103:
1034:
1013:
3016:
3005:
881:
927:
receded over the course of the late
Cisuralian as the Earth's climate gradually warmed, particularly during the Artinskian Warming Event, drying the continent's interiors. The pan-tropical belt of Pangaea experienced particularly significant aridification during this epoch.
835:
The name "Cisuralian" was proposed in 1982, and approved by the
International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan.
1628:
Marchetti, Lorenzo; Forte, Giuseppa; Kustatscher, Evelyn; DiMichele, William A.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Roghi, Guido; Juncal, Manuel A.; Hartkopf-Fröder, Christoph; Krainer, Karl; Morelli, Corrado; Ronchi, Ausonio (March 2022).
2150:
Huttenlocker, A. K., and E. Rega. 2012. The
Paleobiology and Bone Microstructure of Pelycosaurian-grade Synapsids. Pp. 90–119 in A. Chinsamy (ed.) Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation, Histology, Biology. Indiana University
2180:
2053:"Testing extinction events and temporal shifts in diversification and fossilization rates through the skyline Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) model: The example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions"
1893:"Early–middle Permian ecosystems of equatorial Pangaea: Integrated multi-stratigraphic and palaeontological review of the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)"
2246:
1033:
1791:"The Permian (Kungurian, Cisuralian) palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate of the Tregiovo Basin, Italy: Palaeobotanical, palynological and geochemical investigations"
1685:"Chronostratigraphy and Paleoclimatology of the Lodève Basin, France: Evidence for a pan-tropical aridification event across the Carboniferous–Permian boundary"
2385:
1012:
1891:
Matamales-Andreu, Rafal; Mujal, Eudald; Dinarès-Turell, Jaume; Kustatcher, Evelyn; Roghi, Guido; Oms, Oriol; Galobart, Àngel; Fortuny, Josep (May 2022).
706:
1795:
1743:
Grossman, Ethan L.; Yancey, Thomas E.; Jones, Thomas E.; Bruckschen, Peter; Chuvashov, Boris; Mazzullo, S. J.; Mii, Horng-sheng (24 October 2008).
1839:"Aridification across the Carboniferous–Permian transition in central equatorial Pangea: The Catalan Pyrenean succession (NE Iberian Peninsula)"
1382:"On the revised stratigraphic scale for the Permian System adopted at the Second Guadalupian Symposium, alpine, Texas, USA, April 1996"
2378:
2253:
998:, and reached their apex in the Cisuralian remaining the dominant land animals for some 40 million years. A few continued into the
562:
501:
969:
made their appearance. The marine life was probably more diverse than modern times as the climate warmed. Unusual sharks such as
1560:
847:
oil fields. These oil fields were vital to the Soviet Union during WW2 when the
Germans controlled the oil fields to the west.
1726:
1364:
1307:
1244:
450:
2371:
2094:"Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of mid-Permian synapsid extinctions"
1136:
Davydov, Vladimir; Glenister, Brian; Spinosa, Claude; Ritter, Scott; Chernykh, V.; Wardlaw, B.; Snyder, W. (March 1998).
824:
The
Cisuralian is the first series or epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the last Pennsylvanian epoch (
1745:"Glaciation, aridification, and carbon sequestration in the Permo-Carboniferous: The isotopic record from low latitudes"
1497:
1211:
1631:"The Artinskian Warming Event: an Euramerican change in climate and the terrestrial biota during the early Permian"
468:
850:
The
International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2018/07) provides a numerical age of 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma.
717:
650:
3049:
1837:
Mujal, Eudald; Fortuny, Josep; Marmi, Josep; Dinarès-Turell, Jaume; Bolet, Arnau; Oms, Oriol (January 2018).
1744:
1683:
Michel, Lauren A.; Tabor, Neil J.; Montañez, Isabel P.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Davydov, Vladimir (15 July 2015).
1892:
1838:
1790:
1630:
1606:
2394:
1535:
Davydov, V.I.; Glenister, B.F.; Spinosa, C.; Ritter, S.M.; Chernykh, V.V.; Wardlaw, B.R. and Snyder, W.S.
