Goodman 2006
5934:
5922:
5893:(3): 40–47,
5890:
5886:
5880:
5868:
5856:
5844:
5833:, retrieved
5817:
5810:
5799:, retrieved
5793:
5787:
5776:, retrieved
5769:the original
5759:, NASA: 13,
5756:
5752:
5739:
5728:, retrieved
5718:
5696:, retrieved
5692:
5654:December 17,
5652:, retrieved
5647:
5622:, retrieved
5612:
5591:, retrieved
5585:
5579:
5567:
5556:, retrieved
5547:
5537:
5526:, retrieved
5522:the original
5516:
5509:
5498:, retrieved
5492:
5485:
5474:, retrieved
5466:Space Future
5465:
5455:
5444:, retrieved
5442:, 2023-03-09
5439:
5430:
5419:, retrieved
5415:the original
5410:
5406:
5396:
5385:, retrieved
5376:
5366:
5355:, retrieved
5351:the original
5345:
5339:
5328:, retrieved
5324:the original
5319:
5309:
5304:, p. 4.
5297:
5286:, retrieved
5276:
5270:
5259:, retrieved
5255:the original
5249:
5243:
5232:, retrieved
5225:the original
5216:
5210:
5198:, retrieved
5194:
5184:
5173:, retrieved
5169:the original
5164:
5154:
5119:
5115:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5056:, retrieved
5046:
5039:
5028:, retrieved
5019:
5013:
5001:
4990:. Retrieved
4986:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4873:, retrieved
4863:
4856:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4737:, retrieved
4733:the original
4727:
4720:
4708:
4697:, retrieved
4690:the original
4664:(1): 85–91,
4661:
4657:
4644:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4588:, retrieved
4579:
4572:
4561:, retrieved
4548:
4541:
4530:, retrieved
4517:
4510:
4498:
4487:, retrieved
4474:
4467:
4450:
4444:
4411:
4408:Astrobiology
4407:
4400:
4389:, retrieved
4353:
4350:Astrobiology
4349:
4336:
4303:
4300:Astrobiology
4299:
4293:
4282:. Retrieved
4278:
4268:
4257:. Retrieved
4255:. 2023-08-03
4252:
4243:
4233:February 19,
4231:, retrieved
4221:
4214:
4204:February 19,
4202:, retrieved
4192:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4069:
4062:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4016:, retrieved
4010:
4004:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3907:Spitzer 1978
3902:
3862:
3858:
3849:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3801:, retrieved
3797:the original
3792:
3782:
3777:, p. 2.
3770:
3743:
3737:
3725:
3715:13 September
3713:, retrieved
3706:the original
3697:
3690:
3678:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3622:, retrieved
3618:
3615:"False Dawn"
3609:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3509:, retrieved
3499:
3492:
3480:
3468:, retrieved
3458:
3452:
3440:
3410:(3): 36–43,
3407:
3403:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3329:
3318:, retrieved
3313:
3304:
3293:, retrieved
3291:, 2022-05-17
3288:
3279:
3268:, retrieved
3266:, 2022-05-17
3263:
3254:
3243:. Retrieved
3239:
3211:, retrieved
3202:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3122:, retrieved
3112:
3105:
3094:, retrieved
3085:
3066:O'Leary 2009
3046:
3038:
3031:, retrieved
3023:NASA Science
3022:
3013:
2980:
2974:
2964:
2952:
2935:
2931:
2911:, retrieved
2901:
2894:
2874:
2867:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2839:, retrieved
2835:
2826:
2705:
2658:
2625:
2578:
2562:surveillance
2538:
2535:
2477:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2431:Frank Borman
2423:Yuri Gagarin
2404:
2401:
2378:Astronautics
2348:Ralph Alpher
2329:
2314:
2302:Edwin Hubble
2290:Heber Curtis
2263:
2232:
2219:heliocentric
2207:
2203:horror vacui
2202:
2192:
2167:air pressure
2152:
2140:
2123:horror vacui
2121:
2117:
2111:
2066:Laniakea SCl
1971:Local Bubble
1852:
1837:
1833:cosmic voids
1826:
1821:cosmic voids
1768:
1763:astrospheres
1743:Local Bubble
1736:
1708:
1683:
1665:, formed by
1663:astrospheres
1660:
1655:Orion Nebula
1611:
1581:
1560:Solar System
1557:
1508:
1507:
1463:
1451:lunar orbits
1446:
1428:
1392:
1384:heliophysics
1381:
1373:magnetopause
1356:
1355:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1293:
1270:
1251:
1232:space debris
1229:
1221:
1200:
1182:
1176:
1172:space debris
1168:SM-3 missile
1152:Legal status
1146:
1141:
1138:astronautics
1130:aerodynamics
1103:
1080:
1073:
1058:
1054:
1006:
964:
961:Radiobiology
934:
918:
903:
883:
856:
850:
844:
838:
811:Astrobiology
786:Human access
762:
739:
708:polarization
689:
685:solar corona
654:
646:thermosphere
603:
539:
528:
527:(edges) and
524:
470:
435:
416:
374:
361:
356:after 1901.
