1078:. In the 1990s the Citadel was fully restored to its 1869 appearance by Parks Canada. It was common during the early 1980s for restoration workers to place dated coins in mortar or under replaced stones as the walls were rebuilt, these coins were left as an "unofficial" indication of what areas had been worked and when. Much of the restoration work involved removing stone and breaking down walls, re-engineering, installing 100 mm (4 in) PVC conduits for wiring and waterproofing, then restoring each stone to its original location. The mortar used for re-pointing and techniques were correct to the origin, although modern material of the era were used inside the walls along with plasticised cements. Even the tops of wall were deliberately shaped to the original dimension, angles and material with 200 mm (8 in) thick staggered layers of sod secured by 300–410 mm (12–16 in) cedar spikes.
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896:. It was a star-shaped hillock citadel with internal courtyard and a clear harbour view from armoured ramparts. The shape of the hill and the "moat area" were structured so as to give multiple lines of fire from defenders. In case of overwhelming attack, portions of the hill had tunnels which could be packed with explosives and detonated from the fort; these tunnels extend about 100 feet from the outerwalls and are T-shaped, the top of the T about 50 feet wide. Brick walled about 4 feet high and 4 feet wide, the top is made of stone slabs topped with gravel, then dirt and sod. The intention was that gravel would act as shrapnel. Between 1820 and 1831, the British had constructed a similar, albeit larger, citadel in Quebec City known as the
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on Nova Scotia's military past via the presentation of various artefacts, photographs and documentation. The Army museum primarily focuses on the histories of Nova
Scotian involvement in the Frist and the Second World wars. Additionally, in the national heritage cite there is a signature exhibit - Fortress Halifax, a 550 square meter exhibit housed within the fort, which focuses primarily on the forces that shaped the region from the pre-colonial to the contemporary period. The exhibit includes several interactive elements ranging from their animated digital touch table, to a "dress-up station" which features the uniforms of the Royal Newfoundland Fencible Infantry.
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1800. The top of the hill was levelled and lowered a further 4.5 metres (15 feet) to accommodate a larger fortress on the summit. It resembled the outline of the final
Citadel, comprising four bastions surrounding a central barracks and magazine, but used mainly earthwork walls. One bastion was constructed by
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By 1761, the condition of the
Halifax Citadel had deteriorated, and the British built a new one. Although plans were drafted in 1761, construction was delayed due to events of the Seven Years War. Given the threat of attack from rebels in the British Thirteen Colonies after the American Revolutionary
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On top of the
Citadel itself, the historic site houses additional historical experiences for its visitors. The first of which, is the Army Museum located within the walls of the citadel itself. This museum, while situated within the larger historical site, is a community ran operation, which focuses
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Guided and self-guided tours, and audio-visual presentations and exhibits communicate the
Citadel's role in the history of Halifax and North America. On average, the citadel sees 200,000 visitors annually. A year-round daily ceremonial firing of the noon gun is conducted, as a reminder of the fort's
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In 1935, the hill and fortifications were designated a
National Historic Site and received some stabilization as a works project during the Depression. The fort was not restored and began to decay after the end of the Second World War. In the late 1940s, Halifax downtown business interests advocated
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in 1800 prior to his return to
England. The Halifax Town Clock opened on 20 October 1803, at a location on the east slope of Citadel Hill on Barrack (now Brunswick) Street. It continues to keep time for the community in the 21st century. Nova Scotia's first Tel-graph system developed to pass on news
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that began in 1793 raised a new threat to
Halifax. A new citadel was designed in 1794 and completed by 1800. Much of the work was inspired by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria, who was posted to Halifax as Commander-in-chief from 1794 to
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backing a large outer palisade wall. At the center was a three-story octagonal blockhouse mounting a fourteen-gun battery and accommodating 100 troops. These works required that the hill be cut down by 12 metres (40 feet). The entire fortress mounted 72 guns. Citadel Hill and the associated harbour
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weaponry; it became obsolete following the introduction of more powerful rifled guns in the 1860s. British forces upgraded Fort George's armaments to permit it to defend the harbour as well as land approaches, using heavier and more accurate long-range artillery. The
Citadel's two large ammunition
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oversaw the development of the town of
Halifax. Those fortifications were successively rebuilt to defend the town from various enemies. Construction and leveling have lowered the summit by ten to twelve metres. While never attacked, the Citadel was long the keystone to defence of the strategically
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In 1751, two attacks were made on blockhouses surrounding Halifax. The Mi'kmaq attacked the North Blockhouse (located at the north end of Joseph Howe Drive) and killed the men on guard. They also attacked near the South Blockhouse (located at the south end of Joseph Howe Drive), at a sawmill on a
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When the Great War began in 1914, there was widespread suspicion in Canada that immigrants from enemy countries might be disloyal. The federal government passed regulations allowing it to monitor and intern anyone who had not become naturalized British subjects. These people were labelled "enemy
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in 1757. In each raid, Gautier took prisoners or scalps or both. During the last raid in September, Gautier, with four Mi'kmaq warriors, killed and scalped two British men at the foot of Citadel Hill. In July 1759, Mi'kmaq and Acadians killed five British in Dartmouth, opposite McNabb's Island.
