628:
journals, while Scopus has fewer than 50% of these, and WoS has fewer than 25%. While Scopus is larger and geographically broader than WoS, it still only covers a fraction of journal publishing outside North
America and Europe. For example, it reports a coverage of over 2,000 journals in Asia ("230% more than the nearest competitor"), which may seem impressive until you consider that in Indonesia alone there are more than 7,000 journals listed on the government's Garuda portal (of which more than 1,300 are currently listed on DOAJ); whilst at least 2,500 Japanese journals listed on the J-Stage platform. Similarly, Scopus claims to have about 700 journals listed from Latin America, in comparison with SciELO's 1,285 active journal count; but that is just the tip of the iceberg judging by the 1,300+ DOAJ-listed journals in Brazil alone. Furthermore, the editorial boards of the journals contained in Wos and Scopus databases are integrated by researchers from western Europe and North America. For example, in the journal
648:
historical and structural power that had positioned former colonial masters as the centers of knowledge production, while relegating former colonies to peripheral roles" (Chan 2018). Many North
American and European journals demonstrate conscious and unconscious bias against researchers from other parts of the world. Many of these journals call themselves "international" but represent interests, authors, and even references only in their own languages. Therefore, researchers in non-European or North American countries commonly get rejected because their research is said to be "not internationally significant" or only of "local interest" (the wrong "local"). This reflects the current concept of "international" as limited to a Euro/Anglophone-centric way of knowledge production. In other words, "the ongoing internationalisation has not meant academic interaction and exchange of knowledge, but the dominance of the leading Anglophone journals in which international debates occurs and gains recognition".
55:
636:
scientific production by developing countries, and over-represent that by industrialised countries", and this is likely to apply to other fields of agriculture. This under-representation of applied research in Africa, Asia, and South
America may have an additional negative effect on framing research strategies and policy development in these countries. The overpromotion of these databases diminishes the important role of "local" and "regional" journals for researchers who want to publish and read locally-relevant content. Some researchers deliberately bypass "high impact" journals when they want to publish locally useful or important research in favour of outlets that will reach their key audience quicker, and in other cases to be able to publish in their native language.
664:. Open access advocates recommend to remain critical of those "global" research databases that have been built in Europe or Northern America and be wary of those who celebrate these products act as a representation of the global sum of human scholarly knowledge. Finally, let us also be aware of the geopolitical impact that such systematic discrimination has on knowledge production, and the inclusion and representation of marginalised research demographics within the global research landscape.
624:
data from a World Bank/Elsevier report from 2012 which relies on data from Scopus. Research outputs in this context refers to papers specifically published in peer-reviewed journals that are indexed in Scopus. Similarly, many others have analysed putatively global or international collaborations and mobility using the even more selective WoS database. Research outputs in this context refers to papers specifically published in peer-reviewed journals that are indexed either in Scopus or WoS.
652:
still a lot of work to be done to recognise and amplify the growing body of research literature generated by those outside North
America and Europe. The Royal Society have previously identified that "traditional metrics do not fully capture the dynamics of the emerging global science landscape", and that academia needs to develop more sophisticated data and impact measures to provide a richer understanding of the global scientific knowledge that is available to us.
416:
17:
620:
institutional impact (for example the role of WoS in the UK Research
Excellence Framework 2021), and international league tables (Bibliographic data from Scopus represents more than 36% of assessment criteria in the THE rankings). But while these databases are generally agreed to contain rigorously-assessed, high quality research, they do not represent the sum of current global research knowledge.
905:
960:
632:, 41% of editorial board members are from the United States, and 37.8% from the UK. Similarly,) studied ten leading marketing journals in WoS and Scopus databases, and concluded that 85.3% of their editorial board members are based in the United States. It comes as no surprise that the research that gets published in these journals is the one that fits the editorial boards' world view.