345:
337:
335:
328:
320:
318:
297:Microgravity
281:Solar System
257:Soviet Union
253:Yuri Gagarin
237:air pressure
234:
198:stratosphere
187:
167:star systems
128:
71:and between
64:
60:
59:
45:
11717:Outer space
11689:Spaceflight
11551:Outer space
11461:Cosmic dust
11426:Abiogenesis
11338:Unconfirmed
11294:Heavy water
11134:Ethanethiol
11049:Cyanoallene
11039:Acetic acid
11009:Methylamine
10893:Diacetylene
10808:Formic acid
10798:Cyanomethyl
10456:Diazenylium
10446:CCP radical
10322:(molecular)
10306:(molecular)
10275:(molecular)
9927:Exploration
9865:Advertising
9809:Environment
9784:Astrobotany
9747:Fruit flies
8206:: 129–136,
8175:: 377–400,
7842:Razani 2012
7799:Harris 2008
7763:Orloff 2001
7680:October 29,
7653:(3): 79–87.
7363:Cajori 1917
7282:Eckert 2006
7007:(2): 1715,
6679:: 544–558,
6400:EurekAlert!
6082:mean radius
5122:: 668–677,
4780:Ellery 2000
4040:: 442–467,
3825:: 193–213,
3730:Davies 1977
3671:1.66 × 10 g
3663:Local Group
3659:7 × 10 g/cm
3624:14 February
3619:www.eso.org
3334:Liddle 2015
2983:: 425–472,
2848:Outer space
2685:light sails
2528:of Earth's
2490:Application
2406:Explorer II
2382:Spaceflight
2362:Exploration
2344:cosmic rays
2292:noted that
2288:. In 1917,
2286:light years
2247:null result
2199:vacuum pump
2175:Puy de Dôme
2128:ontological
2048:Local Group
1781:and NASA's
1699:shock waves
1697:propagates
1568:heliosphere
1503:quasi-moons
1474:Hill sphere
1388:magnetotail
1258:centrifugal
1254:centripetal
1238:Earth orbit
1216:Moon Treaty
1183:outer space
1106:Kármán line
1013:cosmic rays
815:Astrobotany
772:arc welding
727:radio lobes
704:dust grains
671:called the
606:atmospheres
530:gegenschein
493:Environment
478:black holes
466:dark energy
411:accelerates
381:space-based
354:H. G. Wells
346:outer space
325:John Milton
315:Terminology
261:spaceflight
230:Earth orbit
190:Kármán line
183:dark energy
179:dark matter
171:mass-energy
116:temperature
100:cosmic rays
63:(or simply
61:Outer space
11711:Categories
11466:Cosmic ray
11408:Silylidyne
11371:Hemolithin
11346:Anthracene
11263:Deuterated
11244:Pyrimidine
11054:Ethanimine
10917:Ketenimine
10773:Butadiynyl
10597:Thioformyl
10451:Chloronium
10109:Telescopes
9994:Technology
9847:Weathering
9694:Psychology
9679:Locomotion
9280:2015-03-26
9196:2008-01-28
8263:2103.03902
8039:2010-01-12
8005:2024-05-29
7890:2024-04-24
7865:2024-04-24
7628:2024-04-24
7545:2011-09-12
7411:Kelly 1965
7399:Gatti 2002
7258:Grant 1981
7213:(1): 100,
7160:(1): 378,
6982:2024-04-16
6957:2009-06-19
6876:2012-05-14
6562:2024-01-30
6379:2019-01-31
6346:2009-10-20
6280:2023-09-23
6251:10 km
6243:deep space
6236:2018-02-05
6210:2018-01-15
6162:January 5,
6075:2011-12-31
5997:2022-12-17
5972:2012-04-07
5835:2012-04-15
5801:2024-04-27
5778:2012-05-05
5730:2016-02-10
5698:8 December
5624:2011-12-31
5593:2024-04-29
5572:Ghosh 2000
5558:2012-05-10
5528:2012-01-21
5500:2009-06-19
5476:2012-03-18
5446:2024-04-24
5421:2011-10-14
5387:2011-10-14
5357:2009-12-30
5330:2019-03-28
5288:2009-12-30
5261:2009-12-30
5234:2018-03-22
5195:The Nation
5175:2011-12-16
5129:1807.07894
5058:2009-06-19
5030:2022-12-18
4992:2024-04-30
4875:2011-12-16
4739:2009-06-19
4699:2011-12-16
4590:2022-12-20
4563:2011-12-23
4532:2022-12-18
4518:Barotrauma
4489:2024-04-25
4391:2013-05-19
4284:2024-09-18
4259:2024-09-18
4018:2020-10-07
3803:2011-10-23
3511:2011-10-14
3320:2024-04-28
3295:2022-05-18
3270:2022-05-18
3245:2024-04-30
3213:2008-03-24
3124:2009-06-19
3096:2015-11-10
2913:2013-04-27
2841:2024-06-17
2813:References
2781:Space race
2766:Panspermia
2697:antimatter
2530:ionosphere
2494:See also:
2435:Jim Lovell
2419:R-7 rocket
2411:A-4 rocket
2376:See also:
2282:arcseconds
2147:Zhang Heng
2132:Parmenides
1921:Oort cloud
1775:bow shocks
1679:astropause
1651:LL Orionis
1576:heliopause
1509:Deep space
1505:to Earth.