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to western Europe and gave Halifax the nickname "Warden of The North". The massive British military presence in Halifax focused through Citadel Hill and the Royal Navy's dockyard is thought to be one of the main reasons that Nova Scotia—the fourteenth British colony—remained loyal to the Crown
624:"The Square at the top of the Hill is finished. These squares are done with double picquets, each picquet ten foot long and six inches thick. They likewise clear a Space of 9 metres (30 feet) without the Line and throw up the Trees by way of Barricade. When this work is compleated [
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over Pompeii, a smiling monster with havoc in its belly". By the end of the 19th century, the role of the Citadel in the defence of Halifax Harbour had evolved as it was used as a command centre for other, more distant harbour defensive works. It also provided barrack accommodations.
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in Halifax harbour before their deportation. During the war, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians resisted the British throughout the province. On 2 April 1756, the Mi'kmaq were paid a bounty from the Governor of Quebec for 12 British scalps taken at Halifax. Acadian Pierre Gautier, son of
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The "Army Museum", located in the Citadel's Cavalier Block, displays a rare collection of weapons, medals, and uniforms exploring Nova Scotia's army history. It is an independent non-profit museum and staff work in close partnership with the Citadel staff of Parks Canada.
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For two years, the regiment was billeted at the Halifax Citadel and at Wellington Barracks. The latter is now known as Stadacona and is part of Canadian Forces Base Halifax. Each summer, men from the regiment camped at Bedford to practice musketry at the military range.
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in the Northwest Arm of Halifax Harbour, and one in Citadel Hill (Fort George) (September 1914 to October 1918). Unlike the rest of Canada, where internees were mostly of Eastern European origin, the internees in Nova Scotia were mainly ethnic German reservists.
638:. It was part of the western perimeter wall for the old city, which was protected by five stockaded forts. The others were Horsemans Fort, Cornwallis Fort, Fort Lutrell, and Grenadier Fort. The British also built Fort Charlotte - named after King George's wife
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In 1753, when Lawrence became governor of Nova Scotia, the Mi'kmaq again attacked the sawmills near the South Blockhouse on the Northwest Arm, where they killed three British. The Mi'kmaq made three attempts to retrieve the bodies for their scalps.
673:. The first raid was in July 1750: the Mi'kmaq scalped Cornwallis' gardener, his son, and four others whom they had caught in the woods near Halifax. They buried the son, left the gardener's body exposed, and carried off the other four bodies.
669:, the soldiers guarding Halifax were constantly on alert. The Mi'kmaq and Acadians raided the capital region (Halifax and Dartmouth) 12 times, four times against Halifax itself. The worst of these raids was what the British call the
522:, Canada. Four fortifications have been constructed on Citadel Hill since the city was founded by the English in 1749, and were referred to as Fort George—but only the third fort (built between 1794 and 1800) was officially named
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817:, found the fortifications inadequate for the city's defence. Although plans for the Third Citadel were drafted in 1795, construction for the new fortification did not begin until 1796, after the Second Citadel was dismantled.
970:. A total of 765 men disembarked in full dress uniform. The Regiment was divided into two depots and eight service companies, consisting in all of 34 officers, 49 sergeants, 21 drummers, 6 pipers, and 600 rank and file.