647:
The small proportion of research from South East Asia, Africa, and Latin
America which makes it into WoS and Scopus journals is not attributable to a lack of effort or quality of research; but due to hidden and invisible epistemic and structural barriers (Chan 2019). These are a reflection of "deeper
623:
It is often mentioned in popular science articles that the research output of countries in South
America, Asia, and Africa are disappointingly low. Sub-Saharan Africa is cited as an example for having "13.5% of the global population but less than 1% of global research output". This fact is based on
651:
Clarivate
Analytics have made some positive steps to broaden the scope of WoS, integrating the SciELO citation index – a move not without criticism – and through the creation of the Emerging Sources Index (ESI), which has allowed database access to many more international titles. However, there is
619:
databases are synonymous with data on international research, and considered as the two most trusted or authoritative sources of bibliometric data for peer-reviewed global research knowledge across disciplines. They are both also used widely for the purposes of researcher evaluation and promotion,
635:
Comparison with subject-specific indexes has further revealed the geographical and topic bias – for example Ciarli found that by comparing the coverage of rice research in CAB Abstracts (an agriculture and global health database) with WoS and Scopus, the latter "may strongly under-represent the
627:
Both WoS and Scopus are considered highly selective. Both are commercial enterprises, whose standards and assessment criteria are mostly controlled by panels in North
America and Western Europe. The same is true for more comprehensive databases such as Ulrich's Web which lists as many as 70,000
639:
Furthermore, the odds are stacked against researchers for whom
English is a foreign language. 95% of WoS journals are English consider the use of English language a hegemonic and unreflective linguistic practice. The consequences include that non-native speakers spend part of their budget on
1638:
Vanholsbeeck, Marc; Thacker, Paul; Sattler, Susanne; Ross-Hellauer, Tony; Rivera-López, Bárbara S.; Rice, Curt; Nobes, Andy; Masuzzo, Paola; Martin, Ryan; Kramer, Bianca; Havemann, Johanna; Enkhbayar, Asura; Davila, Jacinto; Crick, Tom; Crane, Harry; Tennant, Jonathan P. (2019-03-11).
347:(1783). Simon Greenleaf (1821) published an alphabetical list of cases with notes on later decisions affecting the precedential authority of the original decision. These early tables of legal citations ("citators") were followed by a more complete, book length index, Labatt's
230:
between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite which earlier documents. A form of citation index is first found in 12th-century Hebrew religious literature. Legal citation indexes are found in the 18th century and were made popular by
565:
Each of these offer an index of citations between publications and a mechanism to establish which documents cite which other documents. They are not open-access and differ widely in cost: Web of Science and Scopus are available by subscription (generally to libraries).
327:
and probably dating to the 12th century. It is organized alphabetically by biblical phrase. Later biblical citation indexes are in the order of the canonical text. These citation indices were used both for general and for legal study. The Talmudic citation index
655:
Academia has not yet built digital infrastructures which are equal, comprehensive, multi-lingual and allows fair participation in knowledge creation. One way to bridge this gap is with discipline- and region-specific preprint repositories such as
1615:
Robinson-Garcia, Nicolas; Chavarro, Diego Andrés; Molas-Gallart, Jordi; Rà fols, Ismael (2016-05-28). "On the Dominance of Quantitative Evaluation in 'Peripheral" Countries: Auditing Research with Technologies of Distance".
847:
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translation and correction and invest a significant amount of time and effort on subsequent corrections, making publishing in English a burden. A far-reaching consequence of the use of English as the
396:
to compile a citation index for Genetics. To do so, Garfield's team gathered 1.4 million citations from 613 journals. From this work, Garfield and the ISI produced the first version of the
1060:
Giles, C. Lee, Kurt D. Bollacker, and Steve Lawrence. "CiteSeer: An automatic citation indexing system." In Proceedings of the third ACM conference on Digital libraries, pp. 89-98. 1998.
1672:
Ribeiro, Leonardo Costa; Rapini, Márcia Siqueira; Silva, Leandro Alves; Albuquerque, Eduardo Motta (2018). "Growth Patterns of the Network of International Collaboration in Science".