551:
3044:
797:
In the regional stratigraphy of southwestern North
America, the Cisuralian encompasses two series: the
1138:"Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System"
1287:
1559:
Scotese, Christopher R.; Song, Haijun; Mills, Benjamin J. W.; van der Meer, Douwe G. (April 2021).
1543:
Proposal of
Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System
102:
2667:
2662:
2239:
995:
959:
persisted until the end of this series, approximately. The dry interior had small insectivores.
916:
775:
295:
2185:
1561:"Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years"
614:
1354:
884:
Map of Earth as it appeared 280 million years ago during the
Cisuralian epoch, Kungurian stage
1897:
1565:
854:
763:
596:
486:
1332:
2194:
1960:
1906:
1850:
1804:
1756:
1696:
1642:
1574:
1489:
1996:"Olson's Extinction and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient of tetrapods in the Permian"
1156:
8:
3039:
2998:
896:
710:
2198:
2181:"The early evolution of synapsids, and the influence of sampling on their fossil record"
1994:
Brocklehurst, Neil; Day, Michael O.; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Fröbisch, Jörg (12 April 2017).
1964:
1910:
1854:
1808:
1760:
1700:
1646:
1578:
2210:
2161:
2128:
2093:
2028:
1922:
1866:
1658:
1598:
1455:
1299:
2796:
2760:
2133:
2115:
2074:
2033:
2015:
1976:
1926:
1870:
1662:
1602:
1590:
1493:
1381:
1360:
1303:
1240:
1207:
900:
2214:
1949:"Rainforest collapse triggered Carboniferous tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"
1918:
1654:
1586:
1420:
1137:
2890:
2765:
2734:
2531:
2202:
2123:
2105:
2064:
2023:
2007:
1968:
1914:
1858:
1812:
1764:
1723:
1704:
1650:
1582:
1485:
1295:
1260:
1232:
1152:
859:
840:
631:
622:
1789:
Forte, Giuseppa; Kustatscher, Evelyn; Roghi, Guido; Preto, Nereo (15 April 2018).
1514:
907:, by the middle of the early Permian, which was to have an impact on the climate.
857:
is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of the conodont
2990:
2986:
2982:
2859:
2755:
2693:
2588:
2557:
2526:
1862:
1816:
1768:
1730:
1709:
1684:
767:
586:
30:
3015:
1236:
3009:
2828:
2698:
2593:
2562:
783:
695:
335:
2363:
3033:
2729:
2719:
2688:
2651:
2583:
2552:
2347:
2342:
2119:
2078:
2019:
1980:
1890:
1594:
991:
965:
944:
920:
732:
719:
665:
652:
417:
408:
259:
61:
1995:
3020:
2951:
2801:
2724:
2179:
Brocklehurst, Neil; Kammerer, Christian F.; Fröbisch, Jörg (23 June 2013).
2137:
2037:
2011:
1947:
Sahney, Sarda; Benton, Michael J.; Falcon-Lang, Howard J. (December 2010).
1380:
Ganelin, V.G.; Goman'kov, A.V.; Grunt, T.A.; Durante, M.V. (January 1997).
955:
2946:
2815:
2791:
2636:
2431:
2280:
1177:
1040:
987:
971:
829:
779:
315:
36:
2110:
2941:
2901:
2844:
2744:
2515:
2415:
2331:
2305:
1227:
Ross, C. A.; Ross, June R. P. (1995). "Permian
Sequence Stratigraphy".
1073:
1024:
1019:
999:
979:
937:
787:
643:
627:
399:
363:
81:
46:
3004:
2069:
1286:
Henderson, C.M.; Shen, S.Z.; Gradstein, F.M.; Agterberg, F.P. (2020),
816:
and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years.