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In July 2006, Halifax Citadel celebrated the 100th anniversary of the withdrawal of the last British military forces from Canada. The Citadel hosted over 1,000 re-enactors from around the world. Approaching the
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The fortified city walls, guarded by five stockaded forts to protect against Mi'kmaq, Acadian, and French attacks, was the centre of a network of fortifications Cornwallis built. Others included Bedford
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The first major permanent fortification were completed on Citadel Hill during the American Revolution. Built in 1776, the new fort on Citadel Hill was composed of multiple lines of overlapping earthen
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In 1956, the partially restored fort opened as a historic site and home to the Halifax Army museum. Before the construction of new purpose-built museums, it also served as home to the
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Fort George's final military role was to provide temporary barracks, signaling, and the central coordinating point for the city's anti-aircraft defences during the Second World War.
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Neither French nor American forces attacked Citadel Hill during the American Revolution. But the garrison remained on guard because of the numerous rebel American
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is a shore battery situated south of Citadel Hill, and a component of the larger Halifax Defence Complex. The Citadel served as the centre of the defence complex.
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presence in this area made an American siege unlikely. By 1825 all the works except the powder magazine were in ruins, and a new citadel was being designed.
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The grounds of the Halifax Citadel are open year round. From spring to fall, a living history program features animators (re-enactors) portraying the
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989:. With them went 17 young Nova Scotian women who had married members of the regiment. Citadel Hill's various fortifications were garrisoned by the
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Before their departure in 1871, a farewell ball was arranged for them, complete with a musical tribute composed in their honour. It was hosted by
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raiding party in 1754 and held captive for three months. Adult captives were often held for ransom, to be raised by families or local communities
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But recognition of the fort's historical significance and tourism potential led to the fort's preservation and gradual restoration. Historian
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were stationed at Halifax for almost three years (1869-1871). The regiment arrived in Halifax on the afternoon of May 14 aboard the troopship
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magazines also served as the central explosive store for Halifax defences, making Citadel Hill, according to the historian and novelist
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operates the site as the Halifax Citadel National Historic Site of Canada. It has restored the fort to its appearance when built in the
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Depiction of Halifax and the surrounding fortifications, 1750. The settlement was protected by city walls and several forts acting as
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The first fort was a small redoubt, with a flagstaff and guardhouse near the summit just east of the south ravelin of the present
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The soldiers at the Halifax Citadel were on alert when Nova Scotia became the site of two international incidents during the
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The English founded Halifax in 1749 to establish a presence in Nova Scotia as a counterbalance to the French stronghold of
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Cuthbertson, Brian, The Halifax Citadel: Portrait of a Military Fortress, 2001, Formac Publishing Company, Ltd., Halifax.
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of approaching ships to the Citadel and extended to Annapolis Royal. This system of flag communications begins at the
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forces and was inspired by the designs of Louis XIV's commissary of fortifications SĂ©bastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de
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Prisoners of war at the Halifax Citadel ca. 1917 prior to the opening of a permanent prisoner-of-war camp in Amherst
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season, Citadel Hill annually hosts a "Victorian Christmas". Visitors are treated to crafts, carolers, and games.
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The Evolution of the Halifax Fortress, 1749-1928 Piers, Harry, Self, G.M., Blakeley, Phyllis R. (Phyllis Ruth)
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The Halifax Citadel and its predecessors were the focal point of the defence complex that made up the British
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in case of an American raid, but the British did not construct new fortifications. The significant British
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War started in 1776, the British constructed the Second Citadel in an enlarged version of the 1761 plans.
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The Citadel is the fortified summit of Citadel Hill. The hill was first fortified in 1749, the year that
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1924:"Ghost tours at the Halifax Ciatdel National Historic Site - Halifax Citadel National Historic Site"
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1814:"Internment Camps in Canada during the First and Second World Wars, Library and Archives Canada"
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demolishing the fort and leveling Citadel Hill to provide parking and encourage development.
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conducted research that supported this case and helped raise funds to restore the Citadel.
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630:] I shall think the Town as secure against Indians as if it was regularly fortify'd."
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1642:"Camperdown, Halifax, Nova Scotia Plans and sections of Barracks and Signal Station"
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role in the city's history. The artillery is also used for formal occasions such as
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By 1784 the fortification was in ruins except for the blockhouse. During the
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16:"Halifax Citadel" redirects here. For the provincial electoral district, see
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Forts or trading posts on the National Historic Sites of Canada register
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of Halifax. Other fortifications that form the defence complex include:
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Ghost tours are held at the fort in the weeks leading up to Halloween.