1904:
I Rafols; Tommaso Ciarli; Diego Chavarro (2015). "Under-Reporting Research Relevant to Local Needs in the Global South. Database Biases in the Representation of Knowledge on Rice".
808:
644:
of science is in knowledge production, because its use benefits "worldviews, social, cultural, and political interests of the English-speaking center" ( p. 123).
1889:"The Under-Representation of Developing Countries in the Main Bibliometric Databases: A Comparison of Rice Studies in the Web of Science, Scopus and CAB Abstracts".
854:
1021:
1423:
Archambault, Éric; Campbell, David; Gingras, Yves; Larivière, Vincent (2009). "Comparing Bibliometric Statistics Obtained from the Web of Science and Scopus".
2155:
Hwang, Kumju (June 1, 2005). "The Inferior Science and the Dominant Use of English in Knowledge Production: A Case Study of Korean Science and Technology".
2128:
Aalbers, Manuel B. (2004). "Creative Destruction through the Anglo-American Hegemony: A Non-Anglo-American View on Publications, Referees and Language".
1005:
1787:
Wang, Yuandi; Hu, Ruifeng; Liu, Meijun (2017). "The Geotemporal Demographics of Academic Journals from 1950 to 2013 According to Ulrich's Database".
1069:
SR Lawrence, KD Bollacker, CL Giles "Autonomous citation indexing and literature browsing using citation context; US Patent 6,738,780, 2004.
793:
2189:
Uneven Writing Spaces in Academic Publishing: A Case Study on Internationalisation in the Disciplines of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
829:
54:
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index as a model that could be extended to the sciences. Two years later Garfield published "Citation indexes for science" in the journal
1145:
Bella Hass Weinberg, "Predecessors of Scientific Indexing Structures in the Domain of Religion" in W. Boyden Rayward, Mary Ellen Bowden,
1079:
Hutchins, BI; Baker, KL; Davis, MT; Diwersy, MA; Haque, E; Harriman, RM; Hoppe, TA; Leicht, SA; Meyer, P; Santangelo, GM (October 2019).
205:
1178:
661:
366:, suggested in 1920 that citation indexes could serve as a tool for tracking science and engineering literature. After learning that
1935:
Chavarro, D.; Tang, P.; Rafols, I. (2014). "Interdisciplinarity and Research on Local Issues: Evidence from a Developing Country".
1165:
Shapiro, Fred R. (1992). "Origins of bibliometrics, citation indexing, and citation analysis: The neglected legal literature".
693:
2228:
2067:
1998:
1250:
778:
488:
1560:
557:, available online only, which similarly combines subject searching with citation browsing and tracking in the sciences and
460:
381:
244:
1862:
Rosenstreich, Daniela; Wooliscroft, Ben (2006). "How International Are the Top Academic Journals? The Case of Marketing".
1378:
Mongeon, Philippe; Paul-Hus, Adèle (2016). "The Journal Coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: A Comparative Analysis".
332:(1714) even included a symbol to indicate whether a Talmudic decision had been overridden, just as in the 19th-century
265:
467:
2277:
1824:
Gutiérrez, Javier; López-Nieva, Pedro (2001). "Are International Journals of Human Geography Really International?".
1035:
678:
507:
1990:
Justice and the Dynamics of Research and Publication in Africa: Interrogating the Performance of "Publish or Perish"
445:
339:
In English legal literature, volumes of judicial reports included lists of cases cited in that volume starting with
1129:
Bella Hass Weinberg, "The Earliest Hebrew Citation Indexes" in Trudi Bellardo Hahn, Michael Keeble Buckland, eds.,
521:
370:
held a similar opinion, Adair corresponded with Garfield in 1953. The correspondence prompted Garfield to examine
1526:
437:
398:
474:
355:. The most important and best-known citation index for legal cases was released in 1873 with the publication of
2331:
738:
441:
259:
198:
134:
879:
393:
298:
151:
2016:"La reinterpretation de visibilidad y calidad en las nuevas politicas de evaluacion de revistas cientificas"
1527:"H-Index: A Review Focused in Its Variants, Computation and Standardization for Different Scientific Fields"
2326:
830:"A decade of development in sub-Saharan African science, technology, engineering, and Mathematics research"
456:
1713:"A Global Comparison of Scientific Mobility and Collaboration According to National Scientific Capacities"
2336:
2293:"Whose Infrastructure? Towards Inclusive and Collaborative Knowledge Infrastructures in Open Science"
2291:
Okune, Angela; Hillyer, Rebecca; Albornoz, Denisse; Posada, Alejandro; Chan, Leslie (June 20, 2018).