2956:
2906:
2880:
2839:
2786:
2631:
2607:
2488:
2478:
2467:
2310:
2300:
2285:
1972:
1416:
1079:
1067:
1003:
983:
949:
892:
791:
372:
354:
326:
235:
86:
2052:
1512:
1330:
869:
2916:
2911:
2875:
2775:
2708:
2677:
2572:
2541:
2502:
2452:
2426:
2402:
2295:
1948:
1061:
888:
844:
825:
618:
345:
282:
248:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
2206:
1627:
2930:
2870:
2620:
2457:
2441:
2326:
2321:
2262:
2231:
1118:
960:
924:
880:
771:
390:
381:
270:
91:
66:
2144:
1379:
782:. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the
2966:
2849:
2483:
1836:
1285:
904:
809:
1993:
1742:
1135:
864:
first appear. The global reference profile for the base (the
2178:
1558:
1353:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
1202:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
865:
1788:
1682:
899:
in present-day North America. In northwestern Europe, the
868:) is located in the valley of the Aidaralash River, near
813:
2085:
2044:
1987:
1940:
2000:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1946:
1724:
Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time > The Permian Period
940:. The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies.
936:
The swampy fringes were mostly ferns, seed ferns, and
1027:, was at the top of the food chain in the Cisuralian
978:Early Permian terrestrial faunas were dominated by
903:continued. This created the large supercontinent,
119:
2092:Didier, Gilles; Laurin, Michel (9 December 2021).
1552:
1045:with characteristic 'tooth-whorl' at front of jaw
853:The base of the Cisuralian series and the Permian
1796:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1749:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1689:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1352:
1201:
3031:
2393:
1676:
2379:
2247:
1830:
1621:
790:and dates between 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5
2091:
2051:Didier, Gilles; Laurin, Michel (June 2024).
2050:
1736:
500:Subdivision of the Permian according to the
1717:
1359:. Cambridge University Press. p. 250.
1125:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1111:
507:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
2386:
2372:
2254:
2240:
1513:International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1482:A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences
1331:International Commission on Stratigraphy.
2127:
2109:
2068:
2027:
1708:
1484:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1415:
1226:
1182:International Commission on Stratigraphy
879:
107:The world at the start of the Cisuralian
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1386:Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation
1326:
1324:
994:, The pelycosaurs appeared during the
3032:
1479:
1453:
1438:
1419:; Ross, Charles A. (16 October 2018).
819:
497:
451:Permian-Triassic mass extinction event
2367:
2235:
1064:stage (298.9 ± 0.15 – 294.6 ± 0.8 Ma)
872:in the Ural Mountains of Kazakhstan.
774:. The Cisuralian was preceded by the
1490:10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001
1396:
1321:
1195:
1082:stage (283.5 ± 0.7 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma)
1076:stage (290.1 ± 0.7 – 283.5 ± 0.7 Ma)
1070:stage (294.6 ± 0.8 – 290.1 ± 0.7 Ma)
476:
458:
440:
2985:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1267:. University of California Berkeley
13:
2989:= megaannum (millions years ago);
2261:
1300:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00024-3
14:
3061:
2993:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
915:At the start of the Permian, the
828:) and is followed by the Permian
808:The series saw the appearance of
801:(Asselian to mid-Artinskian) and
3014:
3003:
1032:
1011:
101:
34:
2172:
2154:
1919:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103948
1884:
1782:
1655:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103922
1587:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503
1528:
1506:
1473:
1373:
1157:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003
1050:
982:(a paraphyletic group of early
931:
805:(mid-Artinskian to Kungurian).
469:end-Capitanian extinction event
1454:Kazlev, M. Alan (4 May 2002).
1346:
1294:, Elsevier, pp. 875–902,
1279:
1253:
1229:The Permian of Northern Pangea
1220:
1206:. Cambridge University Press.
1170:
1129:
439:
1:
2432:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1104:
1002:. They were succeeded by the
632:Streptognathodus wabaunsensis
29:298.9 ± 0.15 – 273.01 ± 0.14
1863:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.11.005
1817:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.012
1769:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.053
1710:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.020
1098:Mangapirian (278 – 270.6 Ma)
947:declined but the herbivores,
875:
646:, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan
7:
2395:Geological history of Earth
1237:10.1007/978-3-642-78593-1_7
1086:
696:Jinogondolella nanginkensis
498:
229:
16:First series of the Permian
10:
3066:
2668:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2663:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
2427:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
2162:"NAPC Abstracts, Sto – Tw"
1356:A geologic time scale 2004
1204:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
975:continued in this series.