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The Third Citadel received hasty repairs and a new magazine during the
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In Armageddon's Shadow: The Civil War and Canada's Maritime Provinces.
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Guided and self-guided tours watch the daily noon-gun firing ceremony.
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the most secure and strategic base in eastern North America from its
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The stockaded forts were also instrumental to the British during the
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La Societe hitorique acadienne. Vol. 42, No2. June 2011. pp. 99-100
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1085:. The fort is amongst the most visited National Historic Sites in
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1485:(Halifax, PANS, Pub. #7, 1947), p. 6. As cited in Peter Landry's
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Construction for the present citadel began in 1828. However, the
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Headquarters established for Royal Navy's North American Station
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Earle Lockerby. "Pre-Deportation Letters from ĂŽle Saint Jean",
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List of oldest buildings and structures in Halifax, Nova Scotia
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is a major landmark built on the eastern slope of Citadel Hill.
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Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (August 18, 2021).
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723:). British soldiers stationed in Halifax helped conduct the
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Construction for the first Citadel. British soldiers of the
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1977:
Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2023-07-20).
1947:
Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2023-06-15).
1922:
Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2020-08-26).
1644:. March 21, 1878 – via The National Archives (UK).
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The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760
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Louisbourg: From Its Foundation to Its Fall (1713-1758)
1392:. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 2008; Thomas Beamish Akins.
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1731:"The 78th Highlanders or Ross-Shire Buffs 1796 - 1817"
1051:. The Citadel opened in 1956 as a historic site and a
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The Halifax Citadel was constructed to defend against
1905:"The Atlantic Canadian Military History Association"
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794:raids on villages around the province (such as the
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1909:The Atlantic Canadian Military History Association
1349:"Halifax Citadel National Historic Site of Canada"
1096:(stationed at Halifax between 1869 and 1871), the
1020:There were three Internment camps in Nova Scotia:
2625:Grand-Pré & Grand-Pré Rural Historic District
2540:Cast Iron Façade / Coomb's Old English Shoe Store
875:
3146:Buildings and structures in Halifax, Nova Scotia
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1754:"The Halifax Citadel - Bringing Life to History"
1587:"Halifax Citadel National Historic Site - index"
135:Halifax Citadel National Historic Site of Canada
596:On September 11, 1749, Cornwallis wrote to the
1979:"Fortress Halifax – A City Shaped by Conflict"
1709:. McClelland & Stewart. pp. 153–154.
1522:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.).
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2038:Fortress Halifax – A City Shaped by Conflict
2028:Halifax Defence Complex Management Plan 2020
1302:History of the Halifax Regional Municipality
1098:78th Highlanders (Halifax Citadel) Pipe Band
884:was not completed until in 1856, during the
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689:stream flowing from Chocolate Lake into the
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2834:St. George's Anglican Church / Round Church
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1396:Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7
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3044:Waverley–Salmon River Long Lake Wilderness
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1108:and the two living history associations.
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3141:Military history of the Thirteen Colonies
1854:. McClelland & Stewart. p. 336.
1013:aliens." In total 8,579 men were held as
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343:Departing Halifax for Northwest Rebellion
2033:Citadel Exhibits and Attractions by Type
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349:Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts
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1437:Brook House Press. 2002 reprint. p. 209
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1024:(April 1915 to September 1919); one on
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2779:Pictou Railway Station (Intercolonial)
2735:Marconi & Marconi Wireless Station
1798:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1690:McGill-Queen's University Press. 1998.