728:
527:
274:
270:
191:
38:
1756:"Scopus or Web of Science for a Bibliometric Profile of Pharmacy Research at a Nigerian University?"
1707:
Chinchilla-RodrĂguez, Zaida; Miao, Lili; Murray, Dakota; Robinson-GarcĂa, Nicolás; Costas, Rodrigo;
1350:
713:
596:
426:
2087:
336:. Unlike modern scholarly citation indexes, only references to one work, the Bible, were indexed.
1561:"Google Scholar, Scopus and the Web of Science: A Longitudinal and Cross-Disciplinary Comparison"
430:
1893:. Proceedings of the Science and Technology Indicators Conference 2014 Leiden. pp. 97–106.
758:
356:
253:
236:
97:
1621:
975:
1268:"Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas"
708:
70:
1478:"Comparison of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar: Strengths and Weaknesses"
481:
1442:
1279:
1267:
718:
673:
171:
75:
1197:"Citation Indexing Revisited: Garfield's Early Vision and Its Implications for the Future"
8:
2221:
Academic writing in a global context: The politics and practices of publishing in English
608:
540:
316:
223:
1476:
Falagas, Matthew E.; Pitsouni, Eleni I.; Malietzis, George A.; Pappas, Georgios (2008).
1446:
1283:
991:"Open Access, the Global South and the Politics of Knowledge Production and Circulation"
2201:
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1970:
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1458:
1432:
1405:
1387:
1107:
1080:
748:
290:
2305:
2292:
580:
Several open-access, subject-specific citation indexing services also exist, such as:
2224:
2205:
2172:
2141:
2114:
2063:
1994:
1845:
1617:
1587:
1499:
1303:
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683:
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141:
112:
107:
1988:
1921:
1693:
1409:
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2055:
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1974:
1962:
1954:
1909:
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1652:
1575:
1541:
1489:
1462:
1450:
1397:
1287:
1208:
1174:
1102:
1092:
1006:"Richard Smith: Strong evidence of bias against research from low income countries"
753:
703:
389:
248:
178:
1511:
1322:
1591:
1291:
1240:
1097:
813:
809:"Africa produces just 1.1% of global scientific knowledge – but change is coming"
558:
544:
367:
240:
156:
146:
46:
28:
2088:"The Victorious English Language: Hegemonic Practices in the Management Academy"
1657:
1640:
2059:
2032:
2015:
1837:
698:
612:
536:
286:
122:
1875:
1800:
1685:
1579:
1545:
1401:
1022:"The Local and the Global: Puncturing the myth of the "international" journal"
945:
2320:
2297:
Connecting the Knowledge Commons: From Projects to Sustainable Infrastructure
2164:
2106:
2050:
Paasi, Anssi (2015). "Academic Capitalism and the Geopolitics of Knowledge".
1958:
1706:
1299:
1222:
166:
2278:"Knowledge and Nations: Global Scientific Collaboration in the 21st Century"
2197:
1729:
1712:
1213:
1196:
1147:
The History and Heritage of Scientific and Technological Information Systems
1081:"The NIH Open Citation Collection: A public access, broad coverage resource"
1503:
1307:
1116:
385:
1913:
1614:
1494:
1477:
2262:
2245:
584:
129:
80:
1809:
1739:
1179:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199206)43:5<337::AID-ASI2>3.0.CO;2-T
990:
1966:
1637:
657:
532:
General-purpose, subscription-based academic citation indexes include:
324:
315:
The earliest known citation index is an index of biblical citations in
65:
1772:
1755:
1454:
1425:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
1525:
Alonso, S.; Cabrerizo, F.J.; Herrera-Viedma, E.; Herrera, F. (2009).