910:
839:Limestones on the edge of
2980:
2965:
2952:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2929:
2889:
2858:
2827:
2814:
2802:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2774:
2743:
2707:
2676:
2650:
2619:
2606:
2571:
2540:
2514:
2501:
2466:
2440:
2414:
2401:
2269:
1265:UC Museum of Paleontology
1095:Telfordian (289 – 278 Ma)
1055:
943:The coal swamps from the
748:
702:
690:Upper boundary definition
689:
681:
639:
623:Streptognathodus isolatus
611:Lower boundary definition
610:
602:
592:
582:
577:
569:
557:
547:
542:
531:
523:
518:
117:
112:
100:
26:
21:
2947:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2792:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2637:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
2489:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
2479:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1480:Allaby, Michael (2015).
1292:Geologic Time Scale 2020
1178:"GSSP for Roadian Stage"
122:
2942:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2907:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2902:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2845:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
2735:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2642:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
2453:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1425:Encyclopædia Britannica
1261:"Permian: Stratigraphy"
917:Late Palaeozoic Ice Age
225:−250 —
215:−255 —
205:−260 —
195:−265 —
185:−270 —
175:−275 —
165:−280 —
155:−285 —
145:−290 —
135:−295 —
125:−300 —
2912:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2881:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2840:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2787:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
2632:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
2458:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
2012:10.1098/rspb.2017.0231
1733:Accessed 1 April 2013.
1456:"The Cisuralian Epoch"
885:
713:, Texas, United States
3050:Permian geochronology
2917:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2876:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2797:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
2484:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1898:Earth-Science Reviews
1635:Earth-Science Reviews
1566:Earth-Science Reviews
919:, which began in the
883:
2957:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2850:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
2730:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
2720:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1288:"The Permian Period"
1123:www.stratigraphy.org
866:GSSP or golden spike
778:and followed by the
733:31.8767°N 104.8768°W
693:FAD of the Conodont
3012: •
3001: •
2999:Geologic time scale
2761:Middle (458–470 Ma)
2725:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
2694:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2589:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2558:Middle (164–174 Ma)
2199:2013Pbio...39..470B
2111:10.7717/peerj.12577
1965:2010Geo....38.1079S
1911:2022ESRv..22803948M
1855:2018SedG..363...48M
1843:Sedimentary Geology
1809:2018PPP...495..186F
1761:2008PPP...268..222G
1701:2015PPP...430..118M
1647:2022ESRv..22603922M
1579:2021ESRv..21503503S
1231:. pp. 98–123.
923:, was at its peak.
897:Alleghenian orogeny
820:Name and background
749:Upper GSSP ratified
729: /
711:Guadalupe Mountains
703:Upper boundary GSSP
682:Lower GSSP ratified
666:50.2458°N 57.8914°E
662: /
640:Lower boundary GSSP
603:Time span formality
536:Early/Lower Permian
3010:Geology portal
2871:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2766:Early (470–485 Ma)
2699:Early (393–419 Ma)
2594:Early (247–252 Ma)
2563:Early (174–201 Ma)
2532:Early (100–145 Ma)
2527:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
2006:(1852): 20170231.
1729:2013-06-29 at the
1119:"Chart/Time Scale"
996:Late Carboniferous
963:and prototherapsid
886:
738:31.8767; -104.8768
593:Stratigraphic unit
583:Chronological unit
570:Time scale(s) used
487:Olson's Extinction
3045:Geological epochs
3027:
3026:
2925:
2924:
2891:Paleoproterozoic
2810:
2809:
2756:Late (444–458 Ma)
2689:Late (359–383 Ma)
2602:
2601:
2584:Late (201–237 Ma)
2553:Late (145–164 Ma)
2497:
2496:
2418:(present–2.58 Ma)
2406:(present–66.0 Ma)
2361:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2070:10.1111/cla.12577
1959:(12): 1079–1082.