1605:"NOVA SCOTIA'S FIRST TELEGRAPH SYSTEM"
800:naval battles off the shore of Halifax
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1475:The Evolution of the Halifax Fortress
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757:Depiction of Citadel Hill during the
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3014:Eigg Mountain–James River Wilderness
2769:Old Town Lunenburg Historic District
2505:Argyle Township Court House and Jail
1832:Canadian Register of Historic Places
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1656:"THE DUKE OF KENT's SIGNAL STATIONS"
1489:Vol. 1. Trafford Press. 2007. p. 370
1081:The site continues to be managed by
935:escaped from Halifax Harbour on the
770:defence fortifications afforded the
25:Historic site in Nova Scotia, Canada
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1419:Cornwallis letter 11 September 1749
961:78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot
719:(the North American theatre of the
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1949:"Exhibits and attractions by type"
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1106:Brigade of the American Revolution
704:Prominent Halifax business person
362:Departing Halifax for the Boer War
356:Local Council of Women established
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2495:Annapolis Royal Historic District
2079:National Historic Sites of Canada
2012:
1516:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
1376:Louisbourg: Past, Present, Future
1355:. Parks Canada. 19 September 2018
1143:Heritage Presentation and Tourism
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993:until 1906, and afterward by the
811:Commander-in-Chief, North America
761:, viewed from Fort Needham, 1780.
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1519:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
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309:Cornwallis Street Baptist Church
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125:National Historic Site of Canada
3156:History of Halifax, Nova Scotia
3136:Military history of New England
3131:Military history of Nova Scotia
3034:Spectacle Island Game Sanctuary
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1648:
1634:
1628:"Halifax Coast Guard Radio VCS"
1620:
1597:
1578:
1569:
1556:
1543:
1530:
1505:
1492:
1297:Military history of Nova Scotia
1225:Devil's Battery / Hartlen Point
1076:Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
907:View of Citadel Hill, with its
861:, just north of Duncan's Cove.
564:
437:Oldest buildings and structures
3009:Blue Mountain-Birch Cove Lakes
2824:Sir Frederick Borden Residence
2318:Protected areas of Nova Scotia
1466:
1453:
1440:
1412:
1399:
1382:
1367:
876:Present Citadel (1828–present)
684:, including the First Citadel.
1:
3151:Military forts in Nova Scotia
2819:Sinclair Inn / Farmer's Hotel
2720:Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church
2675:Halifax WWII Coastal Defences
2500:Antigonish County Court House
2465:Acacia Grove / Prescott House
2399:Region of Queens Municipality
1835:. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
1317:
981:, mayor of Halifax and noted
2864:Sydney WWII Coastal Defences
2759:Old Barrington Meeting House
2670:Halifax Waterfront Buildings
2490:Annapolis County Court House
1851:Halifax, Warden of the North
1706:Halifax, Warden of the North
1446:Named after a member of the
654:) (1749), Dartmouth (1750),
589:The war began shortly after
18:Halifax Citadel-Sable Island
7:
2043:Citadel Army Museum website
1524:University of Toronto Press
1274:
1271:, just below Citadel Hill.
1100:, the Third Brigade of the
850:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
323:Halifax Volunteer Battalion
316:Halifax School for the Deaf
47:Aerial view of Citadel Hill
10:
3192:
3166:Internment camps in Canada
3126:Military history of Acadia
3029:Scatarie Island Wilderness
2849:St. Paul's Anglican Church
2839:St. John's Anglican Church
2814:Sainte-Anne / Port Dauphin
2605:Fort Sainte Marie de Grace
1047:depicting soldiers of the
785:American Revolutionary War
749:Second Citadel (1776–1795)
695:Map of Halifax Blockhouses
386:Bedford Magazine Explosion
15:
3171:Canadian ceremonial units
3064:
2997:
2902:
2570:Debert Palaeo-Indian Site
2455:
2427:
2324:
2228:
2212:
2186:
2114:Newfoundland and Labrador
2086:
1374:Johnston, A.J.B. (2013).
1001:. It was never attacked.
859:Camperdown Signal Station
839:French Revolutionary Wars
821:Third Citadel (1796–1828)
807:French Revolutionary Wars
783:throughout and after the
725:expulsion of the Acadians
671:Dartmouth Massacre (1751)
570:First Citadel (1749–1776)
530:. The last is a concrete
296:Capture of USS Chesapeake
151:
147:
139:
131:
122:
118:
114:
110:1828–56 (present Citadel)
104:
67:
52:
40:
35:
30:
3039:Tobeatic Wilderness Area
2879:Truro Old Normal College
1878:Harry Piers Museum Maker
1735:www.electricscotland.com
1435:History of Halifax City.