688:
278:
161:
2013:
1903:
1524:
415:
1422:
1392:
883:
723:
554:
282:
227:
102:
16:
1949:
1437:
247:(ISI) introduced the first citation index for papers published in
733:
570:
232:
90:
85:
920:
1242:
The Web of Knowledge: A Festschrift in Honor of Eugene Garfield
779:"Clarivate Analytics will provide citation data during REF2021"
743:
616:
590:
550:
294:
1475:
603:
574:
543:(previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of
285:
in 1997 and was patented. Other sources for such data include
1671:
281:
in 2008. The first automated citation indexing was done by
392:
about the idea. In 1961 Garfield received a grant from the
303:
2290:
1760:
South African Journal of Libraries and Information Science
1700:
1078:
995:, Leslie Chan interview with Open Library of Humanities.
2187:
1861:
1167:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
593:, which covers life sciences and biomedical topics, and
380:. In 1959, Garfield started a consulting business, the
1891:
Context Counts: Pathways to Master Big and Little Data
2052:
The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Political Geography
1823:
1857:
1855:
405:
1934:
1149:, Proceedings of the 2002 Conference, 2004, p. 126
2186:Rivera-LĂłpez, Bárbara SofĂa (September 1, 2016).
2179:
2318:
1852:
1558:
1416:
2014:Juan Pablo Alperin; Cecillia Rozemblum (2017).
1377:
1373:
1371:
277:(established in 1907) into internet-accessible
2081:
2079:
1981:
1817:
1036:"SciELO, Open Infrastructure and Independence"
2219:Lillis, Theresa M.; Curry, Mary Jane (2013).
2045:
2043:
1928:
1753:
1469:
794:"World University Rankings 2019: Methodology"
199:
2185:
2121:
2007:
1747:
1665:
1641:"Ten Hot Topics around Scholarly Publishing"
1552:
1368:
2218:
2212:
2076:
1897:
1882:
1717:Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics
1633:
1631:
1608:
1559:Harzing, Anne-Wil; Alakangas, Satu (2016).
1518:
1330:University of Pennsylvania Garfield Library
1201:Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics
604:Representativeness of proprietary databases
444:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2284:
2270:
2237:
2148:
2040:
1754:Boshoff, Nelius; Akanmu, Moses A. (2018).
1245:. Information Today, Inc. pp. 16–18.
206:
192:
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2261:
2031:
1948:
1808:
1786:
1780:
1771:
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1728:
1656:
1493:
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1131:Historical Studies in Information Science
1106:
1096:
508:Learn how and when to remove this message
1628:
1320:
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1238:
15:
2127:
1164:
24:Index of citations between publications
2319:
2085:
1155:
1072:
1019:
694:Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)
2243:
2154:
2049:
1194:
362:William Adair, a former president of
1234:
1232:
1190:
1188:
1020:Neylon, Cameron (3 September 2018).
442:adding citations to reliable sources
409:
382:Institute for Scientific Information
245:Institute for Scientific Information
1993:. Uganda Martyrs University. 2017.
599:which covers astronomy and physics.
13:
394:U.S. National Institutes of Health
266:Arts and Humanities Citation Index
14:
2348:
2306:10.4000/proceedings.elpub.2018.31
1229:
1185:
679:Chinese Science Citation Database
587:which covers high energy physics,
2142:10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00229.x
522:Indexing and abstracting service
414:
406:Major citation indexing services
388:and began a correspondence with
53:
1343:
1314:
1266:Garfield, Eugene (1955-07-15).