1609:on 8 January 2021
1366:978-0-521-78673-7
1309:978-0-12-824360-2
1246:978-3-642-78595-5
901:Hercynian orogeny
756:
755:
707:Stratotype Canyon
543:Usage information
513:
512:
493:
492:
475:
474:
457:
456:
3057:
3021:World portal
3019:
3018:
3008:
3007:
2970:
2934:
2894:
2863:
2860:Mesoproterozoic
2832:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2779:
2748:
2712:
2681:
2655:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2576:
2545:
2519:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2471:
2445:
2419:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2272:
2271:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2113:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1973:10.1130/g31182.1
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1755:(3–4): 222–233.
1740:
1734:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1605:. Archived from
1556:
1550:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1451:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1421:"Permian Period"
1413:
1394:
1393:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1036:
1015:
895:and created the
860:Streptognathodus
843:and make up the
841:Russian Platform
744:
743:
741:
740:
739:
734:
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
677:
676:
674:
673:
672:
671:50.2458; 57.8914
667:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
482:
477:
464:
459:
446:
441:
420:
411:
402:
393:
384:
375:
366:
357:
348:
338:
330:
329:
319:
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308:
307:
290:
287:
286:
275:
273:
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226:
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196:
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176:
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166:
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156:
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136:
131:
126:
120:
105:
96:
33:
19:
18:
3065:
3064:
3060:
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3056:
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3054:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3013:
3002:
2994:
2976:
2968:
2961:
2932:
2921:
2892:
2885:
2861:
2854:
2830:
2829:Neoproterozoic
2819:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
2818:
2817:
2816:Proterozoic Eon
2806:
2777:
2770:
2746:
2739:
2710:
2703:
2679:
2672:
2653:
2646:
2622:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2574:
2567:
2543:
2536:
2517:
2505:
2504:
2493:
2469:
2462:
2443:
2436:
2417:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2336:
2315:
2265:
2260:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2177:
2173:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2090:
2086:
2049:
2045:
1992:
1988:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1741:
1737:
1731:Wayback Machine
1722:
1718:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1557:
1553:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1452:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1417:Ross, June R.P.
1414:
1397:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1089:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1016:
934:
913:
878:
822:
737:
735:
731:
728:
723:
720:
718:
716:
715:
714:
670:
668:
664:
661:
656:
653:
651:
649:
648:
647:
538:
514:
509:
508:
506:
489:
480:
471:
462:
453:
444:
437:
436:
432:
431:
427:
426:
422:
421:
416:
413:
412:
407:
404:
403:
398:
395:
394:
389:
386:
385:
380:
377:
376:
371:
368:
367:
362:
359:
358:
353:
350:
349:
344:
341:
340:
336:
332:
331:
325:
324:
321:
320:
314:
313:
310:
309:
303:
302:
299:
298:
292:
291:
284:
283:
280:
277:
276:
269:
267:
264:
263:
255:
254:
247:
245:
242:
241:
234:
232:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
108:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3025:
3024:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2652:Carboniferous
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2509:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2470:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2444:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2263:Permian Period
2259:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2193:(3): 470–490.
2171:
2153:
2143:
2084:
2063:(3): 282–306.
2043:
1986:
1939:
1883:
1829:
1781:
1735:
1716:
1675:
1620:
1551:
1549:(1): pp 11–18.