693:. They killed two men. (
290:Halifax Impressment Riot
278:Naval battle off Halifax
2874:Trinity Anglican Church
2754:Nova Scotia Coal Fields
2457:National historic sites
1880:, Nova Scotia Archives"
1663:www.coastalradio.org.uk
1564:History of Nova Scotia.
1512:Fischer, L. R. (1979).
1500:History of Halifax City
1461:History of Halifax City
1407:Battles without Borders
1353:National Historic Sites
1312:Royal eponyms in Canada
1152:Halifax Defence Complex
1022:Amherst Internment Camp
266:Sambro Lighthouse built
36:Fort George (1796–1828)
3019:Liscomb Game Sanctuary
2829:Springhill Coal Mining
2695:Jonathan McCully House
2665:Halifax Public Gardens
2610:Fortress of Louisbourg
2565:D'Anville's Encampment
1487:The Lion and the Lily.
1265:American Hockey League
1165:
1116:
1094:78th Highland Regiment
1056:
1049:78th Highland Regiment
1009:
920:
834:
762:
734:Joseph-Nicolas Gautier
685:
667:Father Le Loutre's War
620:
584:Father Le Loutre's War
516:National Historic Site
330:CSS Tallahassee Escape
3049:White Lake Wilderness
2999:Provincial wilderness
2794:Prince of Wales Tower
2485:Alexander Graham Bell
2437:Cape Breton Highlands
2194:Northwest Territories
1758:www.halifaxcitadel.ca
1192:Prince of Wales Tower
1159:
1114:
1043:
1007:
906:
828:
756:
717:French and Indian War
679:
609:29th Regiment of Foot
606:
284:Prince Edward arrives
221:Halifax (amalgamated)
197:Halifax (former city)
89:44.64750°N 63.58028°W
2447:Sable Island Reserve
2156:Prince Edward Island
1846:Raddall, Thomas Head
1701:Raddall, Thomas Head
1514:"Francklin, Michael"
1498:Atkins (1895/2002),
1459:Atkins (1895/2002).
1378:. Nimbus Publishing.
1269:Halifax Metro Center
882:star-shaped fortress
580:Wabanaki Confederacy
520:Halifax, Nova Scotia
368:Dingle Tower created
336:Mic-Mac hockey stick
302:Royal Acadian School
174:Halifax, Nova Scotia
108:1749 (first Citadel)
3024:Panuke Lake Reserve
2844:St. Mary's Basilica
2740:Melanson Settlement
2725:Liverpool Town Hall
2710:Knaut–Rhuland House
2690:Hydrostone District
2650:Halifax Court House
2515:Bedford Petroglyphs
1448:Nova Scotia Council
1394:History of Halifax,
949:Thomas Head Raddall
829:Built in 1803, the
759:American Revolution
548:Royal Navy Dockyard
427:Timeline of history
392:Second Amalgamation
380:Halifax VE-Day Riot
94:44.64750; -63.58028
85: /
3001:areas & others
2764:Old Burying Ground
2635:Grassy Island Fort
2560:Covenaters' Church
2525:Black-Binney House
2520:Beinn Bhreagh Hall
2364:Guysborough County
2252:History portal
1876:""Who was Piers",
1481:2012-11-02 at the
1421:, Internet Archive
1255:In popular culture
1219:on George's Island
1166:
1117:
1072:Nova Scotia Museum
1057:
1010:
925:American Civil War
921:
854:Halifax Town Clock
835:
831:Halifax Town Clock
780:Great Circle Route
763:
708:was captured by a
686:
621:
469:History portal
404:Africville Apology
254:Dartmouth Massacre
241:Citadel Hill built
3108:
3107:
3100:Canada portal
2884:Truro Post Office
2730:Lunenburg Academy
2645:Halifax City Hall
2354:Cumberland County
2349:Colchester County
2339:Antigonish County
2284:
2283:
2264:Canada portal
1562:Beamish Murdoch.
1433:Thomas B. Akins.