1483:co-orbital
1377:ionosphere
1307:See also:
1281:trajectory
1273:spacecraft
1142:free space
1063:, such as
833:space suit
809:See also:
677:black body
642:solar wind
595:scattering
591:absorption
587:extinction
525:false dawn
377:Spaceborne
362:free space
301:physiology
202:mesosphere
11665:Astronomy
11398:Phosphine
11266:molecules
11199:fullerene
11099:Acetamide
10903:Formamide
10783:Cyanamide
10637:Acetylene
10612:Tricarbon
10523:Methylene
10508:Isoformyl
10413:Triatomic
10186:Molecules
10090:for Earth
10077:Batteries
10059:Logistics
10011:Accidents
9957:Christmas
9822:Corrosion
9762:Tortoises
9720:Non-human
8421:249695930
8288:232147880
8228:248972097
8107:119111392
8082:1103.5369
7726:120710485
7483:Webb 1999
7471:Maor 1991
7375:Genz 2001
7192:119247429
7167:0903.2259
7114:0801.1008
7014:1001.3692
6846:206540880
6557:Space.com
6515:121800711
6121:1112.3781
5693:Space.com
5377:Space Law
5200:6 October
4987:The Verge
4279:Space.com
4179:Lide 1993
4167:Lang 1999
4154:119237295
4129:1103.0031
3996:119217397
3971:0911.1955
3602:118961123
3445:Silk 2000
3386:218716838
3361:1303.5062
3005:123199266
2818:Citations
2771:Space art
2708:renewable
2673:deuterium
2607:from the
2479:Voyager 1
2470:Mariner 4
2466:Mariner 2
2415:Sputnik 1
2163:barometer
2114:Aristotle
2062:Virgo SCl
1755:Ophiuchus
1747:Orion Arm
1695:supernova
1643:Bow shock
1423:Artemis 1
1204:space law
1158:Space law
754:electrons
669:neutrinos
632:from the
599:astronomy
535:Milky Way
370:sovereign
336:The term
309:bone loss
293:radiation
206:space law
194:sea level
122:from the
104:neutrinos
11385:Linear C
11366:Graphene
11278:Ammonium
11079:Acrolein
10942:Propynal
10927:Methanol
10898:Ethylene
10767:Ammonium
10542:Nitroxyl
10366:Sulfanyl
10310:Imidogen
10304:Nitrogen
10273:Hydrogen
10218:Argonium
10195:Diatomic
9952:Religion
9942:Military
9878:of Earth
9757:Primates
9684:Medicine
9509:(1845),
9422:(1841),
9354:(2000),
9331:(2010),
9183:, NASA,
8698:Universe
8504:2.7 × 10
8378:33446648
8280:33866783
8048:citation
7912:archived
7821:archived
7539:archived
7338:23455767
7245:17196808
7139:17801881
7039:17524108
6951:archived
6949:, NASA,
6870:archived
6868:, NASA,
6838:22582011
6760:16894148
6658:91378510
6619:16232084
6538:archived
6534:JPL News
6406:12 March
6319:archived
5963:archived
5915:24975910
5826:archived
5824:, NASA,
5724:archived
5618:archived
5552:archived
5550:, NASA,
5470:archived
5381:archived
5320:The Mirk
5282:archived
5052:archived
4963:14593437
4919:11537306
4869:archived
4848:19509005
4686:43248662
4678:21465917
4557:archived
4527:29493973
4484:29262037
4436:22680695
4382:archived
4378:22680697
4328:21545267
4227:archived
4198:archived
4101:archived
3661:for the
3505:archived
3503:, NASA,
3464:archived
3432:19708526
3310:"-based"
3207:archived
3160:24461820
3118:archived
3090:archived
3027:archived
2907:archived
2734:See also
2677:helium-3
2637:Falcon 9
2457:Venera 1
2443:Apollo 8
2427:Vostok 1
2358:theory.
2356:Big Bang
2278:parallax
2274:61 Cygni
2099:Universe
1840:rarefied
1787:subsonic
1457:and the
1357:Geospace
1134:airspace
1061:aircraft
1036:Boundary
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