1527:
1505:
1498:
1472:
1437:
1395:
1372:
1365:
1345:
1320:
1308:
1278:
1252:
1245:
1219:
1212:
1194:
1169:
1128:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1017:
1010:
933:
930:
912:
909:
891:collided with
877:
874:
821:
818:
786:in Russia and
784:Ural Mountains
754:
753:
750:
746:
745:
704:
700:
699:
691:
687:
686:
683:
679:
678:
641:
637:
636:
612:
608:
607:
604:
600:
599:
594:
590:
589:
584:
580:
579:
575:
574:
573:ICS Time Scale
571:
567:
566:
559:
558:Regional usage
555:
554:
549:
548:Celestial body
545:
544:
540:
539:
533:
529:
528:
525:
524:Name formality
521:
520:
516:
515:
511:
510:
495:
494:
491:
490:
485:
483:
473:
472:
467:
465:
455:
454:
449:
447:
438:
434:
433:
429:
428:
424:
423:
415:
414:
406:
405:
397:
396:
388:
387:
379:
378:
370:
369:
361:
360:
352:
351:
343:
342:
337:Early Triassic
334:
333:
323:
322:
312:
311:
301:
300:
294:
293:
279:
278:
266:
265:
257:
256:
244:
243:
231:
230:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
98:
97:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3062:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2928:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2826:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2608:Paleozoic Era
2605:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:(66.0–145 Ma)
2513:
2510:
2508:
2506:(66.0–252 Ma)
2500:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2349:
2348:Changhsingian
2346:
2344:
2343:Wuchiapingian
2341:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:10.1666/12049
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1531:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1499:9780199653065
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1392:(2): 126–130.
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1213:9780521786737
1209:
1205:
1198:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:temnospondyls
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
973:
968:
967:
966:Tetraceratops
962:
958:
957:
952:
951:
946:
945:Carboniferous
941:
939:
929:
926:
922:
921:Carboniferous
918:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
882:
873:
871:
867:
863:
861:
856:
851:
848:
846:
842:
837:
833:
831:
827:
817:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:Pennsylvanian
773:
769:
765:
762:is the first
761:
751:
747:
742:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
645:
642:
638:
634:
633:
629:
625:
624:
620:
616:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
595:
591:
588:
585:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
553:
550:
546:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
505:
504:, as of 2022.
503:
496:
488:
484:
479:
478:
470:
466:
461:
460:
452:
448:
443:
442:
419:
418:Changhsingian
410:
409:Wuchiapingian
401:
392:
383:
374:
365:
356:
347:
339:
328:
317:
306:
297:
296:Pennsylvanian
289:
288:
274:
272:
262:
261:
252:
250:
239:
237:
121:
116:
111:
104:
99:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
32:
25:
20:
2995:
2931:Archean Eon
2893:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2778:(485–539 Ma)
2747:(444–485 Ma)
2711:(419–444 Ma)
2680:(359–419 Ma)
2654:(299–359 Ma)
2641:
2623:(252–299 Ma)
2611:(252–539 Ma)
2575:(201–252 Ma)
2544:(145–201 Ma)
2503:Mesozoic Era
2403:Cenozoic Era
2275:
2218:. Retrieved
2190:
2186:Paleobiology
2184:
2174:
2166:berkeley.edu
2165:
2156:
2146:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1902:
1896:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1846:
1842:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1800:
1794:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1752:
1748:
1738:
1719:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1638:
1634:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:the original
1570:
1564:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1508:
1481:
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1459:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1355:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1313:, retrieved
1291:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1264:
1255:
1228:
1222:
1203:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1148:
1144:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1092:New Zealand
1051:Subdivisions
1039:
1018:
977:
970:
964:
956:Edaphosaurus
954:
948:
942:
935:
932:Biodiversity
914:
887:
858:
852:
849:
838:
834:
823:
807:
802:
798:
796:
759:
757:
694:
630:
621:
535:
499:
304:
281:
268:
258:
246:
233:
2967:Hadean Eon
2745:Ordovician
2516:Cretaceous
2416:Quaternary
2281:Guadalupian
1876:22 December
1822:22 December
1803:: 186–204.
1695:: 118–131.
1545:, Episodes
1460:palaeos.com
1187:13 December
1041:Helicoprion
980:pelycosaurs
972:Helicoprion
830:Guadalupian
799:Wolfcampian
780:Guadalupian
736: /
724:104°52′36″W
669: /
635:chronocline
626:within the
3040:Cisuralian
3034:Categories
2969:(4–4.6 Ga)
2933:(2.5–4 Ga)
2862:(1–1.6 Ga)
2468:Paleogene
2332:Capitanian
2306:Artinskian
2276:Cisuralian
2104:: e12577.