1196:Connaught Battery
1170:imperial fortress
929:Chesapeake Affair
898:Citadel of Quebec
852:commissioned the
796:Raid on Lunenburg
706:Michael Francklin
591:Edward Cornwallis
539:Edward Cornwallis
505:
504:
457:Canada portal
374:Halifax Explosion
338:sold commercially
247:St. Paul's Church
155:
154:
3183:
3121:Downtown Halifax
3098:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3083:
3072:
3071:
2962:MacCormack Beach
2904:Provincial parks
2859:St. Peters Canal
2749:Deadman's Island
2715:Ladies' Seminary
2660:Halifax Dockyard
2620:Government House
2409:Shelburne County
2389:Lunenburg County
2379:Inverness County
2334:Annapolis County
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2237:
2236:
2099:British Columbia
2072:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2024:
2023:
2021:Official website
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1974:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1882:. Archived from
1872:
1866:
1865:
1842:
1836:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1777:. Archived from
1771:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1665:. Archived from
1660:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1618:
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1528:
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1496:
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1416:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1345:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1261:Halifax Citadels
1241:Sherbrooke Tower
1204:Practice Battery
1015:prisoners of war
933:John Taylor Wood
911:pointed towards
844:Jamaican Maroons
776:Halifax Dockyard
721:Seven Years' War
497:
490:
483:
467:
466:
465:
455:
454:
453:
272:Halifax Treaties
184:
157:
156:
100:
99:
97:
96:
95:
90:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
45:
28:
27:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3060:
3000:
2993:
2982:Uisge Ban Falls
2977:Smuggler's Cove
2898:
2889:Wolfe's Landing
2869:Thinkers' Lodge
2745:Melville Island
2655:Halifax Armoury
2640:Halifax Citadel
2630:Granville Block
2470:Admiralty House
2451:
2423:
2419:Yarmouth County
2414:Victoria County
2404:Richmond County
2320:
2315:
2285:
2280:
2258:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2224:
2213:Other countries
2208:
2182:
2082:
2076:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2002:
2000:Further reading
1997:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1983:parks.canada.ca
1975:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1953:parks.canada.ca
1945:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1843:
1839:
1827:Halifax Citadel
1825:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1775:"Archived copy"
1773:
1772:
1765:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1698:
1694:
1686:Marquis, Greg.
1685:
1681:
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1658:
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1640:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1625:
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1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1591:parks.canada.ca
1583:
1579:
1575:Piers, p. 16-17
1574:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1536:J.S. McLennan.
1535:
1531:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1483:Wayback Machine
1471:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1388:Grenier, John.
1387:
1383:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1325:
1320:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1257:
1252:
1244:Strawberry Hill
1154:
1145:
1102:Royal Artillery
1087:Atlantic Canada
1038:
1026:Melville Island
999:First World War
997:throughout the
979:Alexander Keith
937:CSS Tallahassee
913:Halifax Harbour
878:
823:
778:commanding the
751:
572:
567:
544:Halifax Harbour
528:Halifax Citadel
501:
463:
461:
451:
449:
442:
441:
432:Historic places
417:
409:
408:
235:
227:
226:
192:
172:
166:
127:
109:
93:
91:
87:
84:
79:
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48:
31:Halifax Citadel
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3189:
3179:
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2995:
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2992:
2991:
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2979:
2974:
2969:
2967:Melmerby Beach
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Lennox Passage
2949:
2947:Jerry Lawrence
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Cape Chignecto
2929:
2927:Cabots Landing
2924:
2919:
2914:
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2897:
2896:
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2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2799:Province House
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2774:Pictou Academy
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:King's College
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:HMCS Sackville
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2615:Georges Island
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Fort St. Louis
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
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2433:
2431:
2429:National parks
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
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2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
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2344:Cape Breton RM
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2014:
2013:External links
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
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1994:
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1939:
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1867:
1860:
1837:
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1540:. 1918, p. 190
1529:
1504:
1491:
1472:Piers, Harry.
1465:
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1381:
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1228:Five forts on
1226:
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1217:Fort Charlotte
1214:
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1207:Sandwich Point
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1194:
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1183:
1178:
1174:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1122:21-gun salutes
1053:living history
1037:
1036:Recent history
1034:
877:
874:
822:
819:
809:, the British
750:
747:
729:Georges Island
652:Fort Sackville
644:Georges Island
632:
631:
611:guard against
598:Board of Trade
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2804:Royal Battery
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2590:Fort Lawrence
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2894:York Redoubt
2639:
2555:Charles Fort
2530:Bloody Creek
2384:Kings County
2374:Hants County
2359:Digby County
2268:
2232:
2178:Saskatchewan
1986:. Retrieved
1982:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:
1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1928:www.pc.gc.ca
1927:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:the original
1877:
1870:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1822:
1808:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:the original
1757:
1734:
1725:
1705:
1695:
1687:
1682:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:the original
1662:
1650:
1636:
1622:
1611:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1580:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1551:Les Cahiers.