1028:
1013:
998:
983:
968:
953:
938:
913:
898:
872:
848:"Scopus content coverage guide"
840:
822:
801:
786:
771:
402:, published as a book in 1963.
2086:Tietze, Susanne; Dick, Penny.
1259:
1139:
1123:
1063:
1054:
906:"DOAJ journals from Indonesia"
739:Russian Science Citation Index
577:are freely available online.
349:Table of Cases...California...
260:Social Sciences Citation Index
1:
2095:Journal of Management Inquiry
1047:
351:(1860) and in 1872 by Wait's
299:National Institutes of Health
1292:10.1126/science.122.3159.108
1098:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000385
353:Table of Cases...New York...
7:
1826:Progress in Human Geography
1658:10.3390/publications7020034
1195:Small, Henry (2018-03-02).
961:"DOAJ journals from Brazil"
667:
10:
2353:
2060:10.1002/9781118725771.ch37
2033:10.17533/udea.rib.v40n3a04
1838:10.1191/030913201666823316
525:
519:
310:
26:
1876:10.1108/09555340610711067
1801:10.1016/j.joi.2017.05.006
1686:10.1007/s11192-017-2573-x
1580:10.1007/s11192-015-1798-9
1546:10.1016/j.joi.2009.04.001
1402:10.1007/s11192-015-1765-5
1321:Garfield, Eugene (1963).
1239:Garfield, Eugene (2000).
798:, Times Higher Education.
729:Microsoft Academic Search
275:Chemical Abstract Service
271:American Chemical Society
2246:"(Im)Mobile Geographies"
2165:10.1177/1075547005275428
2107:10.1177/1056492612444316
1864:European Business Review
1323:"Science Citation Index"
764:
714:Journal Citation Reports
597:Astrophysics Data System
27:Not to be confused with
1789:Journal of Informetrics
1730:10.3389/frma.2018.00017
1534:Journal of Informetrics
1214:10.3389/frma.2018.00008
343:(1743) and followed by
1959:10.1093/reseval/rvu012
759:Serbian Citation Index
399:Science Citation Index
273:converted its printed
254:Science Citation Index
98:Bibliographic coupling
21:
2332:Reputation management
2250:Geographica Helvetica
2198:10.31237/osf.io/8cypr
2157:Science Communication
1914:10.13039/501100000269
1495:10.1096/fj.07-9492LSF
709:Indian Citation Index
615:(WoS) and Elsevier's
257:(SCI), and later the
19:
2263:10.5194/gh-68-7-2013
2054:. pp. 507–523.
1709:Sugimoto, Cassidy R.
719:Korea Citation Index
674:Acknowledgment index
438:improve this section
2327:Academic publishing
1937:Research Evaluation
1447:2009arXiv0903.5254A
1284:1955Sci...122..108G
1038:. 3 September 2018.
796:. 7 September 2018.
609:Clarivate Analytics
541:Clarivate Analytics
372:Shepard's Citations
364:Shepard's Citations
357:Shepard's Citations
334:Shepard's Citations
321:Mafteah ha-Derashot
317:rabbinic literature
237:Shepard's Citations
224:bibliographic index
2244:Minca, C. (2013).
1008:. 5 December 2017.
817:. 26 October 2015.
749:Scientific journal
291:Microsoft Academic
135:Proximity Analysis
22:
2230:978-0-415-46881-7
2069:978-1-118-72577-1
2000:978-9970-09-009-9
1773:10.7553/83-2-1682
1482:The FASEB Journal
1455:10.1002/asi.21062
1278:(3159): 108–111.
1252:978-1-57387-099-3
684:Citation analysis
518:
517:
510:
492:
345:Douglas's Reports
341:Raymond's Reports
249:academic journals
239:(1873). In 1961,
216:
215:
142:Coercive citation
2344:
2337:Citation indices
2311:
2310:
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2011:
2005:
2004:
1985:
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1978:
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1932:
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1901:
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1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1590:. Archived from
1565:
1556:
1550:
1549:
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