2057:Cladistics
1905:: 103948.
1774:30 October
1668:30 October
1641:: 103922.
1573:: 103503.
1315:2023-09-12
1162:7 December
1105:References
1074:Artinskian
1025:pelycosaur
1020:Dimetrodon
1004:therapsids
1000:Capitanian
988:diadectids
938:lycophytes
803:Leonardian
788:Kazakhstan
760:Cisuralian
721:31°52′36″N
657:57°53′29″E
654:50°14′45″N
644:Aidaralash
628:morphotype
578:Definition
532:Synonym(s)
400:Capitanian
364:Artinskian
305:Cisuralian
113:Chronology
22:Cisuralian
2996:See also:
2776:Cambrian
2709:Silurian
2678:Devonian
2573:Triassic
2542:Jurassic
2311:Kungurian
2301:Sakmarian
2286:Lopingian
2120:2167-8359
2079:0748-3007
2020:0962-8452
1981:1943-2682
1932:3 January
1927:246438404
1871:133713470
1849:: 48–68.
1663:245892961
1603:233579194
1595:0012-8252
1151:: 11–18.
1080:Kungurian
1068:Sakmarian
1043:bessonovi
984:synapsids
950:Diadectes
893:Laurussia
876:Geography
519:Etymology
373:Kungurian
355:Sakmarian
236:Paleozoic
2621:Permian
2442:Neogene
2296:Asselian
2215:83738138
2138:34966586
2038:28381616
1727:Archived
1613:18 March
1465:18 April
1430:18 April
1145:Episodes
1087:Regional
1062:Asselian
925:Glaciers
889:Gondwana
862:isolatus
845:Ishimbay
826:Gzhelian
619:conodont
561:Global (
346:Asselian
316:Guadalup
2327:Wordian
2322:Roadian
2220:2 April
2195:Bibcode
2129:8667717
2029:5394676
1961:Bibcode
1953:Geology
1907:Bibcode
1851:Bibcode
1805:Bibcode
1757:Bibcode
1697:Bibcode
1643:Bibcode
1575:Bibcode
1520:10 July
1515:"GSSPs"
1338:10 July
1333:"Chart"
1271:17 June
961:Caseids
911:Climate
832:Epoch.
810:beetles
772:Permian
770:of the
617:of the
481:←
463:←
445:←
391:Wordian
382:Roadian
271:Permian
220:–
210:–
200:–
190:–
180:–
170:–
160:–
150:–
140:–
130:–
2975:
2213:
2151:Press.
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2018:
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1056:Global
990:, and
905:Pangea
870:Aqtöbe
855:system
764:series
606:Formal
597:Series
527:Formal
435:
430:
425:
2211:S2CID
2098:PeerJ
1923:S2CID
1867:S2CID
1659:S2CID
1599:S2CID
1141:(PDF)
814:flies
768:epoch
587:Epoch
552:Earth
327:Lopin
2222:2023
2134:PMID
2116:ISSN
2075:ISSN
2034:PMID
2016:ISSN
1977:ISSN
1934:2023
1878:2022
1824:2022
1776:2022
1670:2022
1615:2023
1591:ISSN
1539:1998
1522:2018
1494:ISBN
1467:2019
1432:2019
1361:ISBN
1340:2018
1304:ISBN
1273:2021
1241:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1189:2020
1164:2020
1023:, a
953:and
812:and
758:The
752:2001
685:1996
37:Preęž’
2203:doi
2124:PMC
2106:doi
2065:doi
2024:PMC
2008:doi
2004:284
1969:doi
1915:doi
1903:228
1859:doi
1847:363
1813:doi
1801:495
1765:doi
1753:286
1705:doi
1693:430
1651:doi
1639:226
1583:doi
1571:215
1486:doi
1296:doi
1233:doi
1153:doi
986:),
615:FAD
563:ICS
502:ICS
3036::
2991:Ga
2987:Ma
2983:ka
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249:Mz
87:Pg
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260:C
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:ęž’
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