1550:
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1406:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1352:
1258:
1238:Fort Hugonin
1200:York Redoubt
1188:Fort Ogilvie
1181:HMC Dockyard
1177:Fort Needham
1167:
1162:York Redoubt
1146:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1091:
1083:Parks Canada
1080:
1069:
1062:
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991:British Army
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703:
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664:
660:Lawrencetown
648:
633:
625:
595:
588:
573:
565:Predecessors
555:Parks Canada
552:
536:
527:
523:
508:Citadel Hill
507:
506:
240:
22:
2942:Dollar Lake
2854:St. Peter's
2680:Henry House
2585:Fort Edward
2480:Akins House
2275:WikiProject
2187:Territories
2171:Quebec City
2119:Nova Scotia
2081:by location
1185:Fort Massey
1065:Harry Piers
1045:Re-enactors
866:War of 1812
798:), and the
658:(1753) and
524:Fort George
351:established
325:established
318:established
311:established
304:established
249:established
217:(1759–1996)
211:(1980–1996)
205:(1750–1996)
199:(1749–1996)
143:29 May 1935
92: /
68:Coordinates
61:Nova Scotia
3176:Star forts
3115:Categories
2972:Mira River
2937:Dalem Lake
2789:Port-Royal
2700:Kejimkujik
2595:Fort McNab
2510:Beaubassin
2475:Africville
2442:Kejimkujik
2369:Halifax RM
1988:2024-04-03
1958:2024-04-03
1933:2020-09-10
1890:2013-05-20
1785:2013-06-15
1673:2023-08-09
1613:2023-08-09
1359:10 October
1318:References
1247:Fort McNab
1210:Camperdown
983:brewmaster
944:smoothbore
870:Royal Navy
772:Royal Navy
576:Louisbourg
542:important
514:that is a
171:History of
140:Designated
80:63°34′49″W
77:44°38′51″N
2957:Long Lake
2809:SS Acadia
2580:Fort Anne
2087:Provinces
1235:Fort Ives
1134:Christmas
967:Crocodile
965:HMS
792:privateer
656:Lunenburg
646:in 1750.
640:Charlotte
532:star fort
203:Dartmouth
3075:Category
2922:Blomidon
2917:Ben Eoin
2575:Fernwood
2239:Category
2166:Montreal
2134:Kingston
2129:Hamilton
2104:Manitoba
1848:(1948).
1794:cite web
1703:(1948).
1479:Archived
1409:. p. 157
1275:See also
1263:were an
1074:and the
953:Vesuvius
951:, "like
682:redoubts
662:(1754).
546:and its
163:a series
161:Part of
63:, Canada
53:Location
3087:Commons
3055:more...
2988:more...
2912:Arisaig
2784:Pier 21
2199:Nunavut
2149:Toronto
2139:Niagara
2124:Ontario
2094:Alberta
1502:, p 209
1463:, p 334
1055:museum.
987:Orontes
909:cannons
738:Halifax
710:Mi'kmaw
665:During
636:citadel
617:Mi'kmaw
613:Acadian
553:Today,
209:Bedford
191:History
57:Halifax
2747:&
2220:France
2161:Quebec
2144:Ottawa
1858:
1713:
927:: the
894:Vauban
767:redans
619:raids.
402:2010:
396:2003:
390:1996:
384:1945:
378:1945:
372:1917:
366:1912:
360:1899:
354:1894:
347:1887:
341:1885:
334:1863:
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321:1860:
314:1856:
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288:1805:
282:1794:
276:1782:
270:1761:
264:1759:
258:1758:
252:1751:
245:1750:
239:1749:
234:Events
165:on the
2204:Yukon
1659:(PDF)
1608:(PDF)
642:- on
510:is a
416:Other
105:Built
2329:CRHP
1856:ISBN
1800:link
1711:ISBN
1361:2018
1259:The
1160:The
959:The
837:The
615:and
512:hill
627:sic
518:in
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